EP3861089A1 - Hydriddonoren als additiv zur reduzierung von vorzündungsereignissen bei niedriger geschwindigkeit - Google Patents
Hydriddonoren als additiv zur reduzierung von vorzündungsereignissen bei niedriger geschwindigkeitInfo
- Publication number
- EP3861089A1 EP3861089A1 EP19783721.4A EP19783721A EP3861089A1 EP 3861089 A1 EP3861089 A1 EP 3861089A1 EP 19783721 A EP19783721 A EP 19783721A EP 3861089 A1 EP3861089 A1 EP 3861089A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- organic hydride
- based reductant
- fuel
- internal combustion
- engine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims description 41
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- -1 triamine Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930027945 nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SBBRCICYNAOFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 2-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-5-methylidene-4-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydropteridin-5-ium Chemical compound NCC1CNc2[nH]c(N)nc(=O)c2[N+]1=C SBBRCICYNAOFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 6
- CHVJITGCYZJHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound C1C=CC=CC=C1 CHVJITGCYZJHLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006078 metal deactivator Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- KORRUKUGQCKJCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4-triazatricyclo[7.3.1.05,13]trideca-1(12),9(13),10-triene Chemical compound N1NNC2CCCC3=CC=CC1=C23 KORRUKUGQCKJCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N flavin adenine dinucleotide Chemical compound C1=NC2=C(N)N=CN=C2N1[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H]1O)O[C@@H]1CO[P@](O)(=O)O[P@@](O)(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)CN1C2=NC(=O)NC(=O)C2=NC2=C1C=C(C)C(C)=C2 VWWQXMAJTJZDQX-UYBVJOGSSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019162 flavin adenine dinucleotide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011714 flavin adenine dinucleotide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940093632 flavin-adenine dinucleotide Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006079 antiknock agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N NAD zwitterion Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=C[N+]([C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](COP([O-])(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]3[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O3)N3C4=NC=NC(N)=C4N=C3)O)O2)O)=C1 BAWFJGJZGIEFAR-NNYOXOHSSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 125000004925 dihydropyridyl group Chemical group N1(CC=CC=C1)* 0.000 claims 2
- 229950006238 nadide Drugs 0.000 claims 2
- 239000006184 cosolvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 11
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 10
- YNGDWRXWKFWCJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Dihydropyridine Chemical compound C1C=CNC=C1 YNGDWRXWKFWCJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 6
- BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide Chemical compound C1=CCC(C(=O)N)=CN1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COP(O)(=O)OP(O)(=O)OC[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H](O)[C@@H](O2)N2C3=NC=NC(N)=C3N=C2)O)O1 BOPGDPNILDQYTO-NNYOXOHSSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229920013639 polyalphaolefin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007871 hydride transfer reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001408 amides Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000002148 esters Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical group N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000003879 lubricant additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=NC2=C1 HYZJCKYKOHLVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVYWICLMDOOCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-2-pentanol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)O WVYWICLMDOOCFB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006683 Mannich reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010669 acid-base reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001728 carbonyl compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000118 dimethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010699 lard oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinimide Chemical class O=C1CCC(=O)N1 KZNICNPSHKQLFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010689 synthetic lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M133/38—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
- C10M133/40—Six-membered ring containing nitrogen and carbon only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/12—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the cetane number
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M127/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a non- macromolecular hydrocarbon
- C10M127/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a non- macromolecular hydrocarbon well-defined aromatic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
- C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
- C10M129/16—Ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M133/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen
- C10M133/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing nitrogen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
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- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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- C10M2215/221—Six-membered rings containing nitrogen and carbon only
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- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/22—Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
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- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/76—Reduction of noise, shudder, or vibrations
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- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
Definitions
- compositions include organic hydride donors as fuel or lubricant additives.
- Pre-ignition in combustion engines is an undesirable event in which undesired ignition of an air-fuel mixture occurs prior to a desired ignition (e.g., via spark plug) of the air-fuel mixture.
- Pre-ignition can be a problem during high load engine operation since heat from operation of the engine may heat a part of a combustion chamber to a sufficient temperature to ignite the air-fuel mixture upon contact.
- a fuel composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
- a method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in an internal combustion engine comprising supplying to the engine a fuel composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline or diesel range and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
- a lubricating oil composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a base oil and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
- a method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition events in a spark-ignited internal combustion engine comprising supplying to the engine a lubricating oil composition comprising (1) greater than 50 wt. % of a base oil and (2) a minor amount of one or more of organic hydride-based reductant.
- boosting refers to running an engine at higher intake pressures than in naturally aspirated engines. A boosted condition can be reached by use of a turbocharger (driven by exhaust) or by a supercharger (driven by engine). Boosting allows engine manufacturers to use smaller engines that provide higher power densities to provide excellent performance while reducing frictional and pumping losses.
- oil soluble means that for a given additive, the amount needed to provide the desired level of activity or performance can be incorporated by being dissolved, dispersed or suspended in an oil of lubricating viscosity. Usually, this means that at least 0.001 % by weight of the additive can be incorporated in a lubricating oil composition.
- fuel soluble is an analogous expression for additives dissolved, dispersed or suspended in fuel.
- gasoline or gasoline boiling range components refers to a composition containing at least predominantly Q-C12 hydrocarbons.
- gasoline or gasoline boiling range components is further defined to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly Q-C12 hydrocarbons and further having a boiling range of from about 37.8°C (100° F) to about 204°C (400°F).
- gasoline or gasoline boiling range components is defined to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly Q-C12 hydrocarbons, having a boiling range of from about 37.8°C (100° F) to about 204°C (400°F), and further defined to meet ASTM D4814.
- diesel refers to middle distillate fuels containing at least predominantly C10-C25 hydrocarbons.
- diesel is further defined to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly C10-C25 hydrocarbons, and further having a boiling range of from about 165.6°C (330°F) to about 371.1°C (700°F).
- diesel is as defined above to refer to a composition containing at least predominantly C10-C25 hydrocarbons, having a boiling range of from about 165.6°C (330°F) to about 371.1°C (700°F), and further defined to meet ASTM D975.
- alkyl refers to saturated hydrocarbon groups, which can be linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination of cyclic, linear and/or branched.
- a “minor amount” means less than 50 wt. % of a composition, expressed in respect of the stated additive and in respect of the total weight of the composition, reckoned as active ingredient of the additive.
- a “reductant” is a reducing agent that donates an electron to another chemical species in a redox reaction.
- a “hydride-based reductant” donates a hydride (anion of hydrogen) to another chemical species during a redox reaction.
- ash refers to metallic compounds remaining after hydrocarbons have been calcinated. This ash is mainly derived from chemicals used in certain additives, as well as solids.
- ashless refers to formulations or additives that do not generate ash or limit generation of ash. Ashless additives are generally free of metals (including boron), silicon, halogen, or contain these elements in concentrations below typical instrument detection limits.
- Halogen is a collective term for individual substituents that include, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and the like.
- An "analog” is a compound having a structure similar to another compound but differing from it in respect to a certain component such as one or more atoms, functional groups, substructures, which are replaced with other atoms, groups, or substructures.
- a "homolog” is a compound belonging to a series of compounds that differ from each other by a repeating unit. Alkanes are examples of homologs. For example, ethane and propane are homologs because they differ only in the length of a repeating unit (-CH2-). A homolog may be considered a specific type of analog.
- a “derivative” is a compound that is derived from a similar compound via a chemical reaction (e.g., acid-base reaction, hydrogenation, etc.).
- a derivative may be a combination of one or more moiety.
- a phenol moiety may be considered a derivative of aryl moiety and hydroxyl moiety.
- a person of ordinary skill in the related art would know the metes and bounds of what is considered a derivative.
- An “engine” or a “combustion engine” is a heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs in a combustion chamber.
- An “internal combustion engine” is a heat engine where the combustion of fuel occurs in a confined space ("combustion chamber”).
- a “spark ignition engine” is a heat engine where the combustion is ignited by a spark, usually from a spark plug. This is contrast to a “compression-ignition engine,” typically a diesel engine, where the heat generated from compression together with injection of fuel is sufficient to initiate combustion without an external spark.
- LSPI low speed pre-ignition
- Factors such as turbocharger use, engine design, engine coatings, piston shape, fuel choice, or engine oil additives may contribute to an increase in LSPI events.
- engine knocking and pre-ignition problems can be resolved through use of new engine technology or optimization of engine operating conditions, reducing LSPI through new fuel and/or lubricant oil compositions may be the most cost-effective approach.
- hydrocarbon-based compositions e.g., fuel, lubricating oil
- hydrocarbon-based compositions prevent LSPI events or reduce LSPI activity during operation of a combustion engine.
- a suitable hydrocarbon-based composition will feature an organic hydride-based reductant additive in accordance with this disclosure.
- organic hydride-based reductants that prevent LSPI events or reduce LSPI activity in combustion engines.
- These organic hydride-based reductants are organic molecules prone to donate hydrides during a hydride transfer step.
- These reductants are ashless additives and usually contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and/or oxygen atoms.
- the organic hydride- based reductant is oil soluble or fuel soluble.
- Hydride transfer is a key step in many well-known organic reactions including important biochemical and industrial redox reactions.
- Precise mechanism of hydride transfer is often complex and may vary with temperature, substrate, hydride donor, availability of protons, presence of Lewis acid and the like.
- hydride transfer may proceed by direct transfer of hydride ion from hydride donor to the substrate or may occur in consecutive steps (e.g., transfer of electron to the substrate followed by a hydrogen atom or by a proton and second electron).
- a suitable hydride donor in accordance with the present invention can lower LSPI activity in a combustion engine by acting against oxidatively unstable chemical species that can initiate LSPI events. This may involve reduction of the oxidative unstable chemical species to a more stable, less reactive reduced species, thus inhibiting LSPI events.
- the organic hydride-based reductant includes at least one of the following organic hydride donors: dihydropyridine (DHPD), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), methylene tetrahydromethanopterin, acridine, triarylmethane, triamine, aryl benzoimidazoline, dioxolane, diethercyclohexadiene, cycloheptatriene, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADh ), hexahydro triazaphenalene, an analog thereof, a homolog thereof, and a derivative thereof.
- DHPD dihydropyridine
- NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- methylene tetrahydromethanopterin acridine
- triarylmethane triamine
- aryl benzoimidazoline dioxolane
- diethercyclohexadiene cyclohept
- Each reductant or reductant-type is represented by a generalized structure that includes generic R groups (e.g., Ri, R 2 , R 3 , etc.) in various substitution positions.
- R groups e.g., Ri, R 2 , R 3 , etc.
- Each R group may be a component selected from a group of suitable substituents. Varying the combination of the R group substituents can result in a set of related structures, wherein each resulting structure is an analog of the other structures within the set. Desirability of a particular substituent may depend on a number of factors including, but not limited to, organic hydride-based donor's target ability to donate hydrides, stability, solubility in oil or fuel, and the like.
- Dihvdropyridine (DHPD) Dihvdropyridine
- DHPD or DHPD-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 1).
- Ri, and R 2 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, ester moiety, amide moiety, cyanide moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 3 and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 3 ⁇ 4 is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- Suitable analogs of DHPD include
- NADH Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
- NADH or NADH-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 2).
- Ri and R 2 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, ester moiety, amide moiety, cyanide moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 3 and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 3 ⁇ 4 is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- Re is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R1 and 4 or R2 and R3 may form a cyclic or heterocyclic structure (e.g., Formula 2C and 2E).
- Suitable analogs of NADH include
- Methylene tetrahydromethanopterin or methylene tetrahydromethanopterin-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 3).
- R1, R2, R 3 , and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R3 ⁇ 4 is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- Suitable analogs of methylene tetrahydromethanopterin include
- X is N or O (Formula 4H).
- Ri is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 2 is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 3 and R4 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, amine moiety, alkoxy moiety, heteroatoms, any derivative thereof, and the like. Moreover, R3 as well may independently occupy more than one substitution position within its respective rings. In some embodiments, R1 and R3 or R1 may form a cyclic structure (e.g., Formulas 4E and 4F).
- Suitable analogs of acridine include
- Triarylmethane or triarylmethane-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 5).
- Ri, R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, allyl moiety, amide moiety, ester moiety, ether moiety, hydroxyl moiety, amine moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- Ri, R 2 , and R 3 may independently occupy more than one substitution position in their respective rings (e.g., Formula 5A and 5B).
- Triamine or triamine-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 6), wherein Ri, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , Rs, and Re are connected to form three cyclic rings (e.g., Formula 6A to 6C).
- Aryl benzoimidaline or aryl benzoimidaline-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 7).
- X is N, O, or S.
- Ri and R 2 are each components independently selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 3 is selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, alkene moiety, alkyne moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, any derivative thereof and the like. selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, aryl moiety, benzyl moiety, allyl moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- R 4 may independently occupy more than one substitution position.
- Suitable analogs of aryl benzoimidaline includes
- Dioxolane or dioxolane-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 8).
- R is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- Suitable analogs of dioxolane include
- R is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like.
- Suitable analogs of diethercyclohexadiene includes
- Cycloheptatriene or cycloheptatriene-type reductant is illustrated by a generalized structure (Formula 10).
- R is a component selected from the following group: H, alkyl moiety, allyl moiety, benzyl moiety, alkanol moiety, any derivative thereof, and the like. In some embodiments, R may occupy more than one substitution position (e.g., Formula 10B).
- hydride donors described herein may be synthesized or purchased from chemical vendors.
- the following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting.
- DHPD and DHPD-type reductants can be synthesized via a scheme utilizing an off-on switchable acyl donor in the form of different 1,4 dihydropyridine amides (Org. BiomoL Chem. 2015, 73, 185-198).
- Dimethyl 3,5-dicarboxylatepyridine can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or prepared via known procedures (.1. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 722, 9014-9018).
- Formula 6A can be synthesized by a known scheme ( Syn . Comm.
- Para- methoxybenzene benzoimidazoline or para-tertbutylbenzene benzoimidazoline can be obtained adapting a known synthesis procedure (Syn. Comm. 1983, 73, 1033-1039).
- Formula 2F can be obtained by adapting a known synthesis procedure (Org. Lett. 2013, 75, 180-183).
- the organic hydride-based donors of the present disclosure may be useful as additives in hydrocarbon fuels to prevent or reduce undesirable ignition events in combustion engines.
- the proper concentration of the additive necessary in order to achieve the desired LSPI reduction or efficacy is dependent upon a variety of factors including the type of fuel used, the presence of other detergents or dispersants or other additives, etc.
- the range of concentration of the additives of the present disclosure in hydrocarbon fuel may range from 25 to 5000 parts per million (ppmw) by weight (including, but not limited to, 50 to 4000 ppm, 100 to 3500, 150 to 3000, 200 to 2500, 250 to 2000, 300 to 1500, 350 to 1000 and so forth). If other hydride donors are present in the fuel composition, a lesser amount of the additive may be used.
- the compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated as a concentrate using an inert stable oleophilic (i.e., soluble in hydrocarbon fuel) organic solvent boiling in a range of 65°C to 205°C.
- An aliphatic or an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent may be used, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, or higher-boiling aromatics or aromatic thinners.
- Aliphatic alcohols containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as ethanol, isopropanol, methyl isobutyl carbinol, n-butanol and the like, in combination with the hydrocarbon solvents are also suitable for use with the present additives.
- the amount of the additive may range from 10 to 70 wt. % (e.g., 20 to 40 wt. %).
- oxygenates e.g., ethanol, methyl tert- butyl ether
- detergents/dispersants e.g., hydrocarbyl amines, hydrocarbyl poly(oxyalkylene) amines, succinimides, Mannich reaction products, aromatic esters of polyalkylphenoxyalkanols, or polyalkylphenoxyaminoalkanes.
- friction modifiers, antioxidants, metal deactivators and demulsifiers may be present.
- diesel fuels other well-known additives can be employed, such as pour point depressants, flow improvers, cetane improvers, lubricity additives and the like.
- a fuel-soluble, non-volatile carrier fluid or oil may also be used with compounds of this disclosure.
- the carrier fluid is a chemically inert hydrocarbon- soluble liquid vehicle which substantially increases the non-volatile residue (NVR), or solvent-free liquid fraction of the fuel additive composition while not overwhelmingly contributing to octane requirement increase.
- the carrier fluid may be a natural or synthetic oil, such as mineral oil, refined petroleum oils, synthetic polyalkanes and alkenes, including hydrogenated and unhydrogenated polyalphaolefins, synthetic polyoxyalkylene-derived oils, such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,756,793; 4,191,537; and 5,004,478; and in European Patent Appl. Pub. Nos.
- the carrier fluids may be employed in amounts ranging from 35 to 5000 ppm by weight of the hydrocarbon fuel (e.g., 50 to 3000 ppm of the fuel). When employed in a fuel concentrate, carrier fluids may be present in amounts ranging from 20 to 60 wt. % (e.g., 30 to 50 wt. %).
- the organic hydride-donors of the present disclosure may be useful as additives in lubricating oils to prevent or reduce undesirable ignition events in combustion engines.
- the additives are usually present in the lubricating oil composition in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 10 wt. % (including, but not limited to, 0.01 to 5 wt. %, 0.2 to 4 wt. %, 0.5 to 3 wt. %, 1 to 2 wt. %, and so forth), based on the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. If other hydride donors are present in the lubricating oil composition, a lesser amount of the additive may be used.
- Oils used as the base oil will be selected or blended depending on the desired end use and the additives in the finished oil to give the desired grade of engine oil, e.g. a lubricating oil composition having an Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Viscosity Grade of 0W, 0W-20, 0W-30, 0W-40, 0W-50, 0W-60, 5W, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W- 40, 5W-50, 5W-60, 10W, 10W-20, 10W-30, 10W-40, 10W-50, 15W, 15W-20, 15W-30, or 15W-40.
- SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
- the oil of lubricating viscosity (sometimes referred to as “base stock” or “base oil”) is the primary liquid constituent of a lubricant, into which additives and possibly other oils are blended, for example to produce a final lubricant (or lubricant composition).
- a base oil which is useful for making concentrates as well as for making lubricating oil compositions therefrom, may be selected from natural (vegetable, animal or mineral) and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof.
- base stocks and base oils in this disclosure are the same as those found in American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1509 Annex E ("API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils," December 2016).
- Group I base stocks contain less than 90% saturates and/or greater than 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
- Group II base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
- Group III base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulfur and have a viscosity index greater than or equal to 120 using the test methods specified in Table E-1.
- Group IV base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO).
- Group V base stocks include all other base stocks not included in Group I, II, III, or IV.
- Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil and lard oil), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source, for example, as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification, for example, their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.
- Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil.
- Hydrocarbon oils include oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene- alphaolefin copolymers).
- Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetic hydrocarbon oil.
- PAOs derived from Cs to Ci 4 olefins e.g., C 3 ⁇ 4 C10, C12, Cu olefins or mixtures thereof, may be utilized.
- base oils include non-conventional or unconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferably catalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance characteristics.
- Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one or more of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or more Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate base stock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and or non-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, and waxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineral oil, or even non petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxy materials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures of such base stocks.
- GTL Gas-to-Liquids
- Base oils for use in the lubricating oil compositions of present disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils, and mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oils due to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric and cleanliness features.
- the base oil will have a kinematic viscosity at 100°C (ASTM D445) in a range of 2.5 to 20 mm 2 /s (e.g., 3 to 12 mm 2 /s, 4 to 10 mm 2 /s, or 4.5 to 8 mm 2 /s).
- the present lubricating oil compositions may also contain conventional lubricant additives for imparting auxiliary functions to give a finished lubricating oil composition in which these additives are dispersed or dissolved.
- the lubricating oil compositions can be blended with antioxidants, ashless dispersants, anti-wear agents, detergents such as metal detergents, rust inhibitors, dehazing agents, demulsifying agents, friction modifiers, metal deactivating agents, pour point depressants, viscosity modifiers, antifoaming agents, co-solvents, package compatibilizers, corrosion-inhibitors, dyes, extreme pressure agents and the like and mixtures thereof.
- a variety of the additives are known and commercially available. These additives, or their analogous compounds, can be employed for the preparation of the lubricating oil compositions of the invention by the usual blending procedures.
- each of the foregoing additives when used, is used at a functionally effective amount to impart the desired properties to the lubricant.
- a functionally effective amount of this ashless dispersant would be an amount sufficient to impart the desired dispersancy characteristics to the lubricant.
- the concentration of each of these additives, when used may range, unless otherwise specified, from about 0.001 to about 20 wt. %, such as about 0.01 to about 10 wt. %.
- LSPI can impact many types combustion engines, it can be particularly problematic in direct-injected, boosted (turbocharged or supercharged), spark-ignited (gasoline) internal combustion engines that, in operation, generate a brake mean effective pressure level of greater than 1000 kPa (10 bar) at engine speeds of from 1500 to 2500 rotations per minute (rpm), such as at engine speeds of from 1500 to 2000 rpm.
- Brake mean effective pressure is defined as the work accomplished during on engine cycle, divided by the engine swept volume, the engine torque normalized by engine displacement.
- the word “brake” denotes the actual torque or power available at the engine flywheel, as measured on a dynamometer.
- BMEP is a measure of the useful energy output of the engine.
- test compounds were blended in gasoline or lube oil and their capacity for reducing LSPI events were determined using the test method described below.
- a six-segment test procedure was used to determine the number of LSPI events that occurred under conditions of an engine speed of 2000 rpm and a load of 275 Nm.
- the LSPI test condition is run for 28 minutes with each segment separated by an idle period.
- Each segment is slightly truncated to eliminate the transient portion.
- Each truncated segment typically has approximately 1 10,000 combustion cycles (27,500 combustion cycles per cylinder). In total, the six truncated segments have approximately 660,000 combustion cycles (165,000 combustion cycles per cylinder).
- LSPI-impacted combustion cycles were determined by monitoring peak cylinder pressure (PP) and crank angle at 5% total heat release (AI5). LSPI-impacted combustion cycles are defined as having both (1) a PP greater than five standard deviations than the average PP for a given cylinder and truncated segment and (2) an AI5 greater than five standard deviations less than the average for a given cylinder and truncated segment.
- the LSPI frequency is reported as the number of LSPI-impacted combustion cycles per million combustion cycles and is calculated as follows:
- LSPI Frequency [(Total Number of LSPI Impacted Combustion Cycles In SL ' X Truncated Segments)/(Total Number of Combustion Cycles In SL ' X Truncated Segments )] x 1,000,000
- the baseline fuel was a conventional 49-state premium unleaded gasoline fuel without any deposit control additives and the baseline lubricant was representative of a conventional engine oil meeting ILSAC GF-5 and API SN specifications.
- the test results are set forth in Table 1.
- Example 1 shows result for DHPD as a fuel additive at 1000 ppmw in a test fuel fluid.
- the number of LSPI events observed when testing fuel or lubricant with additive is listed in column titled "LSPI Activity” while the number of LSPI events observed when testing fuel or lubricant without additive is listed in column titled “Reference.”
- inclusion or omission of the additives is the only difference between the fuel or lubricant compositions tested in the LSPI Activity and Reference columns.
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US201862741229P | 2018-10-04 | 2018-10-04 | |
PCT/IB2019/058397 WO2020070672A1 (en) | 2018-10-04 | 2019-10-02 | Hydride donors as an additive for reducing low speed pre-ignition events |
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EP3861089A1 true EP3861089A1 (de) | 2021-08-11 |
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EP19783721.4A Pending EP3861089A1 (de) | 2018-10-04 | 2019-10-02 | Hydriddonoren als additiv zur reduzierung von vorzündungsereignissen bei niedriger geschwindigkeit |
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US (1) | US20200109343A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3861089A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2022512603A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20210069064A (de) |
CN (1) | CN112789346B (de) |
AU (1) | AU2019353900A1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA3115036A1 (de) |
CO (1) | CO2021005685A2 (de) |
MX (1) | MX2021003690A (de) |
SG (1) | SG11202103198WA (de) |
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US2754216A (en) * | 1953-03-11 | 1956-07-10 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Metal deactivator |
GB1346765A (en) | 1970-06-16 | 1974-02-13 | Shell Int Research | Fuel compositions |
US4191537A (en) | 1976-06-21 | 1980-03-04 | Chevron Research Company | Fuel compositions of poly(oxyalkylene) aminocarbamate |
US4457763A (en) * | 1983-11-07 | 1984-07-03 | Ethyl Corporation | Diesel fuel cetane improver |
US4792411A (en) * | 1986-12-29 | 1988-12-20 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Dioxolanes and thio analogs, derivatives thereof and lubricants and fuels containing same |
DE3826797A1 (de) | 1988-08-06 | 1990-02-08 | Basf Ag | Kraftstoffzusammensetzungen, die polycarbonsaeureester langkettiger alkohole enthalten |
DE3838918A1 (de) | 1988-11-17 | 1990-05-23 | Basf Ag | Kraftstoffe fuer verbrennungsmaschinen |
EP0382159A1 (de) | 1989-02-06 | 1990-08-16 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Schmutzentfernung für Kraftstoffgeräte |
JPH05230475A (ja) * | 1992-02-20 | 1993-09-07 | Nippon Oil Co Ltd | ガソリン組成物 |
US6156081A (en) * | 1997-04-11 | 2000-12-05 | Combustion Technologies, Inc. | Combustion catalyst |
US20070204505A1 (en) * | 2006-03-02 | 2007-09-06 | Novus International Inc. | Gasoline fuel compositions having increased oxidative stability |
CA2785761C (en) * | 2010-01-21 | 2018-10-23 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Hydrocarbon composition |
US8349777B2 (en) * | 2010-11-22 | 2013-01-08 | Chevron Oronite Company Llc | Lubricating composition containing 1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol compounds as antiwear additives |
JP5545684B2 (ja) * | 2012-05-23 | 2014-07-09 | 株式会社大丸テクノ | 洗浄剤 |
EP3878933A1 (de) * | 2013-09-19 | 2021-09-15 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Schmiermittelzusammensetzungen für direkteinspritzmotoren |
US20150322368A1 (en) * | 2014-05-09 | 2015-11-12 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Method for preventing or reducing low speed pre-ignition |
US10696915B2 (en) * | 2015-07-27 | 2020-06-30 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Dry lubricator for plastic and stainless steel surfaces |
EP3345952A4 (de) * | 2015-08-31 | 2019-01-09 | Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. | Copolymer und schmierölzusammensetzung |
FR3043691A1 (fr) * | 2015-11-12 | 2017-05-19 | Total Marketing Services | Compositions lubrifiantes pour prevenir ou diminuer la combustion anormale dans un moteur de vehicule automobile |
CN106190367A (zh) * | 2016-08-23 | 2016-12-07 | 广西东奇能源技术有限公司 | 汽车燃料燃烧增强性添加剂 |
DE102016116348A1 (de) * | 2016-09-01 | 2018-03-01 | Tunap Gmbh & Co. Kg | Kraftstoffadditiv zur reinigung eines verbrennungsmotors |
CN106336924A (zh) * | 2016-09-30 | 2017-01-18 | 广西东奇能源技术有限公司 | 增效减排柴油 |
US11008525B2 (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2021-05-18 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Octane-boosting fuel additives, method of manufacture, and uses thereof |
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MX2021003690A (es) | 2021-06-04 |
SG11202103198WA (en) | 2021-04-29 |
CN112789346A (zh) | 2021-05-11 |
US20200109343A1 (en) | 2020-04-09 |
KR20210069064A (ko) | 2021-06-10 |
JP2022512603A (ja) | 2022-02-07 |
WO2020070672A1 (en) | 2020-04-09 |
CA3115036A1 (en) | 2020-04-09 |
CO2021005685A2 (es) | 2021-05-20 |
AU2019353900A1 (en) | 2021-05-06 |
ZA202102156B (en) | 2022-09-28 |
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