EP3807916B1 - On-load tap-changer and method for actuating an on-load tap-changer - Google Patents

On-load tap-changer and method for actuating an on-load tap-changer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3807916B1
EP3807916B1 EP19730320.9A EP19730320A EP3807916B1 EP 3807916 B1 EP3807916 B1 EP 3807916B1 EP 19730320 A EP19730320 A EP 19730320A EP 3807916 B1 EP3807916 B1 EP 3807916B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
fixed contact
movable
fixed
load
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EP19730320.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3807916C0 (en
EP3807916A1 (en
Inventor
Christian Hammer
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Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH
Scheubeck GmbH and Co
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Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gebrueder Scheubeck GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP3807916C0 publication Critical patent/EP3807916C0/en
Publication of EP3807916B1 publication Critical patent/EP3807916B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H9/0016—Contact arrangements for tap changers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H9/0027—Operating mechanisms
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
    • H01H9/0038—Tap change devices making use of vacuum switches

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an on-load tap changer and a method for actuating such an on-load tap changer.
  • On-load tap changers are used for uninterrupted switching between winding taps of a transformer.
  • the circulating current that flows during switching during the simultaneous contacting of the currently wired tap contact and the preselected new tap contact is limited by ohmic resistors, thereby ensuring an uninterrupted change in the transformation ratio of the transformer.
  • the ohmic resistance must be designed depending on the specific circuit topology, the individual operating conditions, as well as the load current and the step voltage, i.e. in particular the respective application of the on-load tap changer.
  • the voltage that is present between the currently switched and the preselected tap contact of the on-load tap changer is referred to as the tap voltage.
  • this resistance design is complex and, on the other hand, it also affects the entire structural design of the tap changer. Depending on the application, a different number and dimensioning of resistors is required here. The dimensioning of the resistance value therefore has an effect on the installation space required for the resistors and thus on the design dimensioning of the other tap changer components.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to specify an improved concept for a tap changer that can be adapted more easily to different applications.
  • the improved concept is based on the idea of integrating a varistor as a current-limiting element in an auxiliary branch of the on-load tap-changer.
  • Varistors are resistance components whose resistance value depends on the applied voltage.
  • an on-load tap changer is used for uninterrupted switching between winding taps of a control winding of a transformer specified. The uninterrupted switching takes place in particular between adjacent winding taps of the control winding.
  • the on-load tap changer includes a first fixed contact, a second fixed contact, a first movable contact and a second movable contact.
  • the fixed contacts can be connected to the winding taps of the control winding of a transformer.
  • the two movable contacts are designed in such a way that they can contact each of the fixed contacts.
  • the on-load tap changer includes a main branch with a switching element, an auxiliary branch with a varistor and a load diverter.
  • the main branch can connect the first movable contact to the load diverter via the switching element and the auxiliary branch can connect the second movable contact to the load diverter via the varistor.
  • the on-load tap changer is designed such that when switching from the first fixed contact to the second fixed contact, the first movable contact is only actuated when the second movable contact has reached, in particular contacted, the second fixed contact.
  • both movable contacts are, for example, on the same fixed contact.
  • a moving contact in particular always only makes contact with a fixed contact, i. H. it does not assume a bridging position between two adjacent fixed contacts.
  • the varistor is preferably dimensioned such that it is in an off-state when a voltage drops across it that is less than or equal to the step voltage.
  • the blocking state is characterized by the fact that no significant current flows through the varistor.
  • the current which flows through the varistor during the blocking state is so small that the movable selector contacts can be separated from a fixed contact or connected to a fixed contact without being damaged. This is typically the case with a current intensity of less than 100 mA, preferably less than 10 mA.
  • This blocking state of the varistor also occurs in particular when the tap changer is in a stationary position in which both moving contacts are on the same fixed contact and the auxiliary branch is therefore short-circuited by the parallel main branch.
  • the varistor is preferably dimensioned such that in a phase during which the load current, which is for example of the order of several 10 A, for example 30 A, flows through the varistor, the voltage drop across the varistor is multiple of the step voltage is, for example, about 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage.
  • the voltage drop is preferably less than a predetermined limit value, for example less than 2.0 times the step voltage.
  • the varistor is preferably designed as a metal oxide varistor, for example based on zinc oxide, since the current-voltage characteristic of metal oxide varistors is closer to the ideal characteristic curve of a varistor.
  • the varistor Since the varistor is either in the off state, where no significant current flows through it, or in an open state, where the load current flows through it, no circulating current occurs during the switching process. Compared to the use of an ohmic resistor as a transition resistor, the time period in which losses occur at the varistor is therefore shorter.
  • the output voltage of the transformer is reduced by the voltage drop across the resistor caused by the load current during the period in which the load current flows through the resistor.
  • this voltage dip should not exceed a specific multiple of the step voltage, e.g. 5.0 times, preferably 2.0 times.
  • different resistors may have to be used with the same step voltage for different load currents.
  • the dip in the output voltage of the transformer is essentially independent of the load current. This is due to the typical current-voltage characteristic of a varistor according to the improved concept and the abrupt drop in its differential resistance during the transition from the off state to the open state.
  • the selection of the appropriate varistor does not depend significantly on the load current, but only on the step voltage.
  • the complex design of transition resistors and the design of the on-load tap changer that depends on this for different applications can be largely eliminated and the entire tap changer design and assembly can be greatly simplified.
  • the tap changer can then be prefabricated as a stock item for specific step voltages, regardless of the actual load current.
  • the on-load tap changer is designed such that when switching from the second fixed contact to the first fixed contact, the second movable contact is only actuated when the first movable contact has reached the first fixed contact, in particular contacted.
  • the on-load tap changer is designed such that when switching from the second fixed contact to the first fixed contact, the first movable contact is only actuated when the second movable contact has reached, in particular contacted, the first fixed contact.
  • the switching element is designed as an off switch, for example as a vacuum interrupter, i. H.
  • the switching element can either assume a closed position, in which the load current can flow, or an open position, in which the load current is interrupted.
  • the first and the second fixed contact each have a first and a second contact area different from the first, wherein the respective first contact area can be contacted by the first movable contact and the respective second contact area can be contacted by the second movable contact can be.
  • the second contact surface in each case cannot be contacted by the first movable contact and the first contact surface in each case cannot be contacted by the second movable contact.
  • a method for actuating an on-load tap changer is also specified, with the on-load tap changer comprising at least a first and a second movable contact and a load diverter.
  • the on-load tap changer comprising at least a first and a second movable contact and a load diverter.
  • a load current is switched from a main branch to an auxiliary branch.
  • the load current in the auxiliary branch is limited by means of a varistor and the first moving contact is only actuated when the second moving contact has reached the second fixed contact.
  • the load current is then switched over again from the auxiliary branch to the main branch.
  • the load current in the auxiliary branch is limited by means of a varistor and the second moving contact is only actuated when the first moving contact has reached the first fixed contact.
  • the load current when switching from the second to the first fixed contact, is switched from a main branch to an auxiliary branch.
  • the load current in the auxiliary branch is limited by means of a varistor and the first movable contact is only actuated when the second movable contact has reached the first fixed contact.
  • a switch in a first switching direction, is made from a first stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the first fixed contact, to a second stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the second fixed contact.
  • a second switching direction is switched from a second stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the second fixed contact, to a first stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the first fixed contact.
  • the second movable contact is separated from the first fixed contact in the first switching direction and makes contact with the second fixed contact. Thereafter, a load current is switched from a main branch to an auxiliary branch. Thereafter, the first movable contact is separated from the first fixed contact and contacted with the second fixed contact.
  • the load current is switched from the main branch to the auxiliary branch in the second switching direction. Thereafter, the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. The load current is then switched over from the auxiliary branch to the main branch and then the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and makes contact with the first fixed contact.
  • the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact in the second switching direction. Thereafter, the load current is switched over from the main branch to the auxiliary branch. Thereafter, the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact.
  • step a the switching element is closed or remains closed and the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. Then, in step b, the switching element is opened and thereby the first movable contact is separated from the load dissipation, whereupon in step c the first movable contact is separated from the first fixed contact and contacted with the second fixed contact. Then the switching element is closed in a step d and the first movable contact is thereby connected to the load dissipation.
  • the load current now flows again via the main branch.
  • Step b is preferably carried out after step a, step c after step b and step d after step c, where "after” means in particular "directly after”.
  • the switching element is opened in a step a′ and the first movable contact is thereby separated from the load dissipation. Thereafter, in a step b', the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. Then, in a step c ⁇ , the switching element is closed again and the load current is thus switched over from the auxiliary branch to the main branch. Finally, in a step d′, the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. Step b' is preferably carried out after step a ⁇ , step c ⁇ after step b' and step d' after step c ⁇ , where "after” means in particular "directly after”.
  • step a the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact.
  • step b the switching element is opened and the first movable contact is separated from the load dissipation, whereupon in a Step c" the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact.
  • Step d the switching element is closed and the first movable contact is reconnected to the load dissipation.
  • the load current now flows again via the main branch.
  • Step b" is preferably carried out after step a", step c" after step b" and step d" after step c", where "after” means in particular "directly after”.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of an on-load tap changer for uninterrupted switching between winding taps of a control winding 11 of a transformer (not shown).
  • the on-load tap changer 1 comprises at least a first fixed contact 2 and a second fixed contact 3, which can each be connected to a winding tap of the control winding 11 of the transformer.
  • the total number of fixed contacts depends on the number of winding taps.
  • Each fixed contact 2, 3 has a first contact surface 2.1, 3.1 and a second contact surface 2.2, 3.2.
  • the on-load tap changer 1 has a first movable contact 4 and a second movable contact 5, which can each make contact with the individual fixed contacts of the control winding.
  • the first movable contact 4 can contact the first contact surfaces 2.1, 3.1 of the fixed contacts 2, 3, but not the second contact surfaces 2.2, 3.2. Accordingly, the second movable contact 5 can contact the second contact surfaces 2.2, 3.2 of the fixed contacts 2, 3, but not the first contact surfaces 2.1, 3.1..
  • figure 1 shows a schematic sketch of an exemplary embodiment of the on-load tap changer, in particular the arrangement of the contact surfaces 2.1, 2.2 and 3.1, 3.2 opposite one another is not absolutely necessary.
  • figure 1 shows the on-load tap changer 1 in a stationary state, in which both movable contacts 4, 5 contact the same fixed contact 2.
  • the load current I L flows here via a main branch 6 from the first movable contact 4 via the closed switching element 8 to the load dissipation device 10.
  • the varistor 9 is in the blocking state since the auxiliary branch 7 is short-circuited by the parallel main branch 6.
  • the main branch 6 connects the first movable contact 4 to a load dissipation device 10 via a switching element 8.
  • the switching element 8 is preferably designed as a vacuum interrupter.
  • the auxiliary branch 7 also connects the second moving contact 5 via a varistor 9 to the load shunt 10.
  • a step a (cf. Figure 2a ) the switching element 8 is closed or remains closed.
  • the load current I L thus flows via the main branch 6 and the second movable contact 5 can be separated from the first fixed contact 2 without current.
  • the step voltage drops across the varistor 9 .
  • the current flowing in this case is so small that it does not damage the selector when the second fixed contact 3 comes into contact.
  • the second movable contact 5 makes contact with the respective second contact surface 2.2, 2.3 of the fixed contacts 2, 3.
  • step b (cf. Figure 2b ) the switching element 8 is opened.
  • the first moving contact 4 is separated from the load derivative 10 and the load current I L is switched over from the main branch 6 to the auxiliary branch 7 .
  • the voltage drop across the varistor 9 increases, for example, to about 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage.
  • Figure 2e 1 is a schematic of a typical current-voltage characteristic of a varistor used according to the improved concept, for example a metal oxide varistor based on zinc oxide. From this it can be seen that the voltage drop in the open state does not depend significantly on the current.
  • step c (cf. Figure 2c ) is the first movable contact 4, which is now no longer carrying current, separated from the first fixed contact 2 and contacted with the second fixed contact 3.
  • the first movable contact 4 first contacts the first contact surface 2.1 of the first fixed contact 2 and then the first contact surface 3.1 of the second fixed contact 3.
  • step d (cf. Fig. 2d ) the switching element 8 is closed again.
  • the first movable contact 4 is now connected again to the load derivative 10 and the load current I L flows again via the main branch 6.
  • the varistor 9 is again in the blocking state and the tap changer again in a stationary position in which both movable contacts 4, 5 contact the second fixed contact 3.
  • a step a' (cf. Figure 3a ) the switching element 8 is opened.
  • the first moving contact 4 is separated from the load derivative 10 and the load current I L is switched over from the main branch 6 to the auxiliary branch 7 .
  • the voltage drop across the varistor increases, for example, to around 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage.
  • a step b' (cf. Figure 3b ) is the first movable contact 4, which is now no longer carrying current, separated from the second fixed contact 3 and contacted with the first fixed contact 2.
  • a step c ⁇ (cf. 3c ) the switching element 8 is closed again, so that the first movable contact 4 is again connected to the load diverter 10 and the load current I L flows through the main branch 6.
  • the varistor 9 goes into the blocking state, with the step voltage dropping across it.
  • a step d' (cf. 3d ) the second movable contact 5 is de-energized separated from the second fixed contact 3 and contacted with the first fixed contact 2. Since the varistor 9 is in the blocking state, the current flowing through the auxiliary branch 7 is so small that it does not damage the selector when the first fixed contact 2 comes into contact. The tap changer is now back in a stationary position in which both movable contacts 4, 5 make contact with the first fixed contact 3. The varistor 9 is in the blocking state since the auxiliary branch 7 is short-circuited by the parallel main branch 6.
  • a step a" (cf. Figure 4a ) the second movable contact 5 is separated from the second fixed contact 3 without current, since the switching element 8 is closed and the load current I L thus flows via the main branch 6.
  • the step voltage drops across the varistor 9. The current flowing in this case is so small that it does not damage the selector when the first fixed contact 2 comes into contact.
  • a step b" (cf. Figure 4b ) the switching element 8 is opened.
  • the first moving contact 4 is separated from the load derivative 10 and the load current I L is switched over from the main branch 6 to the auxiliary branch 7 .
  • the voltage drop across the varistor 9 increases to about 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage.
  • a step c" (cf. Figure 4c ) is the first movable contact 4, which is now no longer carrying current, separated from the second fixed contact 3 and contacted with the first fixed contact 2.
  • step d" (cf. Figure 4d ) the switching element 8 is closed again.
  • the first moving contact 4 is now reconnected to the load diverter 10 and the load current I L flows again via the main branch 6.
  • the varistor 9 is again in the blocking state and the tap changer is again in a stationary position, in which both moving contacts 4, 5 contact the first fixed contact 2.

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  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Protection Of Transformers (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Laststufenschalter und ein Verfahren zur Betätigung eines solchen Laststufenschalters.The invention relates to an on-load tap changer and a method for actuating such an on-load tap changer.

Laststufenschalter werden zur unterbrechungslosen Umschaltung zwischen Wicklungsanzapfungen eines Transformators eingesetzt. Bei bekannten Laststufenschaltern nach dem Widerstandsschnellschaltprinzip wird der Kreisstrom, welcher beim Umschalten während der zwischenzeitlich gleichzeitigen Kontaktierung des aktuell beschalteten und des vorgewählten, neuen Stufenkontakts fließt, durch ohmsche Widerstände begrenzt und dadurch eine unterbrechungsfreie Änderung des Übersetzungsverhältnisses des Transformators gewährleistet. Der ohmsche Widerstand muss abhängig von der konkreten Schaltungstopologie, den individuellen Betriebsbedingungen sowie dem Laststrom und der Stufenspannung, also insbesondere dem jeweiligen Anwendungsfall des Laststufenschalters entsprechend ausgelegt werden. Als Stufenspannung wird dabei jene Spannung bezeichnet, die zwischen dem aktuell beschalteten und dem vorgewählten Stufenkontakt des Laststufenschalters ansteht. Diese Widerstandsauslegung ist einerseits aufwendig und wirkt sich andererseits auch auf den gesamten, konstruktiven Aufbau des Stufenschalters aus. Je nach Anwendungsfall ist hier eine unterschiedliche Anzahl und Dimensionierung von Widerständen erforderlich. Daher wirkt sich die Auslegung des Widerstandswertes auf den für die Widerstände erforderlichen Bauraum und damit auf die konstruktive Auslegung der übrigen Stufenschalterkomponenten aus.On-load tap changers are used for uninterrupted switching between winding taps of a transformer. In known on-load tap changers based on the high-speed resistance switching principle, the circulating current that flows during switching during the simultaneous contacting of the currently wired tap contact and the preselected new tap contact is limited by ohmic resistors, thereby ensuring an uninterrupted change in the transformation ratio of the transformer. The ohmic resistance must be designed depending on the specific circuit topology, the individual operating conditions, as well as the load current and the step voltage, i.e. in particular the respective application of the on-load tap changer. The voltage that is present between the currently switched and the preselected tap contact of the on-load tap changer is referred to as the tap voltage. On the one hand, this resistance design is complex and, on the other hand, it also affects the entire structural design of the tap changer. Depending on the application, a different number and dimensioning of resistors is required here. The dimensioning of the resistance value therefore has an effect on the installation space required for the resistors and thus on the design dimensioning of the other tap changer components.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es daher, ein verbessertes Konzept für einen Stufenschalter anzugeben, der einfacher an unterschiedliche Anwendungsfälle anpassbar ist.The object of the invention is therefore to specify an improved concept for a tap changer that can be adapted more easily to different applications.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch der Gegenstand des Anspruchs 1 gelöst. Weitere Ausführungsformen sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen beschrieben.This object is solved by the subject matter of claim 1. Further embodiments are described in the dependent claims.

Das verbesserte Konzept beruht auf der Idee, einen Varistor als strombegrenzendes Element in einem Hilfszweig des Laststufenschalters zu integrieren. Varistoren sind Widerstandsbauelemente, deren Widerstandswert von der anliegenden Spannung abhängt. Gemäß dem verbesserten Konzept wird ein Laststufenschalter zur unterbrechungslosen Umschaltung zwischen Wicklungsanzapfungen einer Regelwicklung eines Transformators angegeben. Die unterbrechungslose Umschaltung findet insbesondere zwischen benachbarten Wicklungsanzapfungen der Regelwicklung statt. Der Laststufenschalter umfasst einen ersten Festkontakt, einen zweiten Festkontakt, einen ersten beweglichen Kontakt und einen zweiten beweglichen Kontakt. Die Festkontakte sind mit den Wicklungsanzapfungen der Regelwicklung eines Transformators verbindbar. Die beiden beweglichen Kontakte sind derart ausgebildet, dass sie jeden der Festkontakte kontaktieren können. Weiterhin umfasst der Laststufenschalter einen Hauptzweig mit einem Schaltelement, einen Hilfszweig mit einem Varistor und eine Lastableitung. Der Hauptzweig kann dabei über das Schaltelement den ersten beweglichen Kontakt mit der Lastableitung verbinden und der Hilfszweig kann über den Varistor den zweiten beweglichen Kontakt mit der Lastableitung verbinden. Dabei ist der Laststufenschalter derart ausgestaltet, dass bei einer Umschaltung von dem ersten Festkontakt auf den zweiten Festkontakt der erste bewegliche Kontakt erst dann betätigt wird, wenn der zweite bewegliche Kontakt den zweiten Festkontakt erreicht hat, insbesondere kontaktiert.The improved concept is based on the idea of integrating a varistor as a current-limiting element in an auxiliary branch of the on-load tap-changer. Varistors are resistance components whose resistance value depends on the applied voltage. According to the improved concept, an on-load tap changer is used for uninterrupted switching between winding taps of a control winding of a transformer specified. The uninterrupted switching takes place in particular between adjacent winding taps of the control winding. The on-load tap changer includes a first fixed contact, a second fixed contact, a first movable contact and a second movable contact. The fixed contacts can be connected to the winding taps of the control winding of a transformer. The two movable contacts are designed in such a way that they can contact each of the fixed contacts. Furthermore, the on-load tap changer includes a main branch with a switching element, an auxiliary branch with a varistor and a load diverter. The main branch can connect the first movable contact to the load diverter via the switching element and the auxiliary branch can connect the second movable contact to the load diverter via the varistor. The on-load tap changer is designed such that when switching from the first fixed contact to the second fixed contact, the first movable contact is only actuated when the second movable contact has reached, in particular contacted, the second fixed contact.

In einer stationären Stellung, d.h. nach Abschluss einer Lastumschaltung und vor Beginn der nächsten Lastumschaltung, stehen beide beweglichen Kontakte beispielsweise auf demselben Festkontakt.In a stationary position, i.e. after completion of a load transfer and before the start of the next load transfer, both movable contacts are, for example, on the same fixed contact.

Zudem kontaktiert ein beweglicher Kontakt insbesondere immer nur einen Festkontakt, d. h. er nimmt keine brückende Position zwischen zwei benachbarten Festkontakten ein.In addition, a moving contact in particular always only makes contact with a fixed contact, i. H. it does not assume a bridging position between two adjacent fixed contacts.

Der Varistor ist vorzugsweise derart dimensioniert, dass er sich in einem Sperrzustand befindet, wenn eine Spannung über ihm abfällt, die kleiner oder gleich der Stufenspannung ist. Der Sperrzustand zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass kein signifikanter Strom über den Varistor fließt. Insbesondere ist der Strom, welcher während des Sperrzustands über den Varistor fließt, so klein, das die beweglichen Wählerkontakte ohne Beschädigung von einem Festkontakt getrennt oder mit einem Festkontakt verbunden werden können. Typischerweise ist dies bei einer Stromstärke kleiner 100mA, vorzugsweise kleiner 10mA der Fall. Dieser Sperrzustand des Varistors ist insbesondere auch dann gegeben, wenn sich der Stufenschalter in einer stationären Stellung befindet, in der beide bewegliche Kontakte auf dem gleichen Festkontakt stehen und somit der Hilfszweig durch den parallelen Hauptzweig kurzgeschlossen ist.The varistor is preferably dimensioned such that it is in an off-state when a voltage drops across it that is less than or equal to the step voltage. The blocking state is characterized by the fact that no significant current flows through the varistor. In particular, the current which flows through the varistor during the blocking state is so small that the movable selector contacts can be separated from a fixed contact or connected to a fixed contact without being damaged. This is typically the case with a current intensity of less than 100 mA, preferably less than 10 mA. This blocking state of the varistor also occurs in particular when the tap changer is in a stationary position in which both moving contacts are on the same fixed contact and the auxiliary branch is therefore short-circuited by the parallel main branch.

Der Varistor ist vorzugsweise derart dimensioniert, dass in einer Phase, während der der Laststrom, der beispielsweise in der Größenordnung von mehreren 10 A, beispielsweise 30 A liegt, über den Varistor fließt, der Spannungsabfall über dem Varistor ein Vielfaches der Stufenspannung beträgt, beispielsweise etwa das 1,2- bis 1,5-fache der Stufenspannung. Vorzugsweise ist der Spannungsabfall kleiner als ein vorbestimmter Grenzwert, beispielsweise kleiner als das 2,0-fache der Stufenspannung.The varistor is preferably dimensioned such that in a phase during which the load current, which is for example of the order of several 10 A, for example 30 A, flows through the varistor, the voltage drop across the varistor is multiple of the step voltage is, for example, about 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage. The voltage drop is preferably less than a predetermined limit value, for example less than 2.0 times the step voltage.

Der Varistor ist vorzugsweise als Metalloxidvaristor, beispielsweise auf Grundlage von Zinkoxid, ausgestaltet, da die Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie von Metalloxidvaristoren näher am idealen Kennlinienverlauf eines Varistors liegt.The varistor is preferably designed as a metal oxide varistor, for example based on zinc oxide, since the current-voltage characteristic of metal oxide varistors is closer to the ideal characteristic curve of a varistor.

Da sich der Varistor entweder in dem Sperrzustand, in dem kein signifikanter Strom über ihn fließt, oder in einem geöffneten Zustand, in dem der Laststrom über ihn fließt, befindet, tritt während des Umschaltvorgangs kein Kreisstrom auf. Gegenüber der Verwendung eines ohmschen Widerstandes als Überschaltwiderstand ist daher die Zeitdauer, in der Verluste an dem Varistor auftreten, kleiner.Since the varistor is either in the off state, where no significant current flows through it, or in an open state, where the load current flows through it, no circulating current occurs during the switching process. Compared to the use of an ohmic resistor as a transition resistor, the time period in which losses occur at the varistor is therefore shorter.

Bei Verwendung eines ohmschen Widerstandes als Überschaltwiderstand wird in dem Zeitraum, in dem der Laststrom über den Widerstand fließt, die Ausgangsspannung des Transformators um den durch den Laststrom hervorgerufenen Spannungsabfall am Widerstand reduziert. Dieser Spannungseinbruch soll aus Gründen der Spannungsqualität ein bestimmtes Vielfaches der Stufenspannung, z.B. das 5,0-fache, vorzugsweise das 2,0-fache nicht überschreiten. Als Folge davon müssen ggf. bei gleicher Stufenspannung für unterschiedliche Lastströme unterschiedliche Widerstände verwendet werden. Bei Verwendung eines Varistors gemäß dem verbesserten Konzept ist der Einbruch der Ausgangsspannung des Transformators im Wesentlichen unabhängig vom Laststrom. Dies ist begründet durch die typische Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie eines Varistors gemäß dem verbesserten Konzept und den abrupten Abfall seines differenziellen Widerstands beim Übergang vom Sperrzustand in den geöffneten Zustand. Daher hängt die Auswahl des geeigneten Varistors nicht wesentlich von dem Laststrom, sondern lediglich von der Stufenspannung ab. Die aufwendige Auslegung von Überschaltwiderständen sowie die davon abhängige, konstruktive Ausgestaltung des Laststufenschalters auf unterschiedliche Anwendungsfälle kann dadurch größtenteils entfallen und somit die gesamte Stufenschalterauslegung und -montage massiv vereinfacht werden. Beispielsweise kann der Stufenschalter dann für bestimmte Stufenspannungen unabhängig vom tatsächlichen Laststrom als Lagerware vorgefertigt werden.If an ohmic resistor is used as the transition resistor, the output voltage of the transformer is reduced by the voltage drop across the resistor caused by the load current during the period in which the load current flows through the resistor. For reasons of voltage quality, this voltage dip should not exceed a specific multiple of the step voltage, e.g. 5.0 times, preferably 2.0 times. As a result, different resistors may have to be used with the same step voltage for different load currents. When using a varistor according to the improved concept, the dip in the output voltage of the transformer is essentially independent of the load current. This is due to the typical current-voltage characteristic of a varistor according to the improved concept and the abrupt drop in its differential resistance during the transition from the off state to the open state. Therefore, the selection of the appropriate varistor does not depend significantly on the load current, but only on the step voltage. The complex design of transition resistors and the design of the on-load tap changer that depends on this for different applications can be largely eliminated and the entire tap changer design and assembly can be greatly simplified. For example, the tap changer can then be prefabricated as a stock item for specific step voltages, regardless of the actual load current.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform ist der Laststufenschalter derart ausgestaltet, dass bei einer Umschaltung von dem zweiten Festkontakt auf den ersten Festkontakt der zweite bewegliche Kontakt erst dann betätigt wird, wenn der erste bewegliche Kontakt den ersten Festkontakt erreicht hat, insbesondere kontaktiert.According to at least one embodiment, the on-load tap changer is designed such that when switching from the second fixed contact to the first fixed contact, the second movable contact is only actuated when the first movable contact has reached the first fixed contact, in particular contacted.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform ist der Laststufenschalter derart ausgestaltet, dass bei einer Umschaltung von dem zweiten Festkontakt auf den ersten Festkontakt der erste bewegliche Kontakt erst dann betätigt wird, wenn der zweite bewegliche Kontakt den ersten Festkontakt erreicht hat, insbesondere kontaktiert.According to at least one embodiment, the on-load tap changer is designed such that when switching from the second fixed contact to the first fixed contact, the first movable contact is only actuated when the second movable contact has reached, in particular contacted, the first fixed contact.

Gemäß dem verbesserten Konzept ist das Schaltelement als Ausschalter ausgebildet, beispielsweise als Vakuumschaltröhre, d. h. das Schaltelement kann entweder eine geschlossene Stellung einnehmen, in welcher der Laststrom fließen kann, oder eine offene Stellung einnehmen, in welcher der Laststrom unterbrochen wird.According to the improved concept, the switching element is designed as an off switch, for example as a vacuum interrupter, i. H. the switching element can either assume a closed position, in which the load current can flow, or an open position, in which the load current is interrupted.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform weisen der erste und der zweite Festkontakt jeweils eine erste und eine zweite, von der ersten verschiedene, Kontaktfläche auf, wobei die jeweils erste Kontaktfläche von dem ersten beweglichen Kontakt kontaktiert werden kann und die jeweils zweite Kontaktfläche von dem zweiten beweglichen Kontakt kontaktiert werden kann. Weiterhin kann insbesondere die jeweils zweite Kontaktfläche nicht von dem ersten beweglichen Kontakt kontaktiert werden und die jeweils erste Kontaktfläche nicht von dem zweiten beweglichen Kontakt kontaktiert werden.According to at least one embodiment, the first and the second fixed contact each have a first and a second contact area different from the first, wherein the respective first contact area can be contacted by the first movable contact and the respective second contact area can be contacted by the second movable contact can be. Furthermore, in particular the second contact surface in each case cannot be contacted by the first movable contact and the first contact surface in each case cannot be contacted by the second movable contact.

Gemäß dem verbesserten Konzept wird außerdem ein Verfahren zur Betätigung eines Laststufenschalters angegeben, wobei der Laststufenschalter zumindest einen ersten und einen zweiten beweglichen Kontakt und eine Lastableitung umfasst. Gemäß dem Verfahren wird bei der Umschaltung von dem ersten auf den zweiten Festkontakt ein Laststrom von einem Hauptzweig auf einen Hilfszweig umgeschaltet. Der Laststrom in dem Hilfszweig wird mittels eines Varistors begrenzt und der erste bewegliche Kontakt wird erst dann betätigt, wenn der zweite bewegliche Kontakt den zweiten Festkontakt erreicht hat. Danach wird der Laststrom wieder von dem Hilfszweig auf den Hauptzweig umgeschaltet. Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird bei der Umschaltung von dem zweiten auf den ersten Festkontakt der Laststrom von einem Hauptzweig auf einen Hilfszweig umgeschaltet. Der Laststrom in dem Hilfszweig wird dabei mittels eines Varistors begrenzt und der zweite bewegliche Kontakt erst dann betätigt, wenn der erste bewegliche Kontakt den ersten Festkontakt erreicht hat.According to the improved concept, a method for actuating an on-load tap changer is also specified, with the on-load tap changer comprising at least a first and a second movable contact and a load diverter. According to the method, when switching from the first to the second fixed contact, a load current is switched from a main branch to an auxiliary branch. The load current in the auxiliary branch is limited by means of a varistor and the first moving contact is only actuated when the second moving contact has reached the second fixed contact. The load current is then switched over again from the auxiliary branch to the main branch. According to at least one embodiment, when switching from the second to the first fixed contact, the load current is switched from a main branch to an auxiliary branch. The load current in the auxiliary branch is limited by means of a varistor and the second moving contact is only actuated when the first moving contact has reached the first fixed contact.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird bei der Umschaltung von dem zweiten auf den ersten Festkontakt der Laststrom von einem Hauptzweig auf einen Hilfszweig umgeschaltet. Der Laststrom in dem Hilfszweig wird dabei mittels eines Varistors begrenzt und der erste bewegliche Kontakt erst dann betätigt, wenn der zweite bewegliche Kontakt den ersten Festkontakt erreicht hat.According to at least one embodiment, when switching from the second to the first fixed contact, the load current is switched from a main branch to an auxiliary branch. The load current in the auxiliary branch is limited by means of a varistor and the first movable contact is only actuated when the second movable contact has reached the first fixed contact.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird in einer ersten Schaltrichtung von einem ersten stationären Zustand, in dem die beweglichen Kontakte beide den ersten Festkontakt kontaktieren, zu einem zweiten stationären Zustand, in dem die beweglichen Kontakte beide den zweiten Festkontakt kontaktieren, umgeschaltet.According to at least one embodiment, in a first switching direction, a switch is made from a first stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the first fixed contact, to a second stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the second fixed contact.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird in einer zweiten Schaltrichtung von einem zweiten stationären Zustand, in dem die beweglichen Kontakte beide den zweiten Festkontakt kontaktieren, zu einem ersten stationären Zustand, in dem die beweglichen Kontakte beide den ersten Festkontakt kontaktieren, umgeschaltet.According to at least one embodiment, a second switching direction is switched from a second stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the second fixed contact, to a first stationary state, in which the movable contacts both contact the first fixed contact.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird in der ersten Schaltrichtung der zweite bewegliche Kontakt von dem ersten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem zweiten Festkontakt kontaktiert. Danach wird ein Laststrom von einem Hauptzweig auf einen Hilfszweig umgeschaltet. Danach wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt von dem ersten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem zweiten Festkontakt kontaktiert.According to at least one embodiment, the second movable contact is separated from the first fixed contact in the first switching direction and makes contact with the second fixed contact. Thereafter, a load current is switched from a main branch to an auxiliary branch. Thereafter, the first movable contact is separated from the first fixed contact and contacted with the second fixed contact.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird in der zweiten Schaltrichtung der Laststrom von dem Hauptzweig auf den Hilfszweig umgeschaltet. Danach wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert. Daraufhin wird der Laststrom von dem Hilfszweig auf den Hauptzweig umgeschaltet und danach der zweite bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert.According to at least one embodiment, the load current is switched from the main branch to the auxiliary branch in the second switching direction. Thereafter, the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. The load current is then switched over from the auxiliary branch to the main branch and then the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and makes contact with the first fixed contact.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird in der zweiten Schaltrichtung der zweite bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert. Danach wird der Laststrom von dem Hauptzweig auf den Hilfszweig umgeschaltet. Danach wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact in the second switching direction. Thereafter, the load current is switched over from the main branch to the auxiliary branch. Thereafter, the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact.

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird in einem Schritt a das Schaltelement geschlossen oder bleibt geschlossen und der zweite bewegliche Kontakt wird von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert. Daraufhin wird in einem Schritt b das Schaltelement geöffnet und dadurch der erste bewegliche Kontakt von der Lastableitung getrennt, woraufhin in einem Schritt c der erste bewegliche Kontakt von dem ersten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem zweiten Festkontakt kontaktiert wird. Dann wird in einem Schritt d das Schaltelement geschlossen und dadurch der erste bewegliche Kontakt mit der Lastableitung verbunden. Der Laststrom fließt nun wieder über den Hauptzweig. Vorzugsweise wird Schritt b nach Schritt a, Schritt c nach Schritt b und Schritt d nach Schritt c ausgeführt, wobei "nach" insbesondere "direkt nach" bedeutet.According to at least one embodiment, in step a the switching element is closed or remains closed and the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. Then, in step b, the switching element is opened and thereby the first movable contact is separated from the load dissipation, whereupon in step c the first movable contact is separated from the first fixed contact and contacted with the second fixed contact. Then the switching element is closed in a step d and the first movable contact is thereby connected to the load dissipation. The load current now flows again via the main branch. Step b is preferably carried out after step a, step c after step b and step d after step c, where "after" means in particular "directly after".

Gemäß zumindest einer Ausführungsform wird in einem Schritt a' das Schaltelement geöffnet und dadurch der erste bewegliche Kontakt von der Lastableitung getrennt. Danach wird in einem Schritt b' der erste bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert. Daraufhin wird in einem Schritt c` das Schaltelement wieder geschlossen und dadurch der Laststrom von dem Hilfszweig auf den Hauptzweig umgeschaltet. In einem Schritt d' wird schließlich der zweite bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert. Vorzugsweise wird Schritt b' nach Schritt a`, Schritt c` nach Schritt b' und Schritt d' nach Schritt c` ausgeführt, wobei "nach" insbesondere "direkt nach" bedeutet.In accordance with at least one embodiment, the switching element is opened in a step a′ and the first movable contact is thereby separated from the load dissipation. Thereafter, in a step b', the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. Then, in a step c`, the switching element is closed again and the load current is thus switched over from the auxiliary branch to the main branch. Finally, in a step d′, the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. Step b' is preferably carried out after step a`, step c` after step b' and step d' after step c`, where "after" means in particular "directly after".

Gemäß zumindest einer weiteren Ausführungsform wird in einem Schritt a" der zweite bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert. In einem darauffolgenden Schritt b" wird das Schaltelement geöffnet und der erste bewegliche Kontakt von der Lastableitung getrennt, woraufhin in einem Schritt c" der erste bewegliche Kontakt von dem zweiten Festkontakt getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt kontaktiert wird. Dann wird in einem Schritt d" das Schaltelement geschlossen und der erste bewegliche Kontakt wieder mit der Lastableitung verbunden. Der Laststrom fließt nun wieder über den Hauptzweig. Vorzugsweise wird Schritt b" nach Schritt a", Schritt c" nach Schritt b" und Schritt d" nach Schritt c" ausgeführt, wobei "nach" insbesondere "direkt nach" bedeutet.According to at least one further embodiment, in step a", the second movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. In a subsequent step b", the switching element is opened and the first movable contact is separated from the load dissipation, whereupon in a Step c" the first movable contact is separated from the second fixed contact and contacted with the first fixed contact. Then in a step d" the switching element is closed and the first movable contact is reconnected to the load dissipation. The load current now flows again via the main branch. Step b" is preferably carried out after step a", step c" after step b" and step d" after step c", where "after" means in particular "directly after".

Weitere Ausgestaltungsformen des Laststufenschalters ergeben sich unmittelbar aus den verschiedenen Ausgestaltungsformen des Verfahrens und umgekehrt.Further configurations of the on-load tap changer result directly from the different configurations of the method and vice versa.

Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand beispielhafter Ausführungsformen unter Bezug auf die Zeichnungen im Detail erklärt. Komponenten, die funktionell identisch sind oder einen identischen Effekt haben, können mit identischen Bezugszeichen versehen sein. Identische Komponenten oder Komponenten mit identischer Funktion sind unter Umständen nur bezüglich der Figur erklärt, in der sie zuerst erscheinen. Die Erklärung wird nicht notwendigerweise in den darauffolgenden Figuren wiederholt.The invention is explained in detail below using exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings. Components that are functionally identical or have an identical effect may be given identical reference numbers. Identical components or components having an identical function may only be explained with respect to the figure in which they first appear. The explanation is not necessarily repeated in subsequent figures.

Die Zeichnungen zeigen in

FIG. 1
eine schematische Darstellung einer beispielhaften Ausführungsform eines Laststufenschalters nach dem verbesserten Konzept
FIG. 2a - d
einen beispielhaften Schaltablauf in dem Laststufenschalter und ein beispielhaftes Verfahren nach dem verbesserten Konzept
Fig. 2e
eine beispielhafte Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie eines Varistors nach dem verbesserten Konzept
FIG. 3a - d
einen weiteren, beispielhaften Schaltablauf in dem Laststufenschalter und ein weiteres beispielhaftes Verfahren nach dem verbesserten Konzept
FIG. 4a - d
einen weiteren, beispielhaften Schaltablauf in dem Laststufenschalter und ein weiteres beispielhaftes Verfahren nach dem verbesserten Konzept.
The drawings show in
FIG. 1
a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of an on-load tap changer according to the improved concept
FIG. 2a - d
an exemplary switching sequence in the on-load tap changer and an exemplary method according to the improved concept
Figure 2e
an exemplary current-voltage characteristic of a varistor according to the improved concept
FIG. 3a - d
another exemplary switching sequence in the on-load tap changer and another exemplary method according to the improved concept
FIG. 4a - d
another exemplary switching sequence in the on-load tap changer and another exemplary method according to the improved concept.

Figur 1 zeigt eine schematische Darstellung einer beispielhaften Ausführungsform eines Laststufenschalters zur unterbrechungslosen Umschaltung zwischen Wicklungsanzapfungen einer Regelwicklung 11 eines Transformators (nicht dargestellt). Gemäß dem verbesserten Konzept umfasst der Laststufenschalter 1 wenigstens einen ersten Festkontakt 2 und einen zweiten Festkontakt 3, die jeweils mit einer Wicklungsanzapfung der Regelwicklung 11 des Transformators verbunden werden können. Die gesamte Anzahl der Festkontakte ist von der Anzahl der Wicklungsanzapfungen abhängig. Jeder Festkontakt 2, 3 weist eine erste Kontaktfläche 2.1, 3.1 und eine zweite Kontaktfläche 2.2, 3.2 auf. Weiterhin umfasst der Laststufenschalter 1 einen ersten beweglichen Kontakt 4 und einen zweiten beweglichen Kontakt 5 auf, die jeweils die einzelnen Festkontakte der Regelwicklung kontaktieren können. Dabei kann der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 die ersten Kontaktflächen 2.1, 3.1 der Festkontakte 2, 3 kontaktieren, nicht aber die zweiten Kontaktflächen 2.2, 3.2. Entsprechend kann der zweite bewegliche Kontakt 5 die zweiten Kontaktflächen 2.2, 3.2 der Festkontakte 2, 3 kontaktieren, nicht aber die ersten Kontaktflächen 2.1, 3.1.. Figur 1 stellt eine schematische Skizze einer beispielhaften Ausführungsform des Laststufenschalters dar, insbesondere ist die Anordnung der Kontaktflächen 2.1, 2.2 und 3.1, 3.2 gegenübereinander nicht zwingend erforderlich. figure 1 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of an on-load tap changer for uninterrupted switching between winding taps of a control winding 11 of a transformer (not shown). According to the improved concept, the on-load tap changer 1 comprises at least a first fixed contact 2 and a second fixed contact 3, which can each be connected to a winding tap of the control winding 11 of the transformer. The total number of fixed contacts depends on the number of winding taps. Each fixed contact 2, 3 has a first contact surface 2.1, 3.1 and a second contact surface 2.2, 3.2. Furthermore, the on-load tap changer 1 has a first movable contact 4 and a second movable contact 5, which can each make contact with the individual fixed contacts of the control winding. The first movable contact 4 can contact the first contact surfaces 2.1, 3.1 of the fixed contacts 2, 3, but not the second contact surfaces 2.2, 3.2. Accordingly, the second movable contact 5 can contact the second contact surfaces 2.2, 3.2 of the fixed contacts 2, 3, but not the first contact surfaces 2.1, 3.1.. figure 1 shows a schematic sketch of an exemplary embodiment of the on-load tap changer, in particular the arrangement of the contact surfaces 2.1, 2.2 and 3.1, 3.2 opposite one another is not absolutely necessary.

Figur 1 zeigt den Laststufenschalter 1 in einem stationären Zustand, in dem beide bewegliche Kontakte 4, 5 den gleichen Festkontakt 2 kontaktieren. Der Laststrom IL fließt hier über einen Hauptzweig 6 von dem ersten beweglichen Kontakt 4 über das geschlossene Schaltelement 8 zur Lastableitung 10. Der Varistor 9 befindet sich im Sperrzustand, da der Hilfszweig 7 durch den parallelen Hauptzweig 6 kurzgeschlossen ist. figure 1 shows the on-load tap changer 1 in a stationary state, in which both movable contacts 4, 5 contact the same fixed contact 2. The load current I L flows here via a main branch 6 from the first movable contact 4 via the closed switching element 8 to the load dissipation device 10. The varistor 9 is in the blocking state since the auxiliary branch 7 is short-circuited by the parallel main branch 6.

Der Hauptzweig 6 verbindet den ersten beweglichen Kontakt 4 über ein Schaltelement 8 mit einer Lastableitung 10. Das Schaltelement 8 ist vorzugsweise als Vakuumschaltröhre ausgebildet. Der Hilfszweig 7 verbindet den zweiten beweglichen Kontakt 5 über einen Varistor 9 ebenfalls mit der Lastableitung 10.The main branch 6 connects the first movable contact 4 to a load dissipation device 10 via a switching element 8. The switching element 8 is preferably designed as a vacuum interrupter. The auxiliary branch 7 also connects the second moving contact 5 via a varistor 9 to the load shunt 10.

In den Figuren 2a bis 2d wird ein beispielhafter Schaltablauf des Laststufenschalters 1 gemäß dem neuen Konzept beschrieben, wobei von ersten Festkontakt 2 auf den zweiten Festkontakt 3, beziehungsweise den entsprechenden Wicklungsanzapfungen, umgeschaltet wird.In the Figures 2a to 2d an exemplary switching sequence of the on-load tap changer 1 according to the new concept is described, with switching from the first fixed contact 2 to the second fixed contact 3, or the corresponding winding taps.

In einem Schritt a (vgl. Fig. 2a) wird das Schaltelement 8 geschlossen oder bleibt geschlossen. Somit fließt der Laststrom IL über den Hauptzweig 6 und der zweite bewegliche Kontakt 5 kann stromlos von dem ersten Festkontakt 2 getrennt werden. Nachdem der bewegliche Kontakt 5 mit dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 kontaktiert wurde, fällt über dem Varistor 9 die Stufenspannung ab. Der dabei fließende Strom ist so klein, dass er den Wähler beim Kontaktieren des zweiten Festkontakts 3 nicht beschädigt. Dabei kontaktiert der zweite bewegliche Kontakt 5 die jeweils zweite Kontaktfläche 2.2, 2.3 der Festkontakte 2, 3.In a step a (cf. Figure 2a ) the switching element 8 is closed or remains closed. The load current I L thus flows via the main branch 6 and the second movable contact 5 can be separated from the first fixed contact 2 without current. After the movable contact 5 has made contact with the second fixed contact 3 , the step voltage drops across the varistor 9 . The current flowing in this case is so small that it does not damage the selector when the second fixed contact 3 comes into contact. The second movable contact 5 makes contact with the respective second contact surface 2.2, 2.3 of the fixed contacts 2, 3.

In einem Schritt b (vgl. Fig. 2b) wird das Schaltelement 8 geöffnet. Dadurch wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 von der Lastableitung 10 getrennt und der Laststrom IL wird von dem Hauptzweig 6 auf den Hilfszweig 7 umgeschaltet. Der Spannungsabfall über dem Varistor 9 erhöht sich beispielsweise auf das etwa 1,2- bis 1,5-fache der Stufenspannung. In Figur 2e ist schematisch eine typische Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie eines Varistors, wie er gemäß dem verbesserten Konzept zum Einsatz kommt, beispielsweise eines Metalloxidvaristors auf Grundlage von Zinkoxid. Daraus ist erkennbar, dass der Spannungsabfall im geöffneten Zustand nicht signifikant vom Strom abhängt.In step b (cf. Figure 2b ) the switching element 8 is opened. As a result, the first moving contact 4 is separated from the load derivative 10 and the load current I L is switched over from the main branch 6 to the auxiliary branch 7 . The voltage drop across the varistor 9 increases, for example, to about 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage. In Figure 2e 1 is a schematic of a typical current-voltage characteristic of a varistor used according to the improved concept, for example a metal oxide varistor based on zinc oxide. From this it can be seen that the voltage drop in the open state does not depend significantly on the current.

In einem Schritt c (vgl. Fig. 2c) wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4, der nun nicht mehr durchstromdurchflossen ist, von dem ersten Festkontakt 2 getrennt und mit dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 kontaktiert. Dabei kontaktiert der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 zunächst die erste Kontaktfläche 2.1 des ersten Festkontakts 2 und danach die erste Kontaktfläche 3.1 des zweiten Festkontakts 3.In step c (cf. Figure 2c ) is the first movable contact 4, which is now no longer carrying current, separated from the first fixed contact 2 and contacted with the second fixed contact 3. The first movable contact 4 first contacts the first contact surface 2.1 of the first fixed contact 2 and then the first contact surface 3.1 of the second fixed contact 3.

In einem Schritt d (vgl. Fig. 2d) wird das Schaltelement 8 wieder geschlossen. Der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 ist nun wieder mit der Lastableitung 10 verbunden und der Laststrom IL fließt wieder über den Hauptzweig 6. Der Varistor 9 befindet sich wieder im Sperrzustand und der Stufenschalter wieder in einer stationären Stellung, in der beide bewegliche Kontakte 4, 5 den zweiten Festkontakt 3 kontaktieren.In a step d (cf. Fig. 2d ) the switching element 8 is closed again. The first movable contact 4 is now connected again to the load derivative 10 and the load current I L flows again via the main branch 6. The varistor 9 is again in the blocking state and the tap changer again in a stationary position in which both movable contacts 4, 5 contact the second fixed contact 3.

In den Figuren 3a bis 3d wird ein weiterer beispielhafter Schaltablauf des Laststufenschalters 1 gemäß dem neuen Konzept beschrieben, wobei von dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 auf den ersten Festkontakt 2 umgeschaltet wird.In the Figures 3a to 3d Another exemplary switching sequence of the on-load tap changer 1 according to the new concept is described, with switching from the second fixed contact 3 to the first fixed contact 2 .

In einem Schritt a' (vgl. Fig. 3a) wird das Schaltelement 8 geöffnet. Dadurch wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 von der Lastableitung 10 getrennt und der Laststrom IL wird von dem Hauptzweig 6 auf den Hilfszweig 7 umgeschaltet. Der Spannungsabfall über dem Varistor erhöht sich beispielsweise auf das ca. 1,2- bis 1,5-fache der Stufenspannung.In a step a' (cf. Figure 3a ) the switching element 8 is opened. As a result, the first moving contact 4 is separated from the load derivative 10 and the load current I L is switched over from the main branch 6 to the auxiliary branch 7 . The voltage drop across the varistor increases, for example, to around 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage.

In einem Schritt b' (vgl. Fig. 3b) wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4, der nun nicht mehr durchstromdurchflossen ist, von dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt 2 kontaktiert.In a step b' (cf. Figure 3b ) is the first movable contact 4, which is now no longer carrying current, separated from the second fixed contact 3 and contacted with the first fixed contact 2.

In einem Schritt c` (vgl. Fig. 3c) wird das Schaltelement 8 wieder geschlossen, sodass der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 wieder mit der Lastableitung 10 verbunden ist und der Laststrom IL über den Hauptzweig 6 fließt. Der Varistor 9 geht in den Sperrzustand, wobei über ihm die Stufenspannung abfällt.In a step c` (cf. 3c ) the switching element 8 is closed again, so that the first movable contact 4 is again connected to the load diverter 10 and the load current I L flows through the main branch 6. The varistor 9 goes into the blocking state, with the step voltage dropping across it.

In einem Schritt d' (vgl. Fig. 3d) wird der zweite bewegliche Kontakt 5 stromlos von dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt 2 kontaktiert. Da sich der Varistor 9 im Sperrzustand befindet ist der über den Hilfszweig 7 fließende Strom so klein, dass er den Wähler beim Kontaktieren des ersten Festkontakts 2 nicht beschädigt. Der Stufenschalter befindet sich nun wieder in einer stationären Stellung, in der beide bewegliche Kontakte 4, 5 den ersten Festkontakt 3 kontaktieren. Der Varistor 9 befindet sich im Sperrzustand, da der Hilfszweig 7 durch den parallelen Hauptzweig 6 kurzgeschlossen ist.In a step d' (cf. 3d ) the second movable contact 5 is de-energized separated from the second fixed contact 3 and contacted with the first fixed contact 2. Since the varistor 9 is in the blocking state, the current flowing through the auxiliary branch 7 is so small that it does not damage the selector when the first fixed contact 2 comes into contact. The tap changer is now back in a stationary position in which both movable contacts 4, 5 make contact with the first fixed contact 3. The varistor 9 is in the blocking state since the auxiliary branch 7 is short-circuited by the parallel main branch 6.

In den Figuren 4a bis 4d wird ein weiterer beispielhafter Schaltablauf des Laststufenschalters 1 gemäß dem neuen Konzept beschrieben, wobei ebenfalls von dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 auf den ersten Festkontakt 2 umgeschaltet wird.In the Figures 4a to 4d Another exemplary switching sequence of the on-load tap changer 1 according to the new concept is described, with switching also being carried out from the second fixed contact 3 to the first fixed contact 2 .

In einem Schritt a" (vgl. Fig. 4a) wird der zweite bewegliche Kontakt 5 stromlos von dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 getrennt, da das Schaltelement 8 geschlossen ist und somit der Laststrom IL über den Hauptzweig 6 fließt. Nachdem der zweite bewegliche Kontakt 5 mit dem ersten Festkontakt 2 kontaktiert wurde, fällt über dem Varistor 9 die Stufenspannung ab. Der dabei fließende Strom ist so klein, dass er den Wähler beim Kontaktieren des ersten Festkontakts 2 nicht beschädigt.In a step a" (cf. Figure 4a ) the second movable contact 5 is separated from the second fixed contact 3 without current, since the switching element 8 is closed and the load current I L thus flows via the main branch 6. After the second movable contact 5 has made contact with the first fixed contact 2, the step voltage drops across the varistor 9. The current flowing in this case is so small that it does not damage the selector when the first fixed contact 2 comes into contact.

In einem Schritt b" (vgl. Fig. 4b) wird das Schaltelement 8 geöffnet. Dadurch wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 von der Lastableitung 10 getrennt und der Laststrom IL wird von dem Hauptzweig 6 auf den Hilfszweig 7 umgeschaltet. Der Spannungsabfall über dem Varistor 9 erhöht sich auf das etwa 1,2- bis 1,5-fache der Stufenspannung.In a step b" (cf. Figure 4b ) the switching element 8 is opened. As a result, the first moving contact 4 is separated from the load derivative 10 and the load current I L is switched over from the main branch 6 to the auxiliary branch 7 . The voltage drop across the varistor 9 increases to about 1.2 to 1.5 times the step voltage.

In einem Schritt c" (vgl. Fig. 4c) wird der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4, der nun nicht mehr durchstromdurchflossen ist, von dem zweiten Festkontakt 3 getrennt und mit dem ersten Festkontakt 2 kontaktiert.In a step c" (cf. Figure 4c ) is the first movable contact 4, which is now no longer carrying current, separated from the second fixed contact 3 and contacted with the first fixed contact 2.

In einem Schritt d" (vgl. Fig. 4d) wird das Schaltelement 8 wieder geschlossen. Der erste bewegliche Kontakt 4 ist nun wieder mit der Lastableitung 10 verbunden und der Laststrom IL fließt wieder über den Hauptzweig 6. Der Varistor 9 befindet sich wieder im Sperrzustand und der Stufenschalter wieder in einer stationären Stellung, in der beide bewegliche Kontakte 4, 5 den ersten Festkontakt 2 kontaktieren.In a step d" (cf. Figure 4d ) the switching element 8 is closed again. The first moving contact 4 is now reconnected to the load diverter 10 and the load current I L flows again via the main branch 6. The varistor 9 is again in the blocking state and the tap changer is again in a stationary position, in which both moving contacts 4, 5 contact the first fixed contact 2.

BEZUGSZEICHENREFERENCE MARKS

11
Stufenschalterstep switch
22
erster Festkontaktfirst fixed contact
33
zweiter Festkontaktsecond fixed contact
44
erster beweglicher Kontaktfirst moving contact
55
zweiter beweglicher Kontaktsecond moving contact
66
Hauptzweigmain branch
77
Hilfszweigauxiliary branch
88th
Schaltelementswitching element
99
Varistorvaristor
1010
Lastableitungload dissipation
1111
Regelwicklungcontrol winding

Claims (12)

  1. On-load tap changer (1) comprising
    - a first fixed contact (2),
    - a second fixed contact (3),
    - a first movable contact (4), which can contact each of the fixed contacts,
    - a second movable contact (5), which can contact each of the fixed contacts,
    - a main branch (6) with a switching element (8), wherein the main branch (6) connects the first movable contact (4) with a load diverter (10) and the switching element (8) is configured as an 'off' switch,
    - an auxiliary branch (7) with a varistor (9), wherein the auxiliary branch (7) connects the second movable contact (5) with the load diverter (10),
    wherein
    - the on-load tap changer (1) has such a configuration that when switching over from the first fixed contact (2) to the second fixed (3) contact takes place the first movable contact (4) is actuated only when the second movable contact (5) has reached the second fixed contact (3), and a load current IL is switched over from the main branch (6) to the auxiliary branch (7),
    wherein
    - when switching the load current IL in the auxiliary branch (7) is limited by means of the varistor (9) and no circular current arises during the switching-over process.
  2. On-load tap changer (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein
    - the on-load tap changer (1) has such a configuration that when switching over from the second fixed contact (3) to the first fixed contact (2) takes place the second movable contact (5) is actuated only when the first movable contact (4) has reached the first fixed contact (2).
  3. On-load tap changer (1) according to claim 1, wherein
    - the on-load tap changer (1) has such a configuration that when switching over from the second fixed contact (3) to the first fixed contact (2) takes place the first movable contact (4) is actuated only when the second movable contact (5) has reached the first fixed contact (2).
  4. On-load tap changer (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein
    - each of the fixed contacts has a first contact surface, which can be contacted by the first movable contact (4),
    - each of the fixed contacts has a second contact surface, which can be contacted by the second movable contact (5).
  5. Method of actuating an on-load tap changer (1) which comprises a first and second movable contact (4,5), a first and second fixed contact (2,3) and a load diverter (10) and which is, constructed in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, wherein
    - when switching over from the first (2) to the second fixed contact (3) takes place a load current IL is switched over from a main branch (6) to an auxiliary branch (7);
    - the load current IL in the auxiliary branch (7) is limited by means of a varistor (9);
    - the first movable contact (4) is actuated only when the second movable contact (5) has reached the second fixed contact (3); and wherein
    - no circular current arises during the switching-over process.
  6. Method according to the preceding claim, wherein
    - when switching over from the second (3) to the first fixed contact (2) takes place a load current IL is switched over from a main branch (6) to an auxiliary branch (7); the load current IL in the auxiliary branch (7) is limited by means of a varistor (9); and wherein
    the second movable contact (5) is actuated only when the first movable contact (4) has reached the first fixed contact (2).
  7. Method according to claim 5, wherein
    - when switching over from the second (3) to the first fixed contact (2) takes place a load current IL is switched over from a main branch (6) to an auxiliary branch (7); the load current in the auxiliary branch (7) is limited by means of a varistor (9); and wherein
    - the first movable contact (4) is actuated only when the second movable (5) contact has reached the first fixed contact (2).
  8. Method according to any one of claims 5 to 7, wherein
    in a first switching direction there is switching over from a first stationary state in which the movable contacts (5, 5) both contact the first fixed contact (2) to a second stationary state in which the movable contacts (4, 5) both contact the second fixed contact (3), and
    in a second switching direction there is switching over from a second stationary state in which the movable contacts (4, 5) both contact the second fixed contact (3) to a first stationary state in which the movable contacts (4, 5) both contact the first fixed contact (2).
  9. Method according to claim 8, wherein in the first switching direction
    - the second movable contact (5) is separated from the first fixed contact (2) and is contacted by the second fixed contact (3);
    thereafter a load current IL is switched over from a main branch (6) to an auxiliary branch (7);
    - thereafter the first movable contact (4) is separated from the first fixed contact (2) and is contacted by the second fixed contact (3).
  10. Method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein in the second switching direction
    - a load current IL is switched over from a main branch (6) to an auxiliary branch (7);
    - thereafter the first movable contact (4) is separated from the second fixed contact (3) and is contacted by the first fixed contact (2);
    - thereafter the load current IL is switched over from the auxiliary branch (7) to a main branch (6);
    - thereafter the second movable contact (5) is separated from the second fixed contact (3) and is contacted by the first fixed contact (2).
  11. Method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein in the second switching direction
    - the second movable contact (5) is separated from the second fixed contact (3) and is contacted by the first fixed contact (2);
    - thereafter a load current IL is switched from a main branch (6) to an auxiliary branch (7);
    - thereafter the first movable contact (4) is separated from the second fixed contact (3) and is contacted by the first fixed contact (2).
  12. Method according to any one of claims 5 to 11, wherein
    - in a step a the switching element (8) is or remains closed and the second movable contact (5) is separated from the first fixed contact (2) and is contacted by the second fixed contact (3);
    - in a step b the switching element (8) is opened and the first movable contact (4) is thereby separated from the load diverter (10);
    - in a step c the first movable contact (4) is separated from the first fixed contact (2) and is contacted by the second fixed contact (3);
    - in a step d the switching element (8) is closed and thereby the first movable contact (4) is connected with the load diverter (10).
EP19730320.9A 2018-06-12 2019-06-11 On-load tap-changer and method for actuating an on-load tap-changer Active EP3807916B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102018113982.9A DE102018113982B4 (en) 2018-06-12 2018-06-12 LOAD TAP SWITCH AND METHOD FOR ACTUATING A LOAD TAP SWITCH
PCT/EP2019/065200 WO2019238669A1 (en) 2018-06-12 2019-06-11 On-load tap-changer and method for actuating an on-load tap-changer

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3807916A1 EP3807916A1 (en) 2021-04-21
EP3807916C0 EP3807916C0 (en) 2023-08-09
EP3807916B1 true EP3807916B1 (en) 2023-08-09

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19730320.9A Active EP3807916B1 (en) 2018-06-12 2019-06-11 On-load tap-changer and method for actuating an on-load tap-changer

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3807916B1 (en)
CN (1) CN112219251A (en)
AU (1) AU2019286437A1 (en)
DE (1) DE102018113982B4 (en)
WO (1) WO2019238669A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102020128463A1 (en) * 2020-10-29 2022-05-05 Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh LOAD CONTROLLER AND METHOD OF OPERATING A LOAD CONTROLLER

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2604344A1 (en) * 1976-02-05 1977-08-18 Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck STEPPED TRANSFORMER WITH OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION DEVICE
DE4223439C1 (en) * 1992-07-16 1994-03-17 Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck Load selector for tap changers on tap transformers
DE59302207D1 (en) * 1992-07-16 1996-05-15 Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck STEP SWITCH
DE4439813C1 (en) * 1994-11-08 1996-06-20 Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck Tap changer and method for monitoring it
DE19743864C1 (en) * 1997-10-04 1999-04-15 Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck Tap changer
CN102077305B (en) * 2008-08-27 2012-09-12 赖茵豪森机械制造公司 Tap switch with semiconductor switching elements
DE102012107080B3 (en) * 2012-08-02 2013-10-10 Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh step switch
DE102013110652B4 (en) * 2013-09-26 2018-02-22 Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh Switch arrangement with selection
EP3086343B1 (en) * 2015-04-21 2018-11-14 Ormazabal Corporate Technology, A.I.E. On-load tap changer device
DE102015106178A1 (en) * 2015-04-22 2016-10-27 Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh OLTC

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DE102018113982A1 (en) 2019-12-12
CN112219251A (en) 2021-01-12
WO2019238669A1 (en) 2019-12-19
EP3807916C0 (en) 2023-08-09
AU2019286437A1 (en) 2021-01-28
EP3807916A1 (en) 2021-04-21
DE102018113982B4 (en) 2023-09-28

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