EP3749053A1 - Heating device with a flat heating element, cooking appliance with and method for manufacturing such a heating device - Google Patents
Heating device with a flat heating element, cooking appliance with and method for manufacturing such a heating device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3749053A1 EP3749053A1 EP20173120.5A EP20173120A EP3749053A1 EP 3749053 A1 EP3749053 A1 EP 3749053A1 EP 20173120 A EP20173120 A EP 20173120A EP 3749053 A1 EP3749053 A1 EP 3749053A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heating
- fibers
- heating element
- heating device
- connection contacts
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/148—Silicon, e.g. silicon carbide, magnesium silicide, heating transistors or diodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/68—Heating arrangements specially adapted for cooking plates or analogous hot-plates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/005—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple resistive elements or resistive zones isolated from each other
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
- H05B2203/015—Heater wherein the heating element is interwoven with the textile
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heating device with a flat heating element and a method for producing such a heating device.
- a heating device is to be built into a cooking appliance according to the invention, which is advantageously a hob.
- Heating devices for cooktops which work as radiant heating devices with temperatures well over 1,000 ° C.
- a heating element consists of electrically conductive SiC, advantageously in the form of a rod and self-supporting or as a kind of thin band which is applied to a carrier.
- the processing of such heating elements made of ceramic SiC and the installation in a heating device are often problematic.
- a further heating device which can also be used in a hob. It has a grid or a network or fabric made of fibers or wires made of heat conductor material. Such a heating element runs flat, for example with the size to form a hotplate on a hob.
- the invention is based on the object of creating a heating device mentioned at the beginning, a cooking device with it and a method for producing such a heating device, with which problems of the prior art can be solved and in particular it is possible to design a heating device that is practical and versatile and at the same time To keep construction and assembly simple and inexpensive.
- a heating device with the features of claim 1 by a cooking appliance with the features of claim 12 or 14 and by a method for producing such a heating device with the features of claim 15.
- Advantageous and preferred embodiments of the invention are the subject of further claims and are explained in more detail below. Some of the features are only described for the heating device, only for the cooking appliance or only for the process. However, they should be independent of both a heating device and a cooking device as well as for a procedure can apply independently and independently of one another.
- the wording of the claims is made part of the content of the description by express reference.
- the heating device has a flat heating element and a holding device for it.
- a flat heating element is intended here to mean, in particular, that it extends over a certain area or covers it, with a covering not necessarily having to be full-area or without gaps.
- the heating element should be suitable for heating a surface, for example corresponding to the aforementioned hob of a hob. It should therefore neither be punctiform nor purely linear or consist only of a single point or a single line. Such an area can be at least 2 cm x 3 cm in size, advantageously it is several times larger.
- the heating element has electrically conductive fibers which are operated as resistance heaters, that is to say as an ohmic heating element.
- fibers are advantageously in the form of rovings or twisted or spun threads, particularly advantageously that is to say directed essentially parallel to one another, at least within one strand.
- the fibers each have a diameter of less than 50 ⁇ m, i.e. the individual fibers that are combined to form a heating element.
- a heating conductor material for the fibers is SiC or silicon carbide with a suitable electrical conductivity, which is selected in particular so that the heating element or the finished heating device can be operated with the usual mains voltage through direct connection to it, so that an operating voltage is neither increased nor decreased got to.
- a heating element for a heating device with fibers made of SiC, which is very flexible and malleable precisely because it is designed as individual thin fibers.
- Silicon carbide has also proven itself as a heating conductor material for heating elements, in particular for radiant heating elements. It is simple to manufacture and robust in operation, in particular resistant to normal environmental influences, such as those prevailing in particular in cooking appliances or hobs.
- the diameter of the fibers made of silicon carbide is even smaller than mentioned above, preferably smaller than 20 ⁇ m.
- the diameter of the fibers is particularly preferably between 4 ⁇ m and 12 ⁇ m.
- Such thin fibers allow a very high flexibility of the heating element produced with it; it can have bends with a minimum radius of 2 cm to 4 cm without the fibers running the risk of breaking.
- Such fibers are available from UBE Industries Ltd. in Japan under the name Tyranno Fiber.
- a length of the fibers made of silicon carbide can be between 2 cm and 100 cm, so that they can extend from the outer edge to the outer edge of the hob when used in a hob.
- An advantageous length is considered to be between 4 cm and 6 cm to 30 cm. It can thus be provided that a single fiber or a large part or possibly even all fibers run from one electrical contact to an opposite electrical contact, that is to say continuously and uninterrupted. However, this is not absolutely necessary, since the silicon carbide heating conductor material according to the invention is also electrically conductive on its surface and thus both electrical contact and the electrical conductivity of a heating element made from such fibers is possible even over longer lengths than the length of individual fibers.
- a possible and advantageous shape for a heating element is a rectangular shape. When viewed or viewed from the top, such a heating element thus has a rectangular shape.
- the entire heating device can possibly even be rectangular in plan view.
- the heating element has two spaced or opposite connection contacts and is thus formed between these two connection contacts.
- the connection contacts can be arranged on opposite outer sides of the heating element, in which case they can also form these outer sides of the heating element in a known manner.
- the individual fibers themselves or the heating conductor material can, under certain circumstances, extend even further than these two connection contacts defining the heating element. However, a current flow and thus a heating effect only arise between the two connection contacts that belong together.
- connection contacts are designed or use as part of a holding device for the heating element. Precisely because a heating element made of the flexible and bendable fibers itself is preferably not inherently stable and should not be inherently stable either, such a holding device is obviously required.
- Such connection contacts can consist of metal strips or metal carriers to which connection lines are advantageously connected or can be connected. The connection contacts themselves are then advantageous on a carrier or the like. held, which is thus also a carrier for the heating element.
- the heating element is advantageously held on the holding device along an outer edge. At least 70% of the area of the heating element should run freely between the holding device or within the holding device, that is to say possibly the aforementioned connection contacts. These are particularly advantageous more than 80%, so that only a small part of the heating element or its surface is required or covered by the connection contacts and is therefore not required for a heating effect.
- the fibers run approximately at right angles to elongated holding devices or to the aforementioned elongated connection contacts.
- the aforementioned rectangular shape of a heating element can be achieved as well as possible, which has the advantage that all current paths between opposite connection contacts are then of the same length for the most uniform possible heating effect.
- connection contacts it is possible for some of the connection contacts not to lie at the ends or in the end region of the fibers or a tissue or surface formed by them.
- the connection contacts can extend further than these connection contacts.
- An area formed by the fibers can be larger than a single heating element, advantageously significantly larger, for example three times or at least three times larger than a single heating element.
- Terminal contacts can be placed, so to speak, in the surface of the heating device or in the surface made of heating conductor material. They can be pressed against the fibers or connected to them in such a way that several individual and separately operable heating elements are formed in a continuous surface of heating conductor material or the fibers formed therefrom by setting several connection contacts.
- connection contacts are also located on the outside of the heating device or on an end region of the fibers or the heating conductor material made of fibers.
- Other connection contacts or corresponding connection contacts lie within the surface of the fibers made of heating conductor material.
- the heating elements of the heating device can have the same basic shape, advantageously rectangular or square. It is even possible for all heating elements of a heating device to be of identical or identical design. As a result, a regular structure can be achieved, and as many identical parts as possible can be used, for example for the connection contacts.
- the heating elements can have the same basic shape, possibly also the same proportions, just with different dimensions.
- the said fibers made of heating conductor material are embedded in a woven fabric, a braid or a knitted fabric.
- the heating element does not consist exclusively of fibers made of heating conductor material, but can also have further fibers or wires, which then only have a mechanical supportive effect or have a function other than a heating function.
- a named fabric can advantageously have warp threads and weft threads so that it is stable. It is possible that the warp threads are electrically conductive and consist of the heating conductor material mentioned in order to fulfill the heating element function. The weft threads can then be electrically insulating or provided with the other aforementioned function. Alternatively, the function can also be distributed exactly the other way around.
- the fibers made of the heating conductor material run between corresponding connection contacts. Fibers or threads running diagonally or transversely to this actually do not require any electrical conductivity, since only a small current would flow in one direction obliquely or transversely to the shortest distance between two opposite and associated connection contacts due to the longer and thus higher sheet resistance.
- a better distribution of a current flow within the flat heating element can possibly be achieved by such inclined or transverse threads or fibers made of electrically conductive material, possibly also heat conductor material.
- the mentioned warp threads and weft threads can run at right angles to one another in a particularly advantageous manner.
- the heating element not only covers an area, as explained at the beginning, in which intermediate spaces are provided, but also covers this area in a closed manner, so to speak.
- a heating element can advantageously be designed as a single layer, even if it consists of threads or rovings each made up of a large number of fibers, even if these are present as woven or knitted fabrics, as mentioned above. Then, quite obviously, a very well-distributed, two-dimensional heating effect can be achieved.
- the heating element can deliberately have the aforementioned interspaces because it runs, for example, as a multitude of threads or rovings or fiber bundles made of heating conductor material, although not all the fibers of the heating element are so close together that a closed surface is created.
- Individual threads or fiber bundles or rovings made of fibers made of heating conductor material can also run between opposite connection contacts, between which there is a certain distance, for example 2 mm to 20 mm, advantageously 4 mm to 15 mm.
- Some of the fibers can run at a distance from one another and parallel to one another. Possibly some of the fibers can run along a straight line, others can be formed or run once or several times bent or deflected.
- round surfaces or surfaces deviating from a rectangle can also be heated with fibers made of heating conductor material, all of which have the same length between their respective connection contacts exhibit. Due to their curved or multiple angled course in between, their connection contacts can, however, have different distances in the direct linear distance from one another. A deflection or bending of the fibers can or the like on corresponding support projections. take place on a flat carrier on which or above which the fibers of heat conductor material or the heating element are arranged.
- Interfaces between heating element sections or fibers made of heating conductor material can have a larger surface area than the direct surface of the heating element sections themselves, that is to say the projection of the fibers made of heating conductor material.
- a factor here can be between 2 and 20, advantageously between 5 and 10.
- a person skilled in the art knows a similar structure, for example, from the course of ribbon-shaped heating conductors in radiant heating devices for hobs and resistance wires that are wrapped around mica plates at a distance from one another in a toaster or the like.
- the heating element is at least partially coated with a catalytically active material.
- a catalytically active layer is advantageously located on electrically conductive heating element sections, which are therefore directly heated and thus reach the highest temperature.
- fibers, parts or heating element sections can be provided, which consist directly and mainly of catalyst material.
- fat residues can be burned in air, with this air laden with the fat residues flowing along the heating element, so that the fat particles settle on the heating element or in particular on the catalytically active surfaces and are then burned there can.
- the heating device can have an elongated tube in which a heating element with fibers made of SiC as the heating conductor material runs from one end to the other end.
- a further heating element runs in the tube from one end to the other end, the two heating elements preferably each having their own electrical connections. They can thus be interconnected as desired, in particular also connected in parallel with one another. This means that different power levels can also be set.
- a possible cooking device is a hob with a hob plate, advantageously consisting of electrically insulating and mechanically stable material such as glass ceramic, hard glass or also mineral materials such as stone.
- a hob plate advantageously consisting of electrically insulating and mechanically stable material such as glass ceramic, hard glass or also mineral materials such as stone.
- Under the hob plate at least one heating device described above is arranged.
- the totality of the heating elements takes up over 60% to 90% of the surface of the hob plate and can form the so-called heating area on the hob.
- the aforementioned connection contacts can then run along outer areas of the heating device or the hob plate. Connection contacts can also be provided in the middle of the surface of the heating device or the hob plate in order to subdivide the heating device into the aforementioned number of individual heating elements, which can also be
- connection contacts made in the middle of a surface made of fibers made of heating conductor material they consist of elongated rods or strips made of a material that is good electrically conductive, for example metal, which at least against an upper side or an underside of the heating element surface and thus against the fibers made of heating conductor material are pressed.
- two such elongated strips are provided, which are fastened one above the other, so to speak, and are pressed towards one another or are pressed together so that they enclose the fibers of heating conductor material between them and press them together for good electrical contact by pressing.
- Two such metal parts can be fixed to one another by thin pins, screws or rivets, which can also run through prefabricated holes or recesses in a closed material of a heating element, for example in an aforementioned woven or knitted fabric.
- These openings or recesses can be prefabricated; alternatively, the aforementioned holding means can simply be pushed through and thereby displace the fibers.
- they can possibly have a somewhat pointed or tapered design at their free end regions, so that they can more easily be pushed through a closed surface of a woven or knitted fabric with fibers made of heat conductor material.
- a cooking appliance is designed as an oven with an oven muffle.
- a heating device according to the invention can be arranged on or in the oven muffle. Although this can again have several heating elements, it is usually considered sufficient for an oven if a single heating element is provided.
- a heating device can be arranged as a bottom heating element in the oven or in the oven muffle. It is advantageously arranged under a floor of the oven muffle. As an alternative or in addition, such a heating device can be provided as an upper heating element and for this purpose it can be arranged below a ceiling or in a ceiling of the oven muffle.
- a heating element with catalytic material is particularly suitable for an oven.
- a heating device in particular for a hob, can be designed in such a way that it extends over a large area or in relation to a hob or in relation to the heating area of a hob over the entire area.
- the individual fibers made of heat conductor material can also run from one end area to the opposite end area, or alternatively be shorter.
- a mechanical holding or suspension of such a flat structure with a heating element function which is advantageously pliable like a material, can take place through the connection contacts mentioned. These hold the heating device at the ends like a kind of frame, at least on two opposite sides. By arranging further, advantageously parallel connection contacts within the area between these two external connection contacts, individual heating elements can be divided off. Overall, a heating device for a hob with the aforementioned relatively large number of heating elements can be produced without the individual fibers of heating conductor material having to be cut to length or cut as desired.
- a flat structure or knitted fabric is first formed from fibers as described above. Terminal contacts are attached to this flat structure or knitted fabric, as mentioned above, namely several. Some of them can be provided on an outer edge, some and, above all, more numbers can be provided in the middle of the area. They can be formed, for example, by the aforementioned strips or rods which are pressed against the fibers from above and below and are then connected to one another. So there is no need to cut or split the structure or knitted fabric.
- a heating element 12 according to the invention for a heating device according to the invention is shown in plan view.
- the heating element 12 has fibers 13 made of heating conductor material according to the invention in the form of silicon carbide.
- these fibers 13a are arranged running parallel as individual fibers or as threads into which the fibers have been spun or twisted. Alternatively, it can be individual rovings.
- the fibers 13a run between a left connection contact 18a and a right connection contact 18b, specifically here on the shortest path.
- the connection contacts 18a and 18b are each formed by two contact strips 20a and 20b placed on top of one another, which are screwed with screws 21 and thus pressed together. In doing so, they press the fibers 13a made of heating conductor material between them and thus contact them electrically.
- the fibers 13a of the heating element 12 are mechanically held in the desired shape.
- connection cables 22a and 22b each extend from the connection contacts 18 or the contact strips 20. These connection cables 22 are clearly used for the electrical connection or the power supply of the heating element 12.
- the connection cables 22 are advantageously connected to a mains voltage of 230 V for heating operation. In such a heating mode, the heating element 12 or the fibers 13 reach a temperature of over 1,000 ° C. and thus work as a radiant heating device in the clearly visible light orange to yellow area.
- the heating element 12 faces in Fig. 1 slightly differently laid fibers 13b. This is because they are designed as a fabric 17 with warp threads 14 which run directly between the connection contacts 18a and 18b. Weft threads 16 run transversely thereto, as is customary in a woven fabric.
- the fabric 17 can either, as indicated, be provided with gaps and thus represent a type of network. This is good for a very free radiation of the heating power of the fibers 13a glowing in the visible range.
- the fabric 17 can also be largely closed without gaps such as a dense fabric or the like Fig. 1 is chosen for the purpose of illustration, in practice either only parallel fibers 13a or only one fabric 17 are advantageously provided.
- a hob 25 according to the invention is shown as a cooking appliance.
- the hob 25 has a hob plate 26 under which a heating device 27 according to the invention is arranged.
- the heating device 27 has a carrier plate 28 on which a circumferential insulating edge 29 rests. The heating device 27 is thus pressed against an underside of the hob plate 26, as is known from conventional radiant heating devices.
- a heating element 12 is correspondingly located on the carrier plate 28 Fig. 1 on.
- the connection contacts 18a and 18b are shown on the left and right, it being easy to see how the fibers 13 consisting of heating conductor material are clamped or clamped in them.
- the connection cables 22a and 22b extend from the connection contacts 18a and 18b for the electrical connection.
- a larger fabric 117 is shown here, which has a right-angled or angled L-shape. However, the fabric 117 can also have a rectangular shape. This is to show that the fabric can also have a shape other than rectangular.
- the fabric 117 is present in a continuous form or can accordingly be cut out from a large area.
- a partial fabric 117ab forms with connection contacts 118a and 118b together with connection lines or connection cables 122a and 122b first heating element 112ab.
- a second heating element 112cd is formed by a further section of the fabric, namely a partial fabric 117cd.
- connection contacts 118c and 118d each with a connection cable 122c and 122d for electrical connection.
- a third partial fabric 117ef also has two connection contacts 118e and 118f, each with a connection cable 121e and 121f. It forms a third heating element 112ef.
- connection contacts 118 can be formed from a single and continuous fabric 117 with three regions, each of which is formed by connection contacts 118. Furthermore, it is easy to see that the connection contacts 118b and 118c are put together or could be formed by a single one, so that mechanical effort and connection effort can be saved here. However, it is mainly advantageous that the fabric 117 with the fibers 113 according to the invention therein can be processed as a large-area piece and does not have to be separated or subdivided by cutting and thus separating.
- a further hob 225 is shown in plan view. It has a heating area 231 and an operating area 233 under a hob plate (not shown here).
- the heating area 231 covers the rear part of the hob 225, specifically also the largest area or approximately 85% to 90% of the area.
- a conventional operating device 234 is provided in the front operating area 233; no heating function is provided here.
- a single continuous fabric 217 runs or is arranged in the entire heating area 231.
- the fabric 217 has fibers according to the invention made from the SiC heating conductor material according to the invention. How this fabric 217 is designed in detail is of secondary importance here.
- connection contacts 218 form a large number of individual heating elements in the fabric 217, so to speak, or separate them out. Some connection contacts 218 are also used twice, so to speak, so that their number and the number of connection cables (not shown here) can be reduced. For the sake of clarity, no connection contacts 218 are shown in the middle area of the heating area 231, even if they should of course also be present there.
- connection contact 218 In the front right part of the heating area 231 it can be seen that a long connection contact 218 is arranged there. With a greater distance are left of it and parallel for this purpose, two connection contacts 218 approximately half as long are provided. Together with the area of the fabric 217, these form a relatively large-area heating element between them. If the left connection contacts 218 are not operated jointly, but only one of them, a heating element approximately half as large is formed. From this it is easy to see that a great variety of heating element sizes can be achieved by a clever choice of size and arrangement of the connection contacts.
- connection contact 318a including connection cable 322a is provided at the top on a corresponding carrier plate 328.
- a connection contact 318b including connection cable 322b is provided below.
- Different fibers 313 run from between the two connection contacts 318, here advantageously as fiber bundles or rovings with a diameter of 0.1 mm to 2 mm.
- Deflection pins 336 are arranged on the carrier plate 328 in a specific pattern. The fibers 313 are deflected at these deflection pins 336, in each case alternately outwards or inwards again.
- the middle of the seven fibers 313 runs straight and takes the shortest path between the connection contacts 318. Since its length is of course less than that of the other fibers 313, the electrical resistance must be compensated for by a smaller cross-section or a smaller number of fibers. adjusted, namely increased a little. It should be possible to achieve that all fibers 313 as individual fiber bundles or rovings between the connection contacts 318 have exactly the same electrical resistance.
- FIG. 6 yet another modification of a heating element 412 according to the invention is shown for a heating device 427 according to the invention.
- a fabric 417 made of warp threads 414 and weft threads 416 is also shown here.
- these warp threads 414 and weft threads 416 are made of electrically insulating material, for example temperature-resistant Kevlar fiber.
- a significantly better temperature resistance can be achieved with fibers based on boron, for example boron nitride fibers or fibers made from boron nitride nanotubes. These can be obtained from www.bnnt.com , where further information can also be found.
- thin wires made of electrically conductive heating conductor material can be provided, for example made of an alloy made of iron, chromium and aluminum.
- Fibers or fiber bundles 413 made of the inventive heating conductor material silicon carbide run parallel to this.
- the fabric 417 can primarily serve to mechanically hold the fibers 413 in place.
- FIG Fig. 7 shows a heating element 512. It essentially corresponds to a conventional tubular heater.
- a tube 538 advantageously consisting of a stainless steel, runs together with a conventional filling of MgO or the like.
- a fiber bundle 513 which consists of silicon carbide as a heating conductor material. Parallel to this, but at a distance and electrically insulated from it, runs a metal heating conductor 540 which, under certain circumstances, can also be coiled. It can consist of a nickel-chromium alloy, for example NiCr 80/20.
- the heating conductor material according to the invention with the fibers 513 does not work as a radiant heating device, at least not directly radiating, but as a heating device in the manner of a tubular heater.
- the tubular heating element can then advantageously also form a flat heating system.
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- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Electric Stoves And Ranges (AREA)
Abstract
Eine Heizeinrichtung, wie sie vorteilhaft in einem Kochfeld eingebaut sein kann, weist ein flächiges Heizelement und eine Halteeinrichtung für das Heizelement auf. Das Heizelement weist Fasern zum Betrieb als Widerstandsheizer auf, wobei die Fasern einen Durchmesser von weniger als 50 µm aufweisen und aus SiC als Heizleitermaterial bestehen.A heating device, as it can advantageously be built into a hob, has a flat heating element and a holding device for the heating element. The heating element has fibers for operation as resistance heater, the fibers having a diameter of less than 50 μm and made of SiC as the heating conductor material.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Heizeinrichtung mit einem flächigen Heizelement sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Heizeinrichtung. Insbesondere soll eine solche Heizeinrichtung in ein erfindungsgemäßes Kochgerät eingebaut werden, welches vorteilhaft ein Kochfeld ist.The invention relates to a heating device with a flat heating element and a method for producing such a heating device. In particular, such a heating device is to be built into a cooking appliance according to the invention, which is advantageously a hob.
Aus der
Aus der
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine eingangs genannte Heizeinrichtung, ein Kochgerät damit sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Heizeinrichtung zu schaffen, mit denen Probleme des Standes der Technik gelöst werden können und es insbesondere möglich ist, eine Heizeinrichtung praxistauglich und vielseitig auszugestalten und gleichzeitig Aufbau und Montage einfach und preisgünstig zu halten.The invention is based on the object of creating a heating device mentioned at the beginning, a cooking device with it and a method for producing such a heating device, with which problems of the prior art can be solved and in particular it is possible to design a heating device that is practical and versatile and at the same time To keep construction and assembly simple and inexpensive.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch eine Heizeinrichtung mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1, durch ein Kochgerät mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 12 oder 14 sowie durch ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer solchen Heizeinrichtung mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 15. Vorteilhafte sowie bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der weiteren Ansprüche und werden im Folgenden näher erläutert. Dabei werden manche der Merkmale nur für die Heizeinrichtung, nur für das Kochgerät oder nur für das Verfahren beschrieben. Sie sollen jedoch unabhängig davon sowohl für eine Heizeinrichtung als auch für ein Kochgerät sowie für ein Verfahren selbständig und unabhängig voneinander gelten können. Der Wortlaut der Ansprüche wird durch ausdrückliche Bezugnahme zum Inhalt der Beschreibung gemacht.This object is achieved by a heating device with the features of claim 1, by a cooking appliance with the features of
Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Heizeinrichtung ein flächiges Heizelement sowie eine Halteeinrichtung dafür aufweist. Ein flächiges Heizelement soll hier insbesondere bedeuten, dass es sich über eine bestimmte Fläche erstreckt oder diese bedeckt, wobei eine Bedeckung nicht zwingend vollflächig bzw. lückenfrei sein muss. Das Heizelement soll jedenfalls dazu geeignet sein, eine Fläche zu beheizen, beispielsweise entsprechend einer vorgenannten Kochstelle eines Kochfelds. Es soll also weder punktförmig noch rein linienförmig sein bzw. nur aus einem einzelnen Punkt oder einer einzigen Linie bestehen. Eine solche Fläche kann mindestens 2 cm x 3 cm groß sein, vorteilhaft ist sie mehrfach größer. Das Heizelement weist elektrisch leitfähige Fasern auf, die als Widerstandsheizer betrieben werden, also als Ohm'sches Heizelement. Diese Fasern liegen vorteilhaft in Form von Rovings oder gedrillten oder versponnenen Fäden vor, besonders vorteilhaft also im Wesentlichen parallel zueinander gerichtet zumindest innerhalb eines Strangs. Die Fasern weisen je einen Durchmesser von weniger als 50 µm auf, also die einzelnen Fasern, die zu einem Heizelement zusammengefasst sind. Ein Heizleitermaterial für die Fasern ist SiC bzw. Siliziumcarbid mit einer passenden elektrischen Leitfähigkeit, die insbesondere so gewählt ist, dass das Heizelement bzw. die fertige Heizeinrichtung mit üblicher Netzspannung betrieben werden können durch direkten Anschluss daran, so dass eine Betriebsspannung weder erhöht noch verringert werden muss.It is provided that the heating device has a flat heating element and a holding device for it. A flat heating element is intended here to mean, in particular, that it extends over a certain area or covers it, with a covering not necessarily having to be full-area or without gaps. In any case, the heating element should be suitable for heating a surface, for example corresponding to the aforementioned hob of a hob. It should therefore neither be punctiform nor purely linear or consist only of a single point or a single line. Such an area can be at least 2 cm x 3 cm in size, advantageously it is several times larger. The heating element has electrically conductive fibers which are operated as resistance heaters, that is to say as an ohmic heating element. These fibers are advantageously in the form of rovings or twisted or spun threads, particularly advantageously that is to say directed essentially parallel to one another, at least within one strand. The fibers each have a diameter of less than 50 µm, i.e. the individual fibers that are combined to form a heating element. A heating conductor material for the fibers is SiC or silicon carbide with a suitable electrical conductivity, which is selected in particular so that the heating element or the finished heating device can be operated with the usual mains voltage through direct connection to it, so that an operating voltage is neither increased nor decreased got to.
Somit ist es mit der Erfindung möglich, ein Heizelement für eine Heizeinrichtung mit Fasern aus SiC zu schaffen, welches eben durch die Ausbildung als einzelne dünne Fasern sehr flexibel und formbar ist. Siliziumcarbid hat sich auch als Heizleitermaterial für Heizelemente bewährt, insbesondere für Strahlungsheizelemente. Es ist einfach in der Herstellung und robust im Betrieb, insbesondere beständig gegen übliche Umwelteinflüsse, wie sie insbesondere in Kochgeräten oder Kochfeldern vorherrschen.Thus, with the invention it is possible to create a heating element for a heating device with fibers made of SiC, which is very flexible and malleable precisely because it is designed as individual thin fibers. Silicon carbide has also proven itself as a heating conductor material for heating elements, in particular for radiant heating elements. It is simple to manufacture and robust in operation, in particular resistant to normal environmental influences, such as those prevailing in particular in cooking appliances or hobs.
In vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist der Durchmesser der Fasern aus Siliziumcarbid sogar noch geringer als vorgenannt, bevorzugt kleiner als 20 µm. Besonders bevorzugt liegt ein Durchmesser der Fasern zwischen 4 µm und 12 µm. Derart dünne Fasern ermöglichen eine sehr große Flexibilität des damit hergestellten Heizelements, es kann Biegungen mit einem Radius von minimal 2 cm bis 4 cm aufweisen, ohne dass die Fasern Gefahr laufen, zu brechen. Solche Fasern sind erhältlich bei der Fa. UBE Industries Ltd. in Japan unter der Bezeichnung Tyranno Fiber.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the diameter of the fibers made of silicon carbide is even smaller than mentioned above, preferably smaller than 20 μm. The diameter of the fibers is particularly preferably between 4 μm and 12 μm. Such thin fibers allow a very high flexibility of the heating element produced with it; it can have bends with a minimum radius of 2 cm to 4 cm without the fibers running the risk of breaking. Such fibers are available from UBE Industries Ltd. in Japan under the name Tyranno Fiber.
Eine Länge der Fasern aus Siliziumcarbid kann zwischen 2 cm und 100 cm liegen, so dass sie bei Verwendung in einem Kochfeld von Außenkante zu Außenkante des Kochfelds reichen können. Eine vorteilhafte Länge wird zwischen 4 cm und 6 cm bis 30 cm angesehen. Somit kann zwar vorgesehen sein, dass eine einzelne Faser oder ein Großteil bzw. möglicherweise sogar alle Fasern von einer elektrischen Kontaktierung an eine gegenüberliegende elektrische Kontaktierung verlaufen, also durchgängig und ununterbrochen. Dies ist aber nicht zwingend notwendig, da das erfindungsgemäße Heizleitermaterial Siliziumcarbid auch an seiner Oberfläche elektrisch leitfähig ist und somit sowohl eine elektrische Kontaktierung als auch die elektrische Leitfähigkeit eines aus solchen Fasern hergestellten Heizelements selbst über größere Längen als die Länge einzelner Fasern hinweg gut möglich ist.A length of the fibers made of silicon carbide can be between 2 cm and 100 cm, so that they can extend from the outer edge to the outer edge of the hob when used in a hob. An advantageous length is considered to be between 4 cm and 6 cm to 30 cm. It can thus be provided that a single fiber or a large part or possibly even all fibers run from one electrical contact to an opposite electrical contact, that is to say continuously and uninterrupted. However, this is not absolutely necessary, since the silicon carbide heating conductor material according to the invention is also electrically conductive on its surface and thus both electrical contact and the electrical conductivity of a heating element made from such fibers is possible even over longer lengths than the length of individual fibers.
Eine mögliche und vorteilhafte Form für ein Heizelement ist eine Rechteckform. Betrachtet bzw. von der Oberseite her gesehen weist ein solches Heizelement also rechteckige Form auf. Möglicherweise kann sogar die gesamte Heizeinrichtung rechteckig sein in Draufsicht. Das Heizelement weist zwei beabstandete bzw. gegenüberliegende Anschlusskontaktierungen auf und wird somit zwischen diesen zwei Anschlusskontaktierungen gebildet. Die Anschlusskontaktierungen können an gegenüberliegenden Außenseiten des Heizelements angeordnet sein, wobei sie eben auf bekannte Art und Weise auch diese Außenseiten des Heizelements bilden können. Die einzelnen Fasern selbst bzw. das Heizleitermaterial können unter Umständen noch weiter verlaufen als diese beiden das Heizelement definierenden Anschlusskontaktierungen. Ein Stromfluss und somit eine Heizwirkung entstehen jedoch nur zwischen den beiden zusammengehörenden Anschlusskontaktierungen.A possible and advantageous shape for a heating element is a rectangular shape. When viewed or viewed from the top, such a heating element thus has a rectangular shape. The entire heating device can possibly even be rectangular in plan view. The heating element has two spaced or opposite connection contacts and is thus formed between these two connection contacts. The connection contacts can be arranged on opposite outer sides of the heating element, in which case they can also form these outer sides of the heating element in a known manner. The individual fibers themselves or the heating conductor material can, under certain circumstances, extend even further than these two connection contacts defining the heating element. However, a current flow and thus a heating effect only arise between the two connection contacts that belong together.
Es ist möglich, die Anschlusskontaktierungen als Teil einer Halteeinrichtung für das Heizelement auszubilden bzw. zu verwenden. Gerade weil ein Heizelement aus den flexiblen und biegbaren Fasern selbst ja vorzugsweise nicht eigenstabil ist und auch nicht eigenstabil sein soll, wird eine solche Halteeinrichtung offensichtlich benötigt. Derartige Anschlusskontaktierungen können aus Metallstreifen oder Metallträgern bestehen, an welche vorteilhaft Anschlussleitungen angeschlossen sind oder angeschlossen werden können. Die Anschlusskontaktierungen selbst sind dann vorteilhaft an einem Träger odgl. gehalten, der somit auch ein Träger für das Heizelement ist.It is possible to design or use the connection contacts as part of a holding device for the heating element. Precisely because a heating element made of the flexible and bendable fibers itself is preferably not inherently stable and should not be inherently stable either, such a holding device is obviously required. Such connection contacts can consist of metal strips or metal carriers to which connection lines are advantageously connected or can be connected. The connection contacts themselves are then advantageous on a carrier or the like. held, which is thus also a carrier for the heating element.
Vorteilhaft ist das Heizelement entlang eines Außenrands an der Halteeinrichtung gehalten. Mindestens 70 % der Fläche des Heizelements sollten zwischen der Halteeinrichtung bzw. innerhalb der Halteeinrichtung, möglicherweise also den vorgenannten Anschlusskontaktierungen, frei verlaufen. Besonders vorteilhaft sind dies mehr als 80 %, so dass nur ein kleiner Teil des Heizelements bzw. seiner Fläche von den Anschlusskontaktierungen benötigt oder bedeckt wird und damit für eine Heizwirkung entfällt.The heating element is advantageously held on the holding device along an outer edge. At least 70% of the area of the heating element should run freely between the holding device or within the holding device, that is to say possibly the aforementioned connection contacts. These are particularly advantageous more than 80%, so that only a small part of the heating element or its surface is required or covered by the connection contacts and is therefore not required for a heating effect.
In Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist es von Vorteil, wenn die Fasern in etwa rechtwinklig zu länglichen Halteeinrichtungen oder zu vorgenannten länglichen Anschlusskontaktierungen verlaufen. So kann möglichst gut eine vorgenannte rechteckige Form eines Heizelements erreicht werden, welches den Vorteil aufweist, dass dann sämtliche Strompfade zwischen gegenüberliegenden Anschlusskontaktierungen gleich lang sind für eine möglichst gleichmäßige Heizwirkung.In an embodiment of the invention, it is advantageous if the fibers run approximately at right angles to elongated holding devices or to the aforementioned elongated connection contacts. In this way, the aforementioned rectangular shape of a heating element can be achieved as well as possible, which has the advantage that all current paths between opposite connection contacts are then of the same length for the most uniform possible heating effect.
In Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist es möglich, dass einige der Anschlusskontaktierungen nicht an Enden oder im Endbereich der Fasern oder eines davon gebildeten Gewebes oder einer Fläche liegen. Somit können sich nicht nur die Fläche aus Heizleitermaterial, sondern auch die Fasern selbst weiter als diese Anschlusskontaktierungen erstrecken. Eine von den Fasern gebildete Fläche kann größer sein als ein einziges Heizelement, vorteilhaft deutlich größer, beispielsweise dreimal oder mindestens dreimal größer als ein einzelnes Heizelement. Anschlusskontaktierungen können dabei sozusagen in die Fläche der Heizeinrichtung bzw. in die Fläche aus Heizleitermaterial hinein gesetzt werden. Dabei können sie an die Fasern angedrückt sein bzw. mit ihnen verbunden sein derart, dass in einer durchgehenden Fläche aus Heizleitermaterial bzw. den davon gebildeten Fasern mehrere einzelne und separat betreibbare Heizelemente gebildet sind durch das Setzen von mehreren Anschlusskontaktierungen.In a further development of the invention, it is possible for some of the connection contacts not to lie at the ends or in the end region of the fibers or a tissue or surface formed by them. Thus, not only the surface made of heating conductor material, but also the fibers themselves can extend further than these connection contacts. An area formed by the fibers can be larger than a single heating element, advantageously significantly larger, for example three times or at least three times larger than a single heating element. Terminal contacts can be placed, so to speak, in the surface of the heating device or in the surface made of heating conductor material. They can be pressed against the fibers or connected to them in such a way that several individual and separately operable heating elements are formed in a continuous surface of heating conductor material or the fibers formed therefrom by setting several connection contacts.
In vorteilhafter Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist es aber möglich, dass einige Anschlusskontaktierungen auch außen an der Heizeinrichtung bzw. an einem Endbereich der Fasern oder des Heizleitermaterials aus Fasern liegen. Andere Anschlusskontaktierungen bzw. entsprechende Anschlusskontaktierungen liegen dabei innerhalb der Fläche der Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial. So können mehrere Heizelemente an der Heizeinrichtung gebildet werden. Die Heizelemente der Heizeinrichtung können gleiche Grundform aufweisen, vorteilhaft rechteckig oder quadratisch. Es ist sogar möglich, dass alle Heizelemente einer Heizeinrichtung identisch bzw. gleich ausgebildet sind. Dadurch kann ein regelmäßiger Aufbau erreicht werden, des Weiteren können möglichst viele Gleichteile wie beispielsweise für die Anschlusskontaktierungen verwendet werden. Alternativ können die Heizelemente gleiche Grundform aufweisen, evtl. auch gleiche Proportionen, nur eben mit unterschiedlichen Abmessungen.In an advantageous development of the invention, however, it is possible that some connection contacts are also located on the outside of the heating device or on an end region of the fibers or the heating conductor material made of fibers. Other connection contacts or corresponding connection contacts lie within the surface of the fibers made of heating conductor material. Several heating elements can thus be formed on the heating device. The heating elements of the heating device can have the same basic shape, advantageously rectangular or square. It is even possible for all heating elements of a heating device to be of identical or identical design. As a result, a regular structure can be achieved, and as many identical parts as possible can be used, for example for the connection contacts. Alternatively, the heating elements can have the same basic shape, possibly also the same proportions, just with different dimensions.
In weiterer möglicher Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann vorgesehen sein, dass die genannten Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial in ein Gewebe, ein Geflecht oder ein Gewirke eingebettet sind. Dies bedeutet, dass das Heizelement nicht ausschließlich aus Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial besteht, sondern auch noch weitere Fasern oder Drähte aufweisen kann, die dann nur mechanisch stützende Wirkung aufweisen oder eine andere Funktion als eine Heizfunktion. Vorteilhaft kann ein genanntes Gewebe Kett-Fäden und Schuss-Fäden aufweisen, damit es stabil ist. Dabei ist es möglich, dass die Kett-Fäden elektrisch leitfähig sind und aus dem genannten Heizleitermaterial bestehen, um die Heizelementfunktion zu erfüllen. Die Schuss-Fäden können dann elektrisch isolierend bzw. mit der anderen vorgenannten Funktion versehen sein. Alternativ kann die Funktion auch genau anders herum verteilt sein. Auch hier ist vorteilhaft vorgesehen, dass die Fasern aus dem Heizleitermaterial zwischen entsprechenden Anschlusskontaktierungen verlaufen. Schräg oder quer dazu verlaufende Fasern oder Fäden benötigen eigentlich keine elektrische Leitfähigkeit, da in einer Richtung schräg oder quer zur jeweils kürzesten Strecke zwischen zwei gegenüberliegenden und zusammengehörenden Anschlusskontaktierungen ohnehin nur ein geringer Strom fließen würde aufgrund des längeren und somit höheren Bahnwiderstands. Möglicherweise kann durch solche schräg oder quer verlaufenden Fäden oder Fasern aus elektrisch leitfähigem Material, möglicherweise auch Heizleitermaterial, eine bessere Verteilung eines Stromflusses innerhalb des flächigen Heizelements erfolgen. Besonders vorteilhaft können die genannten Kett-Fäden und Schuss-Fäden rechtwinklig zueinander verlaufen.In a further possible embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that the said fibers made of heating conductor material are embedded in a woven fabric, a braid or a knitted fabric. This means that the heating element does not consist exclusively of fibers made of heating conductor material, but can also have further fibers or wires, which then only have a mechanical supportive effect or have a function other than a heating function. A named fabric can advantageously have warp threads and weft threads so that it is stable. It is possible that the warp threads are electrically conductive and consist of the heating conductor material mentioned in order to fulfill the heating element function. The weft threads can then be electrically insulating or provided with the other aforementioned function. Alternatively, the function can also be distributed exactly the other way around. Here, too, it is advantageously provided that the fibers made of the heating conductor material run between corresponding connection contacts. Fibers or threads running diagonally or transversely to this actually do not require any electrical conductivity, since only a small current would flow in one direction obliquely or transversely to the shortest distance between two opposite and associated connection contacts due to the longer and thus higher sheet resistance. A better distribution of a current flow within the flat heating element can possibly be achieved by such inclined or transverse threads or fibers made of electrically conductive material, possibly also heat conductor material. The mentioned warp threads and weft threads can run at right angles to one another in a particularly advantageous manner.
Allgemein ist es in einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung möglich, dass das Heizelement nicht nur wie eingangs erläutert eine Fläche bedeckt, in der Zwischenräume vorgesehen sind, sondern diese Fläche sozusagen geschlossen bedeckt. Ein solches Heizelement kann vorteilhaft einlagig ausgebildet sein, selbst wenn es jeweils aus Fäden oder Rovings aus jeweils einer Vielzahl von Fasern besteht, auch wenn die wie zuvor genannt als Gewebe oder als Gewirke vorliegen. Dann ist ganz offensichtlich eine sehr gut verteilte flächige Heizwirkung erreichbar.In general, it is possible in one embodiment of the invention that the heating element not only covers an area, as explained at the beginning, in which intermediate spaces are provided, but also covers this area in a closed manner, so to speak. Such a heating element can advantageously be designed as a single layer, even if it consists of threads or rovings each made up of a large number of fibers, even if these are present as woven or knitted fabrics, as mentioned above. Then, quite obviously, a very well-distributed, two-dimensional heating effect can be achieved.
In einer anderen Möglichkeit kann das Heizelement aber genau bewusst vorgenannte Zwischenräume aufweisen, weil es beispielsweise als eine Vielzahl von Fäden oder Rovings bzw. Faserbündeln aus Heizleitermaterial verläuft, wobei aber nicht sämtliche Fasern des Heizelements derart nahe beieinanderliegen, dass eine geschlossene Fläche entsteht. Zwischen gegenüberliegenden Anschlusskontaktierungen können auch einzelne Fäden oder Faserbündel bzw. Rovings aus Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial verlaufen, zwischen denen jeweils ein gewisser Abstand besteht, beispielsweise 2 mm bis 20 mm, vorteilhaft 4 mm bis 15 mm. Einige der Fasern können dabei mit Abstand zueinander und parallel zueinander verlaufen. Möglicherweise können manche der Fasern entlang einer geraden Linie verlaufen, andere können einfach oder mehrfach gebogen oder umgelenkt ausgebildet sein bzw. verlaufen. So können auch runde bzw. von einem Rechteck abweichende Flächen mit Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial beheizt werden, die zwischen ihren jeweiligen Anschlusskontaktierungen sämtlich dieselbe Länge aufweisen. Aufgrund ihres gebogenen oder mehrfach abgewinkelten Verlaufs dazwischen können ihre Anschlusskontaktierungen aber unterschiedlichen Abstand in der direkten Luftlinie zueinander aufweisen. Eine Umlenkung oder Abwinklung der Fasern kann an entsprechenden Stützvorsprüngen odgl. auf einem flächigen Träger erfolgen, auf dem oder über dem die Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial bzw. das Heizelement angeordnet sind.In another possibility, the heating element can deliberately have the aforementioned interspaces because it runs, for example, as a multitude of threads or rovings or fiber bundles made of heating conductor material, although not all the fibers of the heating element are so close together that a closed surface is created. Individual threads or fiber bundles or rovings made of fibers made of heating conductor material can also run between opposite connection contacts, between which there is a certain distance, for example 2 mm to 20 mm, advantageously 4 mm to 15 mm. Some of the fibers can run at a distance from one another and parallel to one another. Possibly some of the fibers can run along a straight line, others can be formed or run once or several times bent or deflected. In this way, round surfaces or surfaces deviating from a rectangle can also be heated with fibers made of heating conductor material, all of which have the same length between their respective connection contacts exhibit. Due to their curved or multiple angled course in between, their connection contacts can, however, have different distances in the direct linear distance from one another. A deflection or bending of the fibers can or the like on corresponding support projections. take place on a flat carrier on which or above which the fibers of heat conductor material or the heating element are arranged.
Zwischenflächen zwischen Heizelementabschnitten bzw. Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial können einen größeren Flächenanteil aufweisen als die direkte Fläche der Heizelementabschnitte selbst, also die Projektion der Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial. Ein Faktor kann hier zwischen 2 und 20 liegen, vorteilhaft zwischen 5 und 10. Einen ähnlichen Aufbau kennt der Fachmann beispielsweise von dem Verlauf von bandförmigen Heizleitern bei Strahlungsheizeinrichtungen für Kochfelder sowie Widerstandsdrähten, die um Glimmerplatten mit Abstand zueinander gewickelt sind in einem Toaster odgl..Interfaces between heating element sections or fibers made of heating conductor material can have a larger surface area than the direct surface of the heating element sections themselves, that is to say the projection of the fibers made of heating conductor material. A factor here can be between 2 and 20, advantageously between 5 and 10. A person skilled in the art knows a similar structure, for example, from the course of ribbon-shaped heating conductors in radiant heating devices for hobs and resistance wires that are wrapped around mica plates at a distance from one another in a toaster or the like.
In weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist es möglich, dass das Heizelement zumindest teilweise mit einem katalytisch wirksamen Material beschichtet ist. Vorteilhaft befindet sich eine solche katalytisch wirksame Schicht an elektrisch leitfähigen Heizelementabschnitten, die also direkt beheizt sind und somit die höchste Temperatur erreichen. Alternativ können in einem Flächengebilde, beispielsweise einem vorgenannten Gewebe bzw. Gewirke mit den erfindungsgemäßen Fasern, Fasern, Teile oder Heizelementabschnitte vorgesehen sein, die direkt und hauptsächlich aus Katalysatormaterial bestehen. Damit kann beispielsweise bei Verwendung in einem Backofen ein Verbrennen von Fettresten in Luft erfolgen, wobei diese mit den Fettresten beladene Luft an dem Heizelement entlangströmt, so dass sich die Fettpartikel auf dem Heizelement bzw. insbesondere auf den katalytisch wirksamen Flächen absetzen und dort dann verbrannt werden können.In a further embodiment of the invention, it is possible that the heating element is at least partially coated with a catalytically active material. Such a catalytically active layer is advantageously located on electrically conductive heating element sections, which are therefore directly heated and thus reach the highest temperature. Alternatively, in a flat structure, for example an aforementioned woven or knitted fabric with the fibers according to the invention, fibers, parts or heating element sections can be provided, which consist directly and mainly of catalyst material. For example, when used in a baking oven, fat residues can be burned in air, with this air laden with the fat residues flowing along the heating element, so that the fat particles settle on the heating element or in particular on the catalytically active surfaces and are then burned there can.
In nochmals weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann die Heizeinrichtung ein längliches Rohr aufweisen, in dem ein Heizelement mit Fasern aus SiC als Heizleitermaterial von einem Ende zum anderen Ende verläuft. In dem Rohr verläuft ein weiteres Heizelement von einem Ende zum anderen Ende, wobei vorzugsweise die beiden Heizelemente jeweils eigene elektrische Anschlüsse aufweisen. Damit können sie an sich beliebig verschaltet werden, insbesondere auch parallel zueinander geschaltet sein. Dadurch können auch unterschiedliche Leistungsstufen eingestellt werden.In yet another embodiment of the invention, the heating device can have an elongated tube in which a heating element with fibers made of SiC as the heating conductor material runs from one end to the other end. A further heating element runs in the tube from one end to the other end, the two heating elements preferably each having their own electrical connections. They can thus be interconnected as desired, in particular also connected in parallel with one another. This means that different power levels can also be set.
Ein mögliches erfindungsgemäßes Kochgerät ist ein Kochfeld mit einer Kochfeldplatte, vorteilhaft bestehend aus elektrisch isolierendem und mechanisch stabilem Material wie beispielsweise Glaskeramik, Hartglas oder auch mineralischen Materialien wie Stein. Unter der Kochfeldplatte ist mindestens eine zuvor beschriebene Heizeinrichtung angeordnet. In vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung kann vorgesehen sein, dass unter der Kochfeldplatte zwar nur eine einzige Heizeinrichtung angeordnet ist, diese aber mehrere Heizelemente aufweist, beispielsweise mehr als sechs Heizelemente, insbesondere 20 bis 40 Heizelemente oder sogar noch mehr. Die Gesamtheit der Heizelemente nimmt über 60 % bis 90 % der Fläche der Kochfeldplatte ein und kann an dem Kochfeld den sogenannten Heizbereich bilden. Vorgenannte Anschlusskontaktierungen können dann entlang von Außenbereichen der Heizeinrichtung bzw. der Kochfeldplatte verlaufen. Dabei können auch mitten in der Fläche der Heizeinrichtung bzw. der Kochfeldplatte Anschlusskontaktierungen vorgesehen sein, um die Heizeinrichtung in die vorgenannte Anzahl von einzelnen Heizelementen zu unterteilen, die auch einzeln je nach Belieben betrieben werden können.A possible cooking device according to the invention is a hob with a hob plate, advantageously consisting of electrically insulating and mechanically stable material such as glass ceramic, hard glass or also mineral materials such as stone. Under the hob plate at least one heating device described above is arranged. In an advantageous embodiment it can be provided that although only a single heating device is arranged under the hob plate, it has several heating elements, for example more than six heating elements, in particular 20 to 40 heating elements or even more. The totality of the heating elements takes up over 60% to 90% of the surface of the hob plate and can form the so-called heating area on the hob. The aforementioned connection contacts can then run along outer areas of the heating device or the hob plate. Connection contacts can also be provided in the middle of the surface of the heating device or the hob plate in order to subdivide the heating device into the aforementioned number of individual heating elements, which can also be operated individually as desired.
Für solche mitten in eine Fläche aus Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial eingebrachte Anschlusskontaktierungen kann vorgesehen sein, dass diese aus länglichen Stäben oder Leisten aus gut elektrisch leitfähigem Material bestehen, beispielsweise Metall, die zumindest gegen eine Oberseite oder eine Unterseite der Heizelementfläche und somit gegen die Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial gedrückt sind. Vorteilhaft sind zwei solche länglichen Leisten vorgesehen, die sozusagen übereinander befestigt sind und aufeinander zu gedrückt werden bzw. zusammengedrückt werden, so dass sie die Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial zwischen sich einschließen und zusammendrücken für einen guten elektrischen Kontakt durch Andrücken. Eine Fixierung von zwei solchen Metallteilen gegeneinander kann durch dünne Stifte, Schrauben oder Nieten erfolgen, die auch durch vorgefertigte Löcher oder Ausnehmungen in einem geschlossenen Material eines Heizelements verlaufen können, beispielsweise in einem vorgenannten Gewebe oder Gewirke. Diese Durchbrüche oder Ausnehmungen können vorgefertigt sein, alternativ können die genannten Haltemittel einfach hindurchgesteckt werden und dabei die Fasern verdrängen. Hierfür können sie möglicherweise an freien Endbereichen etwas angespitzt oder verjüngt ausgebildet sein, so dass sie leichter durch eine geschlossene Fläche eines Gewebes oder eines Gewirkes mit Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial hindurchgesteckt werden können.For those connection contacts made in the middle of a surface made of fibers made of heating conductor material, it can be provided that they consist of elongated rods or strips made of a material that is good electrically conductive, for example metal, which at least against an upper side or an underside of the heating element surface and thus against the fibers made of heating conductor material are pressed. Advantageously, two such elongated strips are provided, which are fastened one above the other, so to speak, and are pressed towards one another or are pressed together so that they enclose the fibers of heating conductor material between them and press them together for good electrical contact by pressing. Two such metal parts can be fixed to one another by thin pins, screws or rivets, which can also run through prefabricated holes or recesses in a closed material of a heating element, for example in an aforementioned woven or knitted fabric. These openings or recesses can be prefabricated; alternatively, the aforementioned holding means can simply be pushed through and thereby displace the fibers. For this purpose, they can possibly have a somewhat pointed or tapered design at their free end regions, so that they can more easily be pushed through a closed surface of a woven or knitted fabric with fibers made of heat conductor material.
In einer alternativen Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist ein Kochgerät als Backofen mit einer Backofenmuffel ausgebildet. Dabei kann an oder in der Backofenmuffel eine erfindungsgemäße Heizeinrichtung angeordnet sein. Diese kann zwar auch wieder mehrere Heizelemente aufweisen, für einen Backofen wird es aber üblicherweise als ausreichend angesehen, wenn ein einziges Heizelement vorgesehen ist.In an alternative embodiment of the invention, a cooking appliance is designed as an oven with an oven muffle. A heating device according to the invention can be arranged on or in the oven muffle. Although this can again have several heating elements, it is usually considered sufficient for an oven if a single heating element is provided.
Eine Heizeinrichtung kann als Unterhitze-Heizkörper in dem Backofen bzw. in der Backofenmuffel angeordnet sein. Vorteilhaft ist sie dabei unter einem Boden der Backofenmuffel angeordnet. Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann eine solche Heizeinrichtung als Oberhitze-Heizkörper vorgesehen sein und hierzu unterhalb einer Decke oder in einer Decke der Backofenmuffel angeordnet sein. Gerade für einen Backofen bietet sich eine vorgenannte mögliche Ausgestaltung eines Heizelements mit katalytischem Material an.A heating device can be arranged as a bottom heating element in the oven or in the oven muffle. It is advantageously arranged under a floor of the oven muffle. As an alternative or in addition, such a heating device can be provided as an upper heating element and for this purpose it can be arranged below a ceiling or in a ceiling of the oven muffle. The aforementioned possible configuration of a heating element with catalytic material is particularly suitable for an oven.
Eine Heizeinrichtung insbesondere für ein Kochfeld kann so ausgebildet sein, dass sie großflächig oder auf ein Kochfeld bezogen bzw. den Heizbereich eines Kochfelds bezogen vollflächig verläuft. Die einzelnen Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial können dabei auch von einem Endbereich bis zum gegenüberliegenden Endbereich verlaufen, alternativ auch kürzer sein. Eine mechanische Halterung oder Aufhängung eines solchen Flächengebildes mit Heizelementfunktion, das vorteilhaft wie ein Stoff biegeschlaff ist, kann durch die genannten Anschlusskontaktierungen erfolgen. Diese halten die Heizeinrichtung dabei an den Enden wie eine Art Rahmen, zumindest an zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten. Durch die Anordnung von weiteren, vorteilhaft parallelen Anschlusskontaktierungen innerhalb der Fläche zwischen diesen beiden außenliegenden Anschlusskontaktierungen können einzelne Heizelemente abgeteilt werden. So kann insgesamt eine Heizeinrichtung für ein Kochfeld mit der vorgenannten relativ großen Anzahl von Heizelementen hergestellt werden, ohne dass die Fasern aus Heizleitermaterial im Einzelnen wunschgemäß abgelängt oder zugeschnitten werden müssen.A heating device, in particular for a hob, can be designed in such a way that it extends over a large area or in relation to a hob or in relation to the heating area of a hob over the entire area. The individual fibers made of heat conductor material can also run from one end area to the opposite end area, or alternatively be shorter. A mechanical holding or suspension of such a flat structure with a heating element function, which is advantageously pliable like a material, can take place through the connection contacts mentioned. These hold the heating device at the ends like a kind of frame, at least on two opposite sides. By arranging further, advantageously parallel connection contacts within the area between these two external connection contacts, individual heating elements can be divided off. Overall, a heating device for a hob with the aforementioned relatively large number of heating elements can be produced without the individual fibers of heating conductor material having to be cut to length or cut as desired.
Bei dem Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Heizelements, das insbesondere für eine vorgenannte Heizeinrichtung verwendet werden kann, besonders bevorzugt in einem Kochfeld, wird zuerst ein flächiges Gebilde oder Gewirke aus Fasern wie vorbeschrieben gebildet. An diesem flächigen Gebilde oder Gewirke werden Anschlusskontaktierungen angebracht wie vorgenannt, und zwar mehrere. Manche davon können an einem Außenrand vorgesehen sein, manche und vor allem auch zahlenmäßig mehr können mitten in der Fläche vorgesehen sein. Sie können beispielsweise durch vorgenannte Leisten oder Stäbe gebildet sein, die von oben und von unten gegen die Fasern gedrückt werden und dann miteinander verbunden werden. So muss hier kein Zerschneiden oder Zerteilen des Gebildes oder Gewirkes erfolgen.In the method for producing a heating element, which can be used in particular for a heating device mentioned above, particularly preferably in a hob, a flat structure or knitted fabric is first formed from fibers as described above. Terminal contacts are attached to this flat structure or knitted fabric, as mentioned above, namely several. Some of them can be provided on an outer edge, some and, above all, more numbers can be provided in the middle of the area. They can be formed, for example, by the aforementioned strips or rods which are pressed against the fibers from above and below and are then connected to one another. So there is no need to cut or split the structure or knitted fabric.
Diese und weitere Merkmale gehen außer aus den Ansprüchen auch aus der Beschreibung und den Zeichnungen hervor, wobei die einzelnen Merkmale jeweils für sich allein oder zu mehreren in Form von Unterkombinationen bei einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung und auf anderen Gebieten verwirklicht sein und vorteilhafte sowie für sich schutzfähige Ausführungen darstellen können, für die hier Schutz beansprucht wird. Die Unterteilung der Anmeldung in Zwischen-Überschriften und einzelne Abschnitte beschränkt die unter diesen gemachten Aussagen nicht in ihrer Allgemeingültigkeit.These and other features emerge from the claims and also from the description and the drawings, the individual features being implemented individually or in combination in the form of sub-combinations in one embodiment of the invention and in other areas and being advantageous and protectable per se Can represent designs for which protection is claimed here. The subdivision of the application into sub-headings and individual sections does not limit the general validity of the statements made under these.
Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Zeichnungen schematisch dargestellt und werden im Folgenden näher erläutert. In den Zeichnungen zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Draufsicht auf ein erfindungsgemäßes Heizelement in zwei unterschiedlichen Ausführungen,
- Fig. 2
- eine seitliche Schnittdarstellung durch ein erfindungsgemäßes Kochfeld mit Einheiten Richtung entsprechend
Fig. 1 , - Fig. 3
- eine Draufsicht auf eine Ausgestaltung einer weiteren erfindungsgemäßen Heizeinrichtung mit drei an einem Gewebe integriert hergestellten Heizelementen,
- Fig. 4
- eine Draufsicht auf ein Kochfeld mit einem Heiz-Bereich gebildet von einem Gewebe mit erfindungsgemäßen Heizleitermaterial und einer Vielzahl daran angebrachten Anschlusskontaktierungen,
- Fig. 5
- eine Draufsicht auf eine weitere erfindungsgemäße Heizeinrichtung mit unterschiedlich verlegten Fasern aus erfindungsgemäßem Heizleitermaterial,
- Fig. 6
- eine weitere Abwandlung eines Gewebes für ein Heizelement mit eingewebten Fasern aus erfindungsgemäßem Heizleitermaterial und
- Fig. 7
- eine vereinfachte Darstellung eines weiteren Heizelements einer erfindungsgemäßen Heizeinrichtung, das in einem Rohr zusammen mit einem Metall-Heizleiter verläuft.
- Fig. 1
- a plan view of a heating element according to the invention in two different versions,
- Fig. 2
- a lateral sectional view through a hob according to the invention with units corresponding to the direction
Fig. 1 , - Fig. 3
- a plan view of an embodiment of a further heating device according to the invention with three heating elements produced integrated on a fabric,
- Fig. 4
- a plan view of a hob with a heating area formed by a fabric with heating conductor material according to the invention and a plurality of connection contacts attached thereto,
- Fig. 5
- a plan view of a further heating device according to the invention with differently laid fibers made of heating conductor material according to the invention,
- Fig. 6
- a further modification of a fabric for a heating element with woven-in fibers made of heating conductor material according to the invention and
- Fig. 7
- a simplified representation of a further heating element of a heating device according to the invention, which runs in a tube together with a metal heating conductor.
In der
Von den Anschlusskontaktierungen 18 bzw. den Kontaktleisten 20 gehen je ein Anschlusskabel 22a und 22b ab. Diese Anschlusskabel 22 dienen erkennbar dem elektrischen Anschluss bzw. der Leistungsversorgung des Heizelements 12. Vorteilhaft sind die Anschlusskabel 22 an Netzspannung von 230 V angeschlossen für einen Heizbetrieb. In einem solchen Heizbetrieb erreichen das Heizelement 12 bzw. die Fasern 13 eine Temperatur von über 1.000 °C und arbeiten somit im deutlich sichtbaren hellorangen bis gelben Bereich als Strahlungsheizeinrichtung.One
Unten weist das Heizelement 12 in
In der Schnittdarstellung der
Auf der Trägerplatte 28 liegt ein Heizelement 12 entsprechend
In der
Hier ist also zu ersehen, dass aus einem einzigen und durchgehenden Gewebe 117 mit drei Bereichen, die jeweils durch Anschlusskontaktierungen 118 gebildet sind, drei Heizelemente gebildet werden können, möglicherweise auch mehr. Des Weiteren ist leicht ersichtlich, dass die Anschlusskontaktierungen 118b und 118c zusammengelegt werden bzw. durch eine einzige gebildet werden könnten, sodass hier mechanischer Aufwand und Anschlussaufwand eingespart werden können. Hauptsächlich vorteilhaft ist dabei aber, dass das Gewebe 117 mit den erfindungsgemäßen Fasern 113 darin als großflächiges Stück verarbeitet werden kann und nicht aufgetrennt bzw. nicht unterteilt werden muss durch Schneiden und somit Vereinzeln.It can thus be seen here that three heating elements, possibly even more, can be formed from a single and continuous fabric 117 with three regions, each of which is formed by connection contacts 118. Furthermore, it is easy to see that the
In der
Es ist zu erkennen, dass im gesamten Heiz-Bereich 231 ein einziges durchgängiges Gewebe 217 verläuft bzw. angeordnet ist. Das Gewebe 217 weist erfindungsgemäße Fasern aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Heizleitermaterial SiC auf. Wie dieses Gewebe 217 im Detail ausgebildet ist ist hier nachrangig.It can be seen that a single
Es ist zu ersehen, dass durch eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Anschlusskontaktierungen 218 eine Vielzahl von einzelnen Heizelementen im Gewebe 217 sozusagen gebildet oder herausgeteilt ist. Dabei sind einige Anschlusskontaktierungen 218 auch sozusagen doppelt verwendet, wodurch deren Zahl sowie die Zahl der hier nicht dargestellten Anschlusskabel verringert werden kann. Im mittleren Bereich des Heiz-Bereichs 231 sind der Übersichtlichkeit halber keine Anschlusskontaktierungen 218 dargestellt, auch wenn sie dort natürlich ebenso vorhanden sein sollten.It can be seen that a large number of
Im vorderen rechten Teil des Heiz-Bereichs 231 ist zu erkennen, dass dort eine lange Anschlusskontaktierung 218 angeordnet ist. Mit größerem Abstand sind links daneben und parallel dazu zwei in etwa halb so lange Anschlusskontaktierungen 218 vorgesehen. Diese bilden mit dem Bereich des Gewebes 217 zwischen sich ein relativ großflächiges Heizelement. Werden die linken Anschlusskontaktierungen 218 nicht gemeinsam betrieben, sondern nur eine davon, ist ein etwa halb so großes Heizelement gebildet. Daraus ist leicht zu ersehen, dass durch geschickte Wahl von Größe und Anordnung der Anschlusskontaktierungen eine große Varianz von Heizelementgrößen erreichbar ist.In the front right part of the
In der
Es ist gut zu erkennen, dass auch mit der Ausbildung der Heizeinrichtung 327 relativ gut eine größere Fläche beheizt werden kann, ohne dass ein netzartiges oder geschlossenes Gewebe vorgesehen werden muss. In gewisser Weise erinnert dieser Verlauf der Fasern 313 an den Verlauf eines metallischen Heizleiters bei einer üblichen Strahlungsheizeinrichtung.It can be clearly seen that with the design of the
In der
Alternativ können dünne Drähte aus elektrisch leitfähigem Heizleitermaterial vorgesehen sein, beispielsweise aus einer Legierung aus Eisen, Chrom und Aluminium. Parallel dazu verlaufen Fasern oder Faserbündel 413 aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Heizleitermaterial Siliziumcarbid. Dadurch kann eine gesamte Beeinflussung eines Widerstands eines Heizelements 412 erreicht werden für eine unterschiedlich starke Heizleistung bei vorgegebener Betriebsspannung, insbesondere Netzspannung. Das Gewebe 417 kann dabei vor allem zur mechanischen Halterung der Fasern 413 dienen.Alternatively, thin wires made of electrically conductive heating conductor material can be provided, for example made of an alloy made of iron, chromium and aluminum. Fibers or
Eine nochmals weitere erfindungsgemäße Verwendung des speziellen Heizleitermaterials ist in
Claims (15)
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
das Heizelement Fasern zum Betrieb als Widerstandsheizer aufweist, wobei die Fasern:
characterized in that
the heating element comprises fibers for operation as a resistance heater, the fibers:
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DE102016225462A1 (en) | 2016-12-19 | 2018-06-21 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | Heating device, cooking device with a heating device and method for producing a heating element |
KR20180113898A (en) * | 2017-04-07 | 2018-10-17 | (주) 대호아이앤티 | METHOD FOR FABRICATING NANO DOPING SiC FIBER/CERAMIC CONVERGENCE HEATING ELEMENT AND HOT AIR SUPPLY MACHINE USING SAME |
KR101971220B1 (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2019-04-22 | 한국세라믹기술원 | METHOD OF FABRICATING FIBROUS SiC SURFACE HEATING ELEMENT FOR INFRARED RADIATION |
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DE102015104943A1 (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2016-10-06 | Universität Paderborn | Process for producing a nano- or microstructured foam |
-
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- 2019-06-05 DE DE102019208228.9A patent/DE102019208228A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2020
- 2020-05-06 EP EP20173120.5A patent/EP3749053A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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DE10004177A1 (en) | 2000-02-01 | 2001-08-02 | Ego Elektro Geraetebau Gmbh | Electric heating element, in particular, for a radiant heating unit of an electric cooker consists of a semiconductor ceramic material which includes cavities and/or is porous |
US20030155347A1 (en) * | 2000-08-26 | 2003-08-21 | Tae-Sung Oh | Carbon fiber-embedded heating paper and thereof sheet heater |
DE102004024044A1 (en) | 2004-05-07 | 2005-11-24 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | Electric heat conductor for a heating device like a radiating heater consists of ceramic material in the form of a tape with current flowing through it |
WO2009135487A2 (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2009-11-12 | Elena Tolmacheva | Electrically conductive polymer ribbon and polymer tissue on the basis of electrically conductive polymer fibers, yarns, threads and cords for areal heating elements |
WO2014106960A1 (en) * | 2013-01-03 | 2014-07-10 | 주식회사 스마트로닉스 | Smart grill and method for controlling temperature thereof |
DE102016225462A1 (en) | 2016-12-19 | 2018-06-21 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | Heating device, cooking device with a heating device and method for producing a heating element |
KR20180113898A (en) * | 2017-04-07 | 2018-10-17 | (주) 대호아이앤티 | METHOD FOR FABRICATING NANO DOPING SiC FIBER/CERAMIC CONVERGENCE HEATING ELEMENT AND HOT AIR SUPPLY MACHINE USING SAME |
KR101971220B1 (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2019-04-22 | 한국세라믹기술원 | METHOD OF FABRICATING FIBROUS SiC SURFACE HEATING ELEMENT FOR INFRARED RADIATION |
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