EP3561411A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kryogenen kühlung - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kryogenen kühlung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3561411A1
EP3561411A1 EP19174805.2A EP19174805A EP3561411A1 EP 3561411 A1 EP3561411 A1 EP 3561411A1 EP 19174805 A EP19174805 A EP 19174805A EP 3561411 A1 EP3561411 A1 EP 3561411A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fluid
compressors
expansion
turbine
compressor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP19174805.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Fabien Durand
Alain Ravex
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Air Liquide SA
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
Original Assignee
Air Liquide SA
LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Application filed by Air Liquide SA, LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude filed Critical Air Liquide SA
Publication of EP3561411A1 publication Critical patent/EP3561411A1/de
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F25B1/10—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with multi-stage compression
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/06—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using expanders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/10—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point with several cooling stages
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0062—Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
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    • F25J1/0065—Helium
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0072—Nitrogen
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0075—Oxygen
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0077—Argon
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/008—Hydrocarbons
    • F25J1/0082—Methane
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0095—Oxides of carbon, e.g. CO2
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0097—Others, e.g. F-, Cl-, HF-, HClF-, HCl-hydrocarbons etc. or mixtures thereof
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
    • F25J1/0276—Laboratory or other miniature devices
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F25J1/0284—Electrical motor as the prime mechanical driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
    • F25J1/0287—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings including an electrical motor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
    • F25J1/0288—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion of the refrigerant, so-called companders
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1401—Ericsson or Ericcson cycles
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    • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream
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    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/14—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop
    • F25J2270/16—External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop with mutliple gas expansion loops of the same refrigerant
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2270/00—Refrigeration techniques used
    • F25J2270/90—External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH3, unspecified external refrigeration
    • F25J2270/912—Liquefaction cycle of a low-boiling (feed) gas in a cryocooler, i.e. in a closed-loop refrigerator

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a cryogenic refrigeration device and method.
  • the invention more particularly relates to a cryogenic refrigeration device for transferring heat from a cold source to a hot source via a working fluid circulating in a closed working circuit, the working circuit comprising in series: a portion of compression, a cooling portion, a detent portion and a warming portion.
  • the cold source may be, for example, liquid nitrogen to be cooled and the hot source of water or air.
  • Refrigerators known to cool superconducting elements generally use a reverse Brayton cycle. These known refrigerators use a screw-lubricated compressor, a countercurrent plate heat exchanger and an expansion turbine.
  • the document US 3494145 describes a refrigeration system using geared couplings requiring oil bearings.
  • This type of device uses rotating joints such as mechanical seals between the working gas and the gear housing and oil bearings.
  • This architecture increases the risk of leakage of the working gas and the possible pollution of the working gas by the oil.
  • This system also relates to a low speed type motor.
  • An object of the present invention is to overcome all or part of the disadvantages of the prior art noted above.
  • the invention proposes a cryogenic refrigeration device for transferring heat from a cold source to a hot source via a working fluid circulating in a closed working circuit, the working circuit comprising in series: a substantially isothermal compression portion of the fluid, a substantially isobaric cooling portion of the fluid, a substantially isothermal expansion portion of the fluid and a substantially isobaric heating portion of the fluid, the compression portion of the working circuit comprising at least two compressors arranged in series and at least one compressed fluid cooling exchanger disposed at the outlet of each compressor, the expansion portion of the working circuit comprising at least one expansion turbine and at least one expanded fluid heating exchanger, the refrigeration device using for the drive of the compressors several engines with high v itesses, that is to say rotating at a speed of rotation of 10000 revolutions per minute or several thousand revolutions per minute.
  • the compressors and the expansion turbine or turbines being driven by at least one so-called high speed motor comprising an output shaft whose one end carries and rotates, by direct coupling, a first compressor and the other end of which carries and rotates by direct coupling a second compressor or an expansion turbine.
  • the compressors are of the centrifugal compression type.
  • the expansion turbine or turbines are of the centripetal expansion type. High speed motors use magnetic or dynamic gas bearings.
  • the device comprises a number of compressors equal to three times the number of expansion turbines.
  • the embodiments make it possible to obtain a system without oil pollution and without contact. Indeed, the combination of centrifugal compressors, centripetal turbines and bearings according to the invention reduces or eliminates any contact with the fixed parts and the rotating parts. This avoids any risk of leakage.
  • the entire system is hermetically sealed and has no joints rotating with respect to the atmosphere (such as mechanical seals or "dry face seal").
  • the invention further proposes a cryogenic refrigeration method for transferring heat from a cold source to a hot source via a working fluid circulating in a closed working circuit of such a device, the working circuit comprising in series: a compression portion comprising at least two compressors arranged in series, a cooling portion of the fluid, an expansion portion comprising at least one expansion turbine, and a heating portion, the process comprising a work cycle comprising a first step of substantially isothermal compression of the fluid in the compressing portion by cooling the compressed fluid at the output of the compressors, a second substantially isobaric cooling step of the fluid in the cooling portion, a third step of substantially isothermal expansion of the fluid in the portion of relaxation by heating the expanded fluid at the outlet of the turbine ne, and a fourth step of substantially isobaric heating of the fluid having thermally exchanged with the source cold, the working cycle of the fluid (temperature T, entropy S) being of the inverse Ericsson type.
  • the refrigerator according to the invention is provided for transferring heat from a cold source 15 to a cryogenic temperature to a hot source at room temperature 1 for example.
  • the cold source 15 may be, for example, liquid nitrogen to be cooled and the hot source 1 of water or air.
  • the refrigerator shown in FIG. figure 1 uses a working circuit 200 of a working gas comprising the components listed below.
  • the circuit 200 comprises a plurality of compressors 3, 5, 7 centrifugals arranged in series and operating at ambient temperature.
  • the circuit 200 comprises a plurality of heat exchangers 2, 4, 6 operating at ambient temperature respectively disposed at the output of the compressors 3, 5, 7.
  • the working gas temperatures at the inlet and at the outlet of each compression stage (c ') that is to say at the inlet and the outlet of each compressor 3, 5, 7), are maintained by the heat exchange at a substantially identical level (see zone A on the figure 3 which represents a working cycle of the gas: temperature in K according to the entropy S in J / kg).
  • zone A on the figure 3 which represents a working cycle of the gas: temperature in K according to the entropy S in J / kg.
  • the exchangers 2, 4, 6 may be distinct or consist of distinct portions of the same exchanger in heat exchange with the hot source 1.
  • the refrigerator comprises several engines (70 cf. figure 2 ) said at high speed.
  • high speed motor is usually meant motors whose rotational speed allows direct coupling with a centrifugal compression stage or a centripetal expansion stage.
  • High speed motors 70 preferably use magnetic or dynamic gas bearings 171 ( figure 2 ).
  • a high speed motor typically rotates at a rotational speed of 10,000 rpm or several tens of thousands of revolutions per minute.
  • a low-speed motor runs rather with a speed of a few thousand revolutions per minute.
  • the refrigerator Downstream of the compression portion comprising the compressors in series, the refrigerator comprises a heat exchanger 8 preferably of plate type against the current separating the elements at room temperature (in the upper part of the circuit 200 shown in FIG. figure 1 ) cryogenic temperature elements (in the lower part of the circuit 200).
  • the fluid is cooled (corresponding to the zone D of the figure 3 ).
  • the cooling of the gas from room temperature to cryogenic temperature is carried out by countercurrent exchange with the same gas working gas at cryogenic temperature which returns from the expansion portion after heat exchange with the cold source 15.
  • the circuit Downstream of this cooling portion constituted by the exchanger 8 with plates, the circuit comprises one or more turbines 9, 11, 13 of expansion, preferably centripetal type, arranged in series.
  • the turbines 9, 11, 13 operate at cryogenic temperature
  • the inlet and outlet temperatures of each expansion stage are maintained substantially identical by one or more cryogenic heat exchangers 10, 12, 14 disposed at the exit of the turbine or turbines.
  • the downward portions of the zone C each corresponding to a relaxation stage while the rising portions of this zone correspond to the heating in the exchangers 10, 12, 14.
  • This arrangement makes it possible to approach an isothermal expansion.
  • the inlet and outlet temperatures of each flash stage are substantially the same.
  • the increase of the temperature of the working gas in the exchanger or exchangers (10, 12, 14) may be substantially identical (in absolute value) to the decrease in the temperature of the refrigerator.
  • fluid to be cooled (15) (cold source).
  • These heat exchangers 10, 12, 14 may be distinct or consist of separate portions of the same exchanger in heat exchange with the cold source 15.
  • the working fluid thermally exchanges again with the heat exchanger 8 plates (zone B of the figure 3 ).
  • the fluid thermally exchanges in the exchanger 8 against the current with respect to its passage after the portion of compression. After reheating the fluid returns to the compression portion and can start a cycle again.
  • the circuit may further comprise a working gas capacity at room temperature (not shown for the sake of simplification) to limit the pressure in the circuits, during the stopping of the refrigerator for example.
  • the refrigerator preferably uses as a working fluid a gas phase fluid circulating in a closed circuit.
  • a gas phase fluid circulating in a closed circuit.
  • This consists for example of a pure gas or a mixture of pure gas.
  • gases best suited to this technology include: helium, neon, nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Carbon monoxide and methane can also be used.
  • the refrigerator is designed and controlled so as to obtain a working cycle of the fluid approaching the reverse Ericsson cycle. That is: isothermal compression, isobaric cooling, isothermal expansion and isobaric heating.
  • the refrigerator uses for the drive at least compressors 3, 5, 7 (that is to say, for driving the wheels of the compressors) several motors 70 said to high speeds.
  • each high-speed motor 70 receives on one end of its output shaft a compressor wheel 31 and, on the other end of its shaft, another compressor wheel or a turbine wheel 9.
  • This arrangement provides numerous advantages .
  • This configuration allows in the refrigerator a direct coupling between the motor 70 and the compressor wheels 3, 5, 7 or between the motor 70 and the wheels of the turbines 9, 11, 13. This makes it possible to overcome a multiplier or speed reducer (which limits the number of moving parts required).
  • This configuration also allows a valuation of the mechanical work of the turbine or turbines 9, 11, 13 and therefore an increase in the overall energy efficiency of the refrigerator.
  • the refrigerator has an oil-free operation, which ensures the purity of the working gas and eliminates the need for a de-oiling operation.
  • the number of high speed engines is mainly a function of the desired energy efficiency for the refrigerator. The higher this efficiency, the higher the number of high speed motors.
  • the ratio between the number of compression stage (compressors) and the number of expansion stages (turbines) is a function of the target cold temperature. For example, for a refrigerator whose cold source is 273 K, the number of compression stage will be substantially equal to the number of stage of relaxation. For a refrigerator with a cold source of 65 K, the number of compression stages is approximately 3 times greater than the number of stages of expansion.
  • the figure 4 illustrates another embodiment which can for example be used to cool or maintain superconducting cables at a cryogenic temperature of about 65 K.
  • the number of compression stages compressors
  • the number of stages of relaxation turbines. This can be done according to several possible configurations. For example three compressors and a turbine or six compressors and two turbines, ...
  • the refrigerator comprises six compressors 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106 and two turbines 116, 111 and four high speed motors 107, 112, 114, 109.
  • the first two compressors 101, 102 i.e. the compressor wheels
  • the two following compressors 103, 104 are respectively mounted at the two ends of a second high-speed motor 112.
  • the following compressor 105 and the turbine 116 (that is to say the wheel of the turbine) are respectively mounted at both ends of a third high-speed motor 114.
  • the last turbine 111 and the sixth compressor 106 are mounted respectively at both ends of a fourth engine 109.
  • the gas is gradually compressed by passing successively in the four series compressors 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106.
  • each compression stage at the outlet of each compressor the working gas is cooled in a respective heat exchanger 108 (by heat exchange with air or water for example) to get closer an isothermal compression.
  • the gas is isobarically cooled through a countercurrent plate heat exchanger 103.
  • the cooling gas is progressively expanded in the two series centripetal turbines 116, 111.
  • the working gas is heated by heat exchange in an exchanger 110 (for example by heat exchange with the cold source), so as to achieve a substantially isothermal expansion.
  • the working gas is reheated in the exchanger 113 and can then start a new cycle again by compression.
  • the figure 5 represents the cycle (temperature T and entropy S) of the working fluid of the refrigerator of the figure 5 .
  • the figure 3 in the compression zone A there are six sawtooths corresponding to the six successive compressions and coolings.
  • zone C of relaxation we recognize two sawtooth corresponding to two successive relaxation and warming.
  • the invention improves cryogenic refrigerators in terms of energy efficiency, reliability and size.
  • the invention makes it possible to reduce the maintenance operations and to eliminate the use of oils.
  • one or both ends of the output shafts of the motor (s) can directly drive more than one wheel (that is to say several compressors or several turbines).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
EP19174805.2A 2007-11-23 2008-10-23 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kryogenen kühlung Pending EP3561411A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

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FR0759243A FR2924205B1 (fr) 2007-11-23 2007-11-23 Dispositif et procede de refrigeration cryogenique
EP08852903.7A EP2225501B1 (de) 2007-11-23 2008-10-23 Kryogenes kühlverfahren und entsprechende vorrichtung
PCT/FR2008/051919 WO2009066044A2 (fr) 2007-11-23 2008-10-23 Dispositif et procede de refrigeration cryogenique
EP18178529.6A EP3410035A1 (de) 2007-11-23 2008-10-23 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur kryogenen kühlung

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FR2924205A1 (fr) 2009-05-29
FR2924205B1 (fr) 2013-08-16
CN101868677B (zh) 2012-10-03
WO2009066044A4 (fr) 2009-09-11
JP2011504574A (ja) 2011-02-10
WO2009066044A2 (fr) 2009-05-28
PL2225501T3 (pl) 2019-02-28
EP2225501B1 (de) 2018-09-05
EP2225501A2 (de) 2010-09-08
KR20100099129A (ko) 2010-09-10
WO2009066044A3 (fr) 2009-07-16
US20100263405A1 (en) 2010-10-21
ES2693066T3 (es) 2018-12-07
CN101868677A (zh) 2010-10-20
HUE040042T2 (hu) 2019-02-28
DK2225501T3 (en) 2018-11-19
EP3410035A1 (de) 2018-12-05

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