EP3208015A1 - Verfahren zum sintern von elektrisch leitfähigen pulvern und vorrichtung zur durchführung des besagten verfahrens - Google Patents

Verfahren zum sintern von elektrisch leitfähigen pulvern und vorrichtung zur durchführung des besagten verfahrens Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3208015A1
EP3208015A1 EP16382069.9A EP16382069A EP3208015A1 EP 3208015 A1 EP3208015 A1 EP 3208015A1 EP 16382069 A EP16382069 A EP 16382069A EP 3208015 A1 EP3208015 A1 EP 3208015A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sintering
activation
current density
voltage
comprised
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP16382069.9A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3208015B1 (de
Inventor
Juan Manuel Montes Martos
Jesús CINTAS FÍSICO
José María Gallardo Fuentes
Francisco DE PAULA GÓMEZ CUEVAS
Yadir TORRES HERNÁNDEZ
Íñigo AGOTE BELOQUI
Miguel Ángel LAGOS GÓMEZ
Aitor IRAZUSTA ARRUTI
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Universidad de Sevilla
Fundacion Tecnalia Research and Innovation
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Universidad de Sevilla
Fundacion Tecnalia Research and Innovation
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Priority to EP16382069.9A priority Critical patent/EP3208015B1/de
Priority to DK16382069.9T priority patent/DK3208015T3/da
Priority to ES16382069T priority patent/ES2738627T3/es
Priority to US15/436,844 priority patent/US20170259336A1/en
Priority to CN201710089756.1A priority patent/CN107096919B/zh
Publication of EP3208015A1 publication Critical patent/EP3208015A1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/003—Apparatus, e.g. furnaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/02—Compacting only
    • B22F3/087—Compacting only using high energy impulses, e.g. magnetic field impulses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/10—Sintering only
    • B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
    • B22F2003/1051—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding by electric discharge
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
    • B22F2201/50—Treatment under specific atmosphere air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2202/00—Treatment under specific physical conditions
    • B22F2202/06—Use of electric fields
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2301/15—Nickel or cobalt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2301/20—Refractory metals
    • B22F2301/205—Titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2301/40—Intermetallics other than rare earth-Co or -Ni or -Fe intermetallic alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
    • B22F3/164—Partial deformation or calibration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C14/00—Alloys based on titanium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C22C29/08—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on tungsten carbide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C22C29/10—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds based on titanium carbide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0052—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the field of methods for obtaining sintered parts, which consists in the application of heat and pressure to powders for finally obtaining dense parts, in particular wherein the heat is obtained via electrical currents that are forced to pass through conductive powders.
  • ECAS electric current assisted sintering
  • ECAS techniques can be classified with respect to the discharge time. Conventionally, 0.1 s discharge time can be assumed as the threshold between fast and ultrafast ECAS. However, confusion should be avoided between fast termed herein and the FAST acronym (field activated/assisted sintering technique) frequently encountered in the scientific literature. Here, fast simply refers to either a high processing rate or a low processing time.
  • ultrafast ECAS techniques typically employ either one or up to three repeated (capacitor) discharges. Each discharge lasts less than 0.1 s.
  • the current pulse density can be on the order of 10 kA/cm 2 .
  • Ultrafast ECAS is generally referred to as electric discharge compaction (EDC) or EFS (Electro Forging Sintering). Representative examples of these methods were explained in the following patents: EP 2198993 A1 from Fais, US4929415 and US4975412 from Okazaki. Main problem of these methods is that the capacitors discharge the stored energy in a sudden an uncontrolled way and thus they did not permit tailoring of the power input to the powder mass.
  • the present invention proposes a method of sintering electrically conducting powders in an air atmosphere for obtaining a sintered product, comprising the following sequence of steps:
  • the method of the present invention comprises, between step b) and step c), applying to the powders an activation current density lower than the sintering current density at an activation voltage greater than the sintering voltage during an activation time lower than the sintering time, to reduce the electrical resistance of the powders.
  • the application of the activation current density and sintering current density is carried out while the pressure is being applied to the powders.
  • the activation current density applied to the powders at a voltage greater than the voltage used for sintering in step c) during a lower time than step c) produces a current discharge that breaks the oxide layer in the surface of the powders and creates bridges between the particles of powders, obtaining a more uniform and cleaner particle surface which reduces the electrical resistance to the flow of the current through the powders such that the sintering current density applied in step c) is distributed more homogeneously through the powders in the mold.
  • the activation current density is greater than 0,5 kA/cm 2
  • the activation voltage is greater than 10V
  • the activation time is lower than 300ms, for generating a current discharge of low intensity at a high voltage in a very reduced time, to assure an homogeneous superficial de-oxidation of the powders and formation of bridges among particles.
  • the time between the removal of the activation current density and the application of the sintering current density is lower than 20 ms to assure an optimal distribution of the sintering current density.
  • the sintering current density is applied immediately after the application of the activation current density, i.e just after the activation time is run out.
  • the activation current density and the sintering current density are constant.
  • the method of the invention comprises the control of the two electrical power units which enables to optimize the processing time and the energy consumption, altogether with the installation costs.
  • the invention also relates to an apparatus for carrying out the sintering of electrically conducting powders in an air atmosphere, comprising an electrically isolating mold which can be filled with the powders, two opposite electrodes coupleable to the mold, means for applying a pressure to the powders in the mold and means for providing current and voltage through the electrodes.
  • the means for providing current and voltage comprise:
  • the apparatus further comprises:
  • This device specially designed for carrying out the method of the invention can be implemented with low cost commercial equipment.
  • the first power unit is configured for providing an activation current density greater than 0.5 kA/cm 2 and an activation voltage greater than 10V during an activation time lower than 300ms, for generating a current discharge of low intensity at a high voltage in a very reduced time, to assure an homogeneous superficial de-oxidation of the powders.
  • the first power unit is configured for providing an activation current density between 0.5 and 5 kA/cm 2 and an activation voltage between 10 and 100 V and the second power unit is configured for providing a sintering current density between 3 and 15 kA/cm 2 and an activation voltage lower than 15 V.
  • the apparatus of the invention comprises switching means which allows to control the activation and deactivation of the first and second electrical power unit so that the sintering current density is applied preferably immediately after the removal of the activation current density, i.e just after the activation time is run out, and preferably the time between the deactivation of the first electrical power unit and the activation of the second electrical power unit is lower than 20 ms to assure an optimal distribution of the sintering current density.
  • the first power unit can be configured for providing a constant activation current density or a constant activation voltage
  • the second power unit can be configured for providing a constant sintering current density
  • the means for controlling the duration of the activation current density and activation voltage provided by the first power unit can control a predetermined discharge time (activation time) comprised in the range going from 50 to 300 ms;
  • the means for controlling the duration of the sintering current density and sintering voltage provided by the second power unit can control a predetermined discharge time (sintering time) comprised in the range going from 500 to 1500 ms;
  • each power unit comprises a transformer and an inverter.
  • control unit is a programmable logic controller.
  • the control unit can comprise:
  • FIG. 2 the time pressure/ current/voltage diagram corresponding to the implementation of the method according to the invention for obtaining a sintered WC-Co is shown.
  • the process starts with the step consisting in placing an electrically conducting powder in an electrically insulating mold.
  • a pressure between 100 and 500 MPa is applied inside the mold, preferably with two pistons, in this case around 300 MPa.
  • an activation step is carried out, consisting in applying an activation current density at an activation voltage for an activation time and carried out by employing a first electrical power unit (2).
  • a low current density around 2 kA/cm 2
  • a high voltage around 30V
  • the pulse is about two tenths of a second.
  • a waiting step is carried out wherein no current and/or voltage are applied.
  • This step consists in the switching of the power units, that is, to switch from a power unit (2) to another power unit (3).
  • the waiting time is that needed for carrying out said switching by the control unit (4), in the present case a PLC.
  • the switching time is about 2 tenth of a second.
  • the proper sintering step is performed, which consists in applying a sintering current density at a sintering voltage during a sintering time carried out by employing the second electrical power unit (3).
  • the intensity is higher (around 10 kA), but the voltage is reduced to 5 V.
  • the current density is applied using two opposite electrodes.
  • the pistons can be used as opposite electrodes.
  • the invention also relates to an apparatus (1) for carrying out the inventive method.
  • the apparatus comprises:
  • the means for providing current and voltage for an activation step is a first electrical power unit (2) and the means for providing current and voltage for a sintering step is a second electrical power unit (3).
  • the first power unit (2) is arranged to provide through the electrodes (7) an activation current density comprised between 0.5 and 5 KA/cm 2 and an activation voltage comprised between 10 and 100 V whereas the second power unit (3) is arranged to provide through electrodes (7) a sintering current density comprised between 3 and 15 kA/cm 2 and a sintering voltage lower than 15 V.
  • the apparatus further comprises:
  • the means for controlling the duration of the current density and voltage provided by the first power unit (2) are able to control a predetermined discharge time (activation time) comprised in the range going from 50 to 300 ms and the means for controlling the duration of the current and voltage provided by the second power unit (3) are able to control a predetermined discharge time (sintering time) comprised in the range going from 500 to 1500 ms.
  • Each power unit (2, 3) comprise a transformer (21, 31) and an inverter (22, 32), and the two power units (2, 3) are controlled by a single control unit (4), which is preferably a programmable logic controller.
  • This PLC includes:
  • a WC-6Co or WC-10Co disk is produced with the disclosed apparatus with a thickness of 16 mm and a diameter of 22 mm.
  • the agglomerated powder was spherical with an agglomerate size of less than 100 microns.
  • a current density between 2 and 4 kA/cm 2 during 100-200 ms was applied in order to activate the powder.
  • a voltage between 15-50 V is needed for this activation step.
  • a current density between 6-10 kA/cm 2 was applied to obtain a densified sample with a voltage lower than 10 V during 500-1000 ms.
  • a minimum time of 10 ms was established.
  • a titanium disk is produced with the disclosed apparatus with a thickness of 10 mm and a diameter of 22 mm.
  • the shape of the particles of the powder was irregular with a maximum particle size around 75 microns.
  • a current density between 1-3 kA/cm 2 was applied during 90-100 ms in order to activate the powder.
  • a voltage between 10-50 V is needed for the activation stage.
  • sintering stage a current density between 4-7 kA/cm 2 was applied during 500-1000 ms to obtain a densified sample with a voltage lower than 10 V. Between stages, activation and sintering, a minimum time of 10 ms was established. Pressure, from 100-500 MPa, was applied from the beginning of the process.
  • the density of the final disk measured by the Archimedes method, is around 3.5-4.4 g/cm 3 . It is possible to obtain fully dense samples.
  • a TiC-25Ni and TiC-25Fe disks are produced with the disclosed apparatus with a thickness of 16 mm and a diameter of 22 mm.
  • the agglomerated powder was irregular with a particle size of less than 30 microns.
  • a current density between 1-3 kA/cm 2 was applied during 100-200 ms in order to activate the powder.
  • a voltage between 15-50 V is needed for this activation stage.
  • a current density between 6-9 kA/cm 2 was applied during 500-1000 ms to obtain a densified sample with a voltage lower than 10 V.
  • a minimum time of 10 ms was stablished.
  • the density of the final disk was around 5.1-5.5 g/cm 3 for TiC-25Ni and 5.1-5.4 g/cm 3 for TiC-25Fe. It is possible to obtain fully dense samples with hardness around 1600-2000 HV30.
  • An aluminium disk was produced with the disclosed apparatus with a thickness of 12 mm and a diameter of 12 mm.
  • the powder was irregular with a particle size of less than 150 microns.
  • a current density between 0.5-2 kA/cm 2 was applied during 100-200 ms in order to activate the powder.
  • a voltage between 30-80 V is needed for this activation stage.
  • the density of the final disk was around 2.5-2.7 g/cm 3 .
EP16382069.9A 2016-02-19 2016-02-19 Verfahren zum sintern von elektrisch leitfähigen pulvern Active EP3208015B1 (de)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP16382069.9A EP3208015B1 (de) 2016-02-19 2016-02-19 Verfahren zum sintern von elektrisch leitfähigen pulvern
DK16382069.9T DK3208015T3 (da) 2016-02-19 2016-02-19 Fremgangsmåde til sintring af elektrisk ledende pulvere
ES16382069T ES2738627T3 (es) 2016-02-19 2016-02-19 Método para sinterizar polvos eléctricamente conductores
US15/436,844 US20170259336A1 (en) 2016-02-19 2017-02-19 Method of sintering electrically conducting powders and an apparatus for carrying out said method
CN201710089756.1A CN107096919B (zh) 2016-02-19 2017-02-20 烧结导电粉末的方法以及执行所述方法的设备

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP16382069.9A EP3208015B1 (de) 2016-02-19 2016-02-19 Verfahren zum sintern von elektrisch leitfähigen pulvern

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3208015A1 true EP3208015A1 (de) 2017-08-23
EP3208015B1 EP3208015B1 (de) 2019-05-01

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EP16382069.9A Active EP3208015B1 (de) 2016-02-19 2016-02-19 Verfahren zum sintern von elektrisch leitfähigen pulvern

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US (1) US20170259336A1 (de)
EP (1) EP3208015B1 (de)
CN (1) CN107096919B (de)
DK (1) DK3208015T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2738627T3 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3702065A1 (de) * 2019-02-28 2020-09-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Sinter-vorrichtung mit voneinander entkoppeltem sinter-druck und sinter-strom, verfahren zum herstellen eines elektrischen kontakt-werkstoffs unter verwendung der sinter-vorrichtung, elektrischer kontakt-werkstoff und verwendung des elektrischen kontakt-werkstoffs
CN111748717A (zh) * 2020-06-30 2020-10-09 马鞍山海华耐磨材料科技有限公司 一种金属基陶瓷复合材料的耐磨铸件及其加工工艺

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111375758A (zh) * 2020-04-23 2020-07-07 王伟东 一种钛或钛合金粉末的烧结方法

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US3241956A (en) 1963-05-30 1966-03-22 Inoue Kiyoshi Electric-discharge sintering
US3508029A (en) 1967-02-22 1970-04-21 Lockheed Aircraft Corp Servocontrol system for discharge sintering
US4929415A (en) 1988-03-01 1990-05-29 Kenji Okazaki Method of sintering powder
US4975412A (en) 1988-02-22 1990-12-04 University Of Kentucky Research Foundation Method of processing superconducting materials and its products
JPH03236402A (ja) * 1990-02-13 1991-10-22 Sumitomo Coal Mining Co Ltd 放電焼結装置
US5529746A (en) 1994-03-08 1996-06-25 Knoess; Walter Process for the manufacture of high-density powder compacts
US7361301B2 (en) 1997-10-15 2008-04-22 Iap Research, Inc. System and method for consolidating powders
EP2198993A1 (de) 2008-12-19 2010-06-23 EPoS S.r.L. Sinterverfahren und -vorrichtung

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