EP3182794B1 - Heating device with a carrier and method of making it - Google Patents
Heating device with a carrier and method of making it Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3182794B1 EP3182794B1 EP16203541.4A EP16203541A EP3182794B1 EP 3182794 B1 EP3182794 B1 EP 3182794B1 EP 16203541 A EP16203541 A EP 16203541A EP 3182794 B1 EP3182794 B1 EP 3182794B1
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- heating conductor
- heating
- thickness
- heating device
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
- H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
- H05B1/023—Industrial applications
- H05B1/0244—Heating of fluids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
- H05B1/0288—Applications for non specified applications
- H05B1/0291—Tubular elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
- H05B1/0288—Applications for non specified applications
- H05B1/0294—Planar elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/0019—Circuit arrangements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/04—Waterproof or air-tight seals for heaters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/44—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor arranged within rods or tubes of insulating material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/005—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple resistive elements or resistive zones isolated from each other
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/007—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple electrically connected resistive elements or resistive zones
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/011—Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/035—Electrical circuits used in resistive heating apparatus
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/037—Heaters with zones of different power density
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
- H05B2214/04—Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heating device with a carrier and with at least one flat electrical heating conductor arranged on the carrier, as well as a method for producing such a heating device.
- Such heating devices are widely known, in particular with so-called thick-film heating conductors.
- the documents US 2009/314765 A1 , US 2014/021195 A1 , WO 2015/048564 A1 , US 2010/096507 A1 , JP 2002 184558 A , EP 1 667 489 A2 , WO 2008/088907 A2 and EP 1 988 750 A1 disclose prior art heating devices.
- the invention is based on the object of creating a heating device mentioned at the outset and a method for producing it, with which problems of the prior art can be solved and, in particular, it is possible to suitably adapt a heating device to specific uses and exactly specified installation or installation locations. Operating conditions.
- the heating device has a carrier and at least one flat electrical heating conductor, which is arranged on this carrier, advantageously in a layer structure or as a layer, in particular as a thick layer.
- the heating conductor runs between a first electrical connection and a second electrical connection.
- the at least one heating conductor has carbon-based material as the heating conductor material, for example graphite with a very high proportion in a simple embodiment.
- this shortest path runs through the heating conductor or through the heating conductor material.
- This shortest path is advantageously a straight line or a segment of a circle, in particular an exact straight line or an exact segment of a circle.
- This shortest path runs through the heating conductor and in this shortest path there is no area interruption in the heating conductor or no incision in the heating conductor.
- the heating conductor preferably has a basic geometric shape as a rectangle, trapezoid, circle or circular ring section.
- a substantially flat heating conductor can be created, wherein a flat carrier can be well covered with several such heating conductors.
- a single flat heating conductor of this type can be sufficient to heat a single carrier over a large area, so that a carrier has only a single heating conductor.
- a heating conductor thickness varies at least partially between the electrical connections and is therefore not the same or constant everywhere.
- This heating conductor thickness advantageously varies by a factor of 0.01 to 20, so the largest heating conductor thickness can be 1% to 2000% more than the smallest heating conductor thickness.
- This heating conductor thickness is advantageously measured in an area where the heating conductor only runs over the carrier and does not, for example, overlap on one of the connections for electrical contacting.
- a heating conductor thickness can be around 20 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m, i.e. a factor of 3 to 5 greater than the heating conductor thickness of a heating conductor material with noble metal.
- the heating conductor can be rectangular in plan view or in a development.
- the length of the heating conductor between the first connection and the second connection can correspond to 10% to 250% of the width of the heating conductor in the transverse direction to this length, advantageously 50% to 200%.
- the heating conductor is therefore less of an elongated track, but rather a short track with a rather compact shape. It is thus possible that a carrier, in particular also a rectangular or approximately rectangular carrier, is covered with only a single rectangular heating conductor and is covered by between 30% and 95%, preferably between 50% and 70%.
- a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can be provided in a central region.
- an increased or reduced heating power can be brought about here in certain areas according to the change in the heating conductor thickness.
- the extent of such an area with a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can be relatively small and, for example, correspond to 1% to 20% of a length and / or width of the heating conductor. But it can also be bigger.
- a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can generally advantageously be uniform or strictly monotonously continuous. This means that steps or a step-like or sudden change in the heating conductor thickness should be avoided, advantageously at least in the case of a rectangular heating conductor. This then results in locally very different current densities and temperature distributions.
- Different temperature distributions related to a surface of the carrier can occur, for example, when media such as water or the like flowing past the carrier are heated. be desirable. As a result, an optimal temperature transition can be achieved along the water flow on the carrier, so that the water flowing past is heated as well as possible.
- the at least one heating conductor can be designed as a circular ring section or as a complete circular ring in plan view or in a development. It is advantageous that it is not just somehow curved, but runs along a geometric circle.
- the inner bend and the outer bend are particularly advantageously designed as circular rings or run along circular rings. While both the aforementioned rectangular shape and here the circular segment shape are easily conceivable for flat supports, this should be so for curved supports, in particular support tubes, that the Rectangular shape or the circular shape is given in the developed representation or development, that is, in the developed form of a carrier tube, which is then a flat sheet-like piece when viewed.
- a freely and differently or unevenly curved carrier can also be provided, to which the material for the heating conductor is applied using a suitable application method.
- a heating conductor as a circular ring or circular ring section
- the first connection and the second connection have an essentially radial extension in relation to the circular shape of the heating conductor.
- the at least one heating conductor between the connections then runs in the circumferential direction from one connection to the other. This also applies to the current flow, which advantageously essentially, particularly advantageously precisely, also runs in the circumferential direction.
- a width of the heating conductor can remain the same in the course between the connections.
- a heating conductor thickness can also remain essentially the same at least along the circumferential direction, that is to say along the arc that the circular ring segment-shaped heating conductor covers, but it could also vary slightly by 1% to 20%.
- the heating conductor thickness can also remain essentially the same or constant along a current flow between the connections.
- the heating conductor thickness can advantageously change in a radial direction, in particular increase from radially inside to radially outside.
- the heating conductor thickness can increase essentially linearly from radially inside to radially outside.
- a design of the heating conductor thickness can be such that the heating power generation is the same everywhere and thus also the temperature distribution on the heating conductor or on the heating device.
- higher temperatures can be brought about by higher heating powers in an inner area or central area or in an outer area or edge area, as can lower temperatures.
- the heating conductor thickness can be changed accordingly, i.e. either reduced or increased.
- first connection and the second connection it is possible for the first connection and the second connection to run essentially in the circumferential direction, with one connection running inside and one connection running outside.
- the connections are advantageously concentric to one another.
- a current flow between the two connections then runs in the radial direction.
- the heating conductor is advantageously designed so that a current runs exclusively in the radial direction from one connection to the other.
- the connections and also the heating conductor can be fully encircling circular rings, but this is not mandatory.
- the heating conductor thickness can change along a current flow or current path between the two connections.
- the heating conductor thickness should therefore change in the radial direction, either increase monotonically or decrease monotonically. This change should advantageously be made in such a way that the generated area power or temperature is again largely the same, in particular is the same everywhere. It is particularly advantageous for the heating conductor thickness to decrease from the inside to the outside in order to produce an approximately constant heating output and thus temperature generation.
- the heating conductor thickness can also be changed in jumps or in steps. This is due, for example, to the fact that the heating conductor is produced in a multi-level layer structure on the carrier in order to produce the different heating conductor thicknesses.
- a layer of heating conductor material is applied to the previous one and more layers are simply applied in areas where an increased heating conductor thickness is desired.
- Various application methods can be used for such a method according to the invention, for example printing, in particular screen printing, spraying, spraying, inkjet methods or spin coating. Combinations of these are also generally possible.
- the heating conductor material can be dried, possibly even hardened or burned in. Because of the high effort involved, usually only one drying process is carried out. A burn-in or the like. for completion takes place only once at the very end after completion of the heating conductor. It is basically possible that the layers are each of different thicknesses, whereby they are advantageously each of the same thickness.
- a change in the heating conductor thickness can take place in a strictly monotonous manner, so that there are no jumps or other sudden changes in the heating conductor thickness. Such a change is advantageously even. In this way, as mentioned at the outset, locally clearly different current flows and thus temperature distributions can be avoided.
- heating conductor material of a finished heating conductor is used in regions is removed or ablated. In this way, a different or influenceable heating conductor thickness can be achieved.
- Such an abrasive process can be grinding, scraping, sandblasting or blasting or a laser process or laser beams. Combinations of these are also generally possible.
- the material of the heating conductor can be applied in several layers using a method described above in a multi-level layer structure. In areas of increased heating conductor thickness, more layers are then simply applied than in areas with reduced heating conductor thickness. By removing heat conductor material as described, locally different heat conductor thicknesses can be achieved. Above all, grinding or blasting is particularly suitable for a large-area process. Such an erosion of heat conductor material can in any case be distributed over an area and either be different in areas or else be uniform.
- the previously mentioned different heating conductor thicknesses cannot be achieved in a build-up process, but only in an erosive process. Compared to an application method, this may have the advantage that it is considerably easier to achieve uniform and step-free changes in the heating conductor thickness. Furthermore, with a method according to the invention it is possible to adjust the heating conductor to an exact resistance value, so that it generates an exactly defined power. By removing or removing the heating conductor material in this way, much less interference in the planar power generation can take place much better than by otherwise customary incisions or complete removal of certain surface areas.
- a width of the heating conductor between the two electrical connections varies at least partially, advantageously by 5% to 20%.
- a heating power distribution and thus temperature distribution related to the heating conductor can in principle be achieved, but only on a very large scale or actually only related to the entire width of the heating conductor.
- this measure of varying the heating conductor is less suitable for the rather small-area changes in the heating conductor thickness mentioned at the beginning.
- carbon-based heating conductor material in particular carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, amorphous carbon or graphene in addition to the graphite mentioned at the beginning.
- Other possible carbon-based materials for the heating conductor material are carbon fibers, glassy carbon, soot, Aerographite and non-graphitic carbon. Above all, graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes are seen as relatively promising.
- the heating conductor material is free of precious metal or does not contain any expensive precious metal.
- a further great advantage can be realized, namely that such a heating conductor can be produced from this carbon-based heating conductor material at significantly lower temperatures than usual.
- the heating conductor material for such heating conductors also from the prior art with noble metal, is applied in the form of a paste, this paste being sometimes thicker and sometimes thinner, depending on the type of application.
- a sol-gel paste or a sol-gel system can be used that contain the resistor material, for example graphite, and are suitable for the respective application process.
- the paste or the system should contain at least enough carbon that after processing as a heating conductor by drying and baking it consists of at least 50% carbon, advantageously even more, for example 80% to 90%. This achieves a high level of electrical conductivity as a sheet resistance.
- a sheet resistance of the heating conductor material can be between 20 ⁇ / ⁇ to 400 ⁇ / ⁇ , preferably 30 ⁇ / ⁇ to 250 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- Such heat conductor materials and sol-gel pastes or sol-gel systems are generally known.
- a sheet resistance of a heating conductor material that contains noble metal is usually in the range of less than 1 ⁇ / ⁇ , so it is considerably lower.
- Another advantage is that the temperatures for burning in the heating conductor material are much lower than for heating conductor material with noble metal. For heating conductor material with precious metal they are around 800 ° C, for the carbon-based heating conductor material used here they are around 400 ° C. On the one hand, this enables great energy savings because the baking process is known to take a long time, generally in the region of an hour. On the other hand, the thermal and ultimately also the mechanical load on the heating device, in particular on the carrier, is lower. This means that possibly simpler insulating layers or other materials with lower requirements for temperature resistance can be used.
- the heating conductor can overall have a negative temperature coefficient of its resistance, in particular because of one Graphite content. Then the electrical resistance decreases with the temperature and thus the power converted in it increases.
- a heating device 11 is shown with a flat and elongated rectangular carrier 12.
- This carrier 12 could also be imagined as a development of a short tube with a round cross-section, so that the left end and the right end would be closed and the inside of the tube as the inside of the Carrier 12 would be free.
- a flat insulating layer 13 is applied to the carrier 12. This corresponds to a common procedure.
- connection device 15 in the form of a plug is attached to the left on the carrier 12. From this lead lines 16a and 16b, which open into connections 18. These are on the far right a lower connection 18a and an opposite connection 18a ', this upper connection 18a' merging directly into a further upper connection 18b. Opposite this is a connection 18b ′ in the lower area, which then just merges into the supply line 16b to the connection device 15.
- Both heating conductors 20a and 20b are provided, which are applied to the connections 18 in an overlapping manner, as is known for layered heating conductors or thick-film heating conductors. Both heating conductors 20a and 20b are of the same size in terms of area and are essentially also of the same or identical design. As you can see, their width is about four times their length, so they are very short.
- the two heating conductors 20a and 20b are connected to one another in series. Their lateral distance is very small and amounts to a few mm.
- the heating conductors 20 are formed from the heating conductor material according to the invention which is carbon-based or which contains at least 50%, possibly even 80% to 90%, carbon in the operational state.
- this can be graphite alternatively or additionally graphene or carbon nanotubes.
- a possible negative temperature coefficient of the electrical resistance of the carbon-based material, in particular of graphite, can be used, as explained at the beginning, in order to provide in potentially cooler areas that the resistance decreases with the temperature or a higher power is implemented.
- measures are then required to avoid excessive heating.
- discrete temperature sensors or a flat temperature monitoring system are advantageously used, which are sufficiently known from the prior art, but are not shown here.
- a constant or uniform heating conductor thickness is provided.
- This can be, for example, 20 ⁇ m to 70 ⁇ m, that is, it can still be in a thick-film area.
- the area can be almost 40 cm 2 , so that with a voltage of 230 V applied to the connections 18, a power of approximately 2000 W is generated.
- a further heating device 111 is shown, which also has a flat and planar support 112, which here is essentially square, but otherwise its structure is similar in many respects to that from FIG Fig. 1 .
- An insulating layer 113 is applied to the carrier 111, including a connection device 115 with leads 116a and 116b.
- the leads 116a and 116b run to connections 118a and 118a and 118d and 118d '.
- two parallel heating conductors 120a and 120a 'and 120d and 120d' are provided.
- the connection 118a is connected to a connection 118b, and the connection 118a 'is connected to a connection 118b'.
- Heating conductors 120b and 120b ' are located between connections 118b and 118b'. Connections 118c 'and 118c are connected to connections 118b' and 118d ', between which there are two heating conductors 120c and 120c'.
- All heating conductors 120 are designed identically and are essentially square.
- the pairs of heating conductors 120 connected in parallel and lying directly next to one another could also cover the thin gap separating them and thus be a single heating conductor. With this configuration, a series connection of two groups of four heating conductors is achieved, with each group of four being connected in parallel. This can be seen from the course of the connections 118.
- the heating conductors 120 can also match those of the Fig. 1 correspond.
- the carrier 112 also be a development of a curved or even a tubular beam.
- the heating conductor material can largely consist of graphite or comprise graphite.
- a very simplified heating device 211 is shown with a carrier 212 as a rectangular plate. This can be insulating here, so it does not require an insulating layer.
- a flat heating conductor 220 with a rectangular basic shape is applied thereon, which overlaps the connections 218a and 218a 'for electrical contacting.
- the smaller rectangular areas in the middle area are intended to indicate that here, like the side view of the Figure 3B shows that the heating conductor thickness increases towards a central area.
- the differences in thickness from the thickness range D1 are considerably smaller than its thickness, for example they are between 1% and 10%.
- the representation of the Figure 3B is shown here clearly exaggerated for the sake of clarity. While the thicknesses increase in the individual thickness ranges, the respective sheet resistance decreases in a corresponding manner, to the same extent as the change in thickness.
- the individual thickness areas D do not have to correspond inwardly to the outer shape or the basic shape of the heating conductor 220, they can also be approximated to an ellipse inwardly.
- the design of the different thickness ranges or the heating conductor thickness should also be optimized for the respective application with the specific conditions of heat dissipation from the heating conductor 220 or from the heating device 211, advantageously into a medium.
- the basic shape and also the heating conductor thickness itself can be optimized by simulation or practical testing, especially in the edge areas or in the middle areas.
- a series connection of partial resistances corresponding to each thickness range can be used for the current flow between the connections 218a and 218a ' imagine what is shown in the middle.
- the current flow running in the middle runs through the seven partial resistances, so to speak, with the partial resistance in the thickness range D4 having the lowest resistance value due to the largest heating conductor thickness.
- the partial resistance in the thickness range D1 is greatest in each case.
- connection 218a A little to the right of it is shown for a further current flow how here, due to the basically identical size distribution of the resistance values of the partial resistances, the current flow no longer flows directly from connection 218a to connection 218a ', i.e. no longer chooses the shortest path, but rather towards the middle area is curved or bulged. This is due to the fact that the current chooses a somewhat longer path overall in order to flow through the thickness area D4, but there it finds a lower resistance that compensates for the somewhat greater length. So there is a kind of current diversion here.
- the step-like profile of the heating conductor thickness for the heating device 211 is shown exaggerated. Such a course can be produced particularly well by applying the heating conductor material in several layers. A difference between two thickness ranges D can then be a layer thickness or the thickness of a single applied layer of heating conductor material. There are actually no reasons for a coarser gradation.
- a further heating device 211 ' is shown with a carrier 212' including a heating conductor 220 '.
- a carrier 212' including a heating conductor 220 '.
- the thickness increases slowly from the thinnest area on the left and right edge, then a little more, and then again with a weaker increase in thickness in the flat central area.
- Such a profile of the heating conductor thickness can be advantageous for a uniform flow of current and a uniform power generation, but is noticeably more difficult to produce.
- spraying can be used as an application method with different spray intensities and / or spray distances in order to achieve a uniform course.
- a heating device 211 " is shown with a carrier 212" and a heating conductor 220 ".
- the course of the increase in thickness between the outer thin areas and the thick middle area is linear here, so to speak.
- a kind of edge is provided at the transition to the central area, but its negative impact is limited.
- Such a so-to-speak linear course of the heating conductor thickness can be achieved relatively easily by grinding with a flat grinding surface, as is shown below in FIG Figure 3F is explained.
- a sol-gel system 223 is applied to a carrier 212 by means of a spray nozzle 222 in order to form layers.
- This sol-gel system contains the carbon-based heating conductor material, which is known per se from the prior art. It must be suitable for spraying.
- Several layers of heating conductor material or of the sol-gel system 223 are applied one after the other, with a drying process either taking place after each layer, for example after every third or fifth layer, or only at the very end.
- the heating conductor thickness can vary accordingly Figure 3C getting produced.
- a screen printing process with a printing screen 225 is shown schematically. This is placed on the carrier 212, as is customary in screen printing, then the heating conductor material is applied to the printing screen 225 as a sol-gel system or here as a possible sol-gel paste and distributed with a doctor blade.
- a course of the heating conductor thickness can be determined accordingly by means of a screen printing process Figure 3B be produced, so be more in stages. In any case, several layers have to be applied to achieve a desired heating conductor thickness. Intermediate drying can also be provided here.
- the application process is followed by baking.
- the finished heating conductor contains a high proportion of carbon, for example at least 50% or even 80% to 90%.
- FIG. 3F shows how a certain heating conductor thickness can be achieved using an abrasive process.
- a very thick heating conductor 220 on a carrier 212 is shown in dashed lines, with a quasi constant thickness as it was originally produced. Links in the Figure 3F a part of the heating conductor material is simply ground off with a rotating flat grinding wheel 227, shown in a very simplified manner. So the course of the heating conductor thickness can be adjusted accordingly Figure 3D getting produced. Such a grinding process is considered to be very advantageous for such thickness distributions.
- heating conductor material is also removed from an original layer thickness of the heating conductor 220, identified by the dashed line.
- a laser 229 is used here, the laser beam 230 of which removes the heat conductor material as desired.
- Such laser methods are known and therefore do not need to be explained further here.
- the basic rule for the removal process is that it can be carried out both before the heating conductor material has hardened and afterwards.
- a grinding process like the one on the left Figure 3F shown, is advantageously carried out after the heating conductor 220 has hardened and completed. Before the paste or the heating conductor material hardens, it probably cannot be sanded very well either.
- FIG. 3F An in Figure 3F
- the laser process shown on the right can be carried out on a hardened heating conductor material as well as before hardening and after the aforementioned drying.
- a heating conductor material that has not yet hardened can possibly even be removed more easily.
- such a removal method can also be used to calibrate the heating conductor in the electrical sense, that is to say to an exact resistance value.
- the heating conductor should also be fully cured for this.
- the heating function of the heating conductor can be maintained in this area, the temperature generated is only slightly changed under certain circumstances.
- FIG. 3 is another heater 311 in plan view and in FIG Fig. 5 shown in a cut oblique view.
- a heating conductor 320 is applied to a circular carrier 312 as a circular ring encircling an arc angle of approximately 340 °.
- the stepped course which is similar in principle to that of the Figures 3A and 3B , achieved by different layer thicknesses or numbers of layers.
- a slightly lower temperature is achieved here due to a free central area of the heating device 311.
- a slightly higher temperature can be achieved in the thickness range D1 or a slightly higher surface heating output can be generated. This can be adjusted by the heating conductor thickness in the thickness range D1.
- FIG. 11 is another heater 411 similar to that of FIG Figures 4 and 5 shown with a round support 312 and two radially extending connections 418a and 418a '.
- Three heating conductors 420a, 420b and 420c run in between. They are each separated from one another by interruptions 432, as is clear from the sectional illustration.
- the heating conductors 420a, 420b and 420c should be similar to the Figures 4 and 5 again be divided into three thickness areas D1, D2 and D3. In the Fig. 7 is this, different from that Fig. 5 , not shown, but should also be the same here.
- a further embodiment of a heating device 511 is shown, which is also round or has a round carrier 512.
- the inner connection 518a is, like the oblique sectional view of FIG Fig. 9 shows, not only designed as a pure surface, but has a certain height extension. This is intended to serve to contact the heating conductor with which it is contacted not only on its lower surface as a support on the carrier 512, but also, so to speak, over its layer thickness on the inner end face.
- a heating conductor 520 is applied to the carrier 512 and to the connections 518a and 518a ' Figures 4 and 5 is divided into radially different thickness areas, just with exactly the opposite thickness distribution.
- the heating conductor 520 is designed as a continuous circular ring in the circumferential direction and has a thickness area D1 on the outside, a thickness area D3 on the inside and a thickness area D2 in between.
- the heating conductor thickness decreases from the inside to the outside, that is from the connection 518a to the connection 518a '. While in the not claimed embodiments of Figures 4 to 7 the current flow goes in the direction of circulation, it runs in the likewise not claimed embodiment of FIG Figures 8 and 9 in the radial direction.
- the distribution of the heating conductor thickness that from Fig.
- a step-like profile causes a surface heating power that is uniformly distributed overall over the surface of the heating device 511.
- the resistance is lowest, but the current density is very high.
- the electrical resistance is greater due to the small heating conductor thickness, but the current density is lower due to the significantly larger circumference.
- the stepped profile of the thickness ranges D1 to D3 shown here can of course also, as before with reference to FIG Figures 3B to 3D explained, distributed or balanced.
- the length of the current flow is shorter than in the heating device of FIG Figures 4 and 5 so that with the same operating voltage and the same total heating power, the heating conductor thicknesses of the thickness areas D1 to D3 are anyway less than there.
- a modification of the heating device 511 from the Figures 8 and 9 shown namely here eight interruptions 632 are provided, similar to the interruptions 432 running in the direction of rotation of FIG Fig. 7 .
- These divide a heating conductor 620 into eight circular ring sections by virtue of their radial course. Since the current flow always takes place exactly radially between the connections 618a and 618a ', these interruptions 632 do not disturb the current flow. They only slightly reduce the total area of the heating conductor 620 and thus somewhat the total area that is directly heated.
Landscapes
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Heizeinrichtung mit einem Träger und mit mindestens einem auf dem Träger angeordneten flächigen elektrischen Heizleiter sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer solchen Heizeinrichtung.The invention relates to a heating device with a carrier and with at least one flat electrical heating conductor arranged on the carrier, as well as a method for producing such a heating device.
Solche Heizeinrichtungen sind vielfach bekannt, insbesondere auch mit sogenannten Dickschicht-Heizleitern. Die Dokumenten
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine eingangs genannte Heizeinrichtung sowie ein Verfahren zu deren Herstellung zu schaffen, mit denen Probleme des Standes der Technik gelöst werden können und es insbesondere möglich ist, eine Heizeinrichtung zweckmäßig anzupassen an bestimmte Verwendungen und exakt vorgegebene Einbau- bzw. Betriebsverhältnisse.The invention is based on the object of creating a heating device mentioned at the outset and a method for producing it, with which problems of the prior art can be solved and, in particular, it is possible to suitably adapt a heating device to specific uses and exactly specified installation or installation locations. Operating conditions.
Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch eine Heizeinrichtung mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 sowie durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 12 oder des Anspruchs 13. Vorteilhafte sowie bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der weiteren Ansprüche und werden im Folgenden näher erläutert. Dabei werden manche der Merkmale nur für die Heizeinrichtung oder nur für ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung beschrieben. Sie sollen jedoch unabhängig davon sowohl für die Heizeinrichtung als auch für ein Herstellungsverfahren selbständig gelten können.This object is achieved by a heating device with the features of claim 1 and by a method with the features of
Es ist vorgesehen, dass die Heizeinrichtung einen Träger und mindestens einen flächigen elektrischen Heizleiter aufweist, der auf diesem Träger angeordnet ist, vorteilhaft in Schichtaufbau bzw. als Schicht, insbesondere als Dickschicht. Der Heizleiter verläuft dabei zwischen einem ersten elektrischen Anschluss und einem zweiten elektrischen Anschluss. Als Heizleitermaterial weist der mindestens eine Heizleiter Kohlenstoff-basiertes Material auf, beispielsweise in einer einfachen Ausgestaltung Graphit mit einem sehr hohen Anteil.It is provided that the heating device has a carrier and at least one flat electrical heating conductor, which is arranged on this carrier, advantageously in a layer structure or as a layer, in particular as a thick layer. The heating conductor runs between a first electrical connection and a second electrical connection. The at least one heating conductor has carbon-based material as the heating conductor material, for example graphite with a very high proportion in a simple embodiment.
In einer grundsätzlichen möglichen Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann vorgesehen sein, dass im Verlauf eines kürzesten Wegs zwischen dem ersten Anschluss und dem zweiten Anschluss dieser kürzeste Weg durch den Heizleiter bzw. durch das Heizleitermaterial verläuft. Vorteilhaft ist dieser kürzeste Weg eine Gerade oder ein Kreisabschnitt, insbesondere eine exakte Gerade oder ein exakter Kreisabschnitt. Dieser kürzeste Weg verläuft durch den Heizleiter und in diesem kürzesten Weg ist keine Flächenunterbrechung des Heizleiters vorgesehen bzw. kein Einschnitt in den Heizleiter. Bevorzugt weist der Heizleiter eine geometrische Grundform als Rechteck, Trapez oder Kreis bzw. Kreisringabschnitt auf.In a fundamentally possible embodiment of the invention, it can be provided that in the course of a shortest path between the first connection and the second connection, this shortest path runs through the heating conductor or through the heating conductor material. This shortest path is advantageously a straight line or a segment of a circle, in particular an exact straight line or an exact segment of a circle. This shortest path runs through the heating conductor and in this shortest path there is no area interruption in the heating conductor or no incision in the heating conductor. The heating conductor preferably has a basic geometric shape as a rectangle, trapezoid, circle or circular ring section.
Durch diese Definition kann erreicht werden, dass ein im Wesentlichen flächiger Heizleiter geschaffen werden kann, wobei mit mehreren solchen Heizleitern ein flächiger Träger gut belegt werden kann. Unter Umständen kann bereits ein einziger solcher flächiger Heizleiter reichen, um einen einzigen Träger flächig zu beheizen, so dass ein Träger nur einen einzigen Heizleiter aufweist.With this definition it can be achieved that a substantially flat heating conductor can be created, wherein a flat carrier can be well covered with several such heating conductors. Under certain circumstances, a single flat heating conductor of this type can be sufficient to heat a single carrier over a large area, so that a carrier has only a single heating conductor.
Gemäß einem vorteilhaften Grundgedanken der Erfindung, welcher mit der vorgenannten grundsätzlichen Ausgestaltung kombiniert sein kann, aber auch unabhängig davon vorliegen kann, variiert eine Heizleiterdicke zwischen den elektrischen Anschlüssen zumindest teilweise und ist somit nicht überall gleich bzw. konstant. Vorteilhaft variiert diese Heizleiterdicke um einen Faktor von 0,01 bis 20, die größte Heizleiterdicke kann also um 1% bis 2000% über der geringsten Heizleiterdicke liegen. Dabei wird diese Heizleiterdicke vorteilhaft in einem Bereich gemessen, wo der Heizleiter nur über dem Träger verläuft und beispielsweise nicht auf einen der Anschlüsse überlappt zur elektrischen Kontaktierung. Absolut gesehen kann eine Heizleiterdicke etwa 20 µm bis 70 µm betragen, also um den Faktor 3 bis 5 über der Heizleiterdicke eines Heizleitermaterials mit Edelmetall liegen.According to an advantageous basic concept of the invention, which can be combined with the aforementioned basic configuration, but can also be present independently thereof, a heating conductor thickness varies at least partially between the electrical connections and is therefore not the same or constant everywhere. This heating conductor thickness advantageously varies by a factor of 0.01 to 20, so the largest heating conductor thickness can be 1% to 2000% more than the smallest heating conductor thickness. This heating conductor thickness is advantageously measured in an area where the heating conductor only runs over the carrier and does not, for example, overlap on one of the connections for electrical contacting. Viewed in absolute terms, a heating conductor thickness can be around 20 µm to 70 µm, i.e. a factor of 3 to 5 greater than the heating conductor thickness of a heating conductor material with noble metal.
In nicht beanspruchten Ausführungsbeispiel kann der Heizleiter in der Draufsicht oder in einer Abwicklung rechteckig ausgebildet sein. Insbesondere kann die Länge des Heizleiters zwischen dem ersten Anschluss und dem zweiten Anschluss 10% bis 250% der Breite des Heizleiters in Querrichtung zu dieser Länge entsprechen, vorteilhaft 50% bis 200%. Der Heizleiter ist also weniger eine langgestreckte Bahn, sondern eine eher kurze Bahn mit einer eher gedrungenen Form. Somit ist es möglich, dass ein Träger, insbesondere auch ein rechteckiger oder angenähert rechteckiger Träger, mit nur einem einzigen rechteckigen Heizleiter belegt ist und von diesem zwischen 30% und 95%, vorzugsweise zwischen 50% und 70%, bedeckt ist.In the exemplary embodiment not claimed, the heating conductor can be rectangular in plan view or in a development. In particular, the length of the heating conductor between the first connection and the second connection can correspond to 10% to 250% of the width of the heating conductor in the transverse direction to this length, advantageously 50% to 200%. The heating conductor is therefore less of an elongated track, but rather a short track with a rather compact shape. It is thus possible that a carrier, in particular also a rectangular or approximately rectangular carrier, is covered with only a single rectangular heating conductor and is covered by between 30% and 95%, preferably between 50% and 70%.
In diesem Ausführungsbeispiel kann bei einem solchen rechteckigen Heizleiter eine Verringerung oder eine Erhöhung der Heizleiterdicke in einem Mittelbereich vorgesehen sein. Dadurch kann hier bereichsweise eine erhöhte oder verringerte Heizleistung bewirkt werden entsprechend der Änderung der Heizleiterdicke. Somit ist es eben in Anpassung an die eingangs genannte gewünschte Funktion einer örtlichen Anpassung der Heizleistung möglich, dies auch bei einem flächigen Heizleiter bzw. in einer vollständig von einem Heizleiter überdeckten Fläche zu erreichen. Die Ausdehnung eines solchen Bereichs mit einer Verringerung oder einer Erhöhung der Heizleiterdicke kann relativ gering sein und beispielsweise 1% bis 20% einer Länge und/oder Breite des Heizleiters entsprechen. Sie kann aber auch noch größer sein. Des Weiteren ist es möglich, mehrere solcher Bereiche mit veränderter Heizleiterdicke vorzusehen, und zwar verteilt bzw. getrennt voneinander.In this exemplary embodiment, in the case of such a rectangular heating conductor, a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can be provided in a central region. As a result, an increased or reduced heating power can be brought about here in certain areas according to the change in the heating conductor thickness. Thus, in adaptation to the initially mentioned desired function of a local adaptation of the heating power, it is possible to achieve this even with a flat heating conductor or in an area completely covered by a heating conductor. The extent of such an area with a reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can be relatively small and, for example, correspond to 1% to 20% of a length and / or width of the heating conductor. But it can also be bigger. Furthermore, it is possible to provide several such areas with changed heating conductor thickness, namely distributed or separated from one another.
Des Weiteren ist es möglich, einen Bereich mit einer veränderten Heizleiterdicke nahe einem Rand oder direkt an einem Rand des Heizleiters vorzusehen. So können auch hier unterschiedliche Flächenheizleistungen bzw. im Ergebnis unterschiedliche Temperaturen bewirkt werden.It is also possible to provide an area with a changed heating conductor thickness near an edge or directly on an edge of the heating conductor. In this way, different surface heating capacities or, as a result, different temperatures can be achieved here as well.
Eine Verringerung oder eine Erhöhung der Heizleiterdicke kann ganz allgemein vorteilhaft gleichmäßig bzw. streng monoton stetig sein. Dies bedeutet, dass Stufen bzw. eine stufenartige oder sprungartige Veränderung der Heizleiterdicke vermieden werden sollten, vorteilhaft zumindest bei einem rechteckigen Heizleiter. Dies bewirkt dann nämlich lokal stark unterschiedliche Stromdichten und Temperaturverteilungen.A reduction or an increase in the heating conductor thickness can generally advantageously be uniform or strictly monotonously continuous. This means that steps or a step-like or sudden change in the heating conductor thickness should be avoided, advantageously at least in the case of a rectangular heating conductor. This then results in locally very different current densities and temperature distributions.
Auf eine Fläche des Trägers bezogene unterschiedliche Temperaturverteilungen können beispielsweise bei der Erwärmung von an dem Träger vorbeiströmenden Medien wie Wasser odgl. erwünscht sein. Dadurch kann dann eben ein optimaler Temperaturübergang entlang der Wasserströmung an dem Träger erreicht werden, so dass das vorbeiströmende Wasser möglichst gut erwärmt wird.Different temperature distributions related to a surface of the carrier can occur, for example, when media such as water or the like flowing past the carrier are heated. be desirable. As a result, an optimal temperature transition can be achieved along the water flow on the carrier, so that the water flowing past is heated as well as possible.
In einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann der mindestens eine Heizleiter in der Draufsicht oder in einer Abwicklung als Kreisringabschnitt oder als ganzer Kreisring ausgebildet sein. Vorteilhaft ist er dabei nicht nur irgendwie gebogen, sondern verläuft entlang eines geometrischen Kreises. Besonders vorteilhaft sind Innenbiegung und Außenbiegung dabei als Kreisringe ausgebildet bzw. verlaufen entlang von Kreisringen. Während für flache Träger sowohl die vorgenannte rechteckige Form als auch hier die Kreisringabschnittform leicht vorstellbar sind, soll dies für gewölbte Träger, insbesondere auch Trägerrohre, so sein, dass die Rechteckform oder die Kreisform in der abgewickelten Darstellung oder Abwicklung gegeben ist, also in der abgewickelten Form eines Trägerrohrs, welches dann eben in der Betrachtung ein flaches flächiges Stück ist. In weiterer Ausbildung der Erfindung kann auch ein frei und unterschiedlich bzw. ungleichmäßig gewölbter Träger vorgesehen sein, auf den mit einem geeigneten Auftragverfahren das Material für den Heizleiter aufgebracht wird.In one embodiment of the invention, the at least one heating conductor can be designed as a circular ring section or as a complete circular ring in plan view or in a development. It is advantageous that it is not just somehow curved, but runs along a geometric circle. The inner bend and the outer bend are particularly advantageously designed as circular rings or run along circular rings. While both the aforementioned rectangular shape and here the circular segment shape are easily conceivable for flat supports, this should be so for curved supports, in particular support tubes, that the Rectangular shape or the circular shape is given in the developed representation or development, that is, in the developed form of a carrier tube, which is then a flat sheet-like piece when viewed. In a further embodiment of the invention, a freely and differently or unevenly curved carrier can also be provided, to which the material for the heating conductor is applied using a suitable application method.
Bei einem Heizleiter als Kreisring oder Kreisringabschnitt kann in einer ersten nicht beanspruchten Ausgestaltung vorgesehen sein, dass der erste Anschluss und der zweite Anschluss im Wesentlichen radiale Erstreckung aufweisen in Bezug auf die Kreisform des Heizleiters. Der mindestens eine Heizleiter zwischen den Anschlüssen verläuft dann eben in Umfangsrichtung vom einen Anschluss zum anderen. Dies gilt auch für den Stromfluss, der vorteilhaft im Wesentlichen, besonders vorteilhaft genau, auch in Umfangsrichtung verläuft. Dabei kann eine Breite des Heizleiters im Verlauf zwischen den Anschlüssen gleich bleiben. Eine Heizleiterdicke kann zumindest entlang der Umfangsrichtung, also entlang des Bogens, den der kreisringabschnittförmige Heizleiter zurücklegt, im Wesentlichen auch gleich bleiben, sie könnte aber auch leicht variieren um 1% bis 20%. Entsprechend vorteilhaft kann die Heizleiterdicke auch entlang eines Stromflusses zwischen den Anschlüssen im Wesentlichen gleich bleiben oder konstant sein. In einer radialen Richtung kann die Heizleiterdicke sich vorteilhaft verändern, insbesondere von radial innen nach radial außen zunehmen. Dabei kann die Heizleiterdicke im Wesentlichen linear zunehmen von radial innen nach radial außen.In the case of a heating conductor as a circular ring or circular ring section, it can be provided in a first embodiment that is not claimed that the first connection and the second connection have an essentially radial extension in relation to the circular shape of the heating conductor. The at least one heating conductor between the connections then runs in the circumferential direction from one connection to the other. This also applies to the current flow, which advantageously essentially, particularly advantageously precisely, also runs in the circumferential direction. A width of the heating conductor can remain the same in the course between the connections. A heating conductor thickness can also remain essentially the same at least along the circumferential direction, that is to say along the arc that the circular ring segment-shaped heating conductor covers, but it could also vary slightly by 1% to 20%. Correspondingly advantageously, the heating conductor thickness can also remain essentially the same or constant along a current flow between the connections. The heating conductor thickness can advantageously change in a radial direction, in particular increase from radially inside to radially outside. The heating conductor thickness can increase essentially linearly from radially inside to radially outside.
Eine Ausbildung der Heizleiterdicke kann hier, wie allgemein für die gesamte Erfindung geltend, einerseits so sein, dass die Heizleistungserzeugung überall gleich ist und somit auch die Temperaturverteilung am Heizleiter bzw. an der Heizeinrichtung. Alternativ können in einem inneren Bereich bzw. Mittelbereich oder in einem äußeren Bereich bzw. Randbereich höhere Temperaturen durch höhere Heizleistungen bewirkt werden ebenso wie niedrigere Temperaturen. Dazu kann die Heizleiterdicke entsprechend verändert werden, also entweder verringert werden oder erhöht werden.As is generally the case for the entire invention, a design of the heating conductor thickness can be such that the heating power generation is the same everywhere and thus also the temperature distribution on the heating conductor or on the heating device. Alternatively, higher temperatures can be brought about by higher heating powers in an inner area or central area or in an outer area or edge area, as can lower temperatures. For this purpose, the heating conductor thickness can be changed accordingly, i.e. either reduced or increased.
In einer zweiten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist es möglich, dass der erste Anschluss und der zweite Anschluss im Wesentlichen in Umfangsrichtung verlaufen, wobei ein Anschluss innen verläuft und ein Anschluss außen verläuft. Dabei sind die Anschlüsse vorteilhaft konzentrisch zueinander. Ein Stromfluss zwischen den beiden Anschlüssen verläuft dann in radialer Richtung. Vorteilhaft ist der Heizleiter so ausgebildet, dass ein Strom ausschließlich in radialer Richtung vom einen Anschluss zum anderen verläuft. Die Anschlüsse und auch der Heizleiter können voll umlaufende Kreisringe sein, was jedoch nicht zwingend ist.In a second embodiment of the invention, it is possible for the first connection and the second connection to run essentially in the circumferential direction, with one connection running inside and one connection running outside. The connections are advantageously concentric to one another. A current flow between the two connections then runs in the radial direction. The heating conductor is advantageously designed so that a current runs exclusively in the radial direction from one connection to the other. The connections and also the heating conductor can be fully encircling circular rings, but this is not mandatory.
Bei dieser Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann sich die Heizleiterdicke entlang eines Stromflusses bzw. Strompfads zwischen den beiden Anschlüssen ändern. Die Heizleiterdicke sollte sich also in radialer Richtung verändern, entweder monoton zunehmen oder monoton abnehmen. Diese Änderung sollte vorteilhaft so erfolgen, dass wiederum die erzeugte Flächenleistung bzw. Temperatur weitgehend gleich ist, insbesondere überall gleich ist. Besonders vorteilhaft nimmt die Heizleiterdicke von innen nach außen ab, um eine in etwa gleichbleibende Heizleistung und somit Temperaturerzeugung zu bewirken.In this embodiment of the invention, the heating conductor thickness can change along a current flow or current path between the two connections. The heating conductor thickness should therefore change in the radial direction, either increase monotonically or decrease monotonically. This change should advantageously be made in such a way that the generated area power or temperature is again largely the same, in particular is the same everywhere. It is particularly advantageous for the heating conductor thickness to decrease from the inside to the outside in order to produce an approximately constant heating output and thus temperature generation.
Grundsätzlich gilt allgemein, dass eine Veränderung der Heizleiterdicke auch in Sprüngen bzw. in Stufen erfolgen kann. Dies kommt beispielsweise dadurch, dass der Heizleiter in einem mehrstufigen Schichtaufbau auf dem Träger hergestellt wird, um so die unterschiedlichen Heizleiterdicken zu erzeugen. Dabei wird eine Schicht von Heizleitermaterial auf die vorhergehende aufgebracht und dort, wo eine erhöhte Heizleiterdicke gewünscht ist, werden bereichsweise einfach mehr Schichten aufgebracht. Für ein solches erfindungsgemäßes Verfahren können verschiedene Auftragverfahren angewendet werden, beispielsweise Drucken, insbesondere Siebdruck, Sprühen, Spritzen, Inkjet-Verfahren oder Aufschleudern. Auch Kombinationen davon sind allgemein möglich. Nach jedem Auftragen einer Schicht kann ein Trocknen des Heizleitermaterials erfolgen, evtl. sogar ein Aushärten bzw. Einbrennen. Wegen des dadurch entstehenden hohen Aufwands wird üblicherweise nur ein Trocknungsvorgang vorgenommen. Ein Einbrennen odgl. zur Fertigstellung erfolgt nur einmal ganz am Ende nach Fertigstellung des Heizleiters. Dabei ist es grundsätzlich möglich, dass die Schichten jeweils unterschiedlich dick sind, wobei sie vorteilhaft jeweils gleich dick sind.As a general rule, the heating conductor thickness can also be changed in jumps or in steps. This is due, for example, to the fact that the heating conductor is produced in a multi-level layer structure on the carrier in order to produce the different heating conductor thicknesses. A layer of heating conductor material is applied to the previous one and more layers are simply applied in areas where an increased heating conductor thickness is desired. Various application methods can be used for such a method according to the invention, for example printing, in particular screen printing, spraying, spraying, inkjet methods or spin coating. Combinations of these are also generally possible. After each application of a layer, the heating conductor material can be dried, possibly even hardened or burned in. Because of the high effort involved, usually only one drying process is carried out. A burn-in or the like. for completion takes place only once at the very end after completion of the heating conductor. It is basically possible that the layers are each of different thicknesses, whereby they are advantageously each of the same thickness.
Durch das beschriebene Auftragen der einzelnen Schichten des Heizleiters durch ein flächenmäßiges Auftragverfahren ist es, vor allem bei Verfahren wie Drucken oder Siebdruck und Inkjet-Verfahren kaum zu vermeiden, dass die Heizleiterdicke eben sprunghaft bzw. in Stufen ansteigt. Bei Verfahren wie Sprühen, Spritzen oder Aufschleudern ist eine gleichmäßige Zunahme der Heizleiterdicke noch eher möglich.Due to the described application of the individual layers of the heating conductor using an areal application process, it can hardly be avoided, especially in processes such as printing or screen printing and inkjet processes, that the heating conductor thickness increases suddenly or in steps. In the case of processes such as spraying, spraying or centrifuging, an even increase in the heating conductor thickness is more likely.
In einer Ausbildung der Erfindung kann eine Veränderung der Heizleiterdicke streng monoton erfolgen, so dass weder Sprünge noch sonstige schlagartige Veränderungen der Heizleiterdicke vorliegen. Eine solche Veränderung ist eben vorteilhaft gleichmäßig. Dadurch können, wie eingangs genannt, lokal deutlich unterschiedliche Stromflüsse und somit auch Temperaturverteilungen vermieden werden. Hierzu ist es möglich, dass gemäß einem anderen erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren bereichsweise Heizleitermaterial eines fertigen Heizleiters entfernt bzw. abgetragen wird. So kann eine unterschiedliche bzw. beeinflussbare Heizleiterdicke erzielt werden.In one embodiment of the invention, a change in the heating conductor thickness can take place in a strictly monotonous manner, so that there are no jumps or other sudden changes in the heating conductor thickness. Such a change is advantageously even. In this way, as mentioned at the outset, locally clearly different current flows and thus temperature distributions can be avoided. For this purpose, it is possible, according to another method according to the invention, that heating conductor material of a finished heating conductor is used in regions is removed or ablated. In this way, a different or influenceable heating conductor thickness can be achieved.
Ein solches abtragendes Verfahren kann ein Abschleifen, Abkratzen, Sandstrahlen bzw. Abstrahlen oder ein Laser-Verfahren bzw. Laserstrahlen sein. Auch Kombinationen davon sind allgemein möglich. Aufgebracht werden kann das Material des Heizleiters in mehreren Schichten durch ein vorbeschriebenes Verfahren in einem mehrstufigen Schichtaufbau. In Bereichen erhöhter Heizleiterdicke sind dann einfach mehr Schichten aufgetragen als in Bereichen mit verringerter Heizleiterdicke. Durch einen beschriebenen Abtrag von Heizleitermaterial können lokal unterschiedliche Heizleiterdicken erreicht werden. Hierfür eignet sich, insbesondere für ein großflächiges Verfahren, vor allem eben ein Abschleifen oder Abstrahlen. Ein solcher Abtrag von Heizleitermaterial kann auf alle Fälle flächig verteilt sein und entweder bereichsweise unterschiedlich sein oder aber gleichmäßig sein. So können beispielsweise die zuvor genannten unterschiedlichen Heizleiterdicken nicht im aufbauenden Verfahren erzielt werden, sondern nur in einem abtragenden Verfahren. Dies weist gegenüber einem auftragenden Verfahren möglicherweise den Vorteil auf, dass erheblich leichter vergleichmäßigte und sprung- oder stufenfreie Veränderungen der Heizleiterdicke erreicht werden können. Des Weiteren ist es mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren möglich, einen Abgleich des Heizleiters auf einen genauen Widerstandswert vorzunehmen, so dass er eine exakt definierte Leistung erzeugt. Durch ein solches Abtragen bzw. Entfernen des Heizleitermaterials kann viel besser als durch sonst gebräuchliche Einschnitte oder komplette Entfernung bestimmter Flächenbereiche ein viel geringerer Eingriff in die flächige Leistungserzeugung erfolgen.Such an abrasive process can be grinding, scraping, sandblasting or blasting or a laser process or laser beams. Combinations of these are also generally possible. The material of the heating conductor can be applied in several layers using a method described above in a multi-level layer structure. In areas of increased heating conductor thickness, more layers are then simply applied than in areas with reduced heating conductor thickness. By removing heat conductor material as described, locally different heat conductor thicknesses can be achieved. Above all, grinding or blasting is particularly suitable for a large-area process. Such an erosion of heat conductor material can in any case be distributed over an area and either be different in areas or else be uniform. For example, the previously mentioned different heating conductor thicknesses cannot be achieved in a build-up process, but only in an erosive process. Compared to an application method, this may have the advantage that it is considerably easier to achieve uniform and step-free changes in the heating conductor thickness. Furthermore, with a method according to the invention it is possible to adjust the heating conductor to an exact resistance value, so that it generates an exactly defined power. By removing or removing the heating conductor material in this way, much less interference in the planar power generation can take place much better than by otherwise customary incisions or complete removal of certain surface areas.
In weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist es möglich, dass eine Breite des Heizleiters zwischen den beiden elektrischen Anschlüssen zumindest teilweise variiert, vorteilhaft um 5% bis 20%. Auch dadurch kann im Prinzip eine Heizleistungsverteilung und somit Temperaturverteilung auf den Heizleiter bezogen erreicht werden, allerdings nur in sehr großflächigem Maßstab bzw. eigentlich nur auf die gesamte Breite des Heizleiters bezogen. Insofern ist diese Maßnahme der Variation des Heizleiters weniger gut geeignet für die eingangs genannten, eher kleinflächigen Veränderungen der Heizleiterdicke.In a further embodiment of the invention, it is possible that a width of the heating conductor between the two electrical connections varies at least partially, advantageously by 5% to 20%. In this way, too, a heating power distribution and thus temperature distribution related to the heating conductor can in principle be achieved, but only on a very large scale or actually only related to the entire width of the heating conductor. To this extent, this measure of varying the heating conductor is less suitable for the rather small-area changes in the heating conductor thickness mentioned at the beginning.
Als Kohlenstoff-basiertes Heizleitermaterial können verschiedene Materialien verwendet werden, insbesondere neben dem eingangs genannten Graphit noch Carbon-Nanotubes, Fullerene, amorpher Kohlenstoff oder Graphen. Weitere mögliche Kohlenstoff-basierte Materialien für das Heizleitermaterial sind Kohlenstoff-Fasern, Glaskohlenstoff, Ruß, Aerographit und nicht-graphitischer Kohlenstoff. Vor allem Graphit, Carbon-Nanotubes und Fullerene werden als relativ vielversprechend angesehen.Various materials can be used as the carbon-based heating conductor material, in particular carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, amorphous carbon or graphene in addition to the graphite mentioned at the beginning. Other possible carbon-based materials for the heating conductor material are carbon fibers, glassy carbon, soot, Aerographite and non-graphitic carbon. Above all, graphite, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes are seen as relatively promising.
In vorteilhafter weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist das Heizleitermaterial frei von Edelmetall bzw. weist kein teures Edelmetall auf. Neben dadurch möglichen Kosteneinsparungen kann ein weiterer großer Vorteil realisiert werden, dass nämlich ein solches Heizleiter aus diesem kohlenstoffbasierten Heizleitermaterial bei deutlich geringeren Temperaturen als üblich hergestellt werden kann. Üblicherweise wird das Heizleitermaterial für derartige Heizleiter, auch aus dem Stand der Technik mit Edelmetall, in Form einer Paste aufgebracht, wobei diese Paste je nach Aufbringungsart mal dickflüssiger und mal dünnflüssiger sein kann. Hier kann eine Sol-Gel-Paste oder ein Sol-Gel-System verwendet werden, die das Widerstandsmaterial enthalten, also beispielsweise das Graphit, und für das jeweilige Auftragverfahren geeignet sind. Es sollte mindestens so viel Kohlenstoff in der Paste bzw. dem System enthalten sein, dass dann nach dem Verarbeiten als Heizleiter durch Trocknen und Einbrennen dieser zu mindestens 50% aus Kohlenstoff besteht, vorteilhaft sogar noch mehr, beispielsweise 80% bis 90%. Somit wird eine hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit als Flächenwiderstand erreicht. Ein Flächenwiderstand des Heizleitermaterials kann zwischen 20 Ω/□ bis 400 Ω/□ betragen, vorzugsweise 30 Ω/□ bis 250 Ω/□. Derartige Heizleitermaterialien und Sol-Gel-Pasten oder Sol-Gel-Systeme sind allgemein bekannt. Ein Flächenwiderstand eines Heizleitermaterials, das Edelmetall enthält, liegt üblicherweise im Bereich von unter 1 Ω/□, ist also erheblich geringer.In an advantageous further embodiment of the invention, the heating conductor material is free of precious metal or does not contain any expensive precious metal. In addition to the cost savings possible as a result, a further great advantage can be realized, namely that such a heating conductor can be produced from this carbon-based heating conductor material at significantly lower temperatures than usual. Usually, the heating conductor material for such heating conductors, also from the prior art with noble metal, is applied in the form of a paste, this paste being sometimes thicker and sometimes thinner, depending on the type of application. Here, a sol-gel paste or a sol-gel system can be used that contain the resistor material, for example graphite, and are suitable for the respective application process. The paste or the system should contain at least enough carbon that after processing as a heating conductor by drying and baking it consists of at least 50% carbon, advantageously even more, for example 80% to 90%. This achieves a high level of electrical conductivity as a sheet resistance. A sheet resistance of the heating conductor material can be between 20 Ω / □ to 400 Ω / □, preferably 30 Ω / □ to 250 Ω / □. Such heat conductor materials and sol-gel pastes or sol-gel systems are generally known. A sheet resistance of a heating conductor material that contains noble metal is usually in the range of less than 1 Ω / □, so it is considerably lower.
Der weitere Vorteil ist der, dass die Temperaturen zum Einbrennen des Heizleitermaterials viel niedriger sind als für Heizleitermaterial mit Edelmetall. Für Heizleitermaterial mit Edelmetall betragen sie etwa 800°C, für das hier verwendete kohlenstoffbasierte Heizleitermaterial betragen sie etwa 400°C. Dies ermöglicht zum Einen eine große Energieeinsparung, weil das Einbrennen bekanntermaßen lange dauert, in der Regel im Bereich einer Stunde. Zum Anderen ist die thermische und letztlich auch die mechanische Belastung der Heizeinrichtung geringer, insbesondere des Trägers. Somit können evtl. einfachere Isolierschichten verwendet werden oder andere Materialien mit geringeren Anforderungen an Temperaturfestigkeit.Another advantage is that the temperatures for burning in the heating conductor material are much lower than for heating conductor material with noble metal. For heating conductor material with precious metal they are around 800 ° C, for the carbon-based heating conductor material used here they are around 400 ° C. On the one hand, this enables great energy savings because the baking process is known to take a long time, generally in the region of an hour. On the other hand, the thermal and ultimately also the mechanical load on the heating device, in particular on the carrier, is lower. This means that possibly simpler insulating layers or other materials with lower requirements for temperature resistance can be used.
Beim Auftragen des Heizleitermaterials durch Sprühen, Spritzen, Inkjet oder Aufschleudern können Masken, Schablonen odgl. verwendet werden.When applying the heat conductor material by spraying, spraying, inkjet or spin-on masks, stencils or the like. be used.
In einer weiteren möglichen Ausgestaltung der Erfindung kann der Heizleiter insgesamt einen negativen Temperaturkoeffizienten seines Widerstands aufweisen, insbesondere wegen eines Graphitanteils. Dann sinkt der elektrische Widerstand mit der Temperatur und damit steigt die darin umgesetzte Leistung.In a further possible embodiment of the invention, the heating conductor can overall have a negative temperature coefficient of its resistance, in particular because of one Graphite content. Then the electrical resistance decreases with the temperature and thus the power converted in it increases.
Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Zeichnungen schematisch dargestellt und werden im Folgenden näher erläutert. In den Zeichnungen zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine Draufsicht auf eine nicht beanspruchte Heizeinrichtung mit zwei rechteckigen Heizleitern darauf,
- Fig. 2
- eine alternative Heizeinrichtung mit einem quadratischen Träger und acht Heizleitern darauf,
- Fig. 3A
- eine Draufsicht auf einen einzige Heizleiter in rechteckiger Form mit unterschiedlichen Heizleiterdicken und eingezeichnetem Widerstandsverlauf,
- Fig. 3B bis 3D
- drei verschiedene Profile einer Heizleiterdicke,
- Fig. 3E
- eine schematisierte Darstellung von zwei Auftragverfahren für das Heizleitermaterial auf einen Träger,
- Fig. 3F
- zwei schematisierte Verfahren zum Abtragen von Heizleitermaterial für einen unterschiedlichen Verlauf der Heizleiterdicke,
- Fig. 4 und 5
- eine Draufsicht und eine Schrägansicht einer nicht beanspruchten Heizeinrichtung in runder Form mit radial unterschiedlichen Heizleiterdicken und Stromfluss in Umfangsrichtung,
- Fig. 6 und 7
- eine Draufsicht und Schrägansicht auf einen weiteren kreisrunden Heizleiter mit in radialer Richtung unterschiedlichen Heizleiterdicken und radialem Stromfluss,
- Fig. 8 und 9
- eine Abwandlung der Heizeinrichtung aus
Fig. 6 und 7 mit radial verlaufenden Unterbrechungen im Heizleitermaterial und - Fig. 10
und 11 - eine Abwandlung der Heizeinrichtung aus
Fig. 4 und 5 mit in Umfangsrichtung verlaufenden Unterbrechungen zwischen Heizleiterbahnen.
- Fig. 1
- a top view of a heating device not claimed with two rectangular heating conductors on it,
- Fig. 2
- an alternative heating device with a square support and eight heating conductors on it,
- Figure 3A
- a top view of a single heating conductor in a rectangular shape with different heating conductor thicknesses and drawn resistance curve,
- Figures 3B to 3D
- three different profiles of a heating conductor thickness,
- Figure 3E
- a schematic representation of two application methods for the heating conductor material on a carrier,
- Figure 3F
- two schematized processes for the removal of heating conductor material for a different course of the heating conductor thickness,
- Figures 4 and 5
- a top view and an oblique view of a non-claimed heating device in a round shape with radially different heating conductor thicknesses and current flow in the circumferential direction,
- Figures 6 and 7
- a top view and oblique view of a further circular heating conductor with different heating conductor thicknesses in the radial direction and radial current flow,
- Figures 8 and 9
- a modification of the heating device
Figures 6 and 7 with radial interruptions in the heating conductor material and - Figures 10 and 11
- a modification of the heating device
Figures 4 and 5 with interruptions running in the circumferential direction between heating conductor tracks.
In der
Links ist auf dem Träger 12 eine Anschlusseinrichtung 15 in Form eines Steckers angebracht. Von dieser gehen Zuleitungen 16a und 16b ab, welche in Anschlüsse 18 münden. Dies sind ganz rechts ein unterer Anschluss 18a und ein gegenüberliegender Anschluss 18a', wobei dieser obere Anschluss 18a' direkt in einen weiteren oberen Anschluss 18b übergeht. Dem gegenüber liegt im unteren Bereich ein Anschluss 18b', der dann eben in die Zuleitung 16b übergeht an die Anschlusseinrichtung 15.A
Es sind zwei Heizleiter 20a und 20b vorgesehen, die in überlappender Weise auf die Anschlüsse 18 aufgebracht sind, wie dies für Schichtheizleiter bzw. Dickschichtheizleiter bekannt ist. Beide Heizleiter 20a und 20b sind von der Fläche her gleich groß und im Wesentlichen auch gleich bzw. identisch ausgebildet. Wie zu erkennen ist, ist ihre Breite etwa viermal so groß wie ihre Länge, sie sind also sehr kurz. Die beiden Heizleiter 20a und 20b sind seriell miteinander verschaltet. Ihr seitlicher Abstand ist sehr gering und beträgt wenige mm.Two
Die Heizleiter 20 sind aus dem erfindungsgemäßen Heizleitermaterial gebildet, welches Kohlenstoff-basiert ist bzw. welches im einsatzfähigen Zustand mindestens 50%, evtl. sogar 80% bis 90%, Kohlenstoff enthält. Beispielsweise kann dies in einem einfachen Fall Graphit sein, alternativ oder zusätzlich auch Graphen oder Carbon-Nanotubes. Ein möglicher negativer Temperaturkoeffizient des elektrischen Widerstands des Kohlenstoff-basierten Materials, insbesondere von Graphit, kann wie eingangs erläutert genutzt werden, um in potentiell kühleren Bereichen vorzusehen, dass der Widerstand mit der Temperatur sinkt bzw. eine höhere Leistung umgesetzt wird. Gleichzeitig sind dann Maßnahmen erforderlich, um eine zu starke Erhitzung zu vermeiden. Vorteilhaft werden hierzu diskrete Temperatursensoren oder eine flächige Temperaturüberwachung eingesetzt, welche aus dem Stand der Technik ausreichend bekannt sind, hier aber nicht dargestellt sind.The heating conductors 20 are formed from the heating conductor material according to the invention which is carbon-based or which contains at least 50%, possibly even 80% to 90%, carbon in the operational state. For example, in a simple case this can be graphite alternatively or additionally graphene or carbon nanotubes. A possible negative temperature coefficient of the electrical resistance of the carbon-based material, in particular of graphite, can be used, as explained at the beginning, in order to provide in potentially cooler areas that the resistance decreases with the temperature or a higher power is implemented. At the same time, measures are then required to avoid excessive heating. For this purpose, discrete temperature sensors or a flat temperature monitoring system are advantageously used, which are sufficiently known from the prior art, but are not shown here.
Bei dem in der
In der
Sämtliche Heizleiter 120 sind identisch ausgebildet und im Wesentlichen quadratisch. Die jeweils parallel geschalteten und direkt nebeneinanderliegenden Paare von Heizleitern 120 könnten auch die sie trennende dünne Lücke überdecken und somit ein einziges Heizleiter sein. Erreicht wird mit dieser Konfiguration eine Reihenschaltung von zwei Vierergruppen von Heizleitern, wobei jede Vierergruppe in sich parallel geschaltet ist. Dies ist durch den Verlauf der Anschlüsse 118 zu erkennen. Auch vom Material und vom Auftragverfahren her können die Heizleiter 120 denjenigen der
In der
Durch die unterschiedlichen Heizleiterdicken der Dickenbereiche D1 bis D4 werden unterschiedliche Leistungsdichten und somit eine sozusagen gestaltbare Temperaturverteilung möglich. Durch die größere Dicke im Mittelbereich des Heizleiters 220 wird hier die Heizleistung etwas reduziert, was von Vorteil ist für eine gleichmäßige Temperaturverteilung, da üblicherweise in einem Mittelbereich eines flächigen Heizleiters die höchste Temperatur herrscht.Due to the different heating conductor thicknesses of the thickness ranges D1 to D4, different power densities and thus a, so to speak, configurable temperature distribution are possible. Due to the greater thickness in the central area of the
In grober Näherung kann man sich für den Stromfluss zwischen den Anschlüssen 218a und 218a' eine Reihenschaltung von Teilwiderständen entsprechend jedem Dickenbereich vorstellen, was in der Mitte dargestellt ist. Der hier in der Mitte verlaufende Stromfluss durchläuft sozusagen die sieben Teilwiderstände, wobei der Teilwiderstand im Dickenbereich D4 aufgrund der größten Heizleiterdicke den geringsten Widerstandswert hat. Der Teilwiderstand in dem Dickenbereich D1 ist jeweils am größten.As a rough approximation, a series connection of partial resistances corresponding to each thickness range can be used for the current flow between the
Etwas rechts daneben ist für einen weiteren Stromfluss dargestellt, wie hier sozusagen durch die an sich gleiche Größenverteilung der Widerstandswerte der Teilwiderstände der Stromfluss nicht mehr direkt vom Anschluss 218a zum Anschluss 218a' fließt, also nicht mehr den kürzesten Weg wählt, sondern sozusagen zum Mittenbereich hin gebogen oder ausgebeult ist. Dies ist dadurch begründet, dass der Strom zwar einen insgesamt etwas längeren Weg wählt, um durch den Dickenbereich D4 zu fließen, dort aber einen die etwas größere Länge ausgleichenden geringeren Widerstand vorfindet. Somit kommt es hier zu einer Art Stromumleitung.A little to the right of it is shown for a further current flow how here, due to the basically identical size distribution of the resistance values of the partial resistances, the current flow no longer flows directly from
In der
In der
In der
In der
Rechts in der
An das Auftragverfahren anschließend kommt ein Einbrennen. Der fertige Heizleiter enthält Kohlenstoff mit hohem Anteil, beispielsweise mindestens 50% oder sogar 80% bis 90%.The application process is followed by baking. The finished heating conductor contains a high proportion of carbon, for example at least 50% or even 80% to 90%.
In der
Rechts in der
Für die Abtragverfahren gilt grundsätzlich, dass sie sowohl vor einem Aushärten des Heizleitermaterials als auch hinterher durchgeführt werden können. Ein Schleifverfahren, wie links in der
Ein in
Wie eingangs angesprochen kann durch ein solches Abtragverfahren auch ein Abgleich des Heizleiters im elektrischen Sinne erfolgen, also auf einen exakten Widerstandswert. Auch dafür sollte der Heizleiter fertig ausgehärtet sein. Durch ein flächiges Abtragverfahren gemäß einem Aspekt der Erfindung kann in diesem Bereich die Heizfunktion des Heizleiters erhalten werden, die erzeugte Temperatur wird nur unter Umständen etwas verändert.As mentioned at the beginning, such a removal method can also be used to calibrate the heating conductor in the electrical sense, that is to say to an exact resistance value. The heating conductor should also be fully cured for this. By means of a planar removal method according to one aspect of the invention, the heating function of the heating conductor can be maintained in this area, the temperature generated is only slightly changed under certain circumstances.
In der
Durch einen freien Mittelbereich der Heizeinrichtung 311 wird hier eine etwas geringere Temperatur erreicht. Um dies auszugleichen, kann im Dickenbereich D1 eine etwas höhere Temperatur erzielt werden bzw. eine etwas höhere Flächenheizleistung erzeugt werden. Dies kann durch die Heizleiterdicke im Dickenbereich D1 eingestellt werden.A slightly lower temperature is achieved here due to a free central area of the
In den
In den
Auf den Träger 512 und an die Anschlüsse 518a und 518a' ist ein Heizleiter 520 aufgebracht, der ähnlich wie bei der
Durch einen hier vorgesehenen radialen Stromfluss ist die Länge des Stromflusses geringer als bei der Heizeinrichtung der
In dem Ausführungsbeispiel einer Heizeinrichtung 611 entsprechend der
Claims (13)
- Heating device (611) with a support (612) and with at least one sheet-like electrical heating conductor (620) arranged on said support, wherein the heating conductor runs between a first terminal (618a) and a second terminal (618a'), wherein the at least one heating conductor (620) comprises carbon-based material as heating conductor material, characterized in that- the at least one heating conductor (620) is formed in plan view as a portion of a circular ring,- the first terminal (618a) and the second terminal (618a') extend essentially in a circumferential direction, wherein one terminal (618a) extends on an inside and one terminal (618a') extends on an outside,- the heating conductor thickness varies along a current flow or current path between the two terminals (618a, 618a').
- Heating device according to claim 1, characterized in that, in a course of a shortest path between the first terminal (618a) and the second terminal (618a'), the shortest path running through the heating conductor (620), no surface interruption of the heating conductor or no incision is provided in the shortest path.
- Heating device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the heating conductor thickness between the electrical terminals (618a, 618a') varies by a factor of 0.01 to 20, wherein in particular a width of the heating conductor (620) between the terminals (618a) varies at least partially.
- Heating device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the one terminal (618a) runs concentrically in relation to the other terminal (618a'), wherein in particular the current flow between the two terminals (618a, 618a') is running in a radial direction.
- Heating device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating conductor thickness along a current flow or current path between the two terminals (618a, 618a') increases monotonically or decreases monotonically.
- Heating device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that a variation of the heating conductor thickness takes place in jumps or in steps.
- Heating device according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a variation of the heating conductor thickness takes place strictly monotonically, in particular without jumps, and preferably in a uniform manner.
- Heating device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating conductor (620) is produced by applying layers, in particular more layers are applied with increased heating conductor thickness, wherein the layers each are equal in thickness, and wherein in regions (D2, D3) of increased heating conductor thickness more layers are applied than in regions (D1) of reduced heating conductor thickness.
- Heating device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that different heating conductor thicknesses (D1, D2) have been achieved by removing heating conductor material, in particular with a removal distributed over a surface area, the removal differing and/or being uniform.
- Heating device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one heating conductor (620) comprises graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, amorphous carbon or graphene as carbon-based heating conductor material, wherein preferably a sheet resistance of said heating conductor material is 20 Ω/□ to 400 Ω/□, preferably 30 Ω/□ to 250 Ω/□.
- Heating device according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating conductor material is free from noble metal, wherein in particular a sheet resistance of said heating conductor material is 20 Ω/□ to 400 Ω/□, preferably 30 Ω/□ to 250 Ω/□.
- Method for producing a heating device according to claim 3, characterized in that the heating conductor (620) is produced on the support (612) in a multi-stage layered structure, with an application of one layer of heating conductor material on the other for the different or varying heating conductor thicknesses, wherein an application process is selected from one of the following groups: printing, spraying, injecting, inkjet, spin coating and screen printing processes.
- Method for producing a heating device according to claim 3, characterized in that heating conductor material of the finished heating conductor (620) is removed or taken away in certain regions, in order to achieve different or varying heating conductor thicknesses, preferably using a process from the group: grinding-away, scraping-away, laser-blasting, sand-blasting and blasting-away processes, wherein in particular for an adjustment of said heating conductor (620) to an exact resistance value, said heating conductor material is taken away or removed in certain regions, wherein preferably said heating conductor material is taken away or removed during a resistance measurement.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL16203541T PL3182794T3 (en) | 2015-12-18 | 2016-12-12 | Heating device with a carrier and method of making it |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102015226053 | 2015-12-18 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3182794A1 EP3182794A1 (en) | 2017-06-21 |
EP3182794B1 true EP3182794B1 (en) | 2020-12-09 |
Family
ID=57629254
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP16203541.4A Active EP3182794B1 (en) | 2015-12-18 | 2016-12-12 | Heating device with a carrier and method of making it |
EP17167149.8A Withdrawn EP3250003A1 (en) | 2015-12-18 | 2017-04-19 | Heating device |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP17167149.8A Withdrawn EP3250003A1 (en) | 2015-12-18 | 2017-04-19 | Heating device |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20170181226A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP3182794B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP6800731B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20170132695A (en) |
CN (3) | CN107205288B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102016209012A1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL3182794T3 (en) |
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DE102016211081A1 (en) | 2016-06-21 | 2017-12-21 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | Method for producing a heating device and heating device |
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US11274853B2 (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2022-03-15 | Goodrich Corporation | Additively manufactured heaters for water system components |
CN111050435A (en) * | 2020-01-13 | 2020-04-21 | 华智算(广州)科技有限公司 | Resistance controllable heating plate along length direction and preparation process thereof |
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DE102020207784A1 (en) | 2020-06-23 | 2021-12-23 | E.G.O. Elektro-Gerätebau GmbH | Heating device with a temperature measuring device and method for temperature measurement on the heating device and for production |
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- 2016-12-12 PL PL16203541T patent/PL3182794T3/en unknown
- 2016-12-16 CN CN201611273137.XA patent/CN107205288B/en active Active
- 2016-12-16 US US15/381,763 patent/US20170181226A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-12-19 JP JP2016244979A patent/JP6800731B2/en active Active
-
2017
- 2017-04-19 EP EP17167149.8A patent/EP3250003A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2017-05-10 JP JP2017093689A patent/JP2017212206A/en active Pending
- 2017-05-24 CN CN201710373078.1A patent/CN107426835A/en active Pending
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3182794A1 (en) | 2017-06-21 |
DE102016209012A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
JP2017212206A (en) | 2017-11-30 |
JP2017112114A (en) | 2017-06-22 |
PL3182794T3 (en) | 2021-05-17 |
CN107205288A (en) | 2017-09-26 |
CN114679802A (en) | 2022-06-28 |
KR20170132695A (en) | 2017-12-04 |
CN107205288B (en) | 2022-10-28 |
CN107426835A (en) | 2017-12-01 |
US20170181226A1 (en) | 2017-06-22 |
EP3250003A1 (en) | 2017-11-29 |
JP6800731B2 (en) | 2020-12-16 |
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