EP3146155B1 - Construction element for creating a tunnel, tunnel comprising such an element and methods for constructing such an element and such a tunnel - Google Patents

Construction element for creating a tunnel, tunnel comprising such an element and methods for constructing such an element and such a tunnel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3146155B1
EP3146155B1 EP15732774.3A EP15732774A EP3146155B1 EP 3146155 B1 EP3146155 B1 EP 3146155B1 EP 15732774 A EP15732774 A EP 15732774A EP 3146155 B1 EP3146155 B1 EP 3146155B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
tunnel
devices
construction element
solid body
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EP15732774.3A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3146155A2 (en
Inventor
Jean Simon
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Agence Nationale Pour La Gestion Des Dechets Radio
CONSTRUCTIONS MECANIQUES CONSULTANTS
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Constructions Mecaniques Consultants
Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Dechets Radioactifs ANDRA
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Publication of EP3146155A2 publication Critical patent/EP3146155A2/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/08—Lining with building materials with preformed concrete slabs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
    • E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
    • E21D11/05—Lining with building materials using compressible insertions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the construction of tunnels, in particular underground tunnels, and the construction elements of such tunnels.
  • a cavity is generally dug underground, then a tunnel is formed in this cavity using segments.
  • the segments correspond to constituent elements of an annular section of the tunnel, once assembled together.
  • each precast concrete segment Before being used to build the tunnel, each precast concrete segment has a layer of compressible material, such as polyethylene foam, glued to the outer surface of the segment. But the foam is not stable and can disintegrate over time, causing a loss of its mechanical properties of compression and deformation. In addition, such foam made of synthetic material can be polluting.
  • the documents US 4,363,565 And EN 2988770 disclose construction elements for the realization of a tunnel having damping systems of the prior art.
  • An object of the invention consists in overcoming the drawbacks cited above and in particular in providing a means that is easy to produce and to implement for damping the convergence of a terrain exerted on a tunnel.
  • a construction element for making a tunnel comprising a first incompressible layer of concrete and a second compressible layer integral with the first layer to form a one-piece prefabricated construction element configured to be integrated into a section of the tunnel.
  • the second layer includes a plurality of devices each having a solid body incorporating an empty space.
  • a prefabricated building element suitable for making a section of a tunnel is provided.
  • Such a one-piece construction element is easy to handle and its manufacture can be controlled so as to obtain a homogeneous tunnel section, in order to control the behavior of the tunnel faced with the convergence of the terrain.
  • the device voids determine the compressibility of the second layer. In other words, the empty spaces allow the terrain to converge and relieve the stresses exerted on the first layer.
  • the second layer may include devices each provided with a through hole.
  • the second layer can also include devices whose solid body delimits at least one closed cavity.
  • the solid body of the devices can be made of ceramic.
  • the solid body of the devices, according to the invention is coated with an adhesive film to secure the devices to the first layer.
  • the adhesive film can be made from a mortar.
  • the construction element may further comprise a third protective layer located on the second layer.
  • a third protective layer located on the second layer.
  • the second layer is protected in order to preserve its integrity, for example during transport of the construction element before it is placed in a section of the tunnel.
  • a tunnel is proposed located inside a cavity dug in the ground, at least one section of the tunnel being made from at least one two-layer construction element as defined below.
  • Each two-layer construction element may include a third layer of protection located on the second layer, and the tunnel may include an infill product occupying a delimited free space between the third layer of protection and the ground.
  • the second layer is produced from a plurality of devices each having a solid body integrating an empty space.
  • the second layer may include devices each provided with a through hole and/or devices whose solid body delimits at least one closed cavity.
  • the method can also comprise a protection step in which a third protective layer is placed on the second layer.
  • Each two-layer construction element can comprise a third protective layer located on the second layer, and a free space delimited between the third protective layer and the ground can be filled with the aid of a filling product.
  • the present invention provides particular advantages in the field of tunnels, it is also applicable to any system which is made in an underground cavity and which is configured to resist the convergence of the ground, for example receptacles or partially or totally buried tanks.
  • a tunnel 1 made in a cavity 2 dug in a ground 3, in other words an underground tunnel.
  • the tunnel 1 can be open and have an inverted U shape, it can also be closed and have an ovoid shape, or any other shape.
  • the tunnel 1 has an overall tubular shape.
  • the tunnel 1 comprises sections 4 located within the cavity 2. At least one section 4, and preferably each section 4, is made from construction elements 5 assembled together. At least one construction element 5 comprises a first incompressible layer 6 of concrete.
  • the first layer 6 has the shape of a curved hexahedron.
  • the construction element 5 comprises a second compressible layer 7 integral with the first layer 6 to form a prefabricated construction element 5 of the one-piece type.
  • the construction element 5 is prefabricated, that is to say it is produced before the construction of the tunnel 1.
  • the construction element 5 is produced beforehand, then several construction elements are assembled. construction 5 between them so as to produce a section 4 of the tunnel 1.
  • the construction element 5 incorporates previously a compressible layer 7, and therefore has an integrated damping mechanical property.
  • one-piece element means a movable element which retains its physical integrity and its mechanical properties during transport, for example when the element is moved from its manufacturing area to the location of section 4 of the tunnel. 1 where it is placed.
  • the construction element 5 is configured to be integrated into a section 4 of the tunnel 1, and in particular into a section 4 which is in progress.
  • the second layer 7 includes several devices 8, as illustrated in figure 2 And 8 , each having a solid body 9 integrating an empty space 10.
  • empty space integrated in a body is meant a closed or open cavity delimited by the body of the device.
  • the second layer 7 is compressible, that is to say it can deform during the convergence of the terrain 3.
  • the devices 8 have a deformable solid body 9. That is to say that the devices can deform, by breaking or bending, thanks in particular to their empty space 10, to allow the deformation of the second layer 7.
  • the second layer 7 comprises interstices 7a, that is to say empty spaces, located between the devices 8.
  • a compressible layer 7 having a residual volume, constituted by the sum of the empty spaces of each of the devices 8 and of the interstices 7a, which offers a damping property of the convergence of terrain 3.
  • terrain 3 exerts an initial convergence pressure on tunnel 1. Due to the movements of terrain 3, it will tend to converge towards the inside of the cavity 2.
  • the deformation of the devices 8 will allow a progressive approach of the ground 3 towards the inside of the tunnel 1, until the ground 3 occupies a state of equilibrium. In the equilibrium state, the convergence pressure is lower than the initial pressure.
  • the second compressible layer 7 therefore makes it possible to dampen the convergence of the ground up to a state of equilibrium for which the convergence pressure is supported by the construction element 5, that is to say that the first incompressible layer 6 does not break under convergence pressure at equilibrium.
  • devices 8 can be made of ceramic.
  • the ceramic offers good resistance while being breakable to effectively dampen the convergence of the terrain 3.
  • the bodies 9 of the devices 8 break, the terrain 3 can converge towards the interior of the tunnel 1.
  • the devices 8 can also be made of glass, cement, or mortar which are, like ceramics, materials that can be broken under the effect of the convergence of the ground 3.
  • the devices 8 can be made of metal, or plastic material, deformable .
  • the devices 8 When the devices 8 have a deformable body, they also make it possible to damp the convergence of the terrain.
  • devices 8, of the second compressible layer 7 each comprise a body 9 provided with a through hole 10 (illustrated later in figures 4 to 7 ).
  • the construction element 5 integrated in a section of a tunnel.
  • the prefabricated construction element 5 is in one piece and comprises the first layer 6 of concrete and the second compressible layer 7 formed by the devices 8.
  • the construction element 5 forms a segment with a compressible part 7 configured to produce an annular section of the tunnel 1.
  • the thickness E of the second layer 7 is chosen according to the damping of the convergence of the terrain 3 that one wishes to obtain.
  • the thickness E is chosen according to the displacement of the ground 3, relative to its initial position, which can be supported by the construction element 5.
  • the ground 3 In the initial position, the ground 3 is at an initial distance Gi of the outer surface of the first layer 6.
  • the initial distance Gi corresponds to the sum between the initial thickness E of the second layer 7, the thickness of the third protective layer 12, and the thickness of the free space F
  • the thickness E also depends on the compressibility of the devices 8.
  • the devices 8 are coated with an adhesive film 11 to secure them to the first layer 6.
  • the adhesive layer 11 makes it possible to secure the devices 8 between them and to the first layer of concrete 6.
  • the construction element 5 is in one piece and it is movable to be integrated into the section of the tunnel during its formation.
  • the adhesive film 11 preferably comprises mortar which adheres effectively to the first layer of concrete 6.
  • the mortar comprises, for its part, cement, sand and water.
  • the mortar is hardenable and hardens to bond the devices 8 together and allow the devices to adhere to the first layer 6.
  • the adhesive film 11 coats the external surface of the device 8, without obstructing the through-hole 10.
  • Other adhesive elements can be used to coat the devices 8, for example an epoxy resin-based glue, etc. .
  • the construction element 5 can comprise a third protective layer 12 located on the second layer 7. More particularly, the third protective layer 12 is a thin layer compared to the first and second layers 6, 7. , the third protective layer 12 is bonded to the second layer 7 to make it mechanically integral with the second layer 7.
  • the third protective layer 12 protects the second layer 7 from shocks, for example during handling of the element of construction 5, in order to prevent the bodies 9 of the devices 8 from breaking, in particular those located on the periphery of the construction element 5.
  • a free space F is generally created between the internal surface of the cavity and the external surface of the tunnel section, i.e. the external surface of the building element 5.
  • the external surface of the section corresponds to the external surface of the second layer 7, as illustrated in the figure 8 .
  • the construction element 5 comprises a third protective layer 12, the external surface is that of the third protective layer 12, as illustrated in the figure 2 .
  • a filling product 23, such as mortar or gravel is injected to fill this free space F.
  • the second layer 7 comprises devices 8 with a through hole 10
  • a third protective layer 12 which is also impermeable to the filling product 23 used to fill the free space F.
  • the third protective layer 12 makes it possible, in particular, to prevent the through holes 10 of the first layers of devices 8 are filled with the filler 23.
  • the third protective layer 12 prevents mortar or gravel from penetrating the through-holes 10, which would reduce the damping properties of the building elements 5.
  • the third layer protection 12 makes it possible to isolate the second compressible layer 7 from the filling product 23.
  • the third protective layer 12 thus preserves the residual volume before deformation of the second layer 7, which guarantees the damping of the convergence of the terrain 3.
  • the third protective layer 12 can be made of plastic or be made of mortar.
  • the second compressible layer 7 When terrain 3 converges, as shown in the picture 3 , the second compressible layer 7 is deformed and allows the ground 3 to move towards the center of the tunnel.
  • the ground 3 can break or deform the devices 8, until reaching a state of equilibrium in which the ground 3 is at an equilibrium distance Ge from the external surface of the first layer 6.
  • the equilibrium distance Ge is less than the initial distance Gi.
  • the breaking strength of the devices 8 is lower than the convergence pressure of the terrain so as to allow the crushing of the devices 8.
  • the reference 8a represents broken devices.
  • the devices 8 may comprise, all or some of them, a state in which they are broken. This makes it possible to absorb the displacements of the terrain 3 without damaging the tunnel.
  • each device 8 in the form of tube has a height H, an outside diameter d 1 and an inside diameter d 2 .
  • the height H is equal to the outside diameter d 1 , in order, in particular, to obtain a second layer 7 having a substantially constant thickness E.
  • Device 8 is also coated with an adhesive film 11a which surrounds the outer surface of device 8.
  • an adhesive film 11b can be deposited on the internal wall of through-hole 10 without obstructing it. Indeed, it is possible, for example, to pour the devices 8 into mortar and use a sieve to remove the excess mortar.
  • a film of mortar 11a coats the external surface of the devices and another film of mortar 11b adheres to the internal wall of the through-hole 10 without obstructing it.
  • the through hole 10 of the devices 8 is isolated, and the external surface of the devices 8 is coated with an adhesive layer 11. In this case, as illustrated in picture 2 , the inner wall is not coated with an adhesive layer, which guarantees to obtain a larger empty space within the devices.
  • FIG. 6 there is shown another embodiment of a device 8 with a through hole 10 having the shape of a ring.
  • the ring may be toric and may have a circular section as illustrated in figure 6 .
  • a ring can have a torus diameter d s and an inside diameter d i .
  • the adhesive film 11 surrounds the outer surface of the body 9 of the device 8, partly penetrating into the through hole 10, without obstructing it.
  • the devices (tubes or rings) arranged within the second layer 7 are all substantially identical in order to obtain a homogeneous second layer 7 . In other words, they cannot nest inside each other.
  • the second layer 7 preferably comprises devices 8 having a generally tubular shape because they are easier to produce than devices 8 of generally annular shape.
  • devices 8 each comprise a solid body 9 delimiting at least one closed cavity (illustrated later in figures 9 to 11 ).
  • the construction element 5 is in one piece and comprises the first concrete layer 6 and the second compressible layer 7 formed by the devices 8.
  • the body 9 of the devices 8 delimiting one or more closed cavities, prevents mortar or gravel injected into the free space F from penetrating into these cavities.
  • the construction element 5 can, however, comprise devices having a body delimiting one or more closed cavities and a third protective layer 12 to protect the second layer 7 during the movement of the element 5, in order, in particular, to avoid breaking the devices 8 during transport.
  • the third protective layer 12 guarantees a tightness to the second layer 7, by preventing the filling product 23 from filling the interstices 7a.
  • THE figures 9 to 11 illustrate an embodiment of a device 8 whose body 9 delimits at least one closed cavity 10.
  • the device 8 has a solid body 9 made of ceramic. Ceramic is suitable for making these devices 8, because it is malleable before a firing step so as to be able to form the closed cavity 10 within the device 8, and because it becomes solid after firing.
  • closed cavity 10 is meant an empty space enclosed inside the device 8.
  • the solid body 9 of the device 8 is in particular impermeable to liquids, for example to the mortar in the liquid phase before hardening.
  • the body 9 of the device 8 extends along a longitudinal axis A of the device 8 and comprises two closed ends 13, 14. The closed ends 13, 14 can each have a linear shape.
  • the ends 13, 14 are mutually parallel.
  • the ends 13, 14 may be mutually perpendicular.
  • body 9 of device 8 has a cylindrical shape.
  • cylinder is meant here a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface generated by a straight line, denoted generator, traversing a closed plane curve, denoted directrix, and two parallel planes intersecting the generatrices.
  • the body 9 can have the shape of a tube.
  • the device 8 can also comprise several cavities, communicating with each other or not.
  • the closed cavities 10 of the devices 8 prevent them from fitting into each other, whatever their size and shape.
  • the construction element 5 comprises a second compressible layer 7 which can comprise both devices 8 each provided with a through hole 10, and devices 8 whose solid body 9 delimits at least one closed cavity 10 .
  • the solid body 9 of the devices 8 are each provided with a through hole and/or the body of which delimits at least one closed cavity.
  • an open and curved parallelepipedal formwork 30 is used, to produce a shape of segment, as illustrated in the figure 12 .
  • the formwork is open and not curved to produce tunnel sections of various shapes, for example U-shaped or ovoid.
  • liquid concrete 31 is poured into the formwork 30, as illustrated in figure 13 .
  • metal bars to the liquid concrete 31 to obtain a first incompressible layer of reinforced concrete.
  • a first template 32 is used, which is placed on the surface of the concrete 31 and which is moved along the surface in order to form a curved outer surface.
  • the concrete 31 is allowed to set, either completely and in this case the concrete has fully hardened, or partially and in this case the concrete has not completely hardened but has hardened sufficiently on the surface to retain the curvature given by the first template 32. Then the first template 32 is removed, and a first layer 6 is thus obtained, the base and the outer surface of which are curved, as illustrated in the figure 14 .
  • the solid bodies 9 of the devices 8 have been coated beforehand with the adhesive film 11.
  • formwork elements 33 are fixed on the edges of the formwork 30 to raise the formwork 30 and to be able to form the second layer 7, as illustrated in there figure 15 .
  • the coated devices 34 are poured into the formwork 30, and more particularly onto the outer surface of the first layer 6.
  • the concrete of the first layer does not has not completely hardened.
  • an adhesive layer 11 made of mortar is used which will adhere to the outer surface of the first layer 6 which has not yet completely hardened.
  • an adhesive layer 11 made from an adhesive for example an adhesive based on epoxy resin which adheres with a hard concrete surface.
  • the adhesive film 11 comprises a mortar
  • the devices 34 coated with the mortar are poured onto the first layer 6 before the mortar hardens. Then we allows the mortar to harden to secure the second compressible layer 7 to the first layer 6.
  • a second template 35 is used, which is placed and moved on the surface of the coated devices 34 in order to form a curved outer surface on the second layer 7, as shown in the figure 15 .
  • the adhesive layer 11 is allowed to adhere so that the devices are linked together and to make the second layer 7 integral with the first layer 6.
  • the second template 35 is removed and a prefabricated one-piece element 5 is obtained surrounded by the formwork 30, illustrated at figure 16 .
  • a third protective layer by pouring mortar 36 on the second layer 7 and moving a third template 37 to curve the outer surface of the third layer.
  • the formwork 30 and the formwork elements 33, and if necessary the third template 37 are removed to obtain the one-piece prefabricated construction element 5, as illustrated in figure 18 .
  • a tunnel boring machine 15 digs the cavity 2 in the terrain 3 along the direction F1.
  • the front of the tunnel boring machine 20 is equipped with means 21 ensuring the cutting of the rock from the terrain 3 and includes means for extracting the rock, not shown for the purposes of simplification.
  • a part of the tunnel boring machine 15 ensures the positioning of the construction elements 5 as the tunnel boring machine 15 advances in the direction F1.
  • the tunnel boring machine 15 comprises injection means 22 for injecting a filling product 23, for example mortar or gravel, to fill the free space F delimited between the construction elements 5 and the internal wall of the cavity. 2 formed by the advancement of the tunnel boring machine 15.
  • the arrow, indicated by the reference F2 illustrates the path taken by the filling product 23 during its injection.
  • the injection of the filling product 23 makes it possible to form a filling layer to occupy the free space F between the construction elements 5 and the terrain 3.
  • a free space F delimited between the external wall of the tunnel 1 and the internal wall of the cavity 2 is kept, to place the construction elements in order to form the section 4 of tunnel 1. Then the free space F is filled with the filling product 23.
  • the construction element which has just been described makes it possible to facilitate the construction of a tunnel while guaranteeing damping of the convergence of the ground in which the tunnel is located. In addition, it offers better control of the tunnel construction process.
  • Such a construction element makes it possible to reduce the thickness of a conventional segment, which greatly reduces the quantity of concrete necessary to make the tunnel.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)

Description

Domaine technique de l'inventionTechnical field of the invention

L'invention concerne la réalisation de tunnels, en particulier de tunnels souterrains, et les éléments de construction de tels tunnels.The invention relates to the construction of tunnels, in particular underground tunnels, and the construction elements of such tunnels.

État de la techniqueState of the art

Dans le domaine des tunnels, une cavité est, en général, creusée sous terre, puis un tunnel est formé dans cette cavité en utilisant des voussoirs. Les voussoirs correspondent à des éléments constitutifs d'une section annulaire du tunnel, une fois assemblés entre eux. Lorsqu'on creuse la cavité dans le terrain, on modifie l'équilibre du terrain et celui-ci exerce des poussées plus ou moins intenses qui tendent à fermer la cavité ainsi créée, on appelle ce phénomène « la convergence du terrain ».In the field of tunnels, a cavity is generally dug underground, then a tunnel is formed in this cavity using segments. The segments correspond to constituent elements of an annular section of the tunnel, once assembled together. When the cavity is dug in the ground, the balance of the ground is modified and it exerts more or less intense thrusts which tend to close the cavity thus created, this phenomenon is called "ground convergence".

On peut citer la demande de brevet français FR1200989 , qui divulgue un système d'amortissement de la convergence d'un terrain comprenant un revêtement recouvrant une paroi externe d'un tunnel et qui comprend des dispositifs munis chacun d'un trou débouchant. Ces dispositifs à trou débouchant créent un espace libre au sein du revêtement, noté volume résiduel, qui participe, notamment, à l'amortissement de la convergence du terrain. En particulier, la poussée du terrain a tendance à occuper le volume résiduel, c'est-à-dire le volume laissé inoccupé par les dispositifs, ce qui permet d'amortir la poussée. Mais pour réaliser le revêtement, on doit injecter les dispositifs dans un espace délimité entre la paroi externe du tunnel et la paroi interne du terrain. Cependant, lors de la construction du tunnel, des éléments du terrain peuvent s'agglutiner dans l'espace délimité et faire obstacle à l'injection des dispositifs, ce qui peut empêcher de disposer les dispositifs de façon homogène autour de la paroi externe du tunnel.We can cite the request of French patent FR1200989 , which discloses a terrain convergence damping system comprising a liner covering an outer wall of a tunnel and comprising devices each provided with a through hole. These through-hole devices create a free space within the coating, denoted residual volume, which participates, in particular, in damping the convergence of the ground. In particular, the thrust of the ground tends to occupy the residual volume, that is to say the volume left unoccupied by the devices, which makes it possible to dampen the thrust. But to produce the coating, the devices must be injected into a space delimited between the outer wall of the tunnel and the inner wall of the pitch. However, during the construction of the tunnel, elements of the ground can clump together in the delimited space and obstruct the injection of the devices, which can prevent the devices from being placed in a homogeneous manner around the external wall of the tunnel. .

On peut également citer la demande de brevet britannique GB 2013757 qui divulgue un procédé de réalisation d'un tunnel à partir de voussoirs préfabriqués en béton. Avant d'être utilisé pour la réalisation du tunnel, chaque voussoir préfabriqué en béton comporte une couche d'un matériau compressible, telle une mousse de polyéthylène, collée sur la surface extérieure du voussoir. Mais la mousse n'est pas stable et peut se désagréger dans le temps, entraînant une perte de ses propriétés mécanique de compression et de déformation. En outre, une telle mousse en matière synthétique peut être polluante. Les documents US 4,363,565 et FR 2988770 divulguent des éléments de construction pour la réalisation d'un tunnel possédant des systèmes d'amortissement de l'art antérieur.We can also cite the request for British patent GB 2013757 which discloses a process for making a tunnel from prefabricated concrete segments. Before being used to build the tunnel, each precast concrete segment has a layer of compressible material, such as polyethylene foam, glued to the outer surface of the segment. But the foam is not stable and can disintegrate over time, causing a loss of its mechanical properties of compression and deformation. In addition, such foam made of synthetic material can be polluting. The documents US 4,363,565 And EN 2988770 disclose construction elements for the realization of a tunnel having damping systems of the prior art.

Il est donc intéressant de fournir un élément de construction adapté à la réalisation des tunnels, et un tunnel réalisé à partir d'un tel élément, et en particulier de fournir des procédés de fabrication d'un tel élément et d'un tel tunnel.It is therefore advantageous to provide a construction element suitable for making tunnels, and a tunnel made from such an element, and in particular to provide methods for manufacturing such an element and such a tunnel.

Objet de l'inventionObject of the invention

Un objet de l'invention consiste à palier les inconvénients cités ci-avant et en particulier à fournir un moyen facile à réaliser et à mettre en oeuvre pour amortir la convergence d'un terrain exercée sur un tunnel.An object of the invention consists in overcoming the drawbacks cited above and in particular in providing a means that is easy to produce and to implement for damping the convergence of a terrain exerted on a tunnel.

Selon un aspect, il est proposé un élément de construction pour la réalisation d'un tunnel, comprenant une première couche incompressible en béton et une deuxième couche compressible solidaire de la première couche pour former un élément de construction préfabriqué monobloc configuré pour être intégré dans une section du tunnel.According to one aspect, there is proposed a construction element for making a tunnel, comprising a first incompressible layer of concrete and a second compressible layer integral with the first layer to form a one-piece prefabricated construction element configured to be integrated into a section of the tunnel.

La deuxième couche comporte une pluralité de dispositifs ayant chacun un corps solide intégrant un espace vide.The second layer includes a plurality of devices each having a solid body incorporating an empty space.

Ainsi, on fournit un élément de construction préfabriqué adapté pour réaliser une section d'un tunnel. Un tel élément de construction monobloc est facile à manipuler et on peut contrôler sa fabrication de manière à obtenir une section de tunnel homogène, afin de maîtriser le comportement du tunnel face à la convergence du terrain. En outre, les espaces vides des dispositifs déterminent la compressibilité de la deuxième couche. En d'autres termes les espaces vides permettent au terrain de converger et de décharger les contraintes exercées sur la première couche.Thus, a prefabricated building element suitable for making a section of a tunnel is provided. Such a one-piece construction element is easy to handle and its manufacture can be controlled so as to obtain a homogeneous tunnel section, in order to control the behavior of the tunnel faced with the convergence of the terrain. Also, the device voids determine the compressibility of the second layer. In other words, the empty spaces allow the terrain to converge and relieve the stresses exerted on the first layer.

La deuxième couche peut comporter des dispositifs munis chacun d'un trou débouchant.The second layer may include devices each provided with a through hole.

La deuxième couche peut également comporter des dispositifs dont le corps solide délimite au moins une cavité fermée.The second layer can also include devices whose solid body delimits at least one closed cavity.

Le corps solide des dispositifs peut être réalisé en céramique.The solid body of the devices can be made of ceramic.

Le corps solide des dispositifs, selon l'invention, est enduit d'une pellicule adhésive pour solidariser les dispositifs à la première couche.The solid body of the devices, according to the invention, is coated with an adhesive film to secure the devices to the first layer.

La pellicule adhésive peut être réalisée à partir d'un mortier.The adhesive film can be made from a mortar.

L'élément de construction peut en outre comprendre une troisième couche de protection située sur la deuxième couche. Ainsi on protège la deuxième couche pour conserver son intégrité, par exemple lors du transport de l'élément de construction avant sa mise en place dans une section du tunnel.The construction element may further comprise a third protective layer located on the second layer. Thus, the second layer is protected in order to preserve its integrity, for example during transport of the construction element before it is placed in a section of the tunnel.

Selon un autre aspect, il est proposé un tunnel situé à l'intérieur d'une cavité creusée dans un terrain, au moins une section du tunnel étant réalisée à partir d'au moins un élément de construction à deux couches tel que défini ci-avant.According to another aspect, a tunnel is proposed located inside a cavity dug in the ground, at least one section of the tunnel being made from at least one two-layer construction element as defined below. Before.

Chaque élément de construction à deux couches peut comprendre une troisième couche de protection située sur la deuxième couche, et le tunnel peut comprendre un produit de remplissage occupant un espace libre délimité entre la troisième couche de protection et le terrain.Each two-layer construction element may include a third layer of protection located on the second layer, and the tunnel may include an infill product occupying a delimited free space between the third layer of protection and the ground.

Selon un autre aspect, il est proposé un procédé de réalisation d'un élément de construction pour la réalisation d'un tunnel, comprenant les étapes suivantes :

  • réaliser une première couche incompressible en béton ; et
  • réaliser une deuxième couche compressible solidaire de la première couche pour former un élément de construction préfabriqué monobloc configuré pour être intégré dans une section du tunnel.
According to another aspect, there is proposed a method for producing a construction element for the construction of a tunnel, comprising the following steps:
  • make a first incompressible layer of concrete; And
  • making a second compressible layer integral with the first layer to form a one-piece prefabricated construction element configured to be integrated into a section of the tunnel.

Dans ce procédé, on réalise la deuxième couche à partir d'une pluralité de dispositifs ayant chacun un corps solide intégrant un espace vide.In this method, the second layer is produced from a plurality of devices each having a solid body integrating an empty space.

La deuxième couche peut comporter des dispositifs munis chacun d'un trou débouchant et/ou des dispositifs dont le corps solide délimite au moins une cavité fermée.The second layer may include devices each provided with a through hole and/or devices whose solid body delimits at least one closed cavity.

La réalisation de la deuxième couche, selon l'invention, comporte les étapes suivantes :

  • enduire le corps solide des dispositifs d'une pellicule adhésive ; et
  • verser les dispositifs enduits sur la première couche.
The production of the second layer, according to the invention, comprises the following steps:
  • coat the solid body of the devices with an adhesive film; And
  • pour the coated devices on the first layer.

Le procédé peut également comprendre une étape de protection dans laquelle on dispose une troisième couche de protection sur la deuxième couche.The method can also comprise a protection step in which a third protective layer is placed on the second layer.

Selon encore un autre aspect, il est proposé un procédé de réalisation d'un tunnel comprenant les étapes suivantes :

  • former une cavité dans un terrain à l'aide d'un tunnelier ;
  • former des sections du tunnel situées à l'intérieur de la cavité, au moins une section étant réalisée à partir d'au moins un élément de construction à deux couches, tel que défini ci-avant, au fur et à mesure de l'avancement du tunnelier.
According to yet another aspect, there is proposed a method for making a tunnel comprising the following steps:
  • form a cavity in the ground using a tunnel boring machine;
  • form sections of the tunnel located inside the cavity, at least one section being made from at least one two-layer construction element, as defined above, as the progress is made of the tunnel boring machine.

Chaque élément de construction à deux couches peut comprendre une troisième couche de protection située sur la deuxième couche, et on peut combler, à l'aide d'un produit de remplissage, un espace libre délimité entre la troisième couche de protection et le terrain.Each two-layer construction element can comprise a third protective layer located on the second layer, and a free space delimited between the third protective layer and the ground can be filled with the aid of a filling product.

Description sommaire des dessinsBrief description of the drawings

D'autres avantages et caractéristiques ressortiront plus clairement de la description qui va suivre de modes particuliers de réalisation et de mise en oeuvre de l'invention donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs et représentés aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1, représente schématiquement une vue en coupe d'un mode de réalisation d'un tunnel selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 2, illustre de façon schématique un mode de réalisation d'un élément de construction selon l'invention ;
  • la figure 3, illustre schématiquement un état d'équilibre après convergence du terrain ;
  • la figure 4, illustre de façon schématique une vue en perspective d'un mode de réalisation d'un dispositif muni d'un trou débouchant ;
  • la figure 5, illustre de façon schématique une vue en coupe du dispositif de la figure 4 ;
  • la figure 6, illustre de façon schématique une vue de dessus d'un autre mode de réalisation d'un dispositif muni d'un trou débouchant ;
  • la figure 7, illustre de façon schématique une vue en coupe selon l'axe A-A de la figure 6 ;
  • la figure 8, illustre de façon schématique un autre mode de réalisation d'un élément de construction ;
  • la figure 9, illustre schématiquement une vue en perspective d'un mode de réalisation d'un dispositif muni d'une cavité fermée ;
  • la figure 10, illustre schématiquement une vue en coupe du dispositif de la figure 9 ;
  • la figure 11, illustre schématiquement une vue antérieure gauche du dispositif de la figure 9 ;
  • les figures 12 à 18, illustrent schématiquement les principales étapes d'un mode de mise en oeuvre d'un procédé de réalisation d'un élément de construction ;
  • la figure 19, illustre de façon schématique une vue en coupe d'un tunnelier réalisant le tunnel de la figure 1 ; et
  • la figure 20, illustre schématiquement une vue en coupe d'un détail de la figure 19.
Other advantages and characteristics will emerge more clearly from the following description of particular embodiments and implementations of the invention given by way of non-limiting examples and shown in the appended drawings, in which:
  • there figure 1 , schematically represents a sectional view of an embodiment of a tunnel according to the invention;
  • there figure 2 , schematically illustrates an embodiment of a construction element according to the invention;
  • there picture 3 , schematically illustrates a state of equilibrium after convergence of the terrain;
  • there figure 4 , schematically illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a device provided with a through hole;
  • there figure 5 , schematically illustrates a sectional view of the device of the figure 4 ;
  • there figure 6 , schematically illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a device provided with a through hole;
  • there figure 7 , schematically illustrates a sectional view along the axis AA of the figure 6 ;
  • there figure 8 , schematically illustrates another embodiment of a building element;
  • there figure 9 , schematically illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a device provided with a closed cavity;
  • there figure 10 , schematically illustrates a sectional view of the device of the figure 9 ;
  • there figure 11 , schematically illustrates a left anterior view of the device of the figure 9 ;
  • THE figures 12 to 18 , schematically illustrate the main steps of an embodiment of a method for producing a construction element;
  • there figure 19 , schematically illustrates a sectional view of a tunnel boring machine making the tunnel of the figure 1 ; And
  • there figure 20 , schematically illustrates a sectional view of a detail of the figure 19 .

Description détailléedetailed description

De manière générale, bien que la présente invention procure des avantages particuliers dans le domaine des tunnels, elle est aussi applicable à tout système qui est réalisé dans une cavité souterraine et qui est configuré pour résister à la convergence du terrain, par exemple des réceptacles ou cuves partiellement ou totalement enterrés.In general, although the present invention provides particular advantages in the field of tunnels, it is also applicable to any system which is made in an underground cavity and which is configured to resist the convergence of the ground, for example receptacles or partially or totally buried tanks.

Sur la figure 1, on a représenté un tunnel 1 réalisé dans une cavité 2 creusée dans un terrain 3, en d'autres termes un tunnel sous-terrain. Le tunnel 1 peut être ouvert et avoir une forme de U renversé, il peut également être fermé et avoir une forme ovoïde, ou toute autre forme. Préférentiellement, le tunnel 1 a une forme globalement tubulaire. Le tunnel 1 comprend des sections 4 situées au sein de la cavité 2. Au moins une section 4, et de préférence chaque section 4, est réalisée à partir d'éléments de construction 5 assemblés entre eux. Au moins un élément de construction 5 comprend une première couche 6 incompressible en béton. Par exemple, lorsque les sections 4 du tunnel 1 ont une forme annulaire, la première couche 6 a une forme d'un hexaèdre incurvé. En outre, l'élément de construction 5 comporte une deuxième couche 7 compressible solidaire de la première couche 6 pour former un élément de construction 5 préfabriqué du type monobloc. L'élément de construction 5 est préfabriqué, c'est-à-dire qu'il est réalisé avant la réalisation du tunnel 1. En d'autres termes, on réalise préalablement l'élément de construction 5, puis on assemble plusieurs éléments de construction 5 entre eux de manière à réaliser une section 4 du tunnel 1. Ainsi, on s'affranchit de réaliser un revêtement d'amortissement par injection de matière entre un voussoir et le terrain 3. En effet, l'élément de construction 5 incorpore préalablement une couche compressible 7, et a donc une propriété mécanique amortisseur intégrée. Par ailleurs, on entend par élément monobloc, un élément déplaçable qui conserve son intégrité physique et ses propriétés mécaniques lors de son transport, par exemple lorsqu'on déplace l'élément depuis sa zone de fabrication vers l'endroit de la section 4 du tunnel 1 où il est placé. En d'autres termes, l'élément de construction 5 est configuré pour être intégré dans une section 4 du tunnel 1, et en particulier dans une section 4 qui est en cours de réalisation.On the figure 1 , there is shown a tunnel 1 made in a cavity 2 dug in a ground 3, in other words an underground tunnel. The tunnel 1 can be open and have an inverted U shape, it can also be closed and have an ovoid shape, or any other shape. Preferably, the tunnel 1 has an overall tubular shape. The tunnel 1 comprises sections 4 located within the cavity 2. At least one section 4, and preferably each section 4, is made from construction elements 5 assembled together. At least one construction element 5 comprises a first incompressible layer 6 of concrete. For example, when the sections 4 of the tunnel 1 have an annular shape, the first layer 6 has the shape of a curved hexahedron. In addition, the construction element 5 comprises a second compressible layer 7 integral with the first layer 6 to form a prefabricated construction element 5 of the one-piece type. The construction element 5 is prefabricated, that is to say it is produced before the construction of the tunnel 1. In other words, the construction element 5 is produced beforehand, then several construction elements are assembled. construction 5 between them so as to produce a section 4 of the tunnel 1. Thus, there is no need to produce a damping coating by injecting material between a segment and the ground 3. Indeed, the construction element 5 incorporates previously a compressible layer 7, and therefore has an integrated damping mechanical property. Furthermore, the term "one-piece element" means a movable element which retains its physical integrity and its mechanical properties during transport, for example when the element is moved from its manufacturing area to the location of section 4 of the tunnel. 1 where it is placed. In other words, the construction element 5 is configured to be integrated into a section 4 of the tunnel 1, and in particular into a section 4 which is in progress.

De façon générale, la deuxième couche 7 comporte plusieurs dispositifs 8, comme illustré aux figures 2 et 8, ayant chacun un corps solide 9 intégrant un espace vide 10. On entend par espace vide intégré dans un corps, une cavité fermée ou ouverte délimitée par le corps du dispositif. La deuxième couche 7 est compressible, c'est-à-dire qu'elle peut se déformer lors de la convergence du terrain 3. En particulier, les dispositifs 8 ont un corps solide 9 déformable. C'est-à-dire que les dispositifs peuvent se déformer, en se brisant ou en se courbant, grâce notamment à leur espace vide 10, pour permettre la déformation de la deuxième couche 7. En outre, la deuxième couche 7 comporte des interstices 7a, c'est-à-dire des espaces vides, situés entre les dispositifs 8. Ainsi, on fournit une couche compressible 7 ayant un volume résiduel, constitué par la somme des espaces vides de chacun des dispositifs 8 et des interstices 7a, qui offre une propriété d'amortissement de la convergence du terrain 3. En effet, dans l'état initial, le terrain 3 exerce une pression de convergence initiale sur le tunnel 1. Du fait des mouvements du terrain 3, celui-ci va avoir tendance à converger vers l'intérieur de la cavité 2. Ainsi, la déformation des dispositifs 8 va permettre un rapprochement progressif du terrain 3 vers l'intérieur du tunnel 1, jusqu'à ce que le terrain 3 occupe un état d'équilibre. Dans l'état d'équilibre, la pression de convergence est inférieure à la pression initiale. La deuxième couche compressible 7 permet donc d'amortir la convergence du terrain jusqu'à un état d'équilibre pour lequel la pression de convergence est supportée par l'élément de construction 5, c'est-à-dire que la première couche incompressible 6 ne se brise pas sous la pression de convergence à l'équilibre.In general, the second layer 7 includes several devices 8, as illustrated in figure 2 And 8 , each having a solid body 9 integrating an empty space 10. By empty space integrated in a body is meant a closed or open cavity delimited by the body of the device. The second layer 7 is compressible, that is to say it can deform during the convergence of the terrain 3. In particular, the devices 8 have a deformable solid body 9. That is to say that the devices can deform, by breaking or bending, thanks in particular to their empty space 10, to allow the deformation of the second layer 7. In addition, the second layer 7 comprises interstices 7a, that is to say empty spaces, located between the devices 8. Thus, a compressible layer 7 is provided having a residual volume, constituted by the sum of the empty spaces of each of the devices 8 and of the interstices 7a, which offers a damping property of the convergence of terrain 3. Indeed, in the initial state, terrain 3 exerts an initial convergence pressure on tunnel 1. Due to the movements of terrain 3, it will tend to converge towards the inside of the cavity 2. Thus, the deformation of the devices 8 will allow a progressive approach of the ground 3 towards the inside of the tunnel 1, until the ground 3 occupies a state of equilibrium. In the equilibrium state, the convergence pressure is lower than the initial pressure. The second compressible layer 7 therefore makes it possible to dampen the convergence of the ground up to a state of equilibrium for which the convergence pressure is supported by the construction element 5, that is to say that the first incompressible layer 6 does not break under convergence pressure at equilibrium.

Par exemple, les dispositifs 8 peuvent être réalisés en céramique. La céramique offre une bonne résistance tout en étant cassable pour amortir efficacement la convergence du terrain 3. Lorsque les corps 9 des dispositifs 8 se brisent, le terrain 3 peut converger vers l'intérieur du tunnel 1. Les dispositifs 8 peuvent également être réalisés en verre, en ciment, ou en mortier qui sont, tout comme la céramique, des matériaux pouvant être brisés sous l'effet de la convergence du terrain 3. En variante, les dispositifs 8 peuvent être réalisés en métal, ou en matière plastique, déformable.For example, devices 8 can be made of ceramic. The ceramic offers good resistance while being breakable to effectively dampen the convergence of the terrain 3. When the bodies 9 of the devices 8 break, the terrain 3 can converge towards the interior of the tunnel 1. The devices 8 can also be made of glass, cement, or mortar which are, like ceramics, materials that can be broken under the effect of the convergence of the ground 3. As a variant, the devices 8 can be made of metal, or plastic material, deformable .

Lorsque les dispositifs 8 ont un corps déformable, ils permettent également d'amortir la convergence du terrain.When the devices 8 have a deformable body, they also make it possible to damp the convergence of the terrain.

Sur la figure 2 on a représenté un mode de réalisation préféré, dans lequel des dispositifs 8, de la deuxième couche 7 compressible, comprennent chacun un corps 9 muni d'un trou débouchant 10 (illustrés ultérieurement aux figures 4 à 7). On a également représenté sur la figure 2 l'élément de construction 5 intégré dans une section d'un tunnel. L'élément de construction 5 préfabriqué est monobloc et comporte la première couche 6 en béton et la deuxième couche compressible 7 formée par les dispositifs 8. Lorsque la première couche 6 a une forme hexaédrique incurvée, l'élément de construction 5 forme alors un voussoir à partie compressible 7 configuré pour réaliser une section annulaire du tunnel 1. L'épaisseur E de la deuxième couche 7 est choisie en fonction de l'amortissement de la convergence du terrain 3 que l'on souhaite obtenir. En particulier l'épaisseur E est choisie en fonction du déplacement du terrain 3, par rapport à sa position initiale, qui peut être supporté par l'élément de construction 5. Dans la position initiale, le terrain 3 est à une distance initiale Gi de la surface externe de la première couche 6. La distance initiale Gi correspond à la somme entre l'épaisseur initiale E de la deuxième couche 7, l'épaisseur de la troisième couche de protection 12, et l'épaisseur de l'espace libre F. En outre, l'épaisseur E dépend également de la compressibilité des dispositifs 8. Par ailleurs, les dispositifs 8 sont enduits d'une pellicule adhésive 11 pour les solidariser à la première couche 6. En particulier la couche adhésive 11 permet de solidariser les dispositifs 8 entre eux et à la première couche de béton 6. De cette manière, l'élément de construction 5 est monobloc et il est déplaçable pour être intégré dans la section du tunnel lors de sa formation. La pellicule adhésive 11 comporte de préférence du mortier qui adhère efficacement à la première couche de béton 6. Le mortier comprend, quant à lui, du ciment, du sable et de l'eau. Le mortier est durcissable et durcit pour agglutiner les dispositifs 8 entre eux et permettre aux dispositifs d'adhérer à la première couche 6. En particulier, la pellicule adhésive 11 enrobe la surface externe du dispositif 8, sans obstruer le trou débouchant 10. D'autres éléments adhésifs peuvent être utilisés pour enduire les dispositifs 8, par exemple une colle à base de résine époxydique, etc.On the picture 2 a preferred embodiment has been shown, in which devices 8, of the second compressible layer 7, each comprise a body 9 provided with a through hole 10 (illustrated later in figures 4 to 7 ). Also represented on the figure 2 the construction element 5 integrated in a section of a tunnel. The prefabricated construction element 5 is in one piece and comprises the first layer 6 of concrete and the second compressible layer 7 formed by the devices 8. When the first layer 6 has a curved hexahedral shape, the construction element 5 then forms a segment with a compressible part 7 configured to produce an annular section of the tunnel 1. The thickness E of the second layer 7 is chosen according to the damping of the convergence of the terrain 3 that one wishes to obtain. In particular, the thickness E is chosen according to the displacement of the ground 3, relative to its initial position, which can be supported by the construction element 5. In the initial position, the ground 3 is at an initial distance Gi of the outer surface of the first layer 6. The initial distance Gi corresponds to the sum between the initial thickness E of the second layer 7, the thickness of the third protective layer 12, and the thickness of the free space F In addition, the thickness E also depends on the compressibility of the devices 8. Furthermore, the devices 8 are coated with an adhesive film 11 to secure them to the first layer 6. In particular the adhesive layer 11 makes it possible to secure the devices 8 between them and to the first layer of concrete 6. In this way, the construction element 5 is in one piece and it is movable to be integrated into the section of the tunnel during its formation. The adhesive film 11 preferably comprises mortar which adheres effectively to the first layer of concrete 6. The mortar comprises, for its part, cement, sand and water. The mortar is hardenable and hardens to bond the devices 8 together and allow the devices to adhere to the first layer 6. In particular, the adhesive film 11 coats the external surface of the device 8, without obstructing the through-hole 10. Other adhesive elements can be used to coat the devices 8, for example an epoxy resin-based glue, etc. .

Avantageusement, l'élément de construction 5 peut comprendre une troisième couche de protection 12 située sur la deuxième couche 7. Plus particulièrement, la troisième couche de protection 12 est une couche fine par rapport aux première et deuxième couches 6, 7. De façon générale, la troisième couche de protection 12 est liée à la deuxième couche 7 pour la rendre solidaire mécaniquement à la deuxième couche 7. La troisième couche de protection 12 protège la deuxième couche 7 des chocs, par exemple lors de la manipulation de l'élément de construction 5, afin d'empêcher de briser les corps 9 des dispositifs 8, notamment ceux qui sont situés en périphérie de l'élément de construction 5. De façon générale, lorsqu'on réalise la section d'un tunnel, un espace libre F est généralement créé entre la surface interne de la cavité et la surface externe de la section du tunnel, c'est-à-dire la surface externe de l'élément de construction 5. Lorsque l'élément de construction 5 ne comprend pas de troisième couche de protection, la surface externe de la section correspond à la surface externe de la deuxième couche 7, comme illustré sur la figure 8. Lorsque l'élément de construction 5 comporte une troisième couche de protection 12, la surface externe est celle de la troisième couche de protection 12, comme illustré sur la figure 2. Or, de façon que le terrain 3 ne s'effondre pas dans l'espace libre F et ne brise pas la section, on injecte un produit de remplissage 23, tel que du mortier ou du gravier, pour combler cet espace libre F. Dans le cas où la deuxième couche 7 comporte des dispositifs 8 à trou débouchant 10, on dispose sur la deuxième couche 7, une troisième couche de protection 12 qui est en outre étanche au produit de remplissage 23 utilisé pour combler l'espace libre F. Dans ce cas, la troisième couche de protection 12 permet, en particulier, d'éviter que les trous débouchant 10 des premières couches de dispositifs 8 se remplissent du produit de remplissage 23. La troisième couche de protection 12 empêche le mortier ou les graviers de pénétrer dans les trous débouchant 10, ce qui diminuerait les propriétés d'amortissement des éléments de construction 5. La troisième couche de protection 12 permet d'isoler la deuxième couche compressible 7 du produit de remplissage 23. La troisième couche de protection 12 préserve ainsi le volume résiduel avant déformation de la deuxième couche 7, ce qui garantit l'amortissement de la convergence du terrain 3. La troisième couche de protection 12 peut être en plastique ou être réalisée en mortier.Advantageously, the construction element 5 can comprise a third protective layer 12 located on the second layer 7. More particularly, the third protective layer 12 is a thin layer compared to the first and second layers 6, 7. , the third protective layer 12 is bonded to the second layer 7 to make it mechanically integral with the second layer 7. The third protective layer 12 protects the second layer 7 from shocks, for example during handling of the element of construction 5, in order to prevent the bodies 9 of the devices 8 from breaking, in particular those located on the periphery of the construction element 5. In general, when the section of a tunnel is made, a free space F is generally created between the internal surface of the cavity and the external surface of the tunnel section, i.e. the external surface of the building element 5. When the building element 5 does not comprise a tr ith protective layer, the external surface of the section corresponds to the external surface of the second layer 7, as illustrated in the figure 8 . When the construction element 5 comprises a third protective layer 12, the external surface is that of the third protective layer 12, as illustrated in the figure 2 . However, so that the terrain 3 does not collapse in the free space F and does not break the section, a filling product 23, such as mortar or gravel, is injected to fill this free space F. In the case where the second layer 7 comprises devices 8 with a through hole 10, there is placed on the second layer 7, a third protective layer 12 which is also impermeable to the filling product 23 used to fill the free space F. In In this case, the third protective layer 12 makes it possible, in particular, to prevent the through holes 10 of the first layers of devices 8 are filled with the filler 23. The third protective layer 12 prevents mortar or gravel from penetrating the through-holes 10, which would reduce the damping properties of the building elements 5. The third layer protection 12 makes it possible to isolate the second compressible layer 7 from the filling product 23. The third protective layer 12 thus preserves the residual volume before deformation of the second layer 7, which guarantees the damping of the convergence of the terrain 3. The third protective layer 12 can be made of plastic or be made of mortar.

Lorsque le terrain 3 converge, tel qu'illustré sur la figure 3, la deuxième couche compressible 7 se déforme et permet un déplacement du terrain 3 vers le centre du tunnel. Le terrain 3 peut briser ou déformer les dispositifs 8, jusqu'à atteindre un état d'équilibre dans lequel le terrain 3 est à une distance d'équilibre Ge de la surface externe de la première couche 6. La distance d'équilibre Ge est inférieure à la distance initiale Gi. La résistance à la rupture des dispositifs 8 est inférieure à la pression de convergence du terrain de façon à permettre l'écrasement des dispositifs 8. On a représenté par la référence 8a des dispositifs brisés. Autrement dit, les dispositifs 8 peuvent comprendre, tous ou certains d'entre eux, un état dans lequel ils sont brisés. Ceci permet d'absorber les déplacements du terrain 3 sans endommager le tunnel.When terrain 3 converges, as shown in the picture 3 , the second compressible layer 7 is deformed and allows the ground 3 to move towards the center of the tunnel. The ground 3 can break or deform the devices 8, until reaching a state of equilibrium in which the ground 3 is at an equilibrium distance Ge from the external surface of the first layer 6. The equilibrium distance Ge is less than the initial distance Gi. The breaking strength of the devices 8 is lower than the convergence pressure of the terrain so as to allow the crushing of the devices 8. The reference 8a represents broken devices. In other words, the devices 8 may comprise, all or some of them, a state in which they are broken. This makes it possible to absorb the displacements of the terrain 3 without damaging the tunnel.

Les figures 4 à 7 illustrent deux modes de réalisation d'un dispositif 8 muni d'un trou débouchant 10 pouvant être utilisé dans la deuxième couche compressible 7 de l'élément de construction 5. Sur les figures 4 et 5, le dispositif 8 a une forme de tube comprenant un trou débouchant 10 correspondant à un évidemment selon un axe longitudinal A1 du tube. Le dispositif 8 peut également comprendre plusieurs trous débouchant, et préférentiellement chaque dispositif 8 comporte un unique trou débouchant pour faciliter sa réalisation. Avantageusement, chaque dispositif 8 en forme de tube a une hauteur H, un diamètre extérieur d1 et un diamètre intérieur d2. Préférentiellement, la hauteur H est égale au diamètre extérieur d1, afin, notamment, d'obtenir une deuxième couche 7 ayant une épaisseur E sensiblement constante. Ces dimensions permettent aux dispositifs 8 tubulaires de supporter une charge calculée avant rupture. Le dispositif 8 est également enrobé d'une pellicule adhésive 11a qui entoure la surface extérieure du dispositif 8. Selon le mode d'enduisage on peut déposer une pellicule adhésive 11b sur la paroi interne du trou débouchant 10 sans l'obstruer. En effet, on peut, par exemple, verser les dispositifs 8 dans du mortier et utiliser un tamis pour éliminer le surplus de mortier. Dans ce cas, comme illustré aux figures 4 et 5, une pellicule de mortier 11a enrobe la surface externe des dispositifs et une autre pellicule de mortier 11b adhère à la paroi interne du trou débouchant 10 sans l'obstruer. Selon un autre mode de réalisation, on isole le trou débouchant 10 des dispositifs 8, et on enduit la surface externe des dispositifs 8 d'une couche adhésive 11. Dans ce cas, comme illustré à la figure 2, la paroi interne n'est pas enduite d'une couche adhésive, ce qui garantit d'obtenir un plus grand espace vide au sein des dispositifs.THE figures 4 to 7 illustrate two embodiments of a device 8 provided with a through hole 10 that can be used in the second compressible layer 7 of the construction element 5. On the figures 4 and 5 , the device 8 has the shape of a tube comprising a through hole 10 corresponding to a recess along a longitudinal axis A1 of the tube. The device 8 can also comprise several through holes, and preferably each device 8 comprises a single through hole to facilitate its production. Advantageously, each device 8 in the form of tube has a height H, an outside diameter d 1 and an inside diameter d 2 . Preferably, the height H is equal to the outside diameter d 1 , in order, in particular, to obtain a second layer 7 having a substantially constant thickness E. These dimensions allow the tubular devices 8 to support a calculated load before rupture. Device 8 is also coated with an adhesive film 11a which surrounds the outer surface of device 8. Depending on the method of coating, an adhesive film 11b can be deposited on the internal wall of through-hole 10 without obstructing it. Indeed, it is possible, for example, to pour the devices 8 into mortar and use a sieve to remove the excess mortar. In this case, as shown in figures 4 and 5 , a film of mortar 11a coats the external surface of the devices and another film of mortar 11b adheres to the internal wall of the through-hole 10 without obstructing it. According to another embodiment, the through hole 10 of the devices 8 is isolated, and the external surface of the devices 8 is coated with an adhesive layer 11. In this case, as illustrated in picture 2 , the inner wall is not coated with an adhesive layer, which guarantees to obtain a larger empty space within the devices.

Sur les figures 6 et 7, on a représenté un autre mode de réalisation d'un dispositif 8 a trou débouchant 10 ayant la forme d'un anneau. L'anneau peut être torique et peut présenter une section circulaire comme illustré à la figure 6. Un anneau peut avoir un diamètre de tore ds et un diamètre intérieur di. Dans ce mode de réalisation, la pellicule adhésive 11 entoure la surface extérieure du corps 9 du dispositif 8, en pénétrant en partie dans le trou débouchant 10, sans l'obstruer.On the figures 6 and 7 , there is shown another embodiment of a device 8 with a through hole 10 having the shape of a ring. The ring may be toric and may have a circular section as illustrated in figure 6 . A ring can have a torus diameter d s and an inside diameter d i . In this embodiment, the adhesive film 11 surrounds the outer surface of the body 9 of the device 8, partly penetrating into the through hole 10, without obstructing it.

De préférence, les dispositifs (tubes ou anneaux) disposés au sein de la deuxième couche 7 sont tous sensiblement identiques afin d'obtenir une deuxième couche 7 homogène. Autrement dit, ils ne peuvent pas s'imbriquer les uns dans les autres. La deuxième couche 7 comporte de préférence des dispositifs 8 ayant une forme globalement tubulaire car ils sont plus faciles à réaliser que les dispositifs 8 de forme globalement annulaire.Preferably, the devices (tubes or rings) arranged within the second layer 7 are all substantially identical in order to obtain a homogeneous second layer 7 . In other words, they cannot nest inside each other. The second layer 7 preferably comprises devices 8 having a generally tubular shape because they are easier to produce than devices 8 of generally annular shape.

Sur la figure 8 on a représenté un autre mode de réalisation de la deuxième couche 7 compressible. Dans cet autre mode de réalisation, des dispositifs 8 comprennent chacun un corps solide 9 délimitant au moins une cavité fermée (illustrés ultérieurement aux figures 9 à 11). L'élément de construction 5 est monobloc et comporte la première couche 6 en béton et la deuxième couche compressible 7 formée par les dispositifs 8. Dans ce mode de réalisation, il n'est pas nécessaire que l'élément de construction 5 comprenne une troisième couche de protection 12. En effet, le corps 9 des dispositifs 8 délimitant une ou plusieurs cavités fermées, empêche du mortier ou des graviers injectés dans l'espace libre F de pénétrer dans ces cavités. L'élément de construction 5 peut, néanmoins, comprendre des dispositifs ayant un corps délimitant une ou plusieurs cavité fermées et une troisième couche de protection 12 pour protéger la deuxième couche 7 lors du déplacement de l'élément 5, afin, notamment, d'éviter de briser les dispositifs 8 lors du transport. Dans ce cas, la troisième couche de protection 12 garantit une étanchéité à la deuxième couche 7, en empêchant le produit de remplissage 23 de remplir les interstices 7a.On the figure 8 another embodiment of the second compressible layer 7 has been shown. In this other embodiment, devices 8 each comprise a solid body 9 delimiting at least one closed cavity (illustrated later in figures 9 to 11 ). The construction element 5 is in one piece and comprises the first concrete layer 6 and the second compressible layer 7 formed by the devices 8. In this embodiment, it is not necessary for the construction element 5 to comprise a third protective layer 12. Indeed, the body 9 of the devices 8 delimiting one or more closed cavities, prevents mortar or gravel injected into the free space F from penetrating into these cavities. The construction element 5 can, however, comprise devices having a body delimiting one or more closed cavities and a third protective layer 12 to protect the second layer 7 during the movement of the element 5, in order, in particular, to avoid breaking the devices 8 during transport. In this case, the third protective layer 12 guarantees a tightness to the second layer 7, by preventing the filling product 23 from filling the interstices 7a.

Les figures 9 à 11 illustrent un mode de réalisation d'un dispositif 8 dont le corps 9 délimite au moins une cavité fermée 10. Préférentiellement, le dispositif 8 a un corps solide 9 en céramique. La céramique est adaptée pour réaliser ces dispositifs 8, car elle est malléable avant une étape de cuisson de manière à pouvoir former la cavité fermée 10 au sein du dispositif 8, et car elle devient solide après la cuisson. On entend par cavité fermée 10, un espace vide enfermé à l'intérieur du dispositif 8. Le corps solide 9 du dispositif 8 est en particulier étanche aux liquides, par exemple au mortier en phase liquide avant durcissement. Par exemple, le corps 9 du dispositif 8 s'étend selon un axe longitudinal A du dispositif 8 et comporte deux extrémités fermées 13, 14. Les extrémités fermées 13, 14 peuvent avoir, chacune, une forme linéaire. Dans un premier mode de réalisation, tel qu'illustré aux figures 9 et 10, les extrémités 13, 14 sont parallèles entre elles. En variante, les extrémités 13, 14 peuvent être perpendiculaires entre elles. Par exemple, le corps 9 du dispositif 8 a une forme cylindrique. On entend ici par cylindre, un solide limité par une surface cylindrique engendrée par une droite, notée génératrice, parcourant une courbe plane fermée, notée directrice, et deux plans parallèles coupant les génératrices. En particulier, le corps 9 peut avoir une forme d'un tube. Le dispositif 8 peut également comprendre plusieurs cavités, communicant entre elles ou non. Avantageusement, les cavités fermées 10 des dispositifs 8 les empêchent de s'imbriquer les uns dans les autres, quelle que soit leur taille et leur forme.THE figures 9 to 11 illustrate an embodiment of a device 8 whose body 9 delimits at least one closed cavity 10. Preferably, the device 8 has a solid body 9 made of ceramic. Ceramic is suitable for making these devices 8, because it is malleable before a firing step so as to be able to form the closed cavity 10 within the device 8, and because it becomes solid after firing. By closed cavity 10 is meant an empty space enclosed inside the device 8. The solid body 9 of the device 8 is in particular impermeable to liquids, for example to the mortar in the liquid phase before hardening. For example, the body 9 of the device 8 extends along a longitudinal axis A of the device 8 and comprises two closed ends 13, 14. The closed ends 13, 14 can each have a linear shape. In a first embodiment, as illustrated in figures 9 and 10 , the ends 13, 14 are mutually parallel. Alternatively, the ends 13, 14 may be mutually perpendicular. For example, body 9 of device 8 has a cylindrical shape. By cylinder is meant here a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface generated by a straight line, denoted generator, traversing a closed plane curve, denoted directrix, and two parallel planes intersecting the generatrices. In particular, the body 9 can have the shape of a tube. The device 8 can also comprise several cavities, communicating with each other or not. Advantageously, the closed cavities 10 of the devices 8 prevent them from fitting into each other, whatever their size and shape.

En variante, l'élément de construction 5 comprend une deuxième couche compressible 7 qui peut comprendre à la fois, des dispositifs 8 munis chacun d'un trou débouchant 10, et des dispositifs 8 dont le corps solide 9 délimite au moins une cavité fermée 10.As a variant, the construction element 5 comprises a second compressible layer 7 which can comprise both devices 8 each provided with a through hole 10, and devices 8 whose solid body 9 delimits at least one closed cavity 10 .

Sur les figures 12 à 18, on a représenté les principales étapes d'un mode de mise en oeuvre d'un procédé de réalisation d'un élément de construction 5 tel que défini ci-avant. De manière générale, on fabrique l'élément de construction 5 en effectuant les étapes suivantes :

  • on réalise la première couche 6 incompressible en béton ; et
  • on réalise, à partir d'une pluralité de dispositifs 8 ayant chacun un corps solide 9 intégrant un espace vide 10, la deuxième couche 7 compressible solidaire de la première couche 6 pour former un élément de construction 5 préfabriqué monobloc configuré pour être intégré dans une section 4 du tunnel 1.
On the figures 12 to 18 , the main steps of an embodiment of a method of producing a construction element 5 as defined above have been represented. In general, the construction element 5 is manufactured by carrying out the following steps:
  • the first incompressible layer 6 of concrete is produced; And
  • from a plurality of devices 8 each having a solid body 9 incorporating an empty space 10, the second compressible layer 7 integral with the first layer 6 is produced to form a one-piece prefabricated construction element 5 configured to be integrated into a section 4 of tunnel 1.

Le corps solide 9 des dispositifs 8 sont munis chacun d'un trou débouchant et/ou dont le corps délimite au moins une cavité fermée.The solid body 9 of the devices 8 are each provided with a through hole and/or the body of which delimits at least one closed cavity.

Par exemple, pour réaliser la première couche 6 de béton, on utilise un coffrage parallélépipédique 30 ouvert et incurvé, pour réaliser une forme de voussoir, comme illustré sur la figure 12. En variante, le coffrage est ouvert et non incurvé pour réaliser des sections de tunnel de forme variée, par exemple en U ou ovoïde. Puis on verse du béton liquide 31 dans le coffrage 30, comme illustré à la figure 13. On peut également ajouter des barres métalliques dans le béton liquide 31 pour obtenir une première couche incompressible en béton armé. Puis on utilise un premier gabarit 32 qu'on dispose en surface du béton 31 et qu'on déplace le long de la surface afin de former une surface externe incurvée. On laisse prendre le béton 31, soit complètement et dans ce cas le béton a durci entièrement, soit partiellement et dans ce cas le béton n'a pas complètement durci mais a suffisamment durci en surface pour conserver la courbure donnée par le premier gabarit 32. Puis on retire le premier gabarit 32, et on obtient ainsi une première couche 6 dont la base et la surface externe sont incurvées, comme illustré sur la figure 14. Préalablement on a enduit les corps solides 9 des dispositifs 8 avec la pellicule adhésive 11. En outre, on fixe des éléments de coffrage 33 sur les bords du coffrage 30 pour rehausser le coffrage 30 et pour pouvoir former la deuxième couche 7, comme illustré sur la figure 15. Ensuite, on verse dans le coffrage 30, et plus particulièrement sur la surface externe de la première couche 6, les dispositifs enduits 34. Selon un mode de réalisation, lorsqu'on verse les dispositifs enduits 34, le béton de la première couche n'a pas complètement durci. Dans ce mode de réalisation, on utilise une couche adhésive 11 réalisée en mortier qui va adhérer à la surface externe de la première couche 6 qui n'a pas encore complètement durci. En variante, on peut attendre que le béton ait durci entièrement puis on verse les dispositifs 8. Dans cette variante, on utilisera une couche adhésive 11 réalisée à partir d'une colle, par exemple une colle à base de résine époxydique qui adhère avec une surface dure en béton. En outre, lorsque la pellicule adhésive 11 comprend un mortier, on verse les dispositifs enduits 34 du mortier sur la première couche 6 avant que le mortier durcisse. Puis on laisse le mortier durcir pour solidariser la deuxième couche 7 compressible à la première couche 6. Ensuite, on utilise un deuxième gabarit 35 qu'on dispose et qu'on déplace en surface des dispositifs enduits 34 afin de former une surface externe incurvée sur la deuxième couche 7, comme illustré sur la figure 15. Puis on laisse la couche adhésive 11 adhérer pour que les dispositifs soient liés entre eux et pour rendre la deuxième couche 7 solidaire de la première couche 6. Puis on retire le deuxième gabarit 35 et on obtient un élément monobloc préfabriqué 5 entouré du coffrage 30, illustré à la figure 16. En variante, on peut réaliser, comme illustré sur la figure 17, une troisième couche de protection, en coulant du mortier 36 sur la deuxième couche 7 et en déplaçant un troisième gabarit 37 pour incurver la surface externe de la troisième couche. Ensuite, on retire le coffrage 30 et les éléments de coffrage 33, et le cas échéant le troisième gabarit 37, pour obtenir l'élément de construction 5 préfabriqué monobloc, comme illustré à la figure 18.For example, to produce the first layer 6 of concrete, an open and curved parallelepipedal formwork 30 is used, to produce a shape of segment, as illustrated in the figure 12 . As a variant, the formwork is open and not curved to produce tunnel sections of various shapes, for example U-shaped or ovoid. Then liquid concrete 31 is poured into the formwork 30, as illustrated in figure 13 . It is also possible to add metal bars to the liquid concrete 31 to obtain a first incompressible layer of reinforced concrete. Then a first template 32 is used, which is placed on the surface of the concrete 31 and which is moved along the surface in order to form a curved outer surface. The concrete 31 is allowed to set, either completely and in this case the concrete has fully hardened, or partially and in this case the concrete has not completely hardened but has hardened sufficiently on the surface to retain the curvature given by the first template 32. Then the first template 32 is removed, and a first layer 6 is thus obtained, the base and the outer surface of which are curved, as illustrated in the figure 14 . The solid bodies 9 of the devices 8 have been coated beforehand with the adhesive film 11. In addition, formwork elements 33 are fixed on the edges of the formwork 30 to raise the formwork 30 and to be able to form the second layer 7, as illustrated in there figure 15 . Next, the coated devices 34 are poured into the formwork 30, and more particularly onto the outer surface of the first layer 6. According to one embodiment, when the coated devices 34 are poured, the concrete of the first layer does not has not completely hardened. In this embodiment, an adhesive layer 11 made of mortar is used which will adhere to the outer surface of the first layer 6 which has not yet completely hardened. As a variant, it is possible to wait until the concrete has fully hardened and then the devices 8 are poured in. In this variant, an adhesive layer 11 made from an adhesive, for example an adhesive based on epoxy resin which adheres with a hard concrete surface. Furthermore, when the adhesive film 11 comprises a mortar, the devices 34 coated with the mortar are poured onto the first layer 6 before the mortar hardens. Then we allows the mortar to harden to secure the second compressible layer 7 to the first layer 6. Then, a second template 35 is used, which is placed and moved on the surface of the coated devices 34 in order to form a curved outer surface on the second layer 7, as shown in the figure 15 . Then the adhesive layer 11 is allowed to adhere so that the devices are linked together and to make the second layer 7 integral with the first layer 6. Then the second template 35 is removed and a prefabricated one-piece element 5 is obtained surrounded by the formwork 30, illustrated at figure 16 . As a variant, it is possible to carry out, as illustrated in the figure 17 , a third protective layer, by pouring mortar 36 on the second layer 7 and moving a third template 37 to curve the outer surface of the third layer. Then, the formwork 30 and the formwork elements 33, and if necessary the third template 37, are removed to obtain the one-piece prefabricated construction element 5, as illustrated in figure 18 .

Sur les figures 19 et 20 on a représenté un mode de mise en oeuvre d'une réalisation du tunnel 1 décrit ci-avant à la figure 1. Selon ce mode de mise en oeuvre, un tunnelier 15 creuse la cavité 2 dans le terrain 3 selon la direction F1. L'avant du tunnelier 20 est équipé de moyens 21 assurant l'abattage de la roche du terrain 3 et comporte des moyens d'extraction de la roche, non représentés à des fins de simplification. Une partie du tunnelier 15 assure la mise en place des éléments de construction 5 au fur et à mesure de l'avancement du tunnelier 15 selon la direction F1. En outre, le tunnelier 15 comporte des moyens d'injection 22 pour injecter un produit de remplissage 23, par exemple du mortier ou du gravier, pour combler l'espace libre F délimité entre les éléments de construction 5 et la paroi interne de la cavité 2 formée par l'avancement du tunnelier 15. La flèche, indiquée par la référence F2, illustre le chemin emprunté par le produit de remplissage 23 lors de son injection. L'injection du produit de remplissage 23 permet de former une couche de remplissage pour occuper l'espace libre F entre les éléments de construction 5 et le terrain 3.On the figure 19 And 20 there is shown an embodiment of an embodiment of the tunnel 1 described above at figure 1 . According to this mode of implementation, a tunnel boring machine 15 digs the cavity 2 in the terrain 3 along the direction F1. The front of the tunnel boring machine 20 is equipped with means 21 ensuring the cutting of the rock from the terrain 3 and includes means for extracting the rock, not shown for the purposes of simplification. A part of the tunnel boring machine 15 ensures the positioning of the construction elements 5 as the tunnel boring machine 15 advances in the direction F1. In addition, the tunnel boring machine 15 comprises injection means 22 for injecting a filling product 23, for example mortar or gravel, to fill the free space F delimited between the construction elements 5 and the internal wall of the cavity. 2 formed by the advancement of the tunnel boring machine 15. The arrow, indicated by the reference F2, illustrates the path taken by the filling product 23 during its injection. The injection of the filling product 23 makes it possible to form a filling layer to occupy the free space F between the construction elements 5 and the terrain 3.

De manière générale, le procédé de réalisation du tunnel comprend les étapes suivantes :

  • former la cavité 2 dans le terrain 3 à l'aide du tunnelier 15 ;
  • former des sections 4 du tunnel 1 situées à l'intérieur de la cavité 2, au moins une section 4 étant réalisée à partir d'au moins un élément de construction 5, tel que défini ci-avant, au fur et à mesure de l'avancement du tunnelier 15.
In general, the process for making the tunnel comprises the following steps:
  • form the cavity 2 in the ground 3 using the tunnel boring machine 15;
  • form sections 4 of the tunnel 1 located inside the cavity 2, at least one section 4 being made from at least one construction element 5, as defined above, as the progress of the tunnel boring machine 15.

Plus particulièrement, lors de la réalisation d'une section 4 du tunnel 1, on conserve un espace libre F délimité entre la paroi externe du tunnel 1 et la paroi interne de la cavité 2, pour placer les éléments de construction afin de former la section 4 du tunnel 1. Puis on comble l'espace libre F avec le produit de remplissage 23.More particularly, during the production of a section 4 of the tunnel 1, a free space F delimited between the external wall of the tunnel 1 and the internal wall of the cavity 2 is kept, to place the construction elements in order to form the section 4 of tunnel 1. Then the free space F is filled with the filling product 23.

L'élément de construction qui vient d'être décrit permet de faciliter la construction d'un tunnel tout en garantissant un amortissement de la convergence du terrain dans lequel est situé le tunnel. En outre, il offre une meilleure maîtrise du procédé de réalisation du tunnel. Un tel élément de construction permet de diminuer l'épaisseur d'un voussoir classique, ce qui diminue grandement la quantité de béton nécessaire pour réaliser le tunnel.The construction element which has just been described makes it possible to facilitate the construction of a tunnel while guaranteeing damping of the convergence of the ground in which the tunnel is located. In addition, it offers better control of the tunnel construction process. Such a construction element makes it possible to reduce the thickness of a conventional segment, which greatly reduces the quantity of concrete necessary to make the tunnel.

Claims (13)

  1. Construction element for creating a tunnel, comprising a first incompressible layer (6) of concrete and a second compressible layer (7) securely fastened to the first layer (6) to form a monoblock prefabricated construction element configured to be integrated in a section of the tunnel, characterized in that the second layer (7) comprises a plurality of devices (8) each having a solid body (9) integrating an empty space (10) and wherein the solid body (9) of the devices (8) is coated with an adhesive film (11) to fasten securely the devices (8) to the first layer (6).
  2. Construction element according to claim 1, wherein devices (8) are each provided with a pass-through hole (10).
  3. Construction element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein devices (8) have a solid body (9) delineating at least one closed cavity (10).
  4. Construction element according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the solid body (9) of the devices (8) is made from ceramic.
  5. Construction element according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the adhesive film (11) comprises mortar.
  6. Construction element according to one of claims 1 to 5, comprising a third protection layer (12) situated on the second layer (7).
  7. Tunnel situated inside a cavity (2) excavated in a ground (3), at least one section of the tunnel being created from at least one two-layer construction element (6, 7) according to one of claims 1 to 5.
  8. Tunnel according to claim 7, wherein each two-layer construction element (6, 7) comprises a third protection layer (12) situated on the second layer (7), and a filling product occupies a free space delineated between the third protection layer (12) and the ground (3).
  9. Method for producing a construction element for creating a tunnel, comprising the following steps:
    - producing a first incompressible layer (6) of concrete; and
    - producing a second compressible layer (7) securely fastened to the first layer (6) to form a monoblock prefabricated construction element configured to be integrated in a section of the tunnel;
    characterized in that the second layer (7) is produced from a plurality of devices each having a solid body integrating an empty space and in that producing the second layer (7) comprises the following steps:
    - coating the solid body of the devices with an adhesive film (11); and
    - pouring the coated devices on the first layer (6).
  10. Method according to claim 9, wherein the body of the devices (8) have a pass-through hole (10).
  11. Method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein devices (8) have a solid body (9) delineating at least one closed cavity (10).
  12. Method according to one of claims 9 to 11, comprising a protection step wherein a third protection layer (12) is laid on the second layer (7).
  13. Method for constructing a tunnel comprising the following steps:
    - forming a cavity in a ground by means of a tunnel boring machine;
    - forming sections of the tunnel situated inside the cavity, at least one section being created from at least one two-layer construction element (6, 7) according to one of claims 1 to 6 as the tunnel boring machine progressively advances.
EP15732774.3A 2014-05-21 2015-05-20 Construction element for creating a tunnel, tunnel comprising such an element and methods for constructing such an element and such a tunnel Active EP3146155B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1401156A FR3021346B1 (en) 2014-05-21 2014-05-21 CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A TUNNEL, TUNNEL COMPRISING SUCH A ELEMENT AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING SUCH A ELEMENT AND SUCH A TUNNEL
PCT/FR2015/051318 WO2015177463A2 (en) 2014-05-21 2015-05-20 Construction element for creating a tunnel, tunnel comprising such an element and methods for constructing such an element and such a tunnel

Publications (2)

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EP3146155A2 EP3146155A2 (en) 2017-03-29
EP3146155B1 true EP3146155B1 (en) 2023-03-08

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US (1) US10774640B2 (en)
EP (1) EP3146155B1 (en)
JP (3) JP2017516937A (en)
CN (1) CN106460510B (en)
AU (2) AU2015263203A1 (en)
CA (1) CA2949647C (en)
FR (1) FR3021346B1 (en)
RU (1) RU2689964C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2015177463A2 (en)

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WO2018086085A1 (en) * 2016-11-12 2018-05-17 苏州大学 Method for calculating earth pressure load on tunnel
USD834218S1 (en) * 2017-03-20 2018-11-20 Shenzhen Bell Creative Science and Education Co., Ltd. Component of a construction set
FR3091892B1 (en) * 2019-01-18 2021-01-22 Agence Nat Pour La Gestion Des Dechets Radioactifs CONSTRUCTION KIT FOR THE REALIZATION OF A PREFABRICATED TWO-LAYER CHASSIS SUITABLE TO BE ASSEMBLED ON SITE AND PROCESS FOR MAKING SUCH A CHASSIS
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CA2949647C (en) 2023-01-24
AU2019283806A1 (en) 2020-01-16
RU2689964C2 (en) 2019-05-29
US20170167261A1 (en) 2017-06-15
JP2020056304A (en) 2020-04-09
EP3146155A2 (en) 2017-03-29
CN106460510A (en) 2017-02-22
JP2022174014A (en) 2022-11-22
RU2016149893A3 (en) 2018-06-26
US10774640B2 (en) 2020-09-15
AU2019283806B2 (en) 2021-04-01
FR3021346B1 (en) 2016-07-29
WO2015177463A3 (en) 2016-02-04
FR3021346A1 (en) 2015-11-27
RU2016149893A (en) 2018-06-26
CN106460510B (en) 2020-09-15
CA2949647A1 (en) 2015-11-26
JP7341285B2 (en) 2023-09-08
WO2015177463A2 (en) 2015-11-26
JP2017516937A (en) 2017-06-22
AU2015263203A1 (en) 2016-12-15

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