EP2660393A3 - Agencement de puits et procédé de fabrication d'un agencement de puits - Google Patents

Agencement de puits et procédé de fabrication d'un agencement de puits Download PDF

Info

Publication number: EP2660393A3
Authority: EP; European Patent Office
Prior art keywords: manhole; tube; shaft assembly; producing; cover frame
Prior art date: 2012-05-04
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Granted

Application number

EP13165212.5A

Other languages

German (de)

English (en)

Other versions

EP2660393B1 (fr

EP2660393A2 (fr

Inventor

Ralf Sonnenberg

Dirk Bredemeier

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

Heinrich Meier Eisengiesserei GmbH and Co KG

Original Assignee

Heinrich Meier Eisengiesserei GmbH and Co KG

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2012-05-04

Filing date

2013-04-24

Publication date

2017-03-15

2013-04-24 Application filed by Heinrich Meier Eisengiesserei GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Heinrich Meier Eisengiesserei GmbH and Co KG

2013-04-24 Priority to PL13165212T priority Critical patent/PL2660393T3/pl

2013-11-06 Publication of EP2660393A2 publication Critical patent/EP2660393A2/fr

2017-03-15 Publication of EP2660393A3 publication Critical patent/EP2660393A3/fr

2019-08-07 Application granted granted Critical

2019-08-07 Publication of EP2660393B1 publication Critical patent/EP2660393B1/fr

Status Active legal-status Critical Current

2033-04-24 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract 1

Classifications

- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/12—Manhole shafts; Other inspection or access chambers; Accessories therefor
- E02D29/124—Shaft entirely made of synthetic material
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/12—Manhole shafts; Other inspection or access chambers; Accessories therefor
- E02D29/121—Manhole shafts; Other inspection or access chambers; Accessories therefor characterised by the connection between shaft elements, e.g. of rings forming said shaft
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/12—Manhole shafts; Other inspection or access chambers; Accessories therefor
- E02D29/14—Covers for manholes or the like; Frames for covers
- E02D29/1427—Locking devices

Landscapes

Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
Paleontology (AREA)
Civil Engineering (AREA)
General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Structural Engineering (AREA)
Underground Structures, Protecting, Testing And Restoring Foundations (AREA)
Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

EP13165212.5A 2012-05-04 2013-04-24 Agencement de puits et procédé de fabrication d'un agencement de puits Active EP2660393B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
PL13165212T PL2660393T3 (pl)	2012-05-04	2013-04-24	Układ studzienki oraz sposób wykonania układu studzienki

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
DE102012008735A DE102012008735A1 (de)	2012-05-04	2012-05-04	Schachtanordnung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schachtanordnung

Publications (3)

Publication Number	Publication Date
EP2660393A2 EP2660393A2 (fr)	2013-11-06
EP2660393A3 true EP2660393A3 (fr)	2017-03-15
EP2660393B1 EP2660393B1 (fr)	2019-08-07

Family

ID=48182803

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP13165212.5A Active EP2660393B1 (fr)	2012-05-04	2013-04-24	Agencement de puits et procédé de fabrication d'un agencement de puits

Country Status (3)

Country	Link
EP (1)	EP2660393B1 (fr)
DE (1)	DE102012008735A1 (fr)
PL (1)	PL2660393T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
CN105423032B (zh) *	2015-12-16	2018-08-14	中国人民解放军后勤工程学院	可实现机械化铺设的防盗型插接式槽头钢管连接器
CN108978720A (zh) *	2017-05-31	2018-12-11	北京元正数据科技有限公司	智能井盖和称重***

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
GB2266902A (en) *	1992-05-11	1993-11-17	Uponor Nv	Riser pipe with cover frame
DE20008820U1 (de) *	2000-05-16	2000-08-17	Heinrich Meier Eisengießerei GmbH & Co KG, 32369 Rahden	Schachtanordnung
DE10111244A1 (de) *	2001-03-09	2002-09-12	Heinrich Meier Eisengieserei G	Kanalbauteil aus Gusseisen und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kanalbauteils
DE102010006381A1 (de) *	2010-01-29	2011-08-04	Heinrich Meier Eisengießerei GmbH & Co KG, 32369	Schachtanordnung

2012
- 2012-05-04 DE DE102012008735A patent/DE102012008735A1/de not_active Withdrawn
2013
- 2013-04-24 EP EP13165212.5A patent/EP2660393B1/fr active Active
- 2013-04-24 PL PL13165212T patent/PL2660393T3/pl unknown

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
GB2266902A (en) *	1992-05-11	1993-11-17	Uponor Nv	Riser pipe with cover frame
DE20008820U1 (de) *	2000-05-16	2000-08-17	Heinrich Meier Eisengießerei GmbH & Co KG, 32369 Rahden	Schachtanordnung
DE10111244A1 (de) *	2001-03-09	2002-09-12	Heinrich Meier Eisengieserei G	Kanalbauteil aus Gusseisen und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kanalbauteils
DE102010006381A1 (de) *	2010-01-29	2011-08-04	Heinrich Meier Eisengießerei GmbH & Co KG, 32369	Schachtanordnung

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
EP2660393B1 (fr)	2019-08-07
EP2660393A2 (fr)	2013-11-06
PL2660393T3 (pl)	2020-02-28
DE102012008735A1 (de)	2013-11-07

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
2013-11-05	PUAI	Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012
2013-11-06	AK	Designated contracting states	Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR
2013-11-06	AX	Request for extension of the european patent	Extension state: BA ME
2017-02-10	PUAL	Search report despatched	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013
2017-03-15	AK	Designated contracting states	Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR
2017-03-15	AX	Request for extension of the european patent	Extension state: BA ME
2017-03-15	RIC1	Information provided on ipc code assigned before grant	Ipc: E02D 29/12 20060101AFI20170207BHEP Ipc: E02D 29/14 20060101ALI20170207BHEP
2017-09-22	STAA	Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent	Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE
2017-10-25	17P	Request for examination filed	Effective date: 20170914
2017-10-25	RBV	Designated contracting states (corrected)	Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR
2018-01-26	STAA	Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent	Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS
2018-02-28	17Q	First examination report despatched	Effective date: 20180125
2019-05-01	GRAP	Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1
2019-05-01	STAA	Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent	Free format text: STATUS: GRANT OF PATENT IS INTENDED
2019-05-29	INTG	Intention to grant announced	Effective date: 20190502
2019-06-28	GRAS	Grant fee paid	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3
2019-07-05	GRAA	(expected) grant	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210
2019-07-05	STAA	Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent	Free format text: STATUS: THE PATENT HAS BEEN GRANTED
2019-08-07	AK	Designated contracting states	Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR
2019-08-07	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: NOT ENGLISH
2019-08-15	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: REF Ref document number: 1164088 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20190815
2019-08-29	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R096 Ref document number: 502013013297 Country of ref document: DE
2019-09-04	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: LANGUAGE OF EP DOCUMENT: GERMAN
2019-10-03	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: RO Ref legal event code: EPE
2019-10-23	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: FP
2019-12-27	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: LT Ref legal event code: MG4D
2020-01-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: LT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: BG Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20191107 Ref country code: NO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20191107 Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: HR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20191209
2020-02-28	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: RS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: IS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20191207 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20191108 Ref country code: AL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2020-03-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: TR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2020-05-01	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: EE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2020-05-29	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: SM Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: IS Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20200224 Ref country code: SK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2020-06-03	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R097 Ref document number: 502013013297 Country of ref document: DE
2020-07-03	PLBE	No opposition filed within time limit	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261
2020-07-03	STAA	Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent	Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT
2020-07-30	PG2D	Information on lapse in contracting state deleted	Ref country code: IS
2020-08-05	26N	No opposition filed	Effective date: 20200603
2020-08-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: SI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2020-11-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2020-11-30	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL
2021-01-29	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200430 Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200424 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200430 Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200430
2021-02-03	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: BE Ref legal event code: MM Effective date: 20200430
2021-02-26	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200430
2021-03-31	GBPC	Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee	Effective date: 20200424
2021-04-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200424 Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200424
2021-06-15	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: MM01 Ref document number: 1164088 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20200424
2021-08-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200424
2022-06-01	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: MT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807 Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2022-06-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: MK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20190807
2023-02-27	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R082 Ref document number: 502013013297 Country of ref document: DE Representative=s name: PATENTANWAELTE OLBRICHT, BUCHHOLD, KEULERTZ PA, DE
2023-07-31	PGFP	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: RO Payment date: 20230413 Year of fee payment: 11
2023-08-31	PGFP	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: PL Payment date: 20230417 Year of fee payment: 11 Ref country code: LV Payment date: 20230413 Year of fee payment: 11
2024-05-21	PGFP	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20240418 Year of fee payment: 12
2024-07-10	PGFP	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20240430 Year of fee payment: 12
2024-07-23	PGFP	Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: CZ Payment date: 20240419 Year of fee payment: 12

Publication	Publication Date	Title
EP2228504A3 (fr)	2012-06-27	Elément de fixation
EP2192372A3 (fr)	2013-10-16	Echangeur thermique à courants croisés
EP2620688A3 (fr)	2017-04-26	Unité de raccordement pour un embrayage multiple et embrayage multiple doté d'une telle unité de raccordement
EP2660393A3 (fr)	2017-03-15	Agencement de puits et procédé de fabrication d'un agencement de puits
EP2444656A3 (fr)	2015-08-12	Élément de sécurité et cadre de transport pour éléments d'une éolienne
EP2628411A3 (fr)	2014-04-02	Tiroir
EP2615346A3 (fr)	2016-09-21	Collier à bande élastique
EP2489805A3 (fr)	2014-09-10	Ancrage de liaison de deux éléments se déplaçant l'un par rapport à l'autre ainsi que procédé et dispositif destinés à sa fabrication
EP2374666A3 (fr)	2012-01-11	Agencement de liaison d'au moins deux composants structurels pour un véhicule automobile et son procédé de fabrication
EP2636489A3 (fr)	2014-01-15	Pince avec levier d'actionnement
EP2565463A3 (fr)	2015-10-14	Pompe à vide
EP2727692A3 (fr)	2015-09-30	Procédé de fabrication d'un élément composite fritté et élément composite fritté
EP2567865A3 (fr)	2013-05-01	Dispositif de fixation pour le transport d'une charge lourde
EP2127795A3 (fr)	2011-04-13	Formation d'une liaison de soudure en forme de T
EP2974947A3 (fr)	2016-04-13	Élement de cadre de velo
EP2060793A3 (fr)	2016-11-02	Pompe à vide
EP2706176A3 (fr)	2017-05-24	Procédé destiné au montage d'une serrure
EP2562483A3 (fr)	2014-02-12	Élément de filtre et hotte aspirante
EP2607162A3 (fr)	2018-02-21	Procédé de fabrication et/ou de transformation d'un dispositif de fixation destiné à fixer des marchandises de chargement dans une soute
EP2530228A3 (fr)	2016-09-28	Dispositif destiné à armer de façon statique des éléments de paroi, en particulier d'éléments en verre
EP2805781A3 (fr)	2014-12-03	Profilé creux pour une structure porteuse d'un véhicule
EP2628426A3 (fr)	2014-07-16	Support pour serviette anti-rotation
EP3025617A3 (fr)	2016-09-28	Barre de liaison avec entretoise
EP2620936A3 (fr)	2014-10-01	Élément de cadre pour lampe
EP2612980A3 (fr)	2014-05-21	Elément d'introduction