EP2638776B1 - Domestic appliance and method for production of a domestic appliance heater - Google Patents

Domestic appliance and method for production of a domestic appliance heater Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2638776B1
EP2638776B1 EP11775778.1A EP11775778A EP2638776B1 EP 2638776 B1 EP2638776 B1 EP 2638776B1 EP 11775778 A EP11775778 A EP 11775778A EP 2638776 B1 EP2638776 B1 EP 2638776B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
oven
heating conductor
conductor layer
household appliance
graphene
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EP11775778.1A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2638776A1 (en
Inventor
Frank JÖRDENS
Jürgen Salomon
Philipp Schaller
Gerhard Schmidmayer
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BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
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BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
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Publication of EP2638776A1 publication Critical patent/EP2638776A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24C—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES ; DETAILS OF DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F24C7/00—Stoves or ranges heated by electric energy
    • F24C7/04—Stoves or ranges heated by electric energy with heat radiated directly from the heating element
    • F24C7/046—Ranges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/262—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an insulated metal plate
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/04—Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a household appliance with a household appliance heater, the household appliance heater having at least one electrically conductive heating conductor layer applied to a carrier material of a carrier.
  • the invention also relates to a method for producing such a domestic appliance heater.
  • heaters which have an electrically insulating carrier material and a thick-film heating conductor applied to it as a heating element. Furthermore, heating conductor pastes based on noble metals, in particular pastes containing Ag / Pd, are known.
  • WO 2008/055535 A1 discloses a heated covering system for floors, ceilings and walls.
  • the covering system comprises covering plates which are provided with coupling means on at least one longitudinal edge in order to be able to connect covering plates to one another, the covering plates being provided with electrical heating means and having electrical contact means in order to electrically connect plates to one another.
  • the electric surface heating can consist of an electrically conductive coating.
  • the electrical surface heating can be applied, for example, by means of spray painting, roller coating, knife coating, screen printing or inkjet coating, or a combination of these processes.
  • the electrically conductive coating can be formed from a fluid that can be dried out after application to the covering panels.
  • the electrically conductive fluid consists of graphite lacquer or carbon lacquer.
  • the fluid contains carbon or graphite particles in order to increase the electrical conductivity and / or to make the fluid electrically conductive.
  • the fluid contains nanoscale, electrically conductive particles or so-called “multiwalled carbon nano tubes”.
  • resistance heaters in the form of tubular heaters are mostly used, for example as a heater in an oven or in dishwashers to warm up caustic.
  • a heating device made of at least one thermally resilient molded body for heating rooms, aggregates and materials in solid, liquid and combined form made of glass, glass ceramics, ceramics, marble and other natural stones, synthetic polymers and metals with an electrically conductive structural layer that is geometrically constructed is and generates infrared heat radiation when current flows through it, the electrically conductive structure layer having a defined network of carbon fleece, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and nanoceramics, the structural characteristics of which are used depending on the application.
  • a baking oven is characterized in that the stone slab consists of stone, artificial stone, cement, concrete or a ceramic or refractory mass, which is provided with an electrically conductive heating layer that can be heated by an electric current and is based on graphite particles or carbon fibers or a mixture of carbon fibers and glass fibers, a carbon-glass fiber fleece, carbon fiber fabric, carbon-glass fiber fabric or carbon nanotubes or from a pure carbon fiber.
  • the oven has an improved baking quality of the baked goods, which is characterized by a much thicker crust of the baked goods. The baked goods stay fresh and crispy for longer. This is especially true for rolls or bread.
  • WO 2009/135148 A2 discloses an oven comprising a housing having a heating element having a heating layer, a support structure and a control system for controlling the operating temperature of the oven.
  • the heating layer is preferably a thermally sprayed layer.
  • the object is achieved by an oven with at least one domestic appliance heater, the domestic appliance heater having at least one electrically conductive heating conductor layer applied to a carrier material of a carrier.
  • the carrier is an oven muffle delimiting a treatment space of the household appliance, and the at least one heating conductor layer is arranged on an outside of the oven muffle.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer contains carbon nanotubes (CNT; "Carbon Nano Tubes”) and / or graphene.
  • the furnace muffle is coated on the outside with enamel and the heating conductor layer is applied to the enamel as the carrier material.
  • the inside of the furnace muffle is also lined with polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the furnace is set up to operate the at least one heating conductor layer at a maximum temperature of no more than 350 ° C., in particular at a maximum temperature of no more than 330 ° C.
  • This household appliance has the advantage over household appliances with conventional tubular heating elements that it responds more quickly and is therefore better suited for temperature control.
  • This household appliance heater containing carbon nanotubes also has lower heat inhomogeneities, in particular no pronounced heat peaks.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer can be attached directly or in close proximity to conventional supports to be heated, the surfaces of which consist of these support materials. Adaptation is therefore negligible. This also enables particularly good heat transfer and a compact design.
  • These supports can include, for example, an oven or a muffle of an oven.
  • the housing can be, for example, an oven or a muffle of an oven.
  • the carrier material can in particular be ceramic or glass ceramic.
  • the fact that the household appliance is set up to operate the heat conductor layer at a maximum (operating) temperature of not more than 350 ° C., in particular at a maximum temperature of not more than 330 ° C., has the advantage that such a temperature is sufficient to operate an oven without the pyrolysis function, while at the same time a sufficient distance to the decomposition temperature of the polytetrafluoroethylene can be maintained.
  • additives to the polytetrafluoroethylene can be used that can no longer be used at temperatures of more than 350 ° C, e.g. many colors or metallic tinsel to create a metallic appearance.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer can, for example, be applied directly to the electrically insulating enamel.
  • the carbon nanotubes can comprise single-walled tubes (SWCNT), double-walled tubes (DWCNT) and / or multi-walled tubes (MWCNT).
  • the carbon nanotubes can comprise open and / or closed tubes.
  • the carbon nanotubes can be empty and / or filled. The carbon nanotubes and / or the graphene do not decompose during operation, even at high temperatures.
  • the heat conductor layer can have a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
  • the heat conductor layer can have a conductive layer that is covered by a protective layer and has carbon nanotubes.
  • the carrier can have at least one further material below the carrier material, for example a material of a base body, while the carrier material is a material of an outer layer of the carrier.
  • the household appliance can, for example, be a baking oven, the at least one household appliance heater being usable, for example, as a lower heating element and / or as an upper heating element.
  • At least one heat conductor layer can be arranged on the inside of a furnace muffle delimiting a furnace space.
  • the domestic appliance heater is arranged in particular (on the outside) on an underside and / or an upper side of the furnace muffle.
  • the domestic appliance heater is consequently an oven heater.
  • the oven in particular an oven, can for example be in the form of a single oven and / or an oven / microwave oven combination.
  • the outside of the oven muffle can be coated with enamel, so that the carrier material of the carrier is enamel.
  • the carrier material can consist of stainless steel.
  • the heat conductor layer has a maximum continuous use temperature of up to 350 ° C. As a result, typical cooking temperatures to be generated in a cooking appliance can be achieved reliably and permanently.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer has been applied to the carrier material as a paste containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphene.
  • the paste has a pasty consistency, especially during application, and is then hardened, e.g. by a burning process.
  • the paste is in particular a solid-liquid mixture (suspension) with a high solid content.
  • the paste is in particular no longer flowable, but rather spreadable.
  • the paste is a screen printing paste.
  • the paste can consequently be applied by means of a screen printing process, which enables precise, fine and inexpensive application.
  • the paste can also be applied by means of a roller coating or a doctor blade coating.
  • the paste can in particular have an electrically non-conductive base material or matrix material.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer is a vitreous base material with carbon nanotubes and / or graphene (particles) distributed therein. having.
  • a base material has the advantages of high temperature resistance, good cleanability and chemical resistance.
  • the carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles are also protected against atmospheric oxygen, which is particularly effective in preventing their decomposition.
  • the base material can have other additives in addition to the carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles.
  • graphite or carbon black can also be added.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer is contacted by means of at least one contact element made of a precious metal-containing, in particular silver-containing, paste.
  • at least one contact element made of a precious metal-containing, in particular silver-containing, paste.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer forms at least one flat heating element. It is a special development that the at least one heating conductor layer is at least partially, in particular essentially exclusively, rectangular, e.g. square. In this way a particularly large heating surface is achieved.
  • the heat conductor layer can in particular be electrically contacted on two opposite sides, in particular in each case over essentially the entire length of the sides. This enables current to be introduced over a large area.
  • the at least one heating conductor layer is present as at least one heating conductor track.
  • the heating conductor can run at least in sections in a meandering manner.
  • the heating conductor track can in particular be an elongated structure, in particular a track or band, the length of which is significantly greater than its width.
  • the heating conductor layer can in particular be present or have been applied using thick-film or thin-film technology.
  • the layer thickness may in particular not exceed 500 micrometers, in particular measure below 100 micrometers.
  • the object is also achieved by a method for producing a domestic appliance heater for an oven, having at least the following steps: (a) Application a coating material containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphene, in particular paste, in the form of at least one heating conductor layer on the enamel and (b) curing, in particular firing, the coating material.
  • a method for producing a domestic appliance heater for an oven having at least the following steps: (a) Application a coating material containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphene, in particular paste, in the form of at least one heating conductor layer on the enamel and (b) curing, in particular firing, the coating material.
  • This step can be carried out at least partially after step (a) for applying the coating material containing at least one carbon nanotube and / or graphite particles.
  • the coating material is applied using a screen printing process.
  • the coating material is advantageously a dedicated screen printing paste.
  • the screen printing process enables precise and inexpensive application.
  • the object is further achieved by a method for operating at least one furnace heater of a furnace as described above with a furnace muffle, which is at least partially lined on its inside with polytetrafluoroethylene, the furnace heater in continuous operation at no more than 350 ° C, in particular not more than 330 ° C, is heated.
  • the methods can, for example, continue to be designed analogously to the devices.
  • Fig.1 shows a household appliance heater 1 of a first embodiment, which is applied to a carrier 2 on an electrically insulating carrier material 2 in the form of enamel.
  • the household appliance heater 1 has an electrically conductive heating conductor layer in the form of a heating conductor 3, which is applied essentially in a meandering manner to the carrier material 2.
  • the heating conductor 3 has two ends which are spaced apart from one another and which are terminated by means of a respective electrically conductive contact element in the form of a contact field 4.
  • An electrical voltage can be applied to the heating conductor 3 via the contact fields 4, as a result of which it can be heated in a defined manner due to its ohmic resistance.
  • the electrically insulating carrier material 2 prevents a short circuit.
  • the heating conductor 3 has been applied to the carrier 2 as a paste in layer form.
  • the paste has a base material (matrix material) with carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles distributed therein.
  • a thickness of the paste and thus at least approximately also of the heating conductor 3 is preferably not more than 500 micrometers, especially not more than 100 micrometers, in particular after curing.
  • the base material can in particular be an electrically insulating base material, especially a glass-like base material. After hardening, the glass-like base material is particularly resistant to chemical and mechanical stress.
  • the contact fields 4 can also have been applied as a paste or as a fluid, as a result of which they can be processed particularly well with the heating conductor 3.
  • the contact fields 4 have in particular Ag or Ag / Pd.
  • the heating conductor 3 can have a comparatively very high electrical conductivity.
  • the heating conductor 3 can consequently be designed to be particularly small (for example particularly thin). This reduces thermal inertia, and the household appliance heater 1 can respond particularly quickly to temperature regulation.
  • Fig. 2 shows a household appliance heater 13 according to a second embodiment in a view from above.
  • the household appliance heater 13 here has two elongated conductor tracks 14 as electrical contact elements, between which a flat, rectangular heating conductor layer 15 is located in sections as a heating element.
  • the conductor tracks 14 can have, for example, silver or a silver alloy, and alternatively also have, for example, a conductive carbon modification.
  • the heat conductor layer 15, like the heat conductor track 3, has carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles, in particular in a glass-like matrix.
  • FIG. 4 shows a flow chart for producing a household appliance heater, explained purely by way of example with reference to the household appliance heater 1 from FIG Fig.1 .
  • the heating conductor 3 (general: heating conductor layer) is printed onto the carrier 2 by means of a screen printing paste containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles and thereby made electrically conductive.
  • the contact fields 4 are also printed on by means of a screen printing process as a paste containing noble metal, in particular containing silver.
  • the printing can take place on the carrier 2 and / or on the heating conductor 3.
  • the contact fields 4 or a part thereof can be printed on before the heating conductor 3 is printed on.
  • the heating conductor 3 and the contact fields 4 are cured together.
  • the curing can be carried out, for example, at low temperatures or by firing at higher temperatures.
  • the first step S1 can include multi-stage printing, e.g. first a conductive layer or conductive layer containing the carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles, followed by a covering application of a protective layer or protective layer.
  • Fig. 4 shows, in a sectional view from the front on a vertical sectional plane, a household appliance in the form of an oven 5, which has a housing for treating food in the form of an oven 6 or oven muffle.
  • the oven also represents a support for the household appliance heater 1 shown here purely as an example.
  • the oven 6 as the carrier has a base body 7 made of sheet metal, which is coated on its outside with enamel 8 as the carrier material and on its inside with polytetrafluoroethylene 9.
  • the enamel 8 thus forms the outside of the oven 6, while the polytetrafluoroethylene 9 forms the inside.
  • a domestic appliance heater 1 is provided on a lower side 10 and on an upper side 11 of the oven 6.
  • the household appliance heaters 1 form a lower heating element or an upper heating element.
  • the heating conductor tracks 3 lie directly on the electrically insulating enamel 8. Since the heat transfer to the oven 6 is very good, the heat losses are low.
  • the heating conductor tracks 3 are operated at no more than 330 ° C., controlled by a control device 12. This, together with the low temperature inhomogeneities, prevents decomposition of the polytetrafluoroethylene 9. Furthermore, foreign particles are prevented from burning into the polytetrafluoroethylene 9.
  • the polytetrafluoroethylene 9 has metallic tinsel.
  • the shape of the heat conductor layer can be designed differently, e.g. not in the form of a web or band.
  • the heating conductor tracks 3 can also be laid in a way other than meandering, e.g. in a stepped manner.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Haushaltsgerät mit einer Haushaltsgeräteheizung, wobei die Haushaltsgeräteheizung mindestens eine auf einem Trägermaterial eines Trägers aufgebrachte, elektrisch leitfähige Heizleiterschicht aufweist. Die Erfindung betrifft ferner ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer solchen Haushaltsgeräteheizung.The invention relates to a household appliance with a household appliance heater, the household appliance heater having at least one electrically conductive heating conductor layer applied to a carrier material of a carrier. The invention also relates to a method for producing such a domestic appliance heater.

Es sind Heizungen bekannt, die ein elektrisch isolierendes Trägermaterial und eine darauf aufgebrachte Dickschicht-Heizleiterbahn als Heizelement aufweisen. Es sind ferner Heizleiterpasten auf Edelmetallbasis, insbesondere Ag/Pd-haltige Pasten, bekannt.There are known heaters which have an electrically insulating carrier material and a thick-film heating conductor applied to it as a heating element. Furthermore, heating conductor pastes based on noble metals, in particular pastes containing Ag / Pd, are known.

WO 2008/055535 A1 offenbart ein beheizbares Belagsystem für Fußböden, Decke und Wände. Das Belagsystem umfasst Belagplatten, die an zumindest einer Längskante mit Kopplungsmitteln versehen sind, um Belagplatten miteinander verbinden zu können, wobei die Belagplatten mit elektrischen Heizmitteln versehen sind und elektrische Kontaktmittel aufweisen, um Platten elektrisch miteinander zu verbinden. Die elektrische Flächenheizung kann aus einer elektrisch leitenden Beschichtung bestehen. Die elektrische Flächenheizung kann beispielsweise mittels Sprühlackierung, Rollenbeschichtung, Rakelbeschichtung, Siebdruckbeschichtung oder Inkjet-Beschichtung oder einer Kombination dieser Verfahren aufgetragen werden. Die elektrisch leitende Beschichtung kann aus einem Fluid gebildet werden, das nach Auftragung auf die Belagplatten austrockenbar ist. In einer Ausführungsform besteht das elektrisch leitende Fluid aus Graphitlack oder Karbonlack. Ebenso ist es beispielsweise möglich, das Fluid mit Karbon- oder Graphitteilchen zu versehen, um die elektrische Leitfähigkeit zu verstärken und / oder um das Fluid elektrisch leitfähig zu machen. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform enthält das Fluid nanoskalige, elektrisch leitfähige Teilchen oder sogenannte "Multiwalled Carbon Nano Tubes". WO 2008/055535 A1 discloses a heated covering system for floors, ceilings and walls. The covering system comprises covering plates which are provided with coupling means on at least one longitudinal edge in order to be able to connect covering plates to one another, the covering plates being provided with electrical heating means and having electrical contact means in order to electrically connect plates to one another. The electric surface heating can consist of an electrically conductive coating. The electrical surface heating can be applied, for example, by means of spray painting, roller coating, knife coating, screen printing or inkjet coating, or a combination of these processes. The electrically conductive coating can be formed from a fluid that can be dried out after application to the covering panels. In one embodiment, the electrically conductive fluid consists of graphite lacquer or carbon lacquer. It is also possible, for example, to provide the fluid with carbon or graphite particles in order to increase the electrical conductivity and / or to make the fluid electrically conductive. In a further embodiment, the fluid contains nanoscale, electrically conductive particles or so-called “multiwalled carbon nano tubes”.

In Haushaltsgeräten werden meist Widerstandsheizungen in Form von Rohrheizkörpern verwendet, z.B. als Heizkörper in einem Backofen oder in Spülmaschinen zum Aufwärmen von Lauge.In household appliances, resistance heaters in the form of tubular heaters are mostly used, for example as a heater in an oven or in dishwashers to warm up caustic.

DE 20 2009 000 136 U1 offenbart eine Heizeinrichtung aus mindestens einem thermisch belastbarem Formkörper für die Beheizung von Räumen, Aggregaten und Materialien in fester, liquider und kombinierter Form aus Glas, Glaskeramik, Keramik, Marmor und anderen Natursteinen, synthetischen Polymeren und Metallen mit einer elektrischen leitfähigen Strukturschicht, die geometrisch konstruiert ist und bei Stromdurchfluss infrarote Wärmestrahlung erzeugt, wobei die elektrisch leitende Strukturschicht ein definiertes Netzwerk aus Carbonvlies, Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofasern und Nanokeramik aufweist, deren strukturelle Charakteristik einsatzbezogen verwendet wird. DE 20 2009 000 136 U1 discloses a heating device made of at least one thermally resilient molded body for heating rooms, aggregates and materials in solid, liquid and combined form made of glass, glass ceramics, ceramics, marble and other natural stones, synthetic polymers and metals with an electrically conductive structural layer that is geometrically constructed is and generates infrared heat radiation when current flows through it, the electrically conductive structure layer having a defined network of carbon fleece, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and nanoceramics, the structural characteristics of which are used depending on the application.

DE 10 2007 043 807 A1 offenbart einen elektrischen Backofen mit Steinplatten und Infrarotheizung für die industrielle, gewerbliche oder private Nutzung zum Backen von Brot, Brötchen und anderen Lebensmitteln, der mit einem traditionellen Steinbackofen vergleichbar ist. Ein Backofen ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Steinplatte aus Stein, Kunststein, Zement, Beton oder einer keramischen oder feuerfesten Masse besteht, die flächig mit einer durch elektrischen Strom aufheizbaren, elektrisch leitfähigen Heizschicht versehen ist, die auf der Basis von Graphitteilchen oder Kohlenstoff-Fasern oder einem Gemisch von Kohlefasern und Glasfasern, einem Kohle-Glasfaser-Vlies, Kohlefasergewebe, Kohle-Glasfasergewebe oder Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhren oder aus einer reinen Kohlefaser hergestellt ist. Im Vergleich zu elektrischen Backöfen mit Backblechen aus Stahl weist der Backofen eine verbesserte Backqualität des Backguts auf, die sich durch eine wesentlich dickere Kruste der Backwaren auszeichnet. Die Backwaren bleiben dadurch länger backfrisch und knusprig. Dies gilt besonders für Brötchen oder Brot. DE 10 2007 043 807 A1 discloses an electric oven with stone plates and infrared heating for industrial, commercial or private use for baking bread, rolls and other foodstuffs, which is comparable to a traditional stone oven. A baking oven is characterized in that the stone slab consists of stone, artificial stone, cement, concrete or a ceramic or refractory mass, which is provided with an electrically conductive heating layer that can be heated by an electric current and is based on graphite particles or carbon fibers or a mixture of carbon fibers and glass fibers, a carbon-glass fiber fleece, carbon fiber fabric, carbon-glass fiber fabric or carbon nanotubes or from a pure carbon fiber. Compared to electric ovens with baking trays made of steel, the oven has an improved baking quality of the baked goods, which is characterized by a much thicker crust of the baked goods. The baked goods stay fresh and crispy for longer. This is especially true for rolls or bread.

WO 2009/135148 A2 offenbart einen Ofen, umfassend ein Gehäuse mit einem Heizelement mit einer Heizschicht, einer Stützstruktur und einem Steuersystem zum Steuern der Betriebstemperatur des Ofens. Die Heizschicht ist vorzugsweise eine thermisch gesprühte Schicht. WO 2009/135148 A2 discloses an oven comprising a housing having a heating element having a heating layer, a support structure and a control system for controlling the operating temperature of the oven. The heating layer is preferably a thermally sprayed layer.

Es ist die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine verbesserte Aufheizung eines Haushaltsgeräts, insbesondere Gargeräts, bereitzustellen.It is the object of the present invention to provide improved heating of a household appliance, in particular a cooking appliance.

Diese Aufgabe wird gemäß den Merkmalen der unabhängigen Ansprüche gelöst. Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen sind insbesondere den abhängigen Ansprüchen entnehmbar. Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch einen Ofen mit mindestens einer Haushaltsgeräteheizung, wobei die Haushaltsgeräteheizung mindestens eine auf einem Trägermaterial eines Trägers aufgebrachte, elektrisch leitfähige Heizleiterschicht aufweist. Der Träger ist eine einen Behandlungsraum des Haushaltsgeräts begrenzende Ofenmuffel, und die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht ist an einer Außenseite der Ofenmuffel angeordnet ist. Die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht enthält Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen (CNT; "Carbon Nano Tubes") und/oder Graphen.. Die Ofenmuffel ist an der Außenseite mit Emaille beschichtet und die Heizleiterschicht auf die Emaille als dem Trägermaterial aufgebracht. Die Ofenmuffel ist ferner an ihrer Innenseite mit Polytetrafluorethylen ausgekleidet. Der Ofen ist dazu eingerichtet, die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht bei einer maximalen Temperatur von nicht mehr als 350°C, insbesondere bei einer maximalen Temperatur von nicht mehr als 330°C, zu betreiben.This object is achieved according to the features of the independent claims. Preferred embodiments can be inferred in particular from the dependent claims. The object is achieved by an oven with at least one domestic appliance heater, the domestic appliance heater having at least one electrically conductive heating conductor layer applied to a carrier material of a carrier. The carrier is an oven muffle delimiting a treatment space of the household appliance, and the at least one heating conductor layer is arranged on an outside of the oven muffle. The at least one heating conductor layer contains carbon nanotubes (CNT; "Carbon Nano Tubes") and / or graphene. The furnace muffle is coated on the outside with enamel and the heating conductor layer is applied to the enamel as the carrier material. The inside of the furnace muffle is also lined with polytetrafluoroethylene. The furnace is set up to operate the at least one heating conductor layer at a maximum temperature of no more than 350 ° C., in particular at a maximum temperature of no more than 330 ° C.

Dieses Haushaltsgerät weist gegenüber Haushaltsgeräten mit herkömmlichen Rohrheizkörpern den Vorteil auf, dass es schneller anspricht und somit für eine Temperaturregelung besser geeignet ist. Auch weist diese Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen enthaltende Haushaltsgeräteheizung geringere Wärmeinhomogenitäten auf, insbesondere keine ausgeprägten Wärmespitzen.This household appliance has the advantage over household appliances with conventional tubular heating elements that it responds more quickly and is therefore better suited for temperature control. This household appliance heater containing carbon nanotubes also has lower heat inhomogeneities, in particular no pronounced heat peaks.

Durch die Aufbringung der mindestens einen Heizleiterschicht auf die Emaille kann die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht direkt oder in unmittelbare Nähe an üblichen zu erwärmenden Trägern, deren Oberflächen aus diesen Trägermaterialien bestehen, befestigt werden. Somit ist eine Anpassungsleistung vernachlässigbar. Auch wird so eine besonders gute Wärmeübertragung und kompakte Bauweise ermöglicht. Diese Träger (Geräteteile usw.) können beispielsweise ein Backrohr oder eine Muffel eines Ofens umfassen.By applying the at least one heating conductor layer to the enamel, the at least one heating conductor layer can be attached directly or in close proximity to conventional supports to be heated, the surfaces of which consist of these support materials. Adaptation is therefore negligible. This also enables particularly good heat transfer and a compact design. These supports (device parts, etc.) can include, for example, an oven or a muffle of an oven.

Auch ergibt sich der Vorteil, dass durch die Anordnung der mindestens einen Heizleiterschicht an der Außenseite einer Verschmutzung oder Korrosion von in dem Behandlungsraum vorhandenen Stoffen (Speisepartikel usw.) vorgebeugt wird. Das Gehäuse kann z.B. ein Backrohr oder eine Muffel eines Ofens sein.There is also the advantage that the arrangement of the at least one heating conductor layer on the outside prevents contamination or corrosion of substances (food particles, etc.) present in the treatment room. The housing can be, for example, an oven or a muffle of an oven.

Ein weiterer Vorteil wird dadurch erreicht, dass durch die Vermeidung der Wärmespitzen eine ungewollte Zersetzung des Polytetrafluorethylens (bei ca. 400 °C) vermieden wird und die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht dennoch auf einer hohen Nenntemperatur unterhalb der Zersetzungstemperatur des Teflons betreibbar ist. Das Trägermaterial kann hierbei insbesondere Keramik oder Glaskeramik sein.Another advantage is achieved in that, by avoiding the heat peaks, unwanted decomposition of the polytetrafluoroethylene (at approx. 400 ° C.) is avoided and the at least one heating conductor layer is still below a high nominal temperature the decomposition temperature of the Teflon is operable. The carrier material can in particular be ceramic or glass ceramic.

Dass das Haushaltsgerät dazu eingerichtet ist, die Heizleiterschicht bei einer maximalen (Betriebs-)Temperatur von nicht mehr als 350°C, insbesondere bei einer maximalen Temperatur von nicht mehr als 330°C, betrieben zu werden, ergibt den Vorteil, dass eine solche Temperatur zum Betreiben eines Backofens ohne Pyrolysefunktion ausreichend ist, wobei gleichzeitig ein ausreichender Abstand zu der Zersetzungstemperatur des Polytetrafluorethylens eingehalten werden kann. Zudem sind so Zusatzstoffe zu dem Polytetrafluorethylen einsetzbar, welche bei Temperaturen von mehr als 350°C nicht mehr verwendbar sind, z.B. viele Farben oder Metallic-Flitter zum Erzeugen eines Metallic-Aussehens.The fact that the household appliance is set up to operate the heat conductor layer at a maximum (operating) temperature of not more than 350 ° C., in particular at a maximum temperature of not more than 330 ° C., has the advantage that such a temperature is sufficient to operate an oven without the pyrolysis function, while at the same time a sufficient distance to the decomposition temperature of the polytetrafluoroethylene can be maintained. In addition, additives to the polytetrafluoroethylene can be used that can no longer be used at temperatures of more than 350 ° C, e.g. many colors or metallic tinsel to create a metallic appearance.

Die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht kann beispielsweise direkt auf die elektrisch isolierende Emaille aufgebracht werden.The at least one heating conductor layer can, for example, be applied directly to the electrically insulating enamel.

Die Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen können einwandige Röhrchen (SWCNT), doppelwandige Röhrchen (DWCNT) und/oder mehrwandige Röhrchen (MWCNT) umfassen. Die Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen können offene und/oder geschlossenen Röhrchen umfassen. Die Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen können leer und/oder gefüllt sein. Die Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder das Graphen zersetzen sich im Betrieb auch bei hoher Temperatur nicht.The carbon nanotubes can comprise single-walled tubes (SWCNT), double-walled tubes (DWCNT) and / or multi-walled tubes (MWCNT). The carbon nanotubes can comprise open and / or closed tubes. The carbon nanotubes can be empty and / or filled. The carbon nanotubes and / or the graphene do not decompose during operation, even at high temperatures.

Die Heizleiterschicht kann eine einlagige oder mehrlagige Struktur aufweisen. So kann die Heizleiterschicht eine von einer Schutzschicht abgedeckte, die Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen aufweisende Leitungsschicht aufweisen.The heat conductor layer can have a single-layer or multi-layer structure. For example, the heat conductor layer can have a conductive layer that is covered by a protective layer and has carbon nanotubes.

Der Träger kann unter dem Trägermaterial mindestens ein weiteres Material aufweisen, z.B. ein Material eines Grundkörpers, während das Trägermaterial ein Material einer äußeren Schicht des Trägers ist.The carrier can have at least one further material below the carrier material, for example a material of a base body, while the carrier material is a material of an outer layer of the carrier.

Das Haushaltsgerät kann z.B. ein Backofen sein, wobei die mindestens eine Haushaltsgeräteheizung z.B. als ein Unterhitzeheizkörper und/oder als ein Oberhitzeheizkörper einsetzbar ist.The household appliance can, for example, be a baking oven, the at least one household appliance heater being usable, for example, as a lower heating element and / or as an upper heating element.

Zusätzlich kann mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht an einer Innenseite einer einen Ofenraums begrenzenden Ofenmuffel angeordnet sein.In addition, at least one heat conductor layer can be arranged on the inside of a furnace muffle delimiting a furnace space.

Es ist noch eine Ausgestaltung, dass die Haushaltsgeräteheizung insbesondere (außenseitig) an einer Unterseite und/oder einer Oberseite der Ofenmuffel angeordnet ist.
Die Haushaltsgeräteheizung ist folglich eine Ofenheizung. Der Ofen, insbesondere Backofen, kann z.B. als ein Einzelbackofen und/oder eine Backofen/Mikrowellenofen-Kombination vorliegen. Insbesondere bei einem Einzelbackofen kann die Außenseite der Ofenmuffel mit Emaille beschichtet sein, so dass das Trägermaterial des Trägers Emaille ist. Insbesondere bei einer Backofen/Mikrowellenofen-Kombination kann das Trägermaterial aus Edelstahl bestehen.Another embodiment is that the domestic appliance heater is arranged in particular (on the outside) on an underside and / or an upper side of the furnace muffle.
The domestic appliance heater is consequently an oven heater. The oven, in particular an oven, can for example be in the form of a single oven and / or an oven / microwave oven combination. In the case of a single oven in particular, the outside of the oven muffle can be coated with enamel, so that the carrier material of the carrier is enamel. In the case of an oven / microwave oven combination in particular, the carrier material can consist of stainless steel.

Es ist zudem eine Ausgestaltung, dass die Heizleiterschicht eine maximale Dauergebrauchstemperatur von bis zu 350°C aufweist. Dadurch können typische in einem Gargerät zu erzeugende Gartemperaturen sicher dauerhaft erreicht werden.It is also an embodiment that the heat conductor layer has a maximum continuous use temperature of up to 350 ° C. As a result, typical cooking temperatures to be generated in a cooking appliance can be achieved reliably and permanently.

Es ist eine Weiterbildung, dass die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht als eine Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphen enthaltende Paste auf das Trägermaterial aufgebracht worden ist. Die Paste ist insbesondere während des Aufbringens von pastöser Konsistenz und wird folgend ausgehärtet, z.B. durch einen Brennvorgang. Die Paste ist insbesondere ein Feststoff-Flüssigkeitsgemisch (Suspension) mit einem hohen Gehalt an Feststoffen. Die Paste ist, beispielsweise im Gegensatz zu einem Fluid, insbesondere nicht mehr fließfähig, sondern streichfest.It is a further development that the at least one heating conductor layer has been applied to the carrier material as a paste containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphene. The paste has a pasty consistency, especially during application, and is then hardened, e.g. by a burning process. The paste is in particular a solid-liquid mixture (suspension) with a high solid content. In contrast to a fluid, for example, the paste is in particular no longer flowable, but rather spreadable.

Es ist noch eine Weiterbildung, dass die Paste eine Siebdruckpaste ist. Die Paste kann folglich mittels eines Siebdruckverfahrens aufgebracht werden, was eine präzise, feine und preiswerte Aufbringung ermöglicht. Die Paste kann alternativ z.B. auch mittels einer Rollenbeschichtung oder einer Rakelbeschichtung aufgebracht werden.It is still a further development that the paste is a screen printing paste. The paste can consequently be applied by means of a screen printing process, which enables precise, fine and inexpensive application. Alternatively, the paste can also be applied by means of a roller coating or a doctor blade coating.

Die Paste kann insbesondere ein elektrisch nichtleitendes Basismaterial oder Matrixmaterial aufweisen.The paste can in particular have an electrically non-conductive base material or matrix material.

Es ist noch eine Ausgestaltung, dass die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht ein glasartiges Basismaterial mit darin verteilten Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphen(teilchen) aufweist. Ein solches Basismaterial weist die Vorteile einer hohen Temperaturbeständigkeit, guten Reinigbarkeit und chemischen Widerstandsfähigkeit auf. Auch werden die Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen gegen Luftsauerstoff geschützt, was ihre Zersetzung besonders wirksam verhindert.Another embodiment is that the at least one heating conductor layer is a vitreous base material with carbon nanotubes and / or graphene (particles) distributed therein. having. Such a base material has the advantages of high temperature resistance, good cleanability and chemical resistance. The carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles are also protected against atmospheric oxygen, which is particularly effective in preventing their decomposition.

Allgemein kann das Basismaterial außer den Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen noch weitere Zusatzstoffe aufweisen. Beispielsweise können auch Graphit oder Ruß beigemischt sein.In general, the base material can have other additives in addition to the carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles. For example, graphite or carbon black can also be added.

Es ist ferner eine Ausgestaltung, dass die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht mittels mindestens eines Kontaktelements aus einer edelmetallhaltigen, insbesondere silberhaltigen, Paste kontaktiert ist. So können sowohl die Heizleiterschicht als auch das mindestens eine Kontaktelement gemeinsam ausgehärtet werden, was eine Herstellung vereinfacht.It is also an embodiment that the at least one heating conductor layer is contacted by means of at least one contact element made of a precious metal-containing, in particular silver-containing, paste. In this way, both the heat conductor layer and the at least one contact element can be cured together, which simplifies production.

Es ist auch eine Ausgestaltung, dass die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht mindestens ein Flächenheizelement bildet. Es ist eine spezielle Weiterbildung, dass die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht zumindest abschnittsweise, insbesondere im Wesentlichen ausschließlich, rechteckig, z.B. quadratisch, ausgeformt ist. So wird eine besonders große Heizfläche erreicht. Die Heizleiterschicht kann insbesondere an zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten elektrisch kontaktiert sein, insbesondere jeweils über im Wesentlichen die gesamte Länge der Seiten. Dadurch wird ein großflächiger Stromeintrag ermöglicht.It is also an embodiment that the at least one heating conductor layer forms at least one flat heating element. It is a special development that the at least one heating conductor layer is at least partially, in particular essentially exclusively, rectangular, e.g. square. In this way a particularly large heating surface is achieved. The heat conductor layer can in particular be electrically contacted on two opposite sides, in particular in each case over essentially the entire length of the sides. This enables current to be introduced over a large area.

Es ist noch eine spezielle Weiterbildung, dass die mindestens eine Heizleiterschicht als mindestens eine Heizleiterbahn vorliegt. Die Heizleiterbahn kann zumindest abschnittsweise mäanderförmig verlaufen. Die Heizleiterbahn kann insbesondere eine gestreckte Struktur, insbesondere Bahn oder Band, sein, deren Länge signifikant größer ist als deren Breite.Another special development is that the at least one heating conductor layer is present as at least one heating conductor track. The heating conductor can run at least in sections in a meandering manner. The heating conductor track can in particular be an elongated structure, in particular a track or band, the length of which is significantly greater than its width.

Die Heizleiterschicht kann insbesondere in Dickschicht- oder Dünnschichttechnologie vorliegen oder aufgebracht worden sein. Die Schichtdicke mag insbesondere 500 Mikrometer nicht überschreiten, insbesondere unter 100 Mikrometer messen.The heating conductor layer can in particular be present or have been applied using thick-film or thin-film technology. The layer thickness may in particular not exceed 500 micrometers, in particular measure below 100 micrometers.

Die Aufgabe wird ferner gelöst durch ein Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Haushaltsgeräteheizung eines Ofens, aufweisend mindestens die folgenden Schritte: (a) Aufbringen eines Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphen enthaltenden Beschichtungsmaterials, insbesondere Paste, in Form mindestens einer Heizleiterschicht auf die Emaille und (b) Aushärten, insbesondere Brennen, des Beschichtungsmaterials. Dadurch werden die gleichen Vorteile erzielt wie für die Haushaltsgeräteheizung.The object is also achieved by a method for producing a domestic appliance heater for an oven, having at least the following steps: (a) Application a coating material containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphene, in particular paste, in the form of at least one heating conductor layer on the enamel and (b) curing, in particular firing, the coating material. This achieves the same advantages as for domestic appliance heating.

Es ist eine Ausgestaltung, dass vor Schritt (b) des Aushärtenlassens ein Schritt: Lokales Aufbringen mindestens eines Metall, insbesondere Edelmetall, enthaltenden Beschichtungsmaterials, insbesondere Paste, auf das Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen enthaltenden Beschichtungsmaterials, insbesondere Paste, durchgeführt wird. Dieser Schritt kann zumindest teilweise nach dem Schritt (a) zum Aufbringen des mindestens einen Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen enthaltenden Beschichtungsmaterials durchgeführt werden.In one embodiment, before step (b) of allowing to harden, a step: Local application of at least one metal, in particular noble metal, containing coating material, in particular paste, to the coating material, in particular paste, containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphite particles is carried out. This step can be carried out at least partially after step (a) for applying the coating material containing at least one carbon nanotube and / or graphite particles.

Es ist noch eine Weiterbildung, dass das Aufbringen des Beschichtungsmaterials mittels eines Siebdruckverfahrens durchgeführt wird. Das Beschichtungsmaterial ist dazu vorteilhafterweise eine dedizierte Siebdruckpaste. Das Siebdruckverfahren ermöglicht eine präzise und preiswerte Aufbringung.Another development is that the coating material is applied using a screen printing process. For this purpose, the coating material is advantageously a dedicated screen printing paste. The screen printing process enables precise and inexpensive application.

Die Aufgabe wird ferner gelöst durch ein Verfahren zum Betreiben mindestens einer Ofenheizung eines Ofens wie oben beschrieben mit einer Ofenmuffel, welche an ihrer Innenseite zumindest teilweise mit Polytetrafluorethylen ausgekleidet ist, wobei die Ofenheizung im Dauerbetrieb auf nicht mehr als 350°C, insbesondere auf nicht mehr als 330°C, aufgeheizt wird.The object is further achieved by a method for operating at least one furnace heater of a furnace as described above with a furnace muffle, which is at least partially lined on its inside with polytetrafluoroethylene, the furnace heater in continuous operation at no more than 350 ° C, in particular not more than 330 ° C, is heated.

Die Verfahren können beispielsweise weiter analog zu den Vorrichtungen ausgestaltet werden.The methods can, for example, continue to be designed analogously to the devices.

In den folgenden Figuren wird die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels schematisch genauer beschrieben. Dabei können zur Übersichtlichkeit gleiche oder gleichwirkende Elemente mit gleichen Bezugszeichen versehen sein.

Fig.1
zeigt in einer Ansicht von schräg oben eine Haushaltsgeräteheizung gemäß einer ersten Ausführungsform;
Fig.2
zeigt in einer Ansicht von oben eine Haushaltsgeräteheizung gemäß einer zweiten Ausführungsform;
Fig.3
zeigt ein Ablaufdiagramm zum Herstellen einer Haushaltsgeräteheizung; und
Fig.4
zeigt als Schnittdarstellung ein erfindungsgemäßes Haushaltsgerät in Form eines Backofens.
In the following figures, the invention is schematically described in more detail using an exemplary embodiment. For the sake of clarity, elements that are the same or have the same effect can be provided with the same reference symbols.
Fig.1
shows in a view obliquely from above a household appliance heater according to a first embodiment;
Fig. 2
shows in a view from above a household appliance heater according to a second embodiment;
Fig. 3
shows a flow chart for producing a domestic appliance heater; and
Fig. 4
shows, as a sectional view, a household appliance according to the invention in the form of an oven.

Fig.1 zeigt eine Haushaltsgeräteheizung 1 einer ersten Ausführungsform, welche auf einen Träger 2 auf einem elektrisch isolierenden Trägermaterial 2 in Form von Emaille aufgebracht ist. Die Haushaltsgeräteheizung 1 weist eine im Wesentlichen mäanderförmig auf dem Trägermaterial 2 aufgebrachte, elektrisch leitfähige Heizleiterschicht in Form einer Heizleiterbahn 3 auf. Fig.1 shows a household appliance heater 1 of a first embodiment, which is applied to a carrier 2 on an electrically insulating carrier material 2 in the form of enamel. The household appliance heater 1 has an electrically conductive heating conductor layer in the form of a heating conductor 3, which is applied essentially in a meandering manner to the carrier material 2.

Die Heizleiterbahn 3 weist zwei voneinander beabstandete Enden auf, welche mittels eines jeweiligen elektrisch leitfähigen Kontaktelements in Form eines Kontaktfelds 4 abgeschlossen sind. Über die Kontaktfelder 4 kann eine elektrische Spannung an die Heizleiterbahn 3 angelegt werden, wodurch diese aufgrund ihres Ohmschen Widerstands definiert aufheizbar ist. Das elektrisch isolierende Trägermaterial 2 verhindert einen Kurzschluss.The heating conductor 3 has two ends which are spaced apart from one another and which are terminated by means of a respective electrically conductive contact element in the form of a contact field 4. An electrical voltage can be applied to the heating conductor 3 via the contact fields 4, as a result of which it can be heated in a defined manner due to its ohmic resistance. The electrically insulating carrier material 2 prevents a short circuit.

Die Heizleiterbahn 3 ist hier als eine Paste in Schichtform auf den Träger 2 aufgebracht worden. Die Paste weist ein Basismaterial (Matrixmaterial) mit darin verteilten Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen auf. Eine Dicke der Paste und damit zumindest annähernd auch der Heizleiterbahn 3 beträgt vorzugsweise nicht mehr als 500 Mikrometer, speziell nicht mehr als 100 Mikrometer, insbesondere nach einem Aushärten. Das Basismaterial kann insbesondere ein elektrisch isolierendes Basismaterial, speziell ein glasartiges Basismaterial sein. Das glasartige Basismaterial ist nach dem Aushärten besonders widerstandsfähig gegen chemische und mechanische Beanspruchung.The heating conductor 3 has been applied to the carrier 2 as a paste in layer form. The paste has a base material (matrix material) with carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles distributed therein. A thickness of the paste and thus at least approximately also of the heating conductor 3 is preferably not more than 500 micrometers, especially not more than 100 micrometers, in particular after curing. The base material can in particular be an electrically insulating base material, especially a glass-like base material. After hardening, the glass-like base material is particularly resistant to chemical and mechanical stress.

Die Kontaktfelder 4 können ebenfalls als eine Paste oder als ein Fluid aufgebracht worden sein, wodurch sie besonders gut mit der Heizleiterbahn 3 zusammen verarbeitbar sind. Die Kontaktfelder 4 weisen insbesondere Ag oder Ag/Pd auf.The contact fields 4 can also have been applied as a paste or as a fluid, as a result of which they can be processed particularly well with the heating conductor 3. The contact fields 4 have in particular Ag or Ag / Pd.

Aufgrund des Vorhandenseins der Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen kann die Heizleiterbahn 3 eine vergleichsweise sehr hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit aufweisen. Zur Erreichung des gewünschten Ohmschen Widerstands zur Erzeugung von Wärme kann folglich die Heizleiterbahn 3 besonderes klein (beispielsweise besonders dünn) ausgelegt sein. Dadurch verringert sich eine thermische Trägheit, und die Haushaltsgeräteheizung 1 kann auf eine Temperaturregelung besonders schnell ansprechen.Due to the presence of the carbon nanotubes and / or graphite particles, the heating conductor 3 can have a comparatively very high electrical conductivity. In order to achieve the desired ohmic resistance for generating heat, the heating conductor 3 can consequently be designed to be particularly small (for example particularly thin). This reduces thermal inertia, and the household appliance heater 1 can respond particularly quickly to temperature regulation.

Fig.2 zeigt in einer Ansicht von oben eine Haushaltsgeräteheizung 13 gemäß einer zweiten Ausführungsform. Die Haushaltsgeräteheizung 13 weist hier zwei längliche Leiterbahnen 14 als elektrische Kontaktelemente auf, zwischen welchen sich abschnittsweise eine flächige rechteckige Heizleiterschicht 15 als ein Heizelement befindet. Die Leiterbahnen 14 können beispielsweise Silber oder eine Silberlegierung aufweisen, als auch alternativ z.B. eine leitfähige Kohlenstoffmodifikation aufweisen. Die Heizleiterschicht 15 weist ähnlich wie die Heizleiterbahn 3 Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen auf, insbesondere in einer glasartigen Matrix. Fig. 2 shows a household appliance heater 13 according to a second embodiment in a view from above. The household appliance heater 13 here has two elongated conductor tracks 14 as electrical contact elements, between which a flat, rectangular heating conductor layer 15 is located in sections as a heating element. The conductor tracks 14 can have, for example, silver or a silver alloy, and alternatively also have, for example, a conductive carbon modification. The heat conductor layer 15, like the heat conductor track 3, has carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles, in particular in a glass-like matrix.

Fig.3 zeigt ein Ablaufdiagramm zum Herstellen einer Haushaltsgeräteheizung, rein beispielhaft erläutert anhand der Haushaltsgeräteheizung 1 aus Fig.1. Fig. 3 FIG. 4 shows a flow chart for producing a household appliance heater, explained purely by way of example with reference to the household appliance heater 1 from FIG Fig.1 .

In einem ersten Schritt S1 wird die Heizleiterbahn 3 (allg.: Heizleiterschicht) mittels einer Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen enthaltenden und dadurch elektrisch leitfähig eingestellten Siebdruckpaste mittels eines Siebdruckverfahrens auf den Träger 2 aufgedruckt.In a first step S1, the heating conductor 3 (general: heating conductor layer) is printed onto the carrier 2 by means of a screen printing paste containing carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles and thereby made electrically conductive.

In einem folgenden Schritt S2 werden die Kontaktfelder 4 ebenfalls mittels eines Siebdruckverfahrens als eine edelmetallhaltige, insbesondere silberhaltige, Paste aufgedruckt. Das Aufdrucken kann auf den Träger 2 und/oder auf die Heizleiterbahn 3 erfolgen. Alternativ oder zusätzlich können die Kontaktfelder 4 oder ein Teil davon vor dem Aufdrucken der Heizleiterbahn 3 aufgedruckt werden.In a subsequent step S2, the contact fields 4 are also printed on by means of a screen printing process as a paste containing noble metal, in particular containing silver. The printing can take place on the carrier 2 and / or on the heating conductor 3. Alternatively or additionally, the contact fields 4 or a part thereof can be printed on before the heating conductor 3 is printed on.

In einem folgenden Schritt S3 werden die Heizleiterbahn 3 und die Kontaktfelder 4 gemeinsam ausgehärtet. Das Aushärten kann beispielsweise bei geringen Temperaturen oder durch Brennen bei höheren Temperaturen durchgeführt werden.In a subsequent step S3, the heating conductor 3 and the contact fields 4 are cured together. The curing can be carried out, for example, at low temperatures or by firing at higher temperatures.

Der erste Schritt S1 kann bei einer mehrlagigen Heizleiterbahn 3 ein mehrstufiges Aufdrucken umfassen, z.B. zunächst einer die Kohlenstoffnanoröhrchen und/oder Graphenteilchen enthaltenden Leitungslage oder Leitungsschicht, gefolgt von einem überdeckenden Aufbringen einer Schutzschicht oder Schutzlage.In the case of a multi-layer heating conductor 3, the first step S1 can include multi-stage printing, e.g. first a conductive layer or conductive layer containing the carbon nanotubes and / or graphene particles, followed by a covering application of a protective layer or protective layer.

Fig.4 zeigt in Schnittdarstellung von vorne auf eine vertikale Schnittebene ein Haushaltsgerät in Form eines Backofens 5, welcher ein Gehäuse zur Behandlung von Gargut in Form eines Backrohrs 6 oder Ofenmuffel aufweist. Das Backrohr stellt auch einen Träger für die hier rein beispielhaft eingezeichnete Haushaltsgeräteheizung 1 dar. Fig. 4 shows, in a sectional view from the front on a vertical sectional plane, a household appliance in the form of an oven 5, which has a housing for treating food in the form of an oven 6 or oven muffle. The oven also represents a support for the household appliance heater 1 shown here purely as an example.

Das Backrohr 6 als der Träger weist einen Grundkörper 7 aus Metallblech auf, der an seiner Außenseite mit Emaille 8 als dem Trägermaterial und an seiner Innenseite mit Polytetrafluorethylen 9 beschichtet ist. Das Emaille 8 bildet somit die Außenseite des Backrohrs 6, während das Polytetrafluorethylen 9 die Innenseite bildet. An einer Unterseite 10 und an einer Oberseite 11 des Backrohrs 6 ist jeweils eine Haushaltsgeräteheizung 1 vorhanden. Die Haushaltsgeräteheizungen 1 bilden einen Unterhitzeheizkörper bzw. einen Oberhitzeheizkörper. Dabei liegen die Heizleiterbahnen 3 direkt auf der elektrisch isolierenden Emaille 8 auf. Da der Wärmeübertrag auf das Backrohr 6 sehr gut ist, sind die Wärmeverluste gering.The oven 6 as the carrier has a base body 7 made of sheet metal, which is coated on its outside with enamel 8 as the carrier material and on its inside with polytetrafluoroethylene 9. The enamel 8 thus forms the outside of the oven 6, while the polytetrafluoroethylene 9 forms the inside. A domestic appliance heater 1 is provided on a lower side 10 and on an upper side 11 of the oven 6. The household appliance heaters 1 form a lower heating element or an upper heating element. The heating conductor tracks 3 lie directly on the electrically insulating enamel 8. Since the heat transfer to the oven 6 is very good, the heat losses are low.

Die Heizleiterbahnen 3 werden bei nicht mehr als 330°C betrieben, gesteuert mittels einer Steuereinrichtung 12. Dies verhindert zusammen mit den geringen Temperaturinhomogenitäten eine Zersetzung des Polytetrafluorethylens 9. Ferner wird ein Einbrennen von Fremdpartikeln an dem Polytetrafluorethylen 9 verhindert.The heating conductor tracks 3 are operated at no more than 330 ° C., controlled by a control device 12. This, together with the low temperature inhomogeneities, prevents decomposition of the polytetrafluoroethylene 9. Furthermore, foreign particles are prevented from burning into the polytetrafluoroethylene 9.

Das Polytetrafluorethylen 9 weist Metallic-Flitter auf.The polytetrafluoroethylene 9 has metallic tinsel.

Selbstverständlich ist die vorliegende Erfindung nicht auf das gezeigte Ausführungsbeispiel beschränkt.Of course, the present invention is not limited to the embodiment shown.

So kann die Form der Heizleiterschicht abweichend gestaltet sein, z.B. nicht bahn- oder bandförmig. Auch können die Heizleiterbahnen 3 anders als mäanderförmig verlegt sein, z.B. treppenförmig.The shape of the heat conductor layer can be designed differently, e.g. not in the form of a web or band. The heating conductor tracks 3 can also be laid in a way other than meandering, e.g. in a stepped manner.

Claims (10)

  1. Oven (5) having at least one household appliance heater (1; 13), wherein
    - the household appliance heater (1; 13) has at least one electrically conductive heating conductor layer (3; 15) applied to a carrier material of a carrier (2; 16),
    - the carrier (2; 16) is an oven muffle (6) delimiting a treatment compartment of the household appliance (5) and the at least one heating conductor layer (3) is arranged on an exterior (10, 11) of the oven muffle (6),
    characterised in that
    - the at least one heating conductor layer (3; 15) contains carbon nanotubes and/or graphene,
    - the oven muffle (6) is coated with enamel on the exterior (10, 11),
    - the heating conductor layer (3; 15) is applied to the enamel as the carrier material,
    - the oven muffle (6) is lined with polytetrafluoroethylene (9) on its interior (10, 11),
    - the oven (5) is designed to operate the at least one heating conductor layer (3; 15) at a maximum temperature of not more than 350°C, in particular at a maximum temperature of not more than 330°C.
  2. Oven (5) according to claim 1, characterised in that additionally at least one heating conductor layer is arranged on the interior (10, 11) of the oven muffle (6).
  3. Oven (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the household appliance heater (1) is arranged on an underside (10) and/or an upper side (11) of the oven muffle (6).
  4. Oven (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the at least one heating conductor layer (3; 15) contains graphene.
  5. Oven (5) according to claim 4, characterised in that the at least one heating conductor layer (3; 15) has a glass-like base material with graphene distributed therein.
  6. Oven (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the at least one heating conductor layer (15) is rectangular in shape and is electrically contacted on two opposing sides over their entire length.
  7. Oven (5) according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the at least one heating conductor layer (3) is present as at least one heating conductor track which at least in part runs in a meandering manner.
  8. Method for producing a household appliance heater (1; 13) of an oven (5) according to one of the preceding claims, comprising at least the following steps:
    - application onto the enamel (8) of a coating material, in particular paste, containing carbon nanotubes and/or graphene, in the form of at least one heating conductor layer (3; 15),
    and
    - curing of the coating material.
  9. Method according to claim 8, characterised in that before the step of curing the following step is performed:
    - local application of at least one coating material, in particular paste, containing metal, in particular precious metal, onto the coating material containing carbon nanotubes and/or graphene.
  10. Method according to one of claims 8 or 9, characterised in that the application of the coating material is carried out by means of a screen printing process.
EP11775778.1A 2010-11-08 2011-10-26 Domestic appliance and method for production of a domestic appliance heater Active EP2638776B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010043534A DE102010043534A1 (en) 2010-11-08 2010-11-08 Household appliance and method for producing a household appliance heater
PCT/EP2011/068703 WO2012062572A1 (en) 2010-11-08 2011-10-26 Domestic appliance and method for production of a domestic appliance heater

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EP2638776B1 true EP2638776B1 (en) 2021-01-27

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DE102012223461A1 (en) * 2012-12-17 2014-06-18 BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH Component e.g. electric radiator, is useful in muffle, comprises liquid-tight and/or gastight glass-bound ceramics that is formed as film, where glass-bound ceramics is formed as carrier layer, on which conductive layer is applied
DE102014201639A1 (en) 2014-01-30 2015-07-30 BSH Hausgeräte GmbH oven
EP3040013A1 (en) * 2014-12-31 2016-07-06 Indesit Company S.p.A. Household appliances heating method and related washing machine
GB2551250B (en) * 2016-04-15 2022-02-09 Levidian Nanosystems Ltd Heater elements, heat exchangers and heater element arrays
CN109413773A (en) * 2017-08-18 2019-03-01 王敏 A kind of production method of graphene Electric radiant Heating Film (electric hot plate) electric heating a heatable brick bed plate
IT201700109605A1 (en) * 2017-09-29 2019-03-29 Verniciature Bresciane S R L COOKTOP WITH HEATING COATING
CN112996153A (en) * 2019-12-12 2021-06-18 上海烯有新材料有限公司 Graphene heating plate and preparation method and application thereof
US11696370B2 (en) 2020-04-22 2023-07-04 Whirlpool Corporation Household appliance with immersible heater

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