EP2612196A1 - Multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals and production method thereof - Google Patents

Multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals and production method thereof

Info

Publication number
EP2612196A1
EP2612196A1 EP11764816.2A EP11764816A EP2612196A1 EP 2612196 A1 EP2612196 A1 EP 2612196A1 EP 11764816 A EP11764816 A EP 11764816A EP 2612196 A1 EP2612196 A1 EP 2612196A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
liquid crystal
glazing
glass
edge
thickness
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP11764816.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Patrick Gayout
René Poix
Elodie Bouny
Jingwei Zhang
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Glass France SAS, Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA filed Critical Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Publication of EP2612196A1 publication Critical patent/EP2612196A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1334Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods based on polymer dispersed liquid crystals, e.g. microencapsulated liquid crystals
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10504Liquid crystal layer
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/14Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06BFIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/13363Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1339Gaskets; Spacers; Sealing of cells
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1343Electrodes
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06BFIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B9/00Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
    • E06B9/24Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
    • E06B2009/2464Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds featuring transparency control by applying voltage, e.g. LCD, electrochromic panels
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/133302Rigid substrates, e.g. inorganic substrates
    • GPHYSICS
    • G02OPTICS
    • G02FOPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13756Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering the liquid crystal selectively assuming a light-scattering state

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of electrically controllable glazings with variable optical properties and more particularly relates to a liquid crystal variable diffusion glazing, provided with a layer of liquid crystals between two glasses and reversibly alternating by application of an electric field. alternative between a transparent state and a non-transparent state.
  • Glazes are known whose characteristics can be modified under the effect of a suitable power supply, especially the transmission, absorption, reflection in certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, especially in the visible and / or in the infrared, or the light diffusion.
  • the electrically controllable liquid crystal glazing can be used everywhere, in both the construction sector and the automotive sector, whenever the view through the glazing is to be prevented at given times.
  • WO9805998 discloses a liquid crystal multiple glazing unit comprising:
  • the glasses are pressed by passing between two rollers to distribute the liquid crystal layer by evacuating trapped air as shown in Figure 3.
  • this glazing can be improved.
  • such a glazing is expensive, heavy, bulky, especially difficult to handle.
  • An object of the invention is to develop a multiple crystal glazing reliable liquids, with satisfactory optical performance and preferably compact.
  • the present invention firstly proposes a multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals, having:
  • first and second sheets of float plane glass sealed on the edge of their internal faces by a sealing joint in particular a given sealing material, in particular essentially organic,
  • first and second electrodes in the form of transparent electrically conductive layers provided with power supply,
  • a layer of liquid crystals reversibly alternating between a transparent state and a translucent state by applying an alternating electric field, a layer with an average thickness E of between 15 and 60 ⁇ , including these values and incorporating spacers, especially transparent.
  • each of the first and second sheets of glass is less than or equal to 5.5 mm and each of the internal faces coated with the first and second electrodes have a dioptric defects score, expressed in millidioptrie
  • the Applicant has discovered the relationship between the quality of the glasses and the optical performance of the multiple liquid crystal glazing.
  • FIG. 1 shows, as reference glazing, an assembly of two standard thin glasses 10, 20, for example of 1.7 mm, facing each other, forming a space between them containing a layer of liquid crystals 5 thickness 15 ⁇ .
  • the inner surfaces 11 ', 21' have flatness defects, the liquid crystal thickness is variable.
  • the coated glasses In order to guarantee good optical uniformity, the coated glasses must therefore have limited dioptric defects.
  • the glasses according to the invention ensure a sufficiently uniform thickness of the liquid crystal layer over the entire surface and therefore few variations in optical performance. This avoids a scrap rate of glazing and thus improves its reliability.
  • a dioptric defect and a measurement method we define a dioptric defect and a measurement method.
  • each glass sheet (coated or uncoated) in question can be described by y (x) where x denotes the position on the internal face.
  • the variation of this profile can be characterized by the optical power in reflection POR which is defined by the following relation:
  • This quantity is expressed in diopter (m "1 ) for y (x) expressed in meters.
  • the second derivative y "(x) is zero, it means that the internal face of the glass is perfectly flat, if the second derivative is less than 0 it means that the inner face of the glass is concave of the glass and if the second derivative is greater at 0 it means that the inner face of the glass is convex.
  • the method for measuring the flatness y (x) of the internal face of the glass is a non-contact optical measurement method which consists of analyzing the contrast at any point of a so-called ombroscopic image obtained by reflection of a homogeneous light source on the inner surface of the glass.
  • the unmeasured outer face of the glass sheet is wetted with a liquid of index close to that of the glass in order to eliminate any reflection of the light on this face and keep only the image of the directly illuminated inner face.
  • the flatness is thus measured every millimeter on the illuminated surface of the internal face.
  • the final flatness is quantified by a rating of dioptric defects, which corresponds to the standard deviation of all measurements. This note, expressed in millidioptrie (mdt), perfectly characterizes the flatness of the measured surface. The note increases when the flatness deteriorates.
  • the amplitude of the variation of y (x) also depends on the periodicity or pitch.
  • a dioptric defect of 10 mdt corresponds to a profile variation of approximately +/- 0.20 ⁇ " ⁇ .
  • the variation of space of an assembly of two sheets of glasses is then doubled, of approximately +/- 0.40 ⁇ .
  • the same dioptric defect of 10 mdt corresponds to a profile variation of +/- 0.05 ⁇
  • the variation of the thickness E of liquid crystals is therefore +/- 0.1 ⁇ in the worst case. case.
  • the dioptric flaw pitch of a float glass sheet covers a range of a few millimeters to a few tens of millimeters. Being closely related to the uniformity of the liquid crystal thickness E, the uniformity of light transmission in "off" state is the consequence of all the dioptric defects at all steps.
  • the uniformity of light transmission in "off" state is also conditioned by the average thickness E of CL.
  • the dioptric defects of float glass are mainly related to the speed of movement of the glass (taken from the line). The faster the glass scroll speed, the greater the dioptric defects. For a capacity (or tonnage, daily) and a given gross glass width, the speed of glass scroll is inversely proportional to the thickness A of the glass sheet. Thus, the thinner the glass sheet, the higher the glass scroll speed and the greater the dioptric defects.
  • the invention allows us to choose glasses thinner than 6 mm guaranteeing the quality of the final product.
  • the invention allows us for example to use a thickness as small as possible while guaranteeing the optical quality of the final product.
  • a thickness as small as possible while guaranteeing the optical quality of the final product.
  • the electrode layer (s) has no significant influence on dioptric defects. Also if a "naked" float glass is suitable, glass coated with an electrode layer will also be suitable.
  • the invention also makes it possible to produce multiple liquid crystal glazings with a width greater than 1 m.
  • the thickness A of the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet is between 3 mm and 5.5 mm, including these values, in particular by production on a Float line; a capacity of at least 550 tonnes / day and preferably limited to 700 tonnes / day or
  • the thickness A of the first sheet of glass and the second sheet of glass is between 2 mm and 5.5 mm including these values, in particular by production on a Float line with a capacity of at least 550 tonnes / day and preferably limited to 700 tonnes / day.
  • the seal is of given width L and can preferably be interrupted in its width by a plurality of vents defining each of the lateral ends of the seal, and for each vent an additional sealant forms a bridge between the ends. lateral of the seal, in particular in said sealing material thus forming continuity of material.
  • vents - supplemented by additional sealing - constitutes an invention in itself.
  • it is coupled with the glasses as defined above with a limited thickness A and a limited diopter note.
  • NCAP Nematic Curvilinearly Aligned Phases in English
  • PDLC Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal
  • CLC Organic Liquid Crystal
  • NPD-LCD Non-Homogeneous Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display
  • cholesteric liquid crystal-based gels containing a small amount of crosslinked polymer such as those described in patent WO-92/19695. More broadly, one can choose "PSCT” (Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Texture in English).
  • the liquid crystal system may extend substantially over the entire surface of the glazing (excluding outgassing), or on (at least) a restricted area.
  • the liquid crystal system may be discontinuous, in several pieces (for example of the pixel type).
  • liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing as previously defined as glazing in vehicles or buildings.
  • the glazing according to the invention can be used in particular:
  • the glazing according to the invention can form all or part of a partition and other window (type transom etc.), a multiple glazing (with addition of additional glazing).
  • the subject of the invention is also a process for producing a liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing unit as defined above and comprising the following steps:
  • the formation of the sealing joint comprising the application of the sealing material (preferably essentially organic, in particular epoxy resin) to the first float glass sheet (at the edge) provided with the first electrode,
  • the sealing material preferably essentially organic, in particular epoxy resin
  • At least two vents are positioned facing a first sheet edge (straight or curved sheet) and at least two other vents facing a second edge opposite the first edge, these edges corresponding to the edges of the sheet. direction of calendering, in case of calendering.
  • At least two vents are positioned opposite a third edge of the sheet adjacent to the first edge (and the second edge) and at least two other vents facing a fourth edge opposite the third edge.
  • the method may further include the application of the additional sealant material, forming a bridge between the lateral ends of the seal.
  • the additional sealing material may be of said sealing material thus forming continuity of material, preferably essentially organic, especially epoxy resin.
  • the width between the lateral ends of the seal may be at least 5 mm, for example 10 mm.
  • FIG. 1 (already described) represents a schematic sectional view of a reference liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing, not in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 2 represents a schematic cross-sectional view of a variable liquid crystal variable diffusion glazing unit in a first embodiment according to the invention
  • FIG. 3 shows the circuit diagram of the measurement of the dioptric fault score
  • FIG. 4 shows the principle of forming an ombroscopic image on a screen from a flatness profile of glass Y (x),
  • FIG. 5 shows an example of local illumination profile E (x) and average illumination E0 (x),
  • FIG. 6 represents a schematic top view of a liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing unit according to the invention showing in particular the seal and the vents,
  • FIG. 6bis is a schematic top view of the multiple liquid crystal variable diffusion glazing, showing in particular and the seal and the vents, in a variant of FIG.
  • FIG. 7 shows a schematic top view of the manufacture of the variable liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing according to the invention showing in particular the seal and the vents.
  • FIG. 2 shows the design of the multiple liquid crystal glazing according to the invention in a first embodiment.
  • ITO indium oxide and tin
  • the liquid crystal layer 5 which may have a thickness of about 15 to 60 ⁇ , is located between the electrode layers 3 and 4.
  • the liquid crystal layer 5 contains spherical spacers.
  • the spacers 6 consist of a transparent hard polymer.
  • the product of Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. known as "Micropearl" SP, has been found to be well suited as a spacer.
  • glasses 1, 1 ' are chosen with their electrodes 3, 4 each with a dioptric defects score that complies with to the invention, note measured by ombroscopy in reflection.
  • the basic principle is related to geometrical optics.
  • the diagram of the assembly is shown in FIG.
  • a luminous flux is projected from a fine source, such as a projector 100, onto the face of the glass sheet 11 (coated or not with the electrode) intended to be the face internal.
  • a screen 300 is observed an image projected after reflection on the inner face 1 1 of the glass sheet. This image is captured by a digital camera 200 to be processed.
  • the reflection on the second face 12 is neutralized through the use of a wet black fabric placed behind the glass 1 and on which is sticking the glass by capillarity.
  • FIG. 4 gives the principle of forming an ombroscopic image on the screen 300 from a flatness profile of the glass Y (x).
  • a concave zone on the glass causes a concentration of the reflected incident light 1 10 and thus a local over-illumination on the screen 300.
  • a convex zone on the glass causes a spreading of the incident light reflected 120 and therefore a local under-illumination on the screen 300.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example of local illumination profile E (x) and average illumination E0 (x).
  • the contrast corresponds to the visual perception of "lineage” (dotted here since we consider a profile and not a surface) found on the shadow image projected on the screen.
  • a processing software calculates for each pixel of the image, the contrast and therefore the optical power in reflection POR.
  • the 2.1 mm glass rating is less than 22 mt
  • the note of the glass of 3 mm is less than 1 1 mdt
  • - the note of the 4 mm glass is less than 8 mts.
  • liquid crystal layer it is also possible to use known compounds, for example the compounds described in document US Pat. No. 5,691,795.
  • this product is mixed in a 10: 2 ratio with a chiral substance, for example 4-cyano-4 '- (2-methyl) butylbiphenyl, and this mixture is mixed in the ratio : 0.3 with a monomer, for example 4,4'-bisacryloylbiphenyl, and with a UV initiator, for example benzoin methyl ether.
  • the mixture thus prepared is applied to one of the coated glass sheets. After curing the liquid crystal layer by irradiation with UV light, a polymer network is formed in which the liquid crystals are incorporated.
  • the liquid crystal layer does not contain a stabilizing polymer but consists only of the mass of liquid crystals and spacers.
  • the liquid crystal mass is therefore applied as it is without monomer additive, has a thickness of 3 to 20 ⁇ on one of the glass sheets 1, 1 '.
  • Compounds for liquid crystal layers of this type are described, for example, in US 3,963,324.
  • PDLCs such as compound 4 can be used.
  • the liquid crystal layer is sealed by an adhesive sealant 5 which serves at the same time to connect the glass sheets 1, 1 'endowed with the electrodes firmly and permanently.
  • the sealing adhesive material which seals the separate glass sheets 1 and 1 'on their edges contains an epoxy resin.
  • the seal is of width L given and interrupted in its width by a plurality of vents 81 to 84 defining each of the joint lateral ends 71 to 74 '.
  • the seal 7 is interrupted in its width by two vents 81 to 82 facing a first edge of the glazing and two other vents 83, 84 facing a second edge opposite the first edge, these edges corresponding to the edges of the assembly direction of the glasses, preferably by calendering.
  • additional sealing material T forms a bridge between the adjacent lateral ends of the seal, in particular said sealing material thus forming continuity of material as shown in Figure 6a.
  • this liquid crystal glazing 100 is translucent, that is to say it transmits optically but n is not transparent. As soon as the current is connected, the liquid crystal layer passes under the action of the alternating electric field in the transparent state, that is to say the one in which the vision is not prevented.
  • the electrically controllable liquid crystal glazing is produced using a method described in detail below.
  • Two separate glass sheets of equal size and the desired dimensions are cut from a large sheet of glass coated in this manner and prepared for further processing.
  • the two separate glass sheets cut to the desired measurements first undergo a washing operation.
  • the liquid crystal layer mixed with the spacers is then applied to one of the two glass sheets thus treated.
  • the edge portion of the glass sheet 1 is not coated over a width of 1 cm. about 2 to 10 mm.
  • the coating by the mass of liquid crystals is carried out using an operation called drip filling.
  • a drip pouring apparatus is used which allows the deposition of drops of liquid crystals on a glass substrate, the poured amount being finely adjustable.
  • a screen printing fabric of a mesh whose width is approximately 20 to 50 ⁇ and whose wire diameter is approximately 30 to 50 ⁇ .
  • the adhesive layer forming the gasket 7 is likewise applied directly along the edge of the glass sheet 24 before or after the deposition of the liquid crystal layer. It may have a width for example of 2 to 10 mm.
  • training is provided for the plurality of a plurality vents 81 to 84 of the seal size and distribution adapted to remove the excess liquid crystal layer, the vents 81 to 84 each defining two adjacent lateral ends 71 to 74 'seal 7.
  • the application of the sealing material is either discontinuous or continuous and then followed by the creation of the vents (by removal of material 7).
  • the adhesive layer 7 is compressed to the thickness E of the liquid crystal layer.
  • Vents 81 to 84 serve therefore:
  • At least two vents are preferably positioned on the front edge of the calendering and at least two vents on the rear edge of the calendering.
  • the width of the lateral ends is an example of 10 mm.
  • the polymerization operation is then carried out by irradiation with UV light.

Abstract

The invention relates to multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals (100), comprising: first and second sheets of flat float glass (1, 2), sealed along the edge of the internal faces (11, 21) thereof by a sealing joint (7), in particular using a given sealing material, essentially organic; first and second electrodes (3, 4); and a layer (5) of liquid crystals, with an average thickness E of between 15 and 60 μm inclusive, and incorporating spacers (6). The thickness A of each of the first and second glass sheets is less than or equal to 5,5 mm and each of the internal faces coated with first and second electrodes has a dioptric defect rating, expressed in millidiopters, of less than 12E/15, wherein the thickness E of the liquid crystals is in μm. The invention relates to a method for the production of such glazing.

Description

VITRAGE MULTIPLE A DIFFUSION VARIABLE PAR CRISTAUX LIQUIDES, SON PROCEDE DE FABRICATION  VARIABLE DIFFUSION MULTIPLE GLAZING BY LIQUID CRYSTALS, ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS
L'invention se rapporte au domaine des vitrages électrocommandables à propriétés optiques variables et plus particulièrement concerne un vitrage à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, doté d'une couche de cristaux liquides entre deux verres et alternant de manière réversible par application d'un champ électrique alternatif entre un état transparent et un état non transparent. The invention relates to the field of electrically controllable glazings with variable optical properties and more particularly relates to a liquid crystal variable diffusion glazing, provided with a layer of liquid crystals between two glasses and reversibly alternating by application of an electric field. alternative between a transparent state and a non-transparent state.
On connaît des vitrages dont certaines caractéristiques peuvent être modifiées sous l'effet d'une alimentation électrique appropriée, tout particulièrement la transmission, l'absorption, la réflexion dans certaines longueurs d'ondes du rayonnement électromagnétique, notamment dans le visible et/ou dans l'infrarouge, ou encore la diffusion lumineuse.  Glazes are known whose characteristics can be modified under the effect of a suitable power supply, especially the transmission, absorption, reflection in certain wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, especially in the visible and / or in the infrared, or the light diffusion.
Le vitrage électrocommandable à cristaux liquides peut être utilisé partout, tant dans le secteur de la construction que dans le secteur de l'automobile, chaque fois que la vue à travers le vitrage doit être empêchée à des moments donnés.  The electrically controllable liquid crystal glazing can be used everywhere, in both the construction sector and the automotive sector, whenever the view through the glazing is to be prevented at given times.
Le document WO9805998 divulgue un vitrage multiple à cristaux liquides comportant :  WO9805998 discloses a liquid crystal multiple glazing unit comprising:
- deux feuilles de verre flotté (« float » en anglais) d'1 m2 et épaisses de 6 mm scellées sur le bord de leurs faces internes par un joint adhésif de scellement en résine époxy, - two sheets of float glass ("float" in English) of 1 m 2 and 6 mm thick sealed on the edge of their inner faces by an adhesive seal of epoxy resin,
- deux électrodes en couches électriquement conductrices à base de Sn02 : F directement sur les faces internes de verres,  two electrodes in electrically conductive layers based on SnO 2: F directly on the internal faces of glasses,
- une couche de cristaux liquides à base de PSCT (« Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Texture » en anglais) de 15 μηη et incorporant des espaceurs sous forme de billes de verre de 15 μηη, directement sur les électrodes. Les verres sont mis en contact par abaissement du deuxième verre avec un angle incliné sur le deuxième verre pour renfermer la couche de cristaux liquides comme montré en figure 2 et décrit en page 8.  - A liquid crystal layer based on PSCT ("Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Texture" in English) of 15 μηη and incorporating spacers in the form of glass beads of 15 μηη, directly on the electrodes. The glasses are brought into contact by lowering the second glass with an inclined angle on the second glass to enclose the liquid crystal layer as shown in Figure 2 and described on page 8.
Ensuite, après formation du joint de scellement, les verres sont pressés par passage entre deux rouleaux pour répartir la couche de cristaux liquides en évacuant l'air piégé comme montré en figure 3.  Then, after formation of the seal, the glasses are pressed by passing between two rollers to distribute the liquid crystal layer by evacuating trapped air as shown in Figure 3.
Les performances optiques et la fiabilité de ce vitrage peuvent être améliorées. En outre, un tel vitrage est cher, lourd, encombrant, notamment difficile à manipuler.  The optical performance and reliability of this glazing can be improved. In addition, such a glazing is expensive, heavy, bulky, especially difficult to handle.
Un objet de l'invention consiste à développer un vitrage multiple à cristaux liquides fiable, avec des performances optiques satisfaisantes et de préférence compact.An object of the invention is to develop a multiple crystal glazing reliable liquids, with satisfactory optical performance and preferably compact.
A cet effet, la présente invention propose d'abord un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, présentant : For this purpose, the present invention firstly proposes a multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals, having:
- des première et deuxième feuilles de verre plan flotté scellées sur le bord de leurs faces internes par un joint de scellement, notamment en une matière de scellement donnée, notamment essentiellement organique,  first and second sheets of float plane glass sealed on the edge of their internal faces by a sealing joint, in particular a given sealing material, in particular essentially organic,
- sur les faces internes des première et deuxième feuilles de verre, des première et deuxième électrodes sous forme de couches électriquement conductrices transparentes dotées d'alimentation en énergie,  on the inner faces of the first and second glass sheets, first and second electrodes in the form of transparent electrically conductive layers provided with power supply,
- et, sur les première et deuxième électrodes, une couche de cristaux liquides alternant de manière réversible entre un état transparent et un état translucide par application d'un champ électrique alternatif, couche d'épaisseur moyenne E comprise entre 15 et 60 μηη en incluant ces valeurs et incorporant des espaceurs, notamment transparents.  and, on the first and second electrodes, a layer of liquid crystals reversibly alternating between a transparent state and a translucent state by applying an alternating electric field, a layer with an average thickness E of between 15 and 60 μηη, including these values and incorporating spacers, especially transparent.
L'épaisseur A de chacune des première et deuxième feuilles de verre est inférieure ou égale à 5,5 mm et chacune des faces internes revêtues des première et deuxième électrodes présentent une note de défauts dioptriques, exprimée en millidioptrie The thickness A of each of the first and second sheets of glass is less than or equal to 5.5 mm and each of the internal faces coated with the first and second electrodes have a dioptric defects score, expressed in millidioptrie
(ou mdt), inférieure à ou l'épaisseur E de cristaux liquides est en μηι. (or mdt), less than or the thickness E of liquid crystal is in μηι.
La Demanderesse a découvert la relation entre la qualité des verres et les performances optiques du vitrage multiple à cristaux liquides.  The Applicant has discovered the relationship between the quality of the glasses and the optical performance of the multiple liquid crystal glazing.
La figure 1 montre, à titre de vitrage de référence, un assemblage de deux verres minces standard 10, 20, par exemple de 1 ,7 mm, en vis-à-vis, formant un espace entre eux contenant une couche de cristaux liquides 5 d'épaisseur 15 μηη. les surfaces internes 1 1 ', 21 ' présentent des défauts de planéité, l'épaisseur de cristaux liquides est variable.  FIG. 1 shows, as reference glazing, an assembly of two standard thin glasses 10, 20, for example of 1.7 mm, facing each other, forming a space between them containing a layer of liquid crystals 5 thickness 15 μηη. the inner surfaces 11 ', 21' have flatness defects, the liquid crystal thickness is variable.
En état « off » (état translucide), la transmission lumineuse, étroitement liée à l'épaisseur de la couche de cristaux liquides, est donc non uniforme. La qualité du produit est donc inacceptable, pour cause des zones sombres et claires visuellement observables.  In the "off" state (translucent state), the light transmission, closely related to the thickness of the liquid crystal layer, is therefore non-uniform. The quality of the product is therefore unacceptable, because of the dark and clear areas visually observable.
Afin de garantir une bonne uniformité optique, les verres revêtus doivent donc présenter des défauts dioptriques limités.  In order to guarantee good optical uniformity, the coated glasses must therefore have limited dioptric defects.
Les verres selon l'invention garantissent une épaisseur suffisamment uniforme de la couche de cristaux liquides sur toute la surface et donc peu de variations des performances optiques. Cela évite un taux de rebut de vitrage et améliore donc sa fiabilité. Nous définissons ci-après un défaut dioptrique et une méthode de mesure. The glasses according to the invention ensure a sufficiently uniform thickness of the liquid crystal layer over the entire surface and therefore few variations in optical performance. This avoids a scrap rate of glazing and thus improves its reliability. Here we define a dioptric defect and a measurement method.
On peut décrire le profil de la face interne de chaque feuille de verre (revêtue ou non) en question par y(x) où x désigne la position sur la face interne. La variation de ce profil peut être caractérisée par la puissance optique en réflexion POR qui est définie par la relation suivante : The profile of the inner face of each glass sheet (coated or uncoated) in question can be described by y (x) where x denotes the position on the internal face. The variation of this profile can be characterized by the optical power in reflection POR which is defined by the following relation:
La variation de y(x) est due aux deux phénomènes : The variation of y (x) is due to the two phenomena:
- ondulations de la feuille du verre,  - ripples of the glass sheet,
- défauts d'épaisseur (non parallélisme des 2 faces de la feuille de verre).  - thickness defects (non-parallelism of the 2 faces of the glass sheet).
Cette grandeur est exprimée en dioptrie (m"1) pour y(x) exprimé en mètre. This quantity is expressed in diopter (m "1 ) for y (x) expressed in meters.
Si la dérivée seconde y"(x) est nulle cela signifie que la face interne du verre est parfaitement plane; si la dérivée seconde est inférieure à 0 cela signifie que la face interne du verre est concave du verre et si la dérivée seconde est supérieure à 0 cela signifie que la face interne du verre est convexe.  If the second derivative y "(x) is zero, it means that the internal face of the glass is perfectly flat, if the second derivative is less than 0 it means that the inner face of the glass is concave of the glass and if the second derivative is greater at 0 it means that the inner face of the glass is convex.
La méthode de mesure de la planéité y(x) de la face interne du verre est une méthode de mesure optique sans contact qui consiste à analyser le contraste en tout point d'une image dite ombroscopique obtenue par réflexion d'une source lumineuse homogène sur la surface interne du verre.  The method for measuring the flatness y (x) of the internal face of the glass is a non-contact optical measurement method which consists of analyzing the contrast at any point of a so-called ombroscopic image obtained by reflection of a homogeneous light source on the inner surface of the glass.
La face externe non mesurée de la feuille de verre est mouillée par un liquide d'indice proche de celui du verre afin d'éliminer toute réflexion de la lumière sur cette face et ne conserver que l'image de la face interne directement éclairée.  The unmeasured outer face of the glass sheet is wetted with a liquid of index close to that of the glass in order to eliminate any reflection of the light on this face and keep only the image of the directly illuminated inner face.
La planéité est ainsi mesurée tous les millimètres sur la surface éclairée de la face interne. Chaque point est quantifié par unité physique de puissance optique en millidioptrie (mdt = dioptrie/1000), assimilables à des lentilles convergentes et divergentes.  The flatness is thus measured every millimeter on the illuminated surface of the internal face. Each point is quantified by physical unit of optical power in millidioptrie (mdt = diopter / 1000), comparable to convergent and divergent lenses.
La planéité finale est quantifiée par une note de défauts dioptriques, qui correspond à l'écart-type de toutes les mesures. Cette note, exprimée en millidioptrie (mdt), caractérise parfaitement la planéité de la surface mesurée. La note augmente quand la planéité se dégrade.  The final flatness is quantified by a rating of dioptric defects, which corresponds to the standard deviation of all measurements. This note, expressed in millidioptrie (mdt), perfectly characterizes the flatness of the measured surface. The note increases when the flatness deteriorates.
Pour une note de défauts dioptriques donnée, l'amplitude de la variation de y(x) dépend également de la périodicité ou du pas. A titre d'exemple, pour un profil y(x) en sinusoïde d'un pas de 30 mm, un défaut dioptrique de 10 mdt correspond à une variation de profil d'environ +/-0,20μη"ΐ. Dans le pire des cas, la variation d'espace d'un assemblage de deux feuilles de verres (donc variation de l'épaisseur E de cristaux liquides) est alors doublée, d'environ +/-0,40 μηη. Pour un défaut du pas de 15 mm, le même défaut dioptrique de 10 mdt correspond à une variation de profil de +/-0,05 μηη, et la variation de l'épaisseur E de cristaux liquides est donc de +/-0 , 10 μηη dans le pire des cas. For a given rating of dioptric defects, the amplitude of the variation of y (x) also depends on the periodicity or pitch. By way of example, for a sinusoidal y (x) profile with a pitch of 30 mm, a dioptric defect of 10 mdt corresponds to a profile variation of approximately +/- 0.20μη "ΐ. cases, the variation of space of an assembly of two sheets of glasses (thus variation of the thickness E of liquid crystals) is then doubled, of approximately +/- 0.40 μηη. 15 mm, the same dioptric defect of 10 mdt corresponds to a profile variation of +/- 0.05 μηη, and the variation of the thickness E of liquid crystals is therefore +/- 0.1 μηη in the worst case. case.
Le pas de défauts dioptriques d'une feuille de verre flotté couvre une plage de quelques millimètres à quelques dizaines de millimètres. Etant étroitement liée à l'uniformité de l'épaisseur E de cristaux liquides, l'uniformité de transmission lumineuse en état « off » est la conséquence de tous les défauts dioptriques à tous les pas.  The dioptric flaw pitch of a float glass sheet covers a range of a few millimeters to a few tens of millimeters. Being closely related to the uniformity of the liquid crystal thickness E, the uniformity of light transmission in "off" state is the consequence of all the dioptric defects at all steps.
L'uniformité de transmission lumineuse en état « off » est également conditionnée par l'épaisseur moyenne E de CL. Plus l'épaisseur E est grande, plus on peut tolérer une variation d'épaisseur. C'est pourquoi selon l'invention on établit une note en fonction de l'épaisseur moyenne.  The uniformity of light transmission in "off" state is also conditioned by the average thickness E of CL. The greater the thickness E is, the more we can tolerate a variation in thickness. This is why according to the invention a note is established according to the average thickness.
Les défauts dioptriques de verre flotté sont liés principalement à la vitesse de défilement du verre (tirée de la ligne). Plus la vitesse de défilement de verre est grande, plus les défauts dioptriques sont grands. Pour une capacité (ou tonnage, journalier) et une largeur brute de verre données, la vitesse de défilement de verre est inversement proportionnelle à l'épaisseur A de la feuille de verre. Alors, plus la feuille de verre est mince, plus la vitesse de défilement de verre est élevée et plus les défauts dioptriques sont grands.  The dioptric defects of float glass are mainly related to the speed of movement of the glass (taken from the line). The faster the glass scroll speed, the greater the dioptric defects. For a capacity (or tonnage, daily) and a given gross glass width, the speed of glass scroll is inversely proportional to the thickness A of the glass sheet. Thus, the thinner the glass sheet, the higher the glass scroll speed and the greater the dioptric defects.
Ainsi, on ne peut pas utiliser une épaisseur au hasard car c'est la qualité dioptrique du verre qui détermine l'épaisseur possible du verre. L'invention nous permet de choisir des verres plus minces que 6 mm en garantissant la qualité de produit final. Thus, one can not use a thickness at random because it is the dioptric quality of the glass which determines the possible thickness of the glass. The invention allows us to choose glasses thinner than 6 mm guaranteeing the quality of the final product.
L'invention nous permet par exemple d'utiliser une épaisseur la plus réduite possible tout en garantissant la qualité optique du produit final. On peut par exemple choisir les verres de 2 mm à condition que ces verres soient produits avec une tirée suffisamment faible pour garantir la limitation de défauts dioptriques. The invention allows us for example to use a thickness as small as possible while guaranteeing the optical quality of the final product. For example, it is possible to choose 2 mm glasses provided that these glasses are produced with a firing sufficiently low to guarantee the limitation of dioptric defects.
En outre, même avec un verre de 6 mm si le tonnage est trop élevé par exemple de 2000 tonnes/jour les défauts dioptriques sont trop importants.  In addition, even with a 6 mm glass if the tonnage is too high for example 2000 tons / day dioptric defects are too important.
L'électrode en couche(s) n'a pas d'influence notable sur les défauts dioptriques. Aussi si un verre flotté « nu » convient, le verre revêtu d'une couche électrode conviendra aussi.  The electrode layer (s) has no significant influence on dioptric defects. Also if a "naked" float glass is suitable, glass coated with an electrode layer will also be suitable.
Naturellement, par souci de simplicité et d'économie, on préfère sélectionner des verres flottés convenables plutôt que de devoir lisser (polissage etc) un verre quelconque obtenu par un autre procédé de fabrication. Of course, for the sake of simplicity and economy, it is preferred to select suitable float glasses rather than having to smooth (polish, etc.) any glass obtained by another manufacturing process.
L'invention permet en outre de réaliser des vitrages multiples à cristaux liquides performants de largeur supérieure à 1 m.  The invention also makes it possible to produce multiple liquid crystal glazings with a width greater than 1 m.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré,  In a preferred embodiment,
- pour une épaisseur E inférieure à 30 μηηη, l'épaisseur A de la première feuille de verre et de la deuxième feuille de verre est comprise entre 3 mm et 5,5 mm en incluant ces valeurs, notamment par production sur une ligne Float d'une capacité d'au moins 550 tonnes/jour et de préférence limitée à 700 tonnes/jour ou  for a thickness E less than 30 μηηη, the thickness A of the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet is between 3 mm and 5.5 mm, including these values, in particular by production on a Float line; a capacity of at least 550 tonnes / day and preferably limited to 700 tonnes / day or
- pour une épaisseur E supérieure ou égale à 30 μηι, l'épaisseur A la première feuille de verre et de la deuxième feuille de verre est comprise entre 2 mm et 5,5 mm en incluant ces valeurs, notamment par production sur une ligne Float d'une capacité d'au moins 550 tonnes/jour et de préférence limitée à 700 tonnes/jour.  for a thickness E greater than or equal to 30 μm, the thickness A of the first sheet of glass and the second sheet of glass is between 2 mm and 5.5 mm including these values, in particular by production on a Float line with a capacity of at least 550 tonnes / day and preferably limited to 700 tonnes / day.
Par ailleurs, le joint de scellement est de largeur L donnée et peut de préférence être interrompu dans sa largeur par une pluralité d'évents définissant chacun des extrémités latérales de joint, et pour chaque évent une matière de scellement additionnelle forme un pont entre les extrémités latérales du joint, notamment en ladite matière de scellement formant ainsi continuité de matière.  Furthermore, the seal is of given width L and can preferably be interrupted in its width by a plurality of vents defining each of the lateral ends of the seal, and for each vent an additional sealant forms a bridge between the ends. lateral of the seal, in particular in said sealing material thus forming continuity of material.
Dans le vitrage multiple à cristaux liquides de l'art antérieur, le joint de scellement est continu.  In the multiple liquid crystal glazing of the prior art, the seal is continuous.
Avec des évents - complétés par un scellement additionnel - interrompant selon l'invention le joint d'un tel vitrage multiple à cristaux liquides, on améliore les performances optiques (à l'état off), en participant notamment dans les zones de bord de la couche de cristaux liquides à répartir uniformément la couche de cristaux liquides.  With vents - supplemented by additional sealing - interrupting according to the invention the seal of such a multiple liquid crystal glazing, optical performance (in the off state) is improved, particularly by participating in the edge areas of the liquid crystal layer to evenly distribute the liquid crystal layer.
L'usage selon l'invention de tels évents - complété par un scellement additionnel - constitue une invention en soi. Toutefois dans un mode de réalisation préféré, elle est couplée avec les verres tels que définis précédemment avec une épaisseur A limitée et une note de dioptrie limitée.  The use according to the invention of such vents - supplemented by additional sealing - constitutes an invention in itself. However, in a preferred embodiment, it is coupled with the glasses as defined above with a limited thickness A and a limited diopter note.
Par ailleurs, on peut en fait utiliser tous les systèmes à cristaux liquides connus sous les termes de « NCAP » (Nematic Curvilinearly Aligned Phases en anglais) ou « PDLC » (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Cristal en anglais) ou « CLC » (Cholesteric Liquid Cristal en anglais) ou NPD-LCD (Non-homogenous Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display en anglais). Ceux-ci peuvent en outre contenir des colorants dichroïques, notamment en solution dans les gouttelettes de cristaux liquides. On peut alors conjointement moduler la diffusion lumineuse et l'absorption lumineuse des systèmes. Moreover, it is possible to use all the liquid crystal systems known under the terms of "NCAP" (Nematic Curvilinearly Aligned Phases in English) or "PDLC" (Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal) or "CLC" (Cholesteric Liquid Crystal) in English) or NPD-LCD (Non-Homogeneous Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display). These may further contain dichroic dyes, especially in solution in the liquid crystal droplets. It is then possible to modulate the light scattering and the light absorption of the systems.
On peut également utiliser, par exemple, les gels à base de cristaux liquides cholestériques contenant une faible quantité de polymère réticulé, comme ceux décrits dans le brevet WO-92/19695. Plus largement, on peut donc choisir des « PSCT » (Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Texture en anglais).  It is also possible to use, for example, cholesteric liquid crystal-based gels containing a small amount of crosslinked polymer, such as those described in patent WO-92/19695. More broadly, one can choose "PSCT" (Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Texture in English).
Naturellement le système à cristaux liquides peut s'étendre sensiblement sur toute la surface du vitrage (hors émargeage), ou sur (au moins) une zone restreinte. Le système à cristaux liquides peut être discontinu, en plusieurs morceaux (par exemple de type pixels).  Naturally, the liquid crystal system may extend substantially over the entire surface of the glazing (excluding outgassing), or on (at least) a restricted area. The liquid crystal system may be discontinuous, in several pieces (for example of the pixel type).
On peut utiliser le vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides tel que défini précédemment comme vitrage dans des véhicules ou des bâtiments.  It is possible to use liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing as previously defined as glazing in vehicles or buildings.
Le vitrage selon l'invention peut être utilisé notamment :  The glazing according to the invention can be used in particular:
- comme cloison interne (entre deux pièces ou dans un espace) dans un bâtiment, dans un moyen de locomotion terrestre, aérien, aquatique (entre deux compartiments, dans un taxi etc),  - as an internal partition (between two rooms or in a space) in a building, in a means of locomotion terrestrial, aerial, aquatic (between two compartments, in a taxi etc),
- comme porte vitrée, fenêtre, plafond, dallage (sol, plafond),  - as glazed door, window, ceiling, tiling (floor, ceiling),
- comme rétroviseur de véhicule, vitrage latéral, toit d'un moyen de locomotion terrestre, aérien, aquatique,  - as vehicle rearview mirror, side glazing, roof of a means of locomotion on land, air, water,
- comme écran de projection,  - as a projection screen,
- comme façade de magasin, vitrine notamment d'un guichet.  - as a shop facade, showcase including a counter.
Naturellement, le vitrage selon l'invention peut former tout ou partie d'une cloison et autre fenêtre (type imposte etc), d'un vitrage multiple (avec rajout d'un vitrage supplémentaire).  Naturally, the glazing according to the invention can form all or part of a partition and other window (type transom etc.), a multiple glazing (with addition of additional glazing).
L'invention a également pour objet un procédé de production d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides tel que défini précédemment et comportant les étapes suivantes :  The subject of the invention is also a process for producing a liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing unit as defined above and comprising the following steps:
- la formation du joint de scellement comportant l'application de la matière de scellement (de préférence essentiellement organique, notamment en résine époxy) sur la première feuille de verre flotté (en bordure) dotée de la première électrode,  the formation of the sealing joint comprising the application of the sealing material (preferably essentially organic, in particular epoxy resin) to the first float glass sheet (at the edge) provided with the first electrode,
- (avant ou après la formation du joint de scellement), le dépôt par voie liquide de la couche de cristaux liquides d'une épaisseur moyenne E sur la première feuille de verre flotté dotée de la première électrode et éventuellement sur la deuxième feuille de verre flotté dotée de la deuxième électrode, - (before or after the formation of the seal), the liquid deposition of the liquid crystal layer of an average thickness E on the first float glass sheet provided with the first electrode and optionally on the second float glass sheet with the second electrode,
- après la formation du joint de scellement et le dépôt de la couche de cristaux liquides, la mise en contact des première et deuxième feuilles de verre, notamment par calandrage ou pressage,  after the formation of the sealing gasket and the deposition of the liquid crystal layer, bringing the first and second glass sheets into contact, in particular by calendering or pressing,
- et avant la mise en contact des première et deuxième feuilles de verre, avant la mise en contact des première et deuxième feuilles de verre, la formation de la pluralité desdits évents du joint de scellement définissant chacun les extrémités latérales de joint, par l'application discontinue de la matière de scellement et/ou par l'application continue de la matière de scellement et la création des interruptions formant les évents.  and before contacting the first and second glass sheets, before the first and second glass sheets come into contact, the formation of the plurality of said seal seal vents each defining the lateral ends of the joint, by the discontinuous application of the sealing material and / or continuous application of the sealing material and the creation of interruptions forming the vents.
On positionne de préférence au moins deux évents en regard d'un premier bord de feuille (feuille à bords droits ou courbes) et au moins deux autres évents en regard d'un deuxième bord opposé au premier bord, ces bords correspondants aux bords de la direction de calandrage, en cas de calandrage.  Preferably, at least two vents are positioned facing a first sheet edge (straight or curved sheet) and at least two other vents facing a second edge opposite the first edge, these edges corresponding to the edges of the sheet. direction of calendering, in case of calendering.
En cas de pressage notamment, on positionne aussi au moins deux évents en regard d'un troisième bord de feuille adjacent au premier bord (et au deuxième bord) et au moins deux autres évents en regard d'un quatrième bord opposé au troisième bord.  In the case of pressing, in particular, at least two vents are positioned opposite a third edge of the sheet adjacent to the first edge (and the second edge) and at least two other vents facing a fourth edge opposite the third edge.
Le procédé peut comporter en outre l'application de la matière de scellement additionnelle, formant un pont entre les extrémités latérales du joint.  The method may further include the application of the additional sealant material, forming a bridge between the lateral ends of the seal.
La matière de scellement additionnelle peut être en ladite matière de scellement formant ainsi continuité de matière, de préférence essentiellement organique notamment en résine époxy.  The additional sealing material may be of said sealing material thus forming continuity of material, preferably essentially organic, especially epoxy resin.
De préférence la largeur entre les extrémités latérales du joint peut être d'au moins 5 mm, par exemple de 10 mm.  Preferably the width between the lateral ends of the seal may be at least 5 mm, for example 10 mm.
D'autres détails et caractéristiques de l'invention apparaîtront de la description détaillée qui va suivre, faite en regard des dessins annexés sur lesquels :  Other details and characteristics of the invention will appear from the detailed description which follows, made with reference to the appended drawings in which:
- la figure 1 (déjà décrite) représente une vue en coupe schématique d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides de référence, non conforme à l'invention,  FIG. 1 (already described) represents a schematic sectional view of a reference liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing, not in accordance with the invention,
- la figure 2 représente une vue en coupe schématique d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides dans un premier mode de réalisation selon l'invention,  FIG. 2 represents a schematic cross-sectional view of a variable liquid crystal variable diffusion glazing unit in a first embodiment according to the invention,
- la figure 3 montre le schéma de montage de la mesure de la note de défauts dioptriques,  FIG. 3 shows the circuit diagram of the measurement of the dioptric fault score,
- la figure 4 montre le principe de formation d'une image ombroscopique sur un écran à partir d'un profil de planéité du verre Y(x), FIG. 4 shows the principle of forming an ombroscopic image on a screen from a flatness profile of glass Y (x),
- la figure 5 montre un exemple de profil d'éclairement local E(x) et d'éclairement moyen E0(x),  FIG. 5 shows an example of local illumination profile E (x) and average illumination E0 (x),
- la figure 6 représente une vue de dessus schématique d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides conforme à l'invention montrant en particulier le joint de scellement et les évents,  FIG. 6 represents a schematic top view of a liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing unit according to the invention showing in particular the seal and the vents,
- la figure 6bis représente une vue de dessus schématique du vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides, montrant en particulier et le joint de scellement et les évents, dans une variante de la figure 6,  FIG. 6bis is a schematic top view of the multiple liquid crystal variable diffusion glazing, showing in particular and the seal and the vents, in a variant of FIG.
- la figure 7 représente une vue de dessus schématique de la fabrication du vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides conforme à l'invention montrant en particulier le joint de scellement et les évents.  - Figure 7 shows a schematic top view of the manufacture of the variable liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing according to the invention showing in particular the seal and the vents.
L'exemple de réalisation représenté dans la figure 2 montre la conception du vitrage multiple à cristaux liquides selon l'invention dans un premier mode de réalisation.  The exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2 shows the design of the multiple liquid crystal glazing according to the invention in a first embodiment.
Sur deux feuilles de verre flotté 1 et 1 ' sont disposées sur les faces internes 1 1 , On two sheets of float glass 1 and 1 'are arranged on the inner faces 1 1,
21 une couche électriquement conductrice 3, 4 d'une épaisseur d'environ 20 à 400 nm, de surface externe 21 , 31 réalisée en oxyde d'indium et d'étain (ITO) par exemple. Les couches d'ITO ont une résistance électrique de surface comprise entre 5 Ω/ et 300 Ω/ . Au lieu des couches réalisées en ITO, on peut également utiliser dans le même but d'autres couches d'oxyde électriquement conducteur ou des couches d'argent dont la résistance de surface est comparable. 21 an electrically conductive layer 3, 4 with a thickness of about 20 to 400 nm, outer surface 21, 31 made of indium oxide and tin (ITO) for example. ITO layers have a surface electrical resistance of between 5 Ω / and 300 Ω /. Instead of the layers made of ITO, it is also possible to use for the same purpose other layers of electrically conductive oxide or silver layers whose surface resistance is comparable.
La couche 5 de cristaux liquides, qui peut présenter une épaisseur d'environ 15 à 60 μηι, est située entre les couches électrodes 3 et 4.  The liquid crystal layer 5, which may have a thickness of about 15 to 60 μηι, is located between the electrode layers 3 and 4.
La couche 5 de cristaux liquides contient des espaceurs sphériques. Les espaceurs 6 sont constitués d'un polymère dur transparent. A titre d'exemple, le produit de Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd, connu sous la désignation "Micropearl « SP » s'est avéré bien convenir comme espaceur.  The liquid crystal layer 5 contains spherical spacers. The spacers 6 consist of a transparent hard polymer. For example, the product of Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., known as "Micropearl" SP, has been found to be well suited as a spacer.
Pour assurer l'uniformité de l'épaisseur E de la couche 5 cristaux liquides et assurant ainsi les performances optiques du vitrage à cristaux liquides, on choisit des verres 1 , 1 ' avec leurs électrodes 3, 4 chacun avec une note de défauts dioptriques conforme à l'invention, note mesurée par ombroscopie en réflexion.  In order to ensure the uniformity of the thickness E of the liquid crystal layer and thus ensuring the optical performance of the liquid crystal glazing, glasses 1, 1 'are chosen with their electrodes 3, 4 each with a dioptric defects score that complies with to the invention, note measured by ombroscopy in reflection.
Le principe de base est lié à l'optique géométrique. Le schéma du montage est représenté sur la figure 3.  The basic principle is related to geometrical optics. The diagram of the assembly is shown in FIG.
On projette à partir d'une source fine, tel qu'un projecteur 100, un flux lumineux sur la face de la feuille de verre 1 1 (revêtue ou non de l'électrode) destiné à être la face interne. On observe sur un écran 300 une image projetée après réflexion sur la face interne 1 1 de la feuille de verre. Cette image est capturée par une caméra numérique 200 pour être traitée. La réflexion sur la deuxième face 12 est neutralisée grâce à l'utilisation d'un tissu noir mouillé placé derrière le verre 1 et sur lequel vient se coller le verre par capillarité. A luminous flux is projected from a fine source, such as a projector 100, onto the face of the glass sheet 11 (coated or not with the electrode) intended to be the face internal. On a screen 300 is observed an image projected after reflection on the inner face 1 1 of the glass sheet. This image is captured by a digital camera 200 to be processed. The reflection on the second face 12 is neutralized through the use of a wet black fabric placed behind the glass 1 and on which is sticking the glass by capillarity.
La figure 4 donne le principe de formation d'une image ombroscopique sur l'écran 300 à partir d'un profil de planéité du verre Y(x). Une zone concave sur le verre (défaut convergent) provoque une concentration de la lumière incidente réfléchie 1 10 et donc un sur-éclairement local sur l'écran 300. Une zone convexe sur le verre (défaut divergent) provoque un étalement de la lumière incidente réfléchie 120 et donc un sous- éclairement local sur l'écran 300.  FIG. 4 gives the principle of forming an ombroscopic image on the screen 300 from a flatness profile of the glass Y (x). A concave zone on the glass (convergent defect) causes a concentration of the reflected incident light 1 10 and thus a local over-illumination on the screen 300. A convex zone on the glass (divergent defect) causes a spreading of the incident light reflected 120 and therefore a local under-illumination on the screen 300.
La figure 5 montre un exemple de profil d'éclairement local E(x) et d'éclairement moyen E0(x).  FIG. 5 shows an example of local illumination profile E (x) and average illumination E0 (x).
Lorsque l'éclairement local E(x) est égal à l'éclairement moyen E0(x), le contraste est nul, et par conséquent Y"(x) = 0 et la puissance optique est nulle.  When the local illumination E (x) is equal to the average illumination E0 (x), the contrast is zero, and consequently Y "(x) = 0 and the optical power is zero.
Lorsque l'éclairement local E(x) est supérieur à l'éclairement moyen E0(x) le contraste est négatif et Y"(x) < 0. Il s'agit alors d'un défaut convergent, qui correspond à une concavité sur le verre.  When the local illumination E (x) is greater than the average illumination E0 (x) the contrast is negative and Y "(x) <0. It is then a convergent defect, which corresponds to a concavity on glass.
Lorsque l'éclairement local E(x) est inférieur à l'éclairement moyen E0(x) le contraste est positif et Y"(x) > 0. Il s'agit alors, d'un défaut divergent qui correspond à une convexité sur le verre.  When the local illumination E (x) is lower than the average illumination E0 (x) the contrast is positive and Y "(x)> 0. It is then a divergent defect which corresponds to a convexity on glass.
Sachant que les variations de planéité sont plus importantes dans le sens de la largeur nette, pour expliquer le principe de fonctionnement de l'appareil nous allons considérer un profil de planéité dans le plan perpendiculaire au sens de coulée et perpendiculaire à la surface du verre.  Knowing that the variations of flatness are more important in the direction of the net width, to explain the principle of operation of the apparatus we will consider a profile of flatness in the plane perpendicular to the direction of casting and perpendicular to the surface of the glass.
On peut montrer à partir des lois de l'optique géométrique et de la conservation de l'énergie qu'il existe une relation entre l'éclairement mesuré sur l'écran E(x) correspondant à un point d'abscisse x sur le verre et le profil Y(x) de la surface du verre.  It can be shown from the laws of geometrical optics and the conservation of energy that there is a relation between the illuminance measured on the screen E (x) corresponding to a point of abscissa x on the glass and the Y (x) profile of the glass surface.
Moyennent certaines simplifications géométriques faites à partir des éléments suivants : le montage est en réflexion quasi-normale et la source est considérée ponctuelle, on a la relation suivante : d2Y(x) _ 1 Some geometrical simplifications are made from the following elements: the assembly is in quasi-normal reflection and the source is considered punctual, we have the following relation: d 2 Y (x) _ 1
dx2 ~ ~D E(x) Avec : dx 2 ~ ~ DE (x) With:
Y(x) : profil du verre  Y (x): glass profile
D : la distance verre - écran  D: the distance between glass and screen
E0 : éclairement moyen en x (celui que l'on aurait sans défaut de planéité) E 0 : average illumination in x (that which one would have without flatness)
Soit la puissance optique en réflexion POR (en dioptrie) :  That is the optical power in reflection POR (in diopter):
POS = 2xfξ£) » 2x≤<£) POS = 2x f¾¾¾) » 2x ≤ <£)
dx2 D avec le contraste C(x) tel que dx 2 D with the contrast C (x) as
E0 - E(x) E 0 - E (x)
E{x)  Ex)
Le contraste correspond à la perception visuelle du « lignage » (ici pointillés puisque l'on considère un profil et non une surface) constatée sur l'image ombroscopique projetée sur l'écran. The contrast corresponds to the visual perception of "lineage" (dotted here since we consider a profile and not a surface) found on the shadow image projected on the screen.
Un logiciel de traitement, calcule pour chaque pixel de l'image, le contraste et donc la puissance optique en réflexion POR.  A processing software calculates for each pixel of the image, the contrast and therefore the optical power in reflection POR.
La note de défauts dioptriques (en millidioptrie) reflète l'homogénéité des puissances optiques et est en fait l'écart type σ de la distribution des puissances optiques en réflexion sur la face interne défini par la relation : avec The note of dioptric defects (in millidioptria) reflects the homogeneity of the optical powers and is in fact the standard deviation σ of the distribution of the optical powers in reflection on the internal face defined by the relation: with
(P.O.r2)i j : Moyenne sur toute la face interne, du carré des puissances optiques (P.O.r)^ 2 : Carré sur toute la face interne de la moyenne des puissances optiques (POr 2 ) ij : Average over the whole inner face, of the square of the optical powers (POr) ^ 2 : Square on the whole internal face of the average of the optical powers
La note doit être inférieure à P°ur assurer une qualité optique en The note must be less than P ° ur ensure optical quality
transmission suffisante, c'est-à-dire une bonne homogénéité de la transmission lumineuse en état « off ». sufficient transmission, that is to say a good homogeneity of the light transmission in "off" state.
A titre d'exemple, pour une épaisseur E de 15 μηη, pour une ligne Float standard de capacité de 600 tonnes/jour avec une largeur brute de verre de 3,5 m :  By way of example, for a thickness E of 15 μηη, for a standard Float line with a capacity of 600 tonnes / day with a gross glass width of 3.5 m:
- la note du verre de 2,1 mm est inférieure à 22 mdt,  - the 2.1 mm glass rating is less than 22 mt,
- la note du verre de 3 mm est inférieure à 1 1 mdt, - la note du verre de 4 mm est inférieure à 8 mdt. - the note of the glass of 3 mm is less than 1 1 mdt, - the note of the 4 mm glass is less than 8 mts.
Par ailleurs, pour la couche de cristaux liquides, on peut utiliser aussi des composés connus, par exemple les composés décrits dans le document US 5 691 795. Le composé de cristaux liquides de Merck Co., Ltd, commercialisé sous le nom commercial "Cyanobiphenyl Nematic Liquid Crystal E-31 LV" s'est également avéré convenir particulièrement bien. Dans le cas de ce mode de réalisation, ce produit est mélangé dans un rapport 10:2 avec une substance chirale, par exemple le 4-cyano-4'-(2- méthyl)butylbiphényle, et ce mélange est mélangé dans le rapport 10:0,3 avec un monomère, par exemple le 4,4'-bisacryloylbiphényle, et avec un initiateur d'UV, par exemple le méthyléther de benzoïne. Le mélange ainsi préparé est appliqué sur l'une des feuilles de verre revêtues. Après durcissement de la couche de cristaux liquides par irradiation à la lumière UV, il se forme un réseau polymère dans lequel les cristaux liquides sont incorporés.  Furthermore, for the liquid crystal layer, it is also possible to use known compounds, for example the compounds described in document US Pat. No. 5,691,795. The liquid crystal compound of Merck Co., Ltd, sold under the trade name "Cyanobiphenyl" Nematic Liquid Crystal E-31 LV "also proved to be particularly suitable. In the case of this embodiment, this product is mixed in a 10: 2 ratio with a chiral substance, for example 4-cyano-4 '- (2-methyl) butylbiphenyl, and this mixture is mixed in the ratio : 0.3 with a monomer, for example 4,4'-bisacryloylbiphenyl, and with a UV initiator, for example benzoin methyl ether. The mixture thus prepared is applied to one of the coated glass sheets. After curing the liquid crystal layer by irradiation with UV light, a polymer network is formed in which the liquid crystals are incorporated.
En variante, la couche de cristaux liquides ne contient pas de polymère de stabilisation mais est uniquement constituée de la masse de cristaux liquides et des espaceurs. La masse de cristaux liquides est donc appliquée telle quelle sans additif monomère, a une épaisseur de 3 à 20 μηη sur l'une des feuilles de verre 1 , 1 '. Des composés pour les couches de cristaux liquides de ce type sont décrits par exemple dans le document US 3 963 324.  Alternatively, the liquid crystal layer does not contain a stabilizing polymer but consists only of the mass of liquid crystals and spacers. The liquid crystal mass is therefore applied as it is without monomer additive, has a thickness of 3 to 20 μηη on one of the glass sheets 1, 1 '. Compounds for liquid crystal layers of this type are described, for example, in US 3,963,324.
Pour la couche de cristaux liquides, on peut utiliser des PDLC tel le composé 4- For the liquid crystal layer, PDLCs such as compound 4 can be used.
((4-Éthyle-2,6-difluorophényl)-éthinyl)-4'-propylbiphényl et 2-Fluor-4,4'-bis(trans-4- propylcyclohexyl)-biphenyl par exemple vendu par la société Merck sous la référence MDA-00-3506. ((4-ethyl-2,6-difluorophenyl) -ethinyl) -4'-propylbiphenyl and 2-fluorine-4,4'-bis (trans-4-propylcyclohexyl) biphenyl, for example sold by the company Merck under the reference MDA-00-3506.
Sur le bord, la couche de cristaux liquides est scellée par un joint adhésif de scellement 5 qui sert en même temps à relier les feuilles de verre 1 , 1 ' dotées des électrodes de manière ferme et permanente.  On the edge, the liquid crystal layer is sealed by an adhesive sealant 5 which serves at the same time to connect the glass sheets 1, 1 'endowed with the electrodes firmly and permanently.
La matière adhésive de scellement qui scelle les feuilles de verre distinctes 1 et 1 ' sur leurs bords contient une résine époxy.  The sealing adhesive material which seals the separate glass sheets 1 and 1 'on their edges contains an epoxy resin.
Comme montré en figure 6, le joint de scellement est de largeur L donnée et interrompu dans sa largeur par une pluralité d'évents 81 à 84 définissant chacun des extrémités latérales de joint 71 à 74'.  As shown in FIG. 6, the seal is of width L given and interrupted in its width by a plurality of vents 81 to 84 defining each of the joint lateral ends 71 to 74 '.
Plus précisément, le joint de scellement 7 est interrompu dans sa largeur par deux évents 81 à 82 en regard d'un premier bord du vitrage et par deux autres évents 83, 84 en regard d'un deuxième bord opposé au premier bord, ces bords correspondants aux bords de la direction d'assemblage des verres, de préférence par calandrage. Pour chaque évent une matière de scellement additionnelle T forme un pont entre les extrémités latérales adjacentes du joint, notamment en ladite matière de scellement formant ainsi continuité de matière comme montré en figure 6bis. More specifically, the seal 7 is interrupted in its width by two vents 81 to 82 facing a first edge of the glazing and two other vents 83, 84 facing a second edge opposite the first edge, these edges corresponding to the edges of the assembly direction of the glasses, preferably by calendering. For each vent additional sealing material T forms a bridge between the adjacent lateral ends of the seal, in particular said sealing material thus forming continuity of material as shown in Figure 6a.
Au stade initial (état « off »), c'est-à-dire avant l'application d'une tension électrique, ce vitrage à cristaux liquides 100 est translucide, c'est-à-dire qu'il transmet optiquement mais n'est pas transparent. Dès que le courant est branché, la couche de cristaux liquides passe sous l'action du champ électrique alternatif à l'état transparent, c'est-à-dire celui dans lequel la vision n'est pas empêchée.  At the initial stage ("off" state), that is to say before the application of a voltage, this liquid crystal glazing 100 is translucent, that is to say it transmits optically but n is not transparent. As soon as the current is connected, the liquid crystal layer passes under the action of the alternating electric field in the transparent state, that is to say the one in which the vision is not prevented.
Le vitrage électrocommandable à cristaux liquides est produit en utilisant un procédé décrit en détail ci après.  The electrically controllable liquid crystal glazing is produced using a method described in detail below.
Dans une installation industrielle de revêtement en continu, en utilisant le procédé de pulvérisation cathodique réactive soutenue par champ magnétique, par des feuilles de verre flotté selon l'invention, sont revêtues dans des chambres successives de pulvérisation d'une couche d'ITO d'une épaisseur approximative de 100 nm.  In an industrial continuous coating plant, using the reactive sputtering method supported by magnetic field, by float glass sheets according to the invention, are coated in successive spray chambers with a layer of ITO of an approximate thickness of 100 nm.
Deux feuilles de verre distinctes de taille égale et présentant les dimensions souhaitées sont découpées dans une grande feuille de verre revêtue de cette manière et préparées pour la poursuite du traitement.  Two separate glass sheets of equal size and the desired dimensions are cut from a large sheet of glass coated in this manner and prepared for further processing.
Les deux feuilles de verre distinctes découpées aux mesures souhaitées subissent d'abord une opération de lavage.  The two separate glass sheets cut to the desired measurements first undergo a washing operation.
La couche de cristaux liquides mélangée avec les espaceurs est alors appliquée sur l'une des deux feuilles de verre ainsi traitées.  The liquid crystal layer mixed with the spacers is then applied to one of the two glass sheets thus treated.
Comme les deux feuilles de verre distinctes sont ensuite reliées de manière permanente et étroite l'une à l'autre sur leurs bords par un joint de scellement, la partie de bord de la feuille de verre 1 n'est pas revêtue sur une largeur d'environ 2 à 10 mm.  Since the two separate glass sheets are then permanently and tightly connected to each other at their edges by a sealing gasket, the edge portion of the glass sheet 1 is not coated over a width of 1 cm. about 2 to 10 mm.
Le revêtement par la masse de cristaux liquides est réalisée à l'aide d'une opération appelée remplissage goutte à goutte. Pour l'application de l'opération, on utilise un appareil de versage goutte à goutte qui permet le dépôt de gouttes de cristaux liquides sur un substrat de verre, la quantité versée pouvant être ajustée finement.  The coating by the mass of liquid crystals is carried out using an operation called drip filling. For the application of the operation, a drip pouring apparatus is used which allows the deposition of drops of liquid crystals on a glass substrate, the poured amount being finely adjustable.
Dans un autre mode de réalisation du procédé, pour imprimer la couche de cristaux liquides, on utilise un tissu de sérigraphie d'une maille dont la largeur est d'environ 20 à 50 μηη et dont le diamètre des fils est d'environ 30 à 50 μηη.  In another embodiment of the method, for printing the liquid crystal layer, a screen printing fabric of a mesh whose width is approximately 20 to 50 μηη and whose wire diameter is approximately 30 to 50 μηη.
La couche adhésive formant le joint 7 est de même appliquée directement le long du bord de la feuille de verre 24 avant ou après la dépose de la couche à cristaux liquides. Elle peut avoir une largeur par exemple de 2 à 10 mm.  The adhesive layer forming the gasket 7 is likewise applied directly along the edge of the glass sheet 24 before or after the deposition of the liquid crystal layer. It may have a width for example of 2 to 10 mm.
Comme montré en figure 7, on prévoit la formation la pluralité d'une pluralité d'évents 81 à 84 du joint de scellement de taille et répartition adaptée pour évacuer l'excès de couche de cristaux liquides, les évents 81 à 84 définissant chacun deux extrémités latérales adjacentes 71 à 74' de joint 7. As shown in FIG. 7, training is provided for the plurality of a plurality vents 81 to 84 of the seal size and distribution adapted to remove the excess liquid crystal layer, the vents 81 to 84 each defining two adjacent lateral ends 71 to 74 'seal 7.
Aussi, pour ce faire, l'application de la matière de scellement est soit discontinue ou est continue puis suivie d'une création des évents (par retrait de matière 7).  Also, for this purpose, the application of the sealing material is either discontinuous or continuous and then followed by the creation of the vents (by removal of material 7).
On prévoit ensuite l'application de la matière de scellement additionnelle 7', formant un pont entre les extrémités latérales du joint 71 à 74' de préférence en ladite matière de scellement, formant ainsi continuité de matière de scellement.  Application of the additional sealing material 7 'is then provided, forming a bridge between the lateral ends of the seal 71 to 74' preferably of said sealing material, thereby forming continuity of sealing material.
Lorsque les deux feuilles de verre distinctes sont ensuite repoussées l'une contre l'autre, la couche adhésive 7 est comprimée jusqu'à l'épaisseur E de la couche de cristaux liquides.  When the two separate glass sheets are then pushed against each other, the adhesive layer 7 is compressed to the thickness E of the liquid crystal layer.
Les évents 81 à 84 servent donc :  Vents 81 to 84 serve therefore:
- à évacuer l'excès de couche de cristaux liquides, et donc de mieux contrôler l'épaisseur de couche et donc d'éviter une perte de qualité optique, - à dégazer la couche de cristaux liquides pour éviter la formation ultérieure de bulles dans la couche et donc à nouveau éviter une perte de qualité optique. On positionne de préférence au moins deux évents sur le bord avant du calandrage et au moins deux évents sur le bord arrière du calandrage.  - To evacuate the excess liquid crystal layer, and thus to better control the layer thickness and thus to avoid a loss of optical quality, - to degas the liquid crystal layer to prevent the subsequent formation of bubbles in the layer and thus again avoid a loss of optical quality. At least two vents are preferably positioned on the front edge of the calendering and at least two vents on the rear edge of the calendering.
La largeur des extrémités latérales est exemple de 10 mm. Plus la couche de cristaux liquides est visqueuse plus on utilise d'évents.  The width of the lateral ends is an example of 10 mm. The more viscous liquid crystal layer, the more vents are used.
Ensuite, on procède au calandrage ou en variante au pressage.  Then, we proceed to calendering or alternatively to pressing.
Si la couche de cristaux liquides est constituée d'un mélange de cristaux liquides et d'un monomère, l'opération de polymérisation est alors réalisée par irradiation à la lumière UV.  If the liquid crystal layer consists of a mixture of liquid crystals and a monomer, the polymerization operation is then carried out by irradiation with UV light.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1 . Vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100), présentant : 1. Multiple liquid crystal variable diffusion (100) glazing, having:
- des première et deuxième feuilles de verre plan flotté (1 , 2) scellés sur le bord de leurs faces internes (1 1 , 21 ) par un joint de scellement (7), notamment en une matière de scellement donnée,  first and second sheets of float plane glass (1, 2) sealed on the edge of their inner faces (1 1, 21) by a sealing joint (7), in particular of a given sealing material,
- sur les faces internes des première et deuxième feuilles de verre, des première et deuxième électrodes (3, 4) sous forme de couches électriquement conductrices transparentes dotées d'alimentation en énergie,  on the inner faces of the first and second glass sheets, first and second electrodes (3, 4) in the form of transparent electrically conductive layers provided with power supply,
- et, sur les première et deuxième électrodes, une couche (5) de cristaux liquides alternant de manière réversible entre un état transparent et un état translucide par application d'un champ électrique alternatif, couche (5) d'épaisseur moyenne E comprise entre 15 et 60 μηη en incluant ces valeurs et incorporant des espaceurs (6)  and, on the first and second electrodes, a layer (5) of liquid crystals reversibly alternating between a transparent state and a translucent state by applying an alternating electric field, layer (5) of average thickness E between 15 and 60 μηη including these values and incorporating spacers (6)
caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur A de chacune des première et deuxième feuilles de verre est inférieure ou égale à 5,5 mm  characterized in that the thickness A of each of the first and second glass sheets is less than or equal to 5.5 mm
et en ce que chacune des faces internes revêtue des première et deuxième électrodes présentent une note de défauts dioptriques, exprimée en millidioptrie, inférieure à ou l'épaisseur E de cristaux liquides est en μηι. and in that each of the internal faces coated with the first and second electrodes have a dioptric fault score, expressed in millidioptrie, less than or the thickness E of liquid crystals is in μηι.
2. Vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que 2. variable liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing (100) according to claim 1, characterized in that
- pour une épaisseur E inférieure à 30 μηι, l'épaisseur A de la première feuille de verre (1 ) et de la deuxième feuille de verre (2) est comprise entre 3 mm et 5,5 mm en incluant ces valeurs,  for a thickness E less than 30 μηι, the thickness A of the first glass sheet (1) and the second glass sheet (2) is between 3 mm and 5.5 mm including these values,
ou  or
- pour une épaisseur E supérieure ou égale à 30 μηι, l'épaisseur A la première feuille de verre (1 ) et de la deuxième feuille de verre (2) est comprise entre 2 mm et 5,5 mm en incluant ces valeurs.  for a thickness E greater than or equal to 30 μηι, the thickness A of the first glass sheet (1) and of the second glass sheet (2) is between 2 mm and 5.5 mm including these values.
3. Vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le joint de scellement (7) est de largeur 3. variable liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing (100) according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the seal (7) is width
L donnée et interrompu dans sa largeur par une pluralité d'évents (81 à 84) définissant chacun des extrémités latérales de joint (71 à 74'), notamment séparées d'au moins 5 mm, et pour chaque évent une matière de scellement additionnelle (7') forme un pont entre les extrémités latérales du joint, notamment en ladite matière de scellement formant ainsi continuité de matière. L and interrupted in its width by a plurality of vents (81 to 84) defining each of the lateral ends of joint (71 to 74 '), in particular separated by at least 5 mm, and for each vent an additional sealing material (7 ') forms a bridge between the lateral ends of the joint, in particular in said material of sealing thus forming continuity of matter.
Vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon la revendication précédente, caractérisé en ce que le joint de scellement (7) est interrompu dans sa largeur par au moins deux évents (81 à 82) en regard d'un premier bord du vitrage et par au moins deux autres évents (83 à 84) en regard d'un deuxième bord opposé au premier bord.  Variable diffusion liquid crystal display (100) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the seal (7) is interrupted in its width by at least two vents (81 to 82) facing a first edge of the glazing and by at least two other vents (83 to 84) facing a second edge opposite the first edge.
Vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le joint de scellement (7) et/ou une matière de scellement additionnelle (7') est essentiellement organique, de préférence en résine époxy.  Multiple liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing (100) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sealing joint (7) and / or additional sealing material (7 ') is essentially organic, preferably epoxy resin .
Utilisation du vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5 comme vitrage dans des véhicules ou des bâtiments. Procédé de production d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon les revendications 3 à 5 comportant les étapes suivantes :  Use of the liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing (100) according to one of claims 1 to 5 as glazing in vehicles or buildings. A method of producing a liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing (100) according to claims 3 to 5 comprising the steps of:
- la formation du joint de scellement (7) comportant l'application de la matière de scellement (7) sur la première feuille de verre flottée (1 ) dotée de la première électrode (3),  the formation of the seal (7) comprising the application of the sealing material (7) to the first float glass sheet (1) provided with the first electrode (3),
- le dépôt par voie liquide de la couche de cristaux liquides (5) d'une épaisseur moyenne E sur la première feuille de verre flotté (1 ) dotée de la première électrode (3) et éventuellement sur la deuxième feuille de verre flotté (20) dotée de la deuxième électrode,  the liquid deposition of the liquid crystal layer (5) of an average thickness E on the first float glass sheet (1) provided with the first electrode (3) and possibly on the second float glass sheet (20); ) with the second electrode,
- après la formation du joint de scellement et le dépôt de la couche de cristaux liquides, la mise en contact des première et deuxième feuilles de verre (1 , 2), caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend, avant la mise en contact des première et deuxième feuilles de verre, la formation de la pluralité desdits évents (81 à 84) du joint de scellement définissant chacun les extrémités latérales (71 à 74') de joint (7). Procédé de production d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon la revendication 7 caractérisé en ce que le joint de scellement (7) étant interrompu dans sa largeur par au moins deux évents (81 à 82) en regard d'un premier bord du vitrage et par au moins deux autres évents (83 à 84) en regard d'un deuxième bord opposé au premier bord, et de préférence, l'assemblage des première et deuxième feuilles de verres (1 , 2) étant réalisé par calandrage, ces premier et deuxième bords correspondent aux bords dans la direction de calandrage.  after the formation of the sealing gasket and the deposition of the liquid crystal layer, the contacting of the first and second glass sheets (1, 2), characterized in that it comprises, before contacting the first and second glass sheets, forming the plurality of said seal seal vents (81-84) each defining the lateral ends (71-74 ') of seal (7). A process for producing a variable liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing (100) according to claim 7, characterized in that the sealing joint (7) being interrupted in its width by at least two vents (81 to 82) facing a first edge of the glazing and by at least two other vents (83 to 84) facing a second edge opposite the first edge, and preferably, the assembly of the first and second glass sheets (1, 2) being made by calendering, these first and second edges correspond to the edges in the calendering direction.
Procédé de production d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides selon la revendication 8 caractérisé en ce que l'assemblage des première et deuxième feuilles de verres étant réalisé notamment par pressage, le joint de scellement (7) interrompu dans sa largeur par au moins deux évents (81 à 82) en regard d'un troisième bord du vitrage adjacent au premier bord et par au moins deux autres évents (83 à 84) en regard d'un quatrième bord opposé au troisième bord. Procédé de production d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon l'une des revendications 7 à 9 caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte l'application de la matière de scellement additionnelle (7'), formant un pont entre les extrémités latérales du joint (71 à 74'). Method for producing a liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing according to claim 8 characterized in that the assembly of the first and second glass sheets being achieved in particular by pressing, the sealing joint (7) interrupted in its width by at least two vents (81 to 82) facing a third edge of the glazing adjacent to the first edge and at least two other vents (83 to 84) facing a fourth edge opposite the third edge. Process for producing a liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing unit (100) according to one of Claims 7 to 9, characterized in that it comprises the application of the additional sealing material (7 ') forming a bridge between the lateral ends of the seal (71 to 74 ').
Procédé de production d'un vitrage multiple à diffusion variable par cristaux liquides (100) selon la revendication précédente caractérisé en ce que la matière de scellement additionnelle (7') est en ladite matière de scellement (7), formant ainsi continuité de matière, de préférence essentiellement organique, notamment en résine époxy.  A process for producing a variable liquid crystal variable diffusion multiple glazing (100) according to the preceding claim, characterized in that the additional sealing material (7 ') is made of said sealing material (7), thus forming continuity of material, preferably substantially organic, especially epoxy resin.
EP11764816.2A 2010-09-03 2011-08-31 Multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals and production method thereof Ceased EP2612196A1 (en)

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FR1057005A FR2964473B1 (en) 2010-09-03 2010-09-03 VARIABLE DIFFUSION MULTIPLE GLAZING BY LIQUID CRYSTALS, ITS MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PCT/FR2011/051990 WO2012028823A1 (en) 2010-09-03 2011-08-31 Multiple glazing with variable diffusion by liquid crystals and production method thereof

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