EP2525074B1 - Combustion engine with heating device for heating intake air and method for operating such a combustion engine - Google Patents

Combustion engine with heating device for heating intake air and method for operating such a combustion engine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2525074B1
EP2525074B1 EP12164547.7A EP12164547A EP2525074B1 EP 2525074 B1 EP2525074 B1 EP 2525074B1 EP 12164547 A EP12164547 A EP 12164547A EP 2525074 B1 EP2525074 B1 EP 2525074B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion engine
internal combustion
intake
cylinder
line
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP12164547.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2525074A1 (en
Inventor
Wilbert Hemink
Andreas Kuske
Daniel Roettger
Christian Winge Vigild
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Priority to EP12164547.7A priority Critical patent/EP2525074B1/en
Publication of EP2525074A1 publication Critical patent/EP2525074A1/en
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/10Air intakes; Induction systems
    • F02M35/10242Devices or means connected to or integrated into air intakes; Air intakes combined with other engine or vehicle parts
    • F02M35/10262Flow guides, obstructions, deflectors or the like
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M31/00Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M31/02Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating
    • F02M31/12Apparatus for thermally treating combustion-air, fuel, or fuel-air mixture for heating electrically
    • F02M31/13Combustion air
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/10Air intakes; Induction systems
    • F02M35/10242Devices or means connected to or integrated into air intakes; Air intakes combined with other engine or vehicle parts
    • F02M35/10268Heating, cooling or thermal insulating means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/10Air intakes; Induction systems
    • F02M35/10242Devices or means connected to or integrated into air intakes; Air intakes combined with other engine or vehicle parts
    • F02M35/10281Means to remove, re-atomise or redistribute condensed fuel; Means to avoid fuel particles from separating from the mixture
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M35/00Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
    • F02M35/10Air intakes; Induction systems
    • F02M35/104Intake manifolds
    • F02M35/112Intake manifolds for engines with cylinders all in one line
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B29/00Engines characterised by provision for charging or scavenging not provided for in groups F02B25/00, F02B27/00 or F02B33/00 - F02B39/00; Details thereof
    • F02B29/04Cooling of air intake supply
    • F02B29/0406Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit
    • F02B29/0418Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit the intake air cooler having a bypass or multiple flow paths within the heat exchanger to vary the effective heat transfer surface
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/23Layout, e.g. schematics
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating such an internal combustion engine.
  • internal combustion engine includes in particular gasoline engines, but also diesel engines and hybrid internal combustion engines.
  • Internal combustion engines have a cylinder block and at least one cylinder head, which are connected together to form the cylinder.
  • an internal combustion engine requires controls - usually in the form of valves - and actuators to operate these controls.
  • the required for the movement of the valves valve actuating mechanism including the valves themselves is referred to as a valve train.
  • the cylinder head serves to accommodate the valve train.
  • the expulsion of the combustion gases via the outlet openings of the cylinder and the filling of the combustion chambers, ie the suction of the charge air via the inlet openings takes place.
  • the charge air can also contain exhaust gas in addition to the fresh air sucked in from the environment. If the fuel is not injected directly into the cylinder, but introduced, for example, upstream of the cylinder in the intake system, not only the charge air, but rather the fuel is supplied to the cylinders via inlet ports.
  • valve train It is the task of the valve train to open the intake and exhaust ports in time or close, with a quick release of the largest possible flow cross sections is sought to keep the throttle losses in the incoming and outflowing gas flows low and the best possible filling of the combustion chamber Fresh mixture or an effective, d. H. To ensure complete removal of the exhaust gases.
  • the intake ducts leading to the inlet openings are at least partially integrated in the cylinder head according to the prior art and are usually brought together to form at least one so-called intake manifold; often to a single overall suction line.
  • an intake line also has an influence on the charge movement in the cylinder and thus on the mixture formation, especially in direct-injection internal combustion engines.
  • the suction lines are formed with a view to generating a so-called tumbles or swirling flow which accelerate and assist mixture formation, a tumble being an air vortex about an imaginary axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the crankshaft and a swirl designating an air vortex is, whose axis is parallel to the piston or cylinder axis.
  • the intake system can be designed in such a way that towards the end of the intake stroke arrives at the inlet openings an overpressure wave, which leads to a compression and thus to a certain reloading effect.
  • Targeting are in length variable suction lines.
  • internal combustion engines can be equipped with a heating device that is in the intake system, d. H. Intake, is arranged and the heating of the charge air is used.
  • the heating of the charge air can serve different purposes, such as the shortening of the warm-up phase after a cold start, as in the DE 198 54 077 A1 described.
  • German patent application DE 10 2006 030 464 A1 also uses the warm-up of intake air on large-volume diesel engines outside the start-up and warm-up phases to avoid misfiring when using low-cetane fuel at idle.
  • the heating element is switched on during the regeneration of the particulate filter, as well as when the engine torque and the engine speed falls below a predetermined minimum value.
  • a suitable for use in internal combustion engines heater is, for example, in the German patent application DE 102 14 166 A1 and in the European patent specification EP 0 793 399 B1 described.
  • band-shaped heating elements which are electrically heated and have a rectangular in cross-section in the basic form.
  • the band-shaped heating elements are arranged in the intake system in such a way that their rectangular cross section represents the smallest possible resistance to the intake charge air.
  • the band-shaped heating elements face the intake charge air intake, whereas the long sides of the rectangular cross-section extend in the flow direction, so that the intake charge air flows tangentially over the larger longitudinal sides.
  • Such an orientation of the cross section is favorable in terms of flow, but also advantageous with regard to the heat transfer due to convection.
  • An internal combustion engine in which at least one heating device is arranged in the Rescueansaug gris, is also an object of the present invention.
  • the charge air has as high a temperature as possible when it enters the cylinder, which in particular significantly shortens the warm-up phase after a cold start of the internal combustion engine. This offers advantages in terms of pollutant emissions, in particular with regard to the emission of unburned hydrocarbons.
  • a further sub-task of the present invention is to show a method for operating such an internal combustion engine.
  • the internal combustion engine is equipped with an external exhaust gas recirculation. Since the formation of nitrogen oxides requires not only an excess of air but also high temperatures, a concept for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions is to develop combustion processes with lower combustion temperatures.
  • the exhaust gas recirculation ie the return of combustion gases from the Abgasab2020system in the intake system targeting, in which with increasing exhaust gas recirculation rate, the nitrogen oxide emissions can be significantly reduced.
  • Exhaust gas recirculation is also suitable for reducing emissions of unburned hydrocarbons in the partial load range.
  • the equipment of the internal combustion engine according to the invention with an exhaust gas recirculation solves the first object underlying the invention, namely to provide an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1, which is optimized in terms of emission behavior.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine may be advantageous in which a cooling device is provided in the return line, with which the temperature in the hot Exhaust gas flow is lowered, whereby the density of the exhaust gases is increased.
  • the temperature of the charge air, which occurs in the mixture of fresh air and recirculated exhaust gas this is indeed lowered.
  • liquid cooling is used.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine may be advantageous in which a shut-off element for adjusting the return rate is provided in the return line.
  • An internal combustion engine according to the invention may also have two cylinder heads, for example, when a plurality of cylinders are arranged distributed on two cylinder banks.
  • the suction lines of all the cylinders of a cylinder head need not merge to form a total intake line, but only the intake lines of at least two cylinders.
  • the intake ducts may also merge to form two total intake ducts, forming two distributor junctions, if more than two cylinders and / or more than one intake port per cylinder are provided. If necessary, then two heaters are provided.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the return line opens into the intake system upstream of the heating device are advantageous.
  • exhaust gas is introduced upstream of the heater, resulting in some preheating of the charge air.
  • the temperature of the charge air ie the mixing temperature of the fresh air / exhaust gas mixture, increases due to the hot recirculated exhaust gas before entering the heater.
  • the heater contributes to the homogenization of the charge air.
  • the heater not only the sucked fresh air, but also the recirculated exhaust gas is passed through the heater, wherein components of the exhaust gas in or on the heater, for example on the walls and - possibly band-shaped - heating elements can be deposited.
  • components of the exhaust gas in or on the heater for example on the walls and - possibly band-shaped - heating elements can be deposited.
  • the deposits can also change the geometry of the heater. This is disadvantageous in particular if the heating device is also used as a guide for the intake charge air and the geometry represents an essential feature for the fulfillment of this task.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the return line opens downstream of the heating device into the intake system may also be advantageous, also for reasons mentioned above.
  • the return line opens into the Bacansaug réelle.
  • the return line can also lead into the intake manifold, into an intake pipe of a single cylinder or the common intake pipe of a plurality of cylinders.
  • Theylonansaug réelle is characterized by the fact that this line leads the entire charge air. If the recirculated exhaust gas is introduced into theylonansaugtechnisch, it is ensured that the charge air is largely homogenized before entering the cylinder and the recirculated exhaust gas is evenly distributed to the cylinder.
  • the return line can also be partially or completely integrated in the cylinder head.
  • each cylinder has at least one outlet opening for discharging the exhaust gases from the cylinder via the exhaust system
  • the return line branches off from the Abgasabloomsystem.
  • the present embodiment is different from constructions in which the return line branches off directly from one of the cylinders.
  • embodiments are advantageous, which are characterized in that the return line branches off upstream of the at least one turbine from the Abgasab2020system.
  • the return line preferably opens into the intake system downstream of a compressor arranged in the intake system.
  • the charge is used primarily to increase the performance of the internal combustion engine. However, the charge is also a suitable means to reduce the displacement at the same power, which can - with the same vehicle boundary conditions - the load collective shift to higher loads, in which the specific fuel consumption is lower.
  • the low-pressure EGR comprises a return line, which branches off downstream of the turbine from the Abgasab2020system and opens upstream of the compressor in the intake system.
  • the exhaust gas recirculated to the intake side by means of low-pressure EGR is mixed with fresh air upstream of the compressor and forms the charge air together with this fresh air.
  • the charge air generated in this way is supplied to the compressor and compressed, wherein the compressed charge air downstream of the compressor can be supplied to a charge air cooler.
  • embodiments are therefore also advantageous for the reasons stated above, which are characterized in that the return line branches off downstream of the at least one turbine from the exhaust-gas removal system.
  • the return line preferably opens into the intake system upstream of a compressor arranged in the intake system in order to generate or maintain the pressure gradient required for the delivery of the exhaust gas.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which both a low-pressure EGR and a high-pressure EGR are provided may also be advantageous.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the heating device has at least one band-shaped heating element, which faces the sucked charge air flow with a first narrow side of the cross section, are advantageous.
  • a band-shaped design of the heating element together with the specific orientation of the heating element offers fluidic and in terms of heat transfer advantages.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the heating device is arranged adjacent to the distributor node in which the intake lines merge to form the overall intake line are advantageous.
  • the heating device is arranged as close as possible to the inlet openings of the cylinder, namely adjacent to the distribution node of an intake manifold, at which branch off the individual intake pipes to the at least two cylinders. This arrangement assists the heater in its proper function of providing the cylinders with preheated combustion air, i. H. to feed.
  • the preheated charge air is granted as little distance and time for cooling.
  • the thermal inertia of the portion of the suction lines between the inlet port on the cylinder and the heater is minimized by reducing the mass and the length of this section. This measure ensures that the charge air when entering the cylinder has the highest possible temperature.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the intake lines of at least two cylinders combine to form an intake manifold within the at least one cylinder head to form an overall intake line are advantageous.
  • the integration of the intake manifold into the cylinder head further shortens the presently relevant travel distance of the intake manifolds and hence the thermal inertia of the portion of the intake manifolds between the cylinder intake and the heater. This measure moreover allows tight packaging of the drive unit and reduces the number of components and thus the assembly and deployment costs.
  • embodiments of the internal combustion engine may be advantageous in which the intake lines of at least two cylinders outside the at least one cylinder head merge to form a total intake line and form - at least partially - an external intake manifold.
  • the close arrangement of the heater to the cylinders makes it possible to align or form the band-shaped heating elements such that they support a uniform distribution of the sucked charge air to the individual cylinders.
  • the heater also serves as a guide.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the distance ⁇ between the heating device and the distribution node is smaller than the diameter d of a cylinder with ⁇ ⁇ d are advantageous .
  • the distance ⁇ between the heater and the distribution node is the distance between the exit from the heating device and the center of the distribution node in which the middle flow threads of the suction lines meet.
  • the distance ⁇ between the heater and the distribution node is less than half the diameter d of a cylinder with ⁇ ⁇ 0.5 d or less than a quarter of the diameter d of a cylinder with ⁇ ⁇ 0.25 d ,
  • the additional shortening of the distance ⁇ between the heater and the distribution node helps to further shorten the distance to the cylinders for the preheated charge air, ie, the thermal inertia of the portion of the intake pipes between the cylinder inlet and the heater Reduce.
  • embodiments are advantageous, which are characterized in that the at least one band-shaped heating element substantially horizontally along a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis, preferably parallel to the longitudinal axis, the at least one cylinder head is aligned.
  • Such an orientation of the band-shaped heating elements is particularly suitable to form or use the heating elements as a guide for the heated air flow.
  • the sucked charge air can be guided and steered in an advantageous manner, in such a way that a uniform distribution of the air takes place on the individual cylinders.
  • a uniform filling of the cylinder with fresh mixture is sought. This improves the operating behavior of the internal combustion engine, in particular with regard to the pollutant emissions, the fuel consumption and the available power.
  • a charge air cooler which is equipped with a bypass line, which opens into the intake system upstream of the heater.
  • the intercooler lowers the air temperature and thus increases the density of the air, whereby the cooler also contributes to a better filling of the cylinder with air, ie to a larger air mass.
  • the equipment of the intercooler with a bypass line for the purpose of bypassing the radiator proves to be particularly advantageous after a cold start of the internal combustion engine or during the warm-up phase. A cooling of sucked air in these operating conditions would oppose the heating in the heater, ie run counter.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the at least one band-shaped heating element tapers toward a first narrow end side facing the intake combustion air flow are advantageous. This results in fluidic advantages.
  • the heating elements cut like a knife into the incoming air. Also advantageous are embodiments in which a first narrow end face of the at least one band-shaped heating element, which faces the sucked combustion air flow, tapers.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the cross section of the at least one band-shaped heating element is arcuate are advantageous, so that the at least one band-shaped heating element has a blade-shaped form.
  • An arcuate design of the band-shaped heating element is advantageous in terms of use of the heater as a guide.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the heating device has at least two band-shaped heating elements are advantageous. With the number of heating elements and the heat transfer area increases and thus the amount of heat that is transferable to the intake combustion air.
  • the number of heating elements is important in terms of heat transfer to importance, since the flow rates in theylonansaugtechnisch are high and the temperature of the heating elements and thus the temperature difference between the heating elements and the air can not be increased arbitrarily to increase the heat transfer.
  • the design of the heater as a guide is also facilitated if several heating elements are provided and can be used to influence the flow.
  • Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the at least two band-shaped heating elements are arranged at a distance from one another are advantageous. Only in this way, the advantages that provide several heating elements, use.
  • Embodiments of the method in which the heating device is activated to heat the charge air are advantageous if the internal combustion engine is put into overrun mode or an engine brake is activated.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a first embodiment of the internal combustion engine.
  • the internal combustion engine 1 comprises three cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c which are arranged in series along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder head.
  • the cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c of the internal combustion engine 1 are supplied via intake system 3 with fresh air or charge air 10a, 10b.
  • Each cylinder 1a, 1b, 1c has an intake port for supplying the charge air 10a, 10b, to each intake port, an intake passage 2a, 2b, 2c leads and the intake passages 2a, 2b, 2c of the three cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c to form a Merge hub 4 to a Rescueansaugtechnisch 6.
  • a heater 7 is arranged.
  • the charge air 10a sucked in via the total intake line 6 is heated when flowing through the activated heating device 7.
  • the heated charge air 10b is then, d. H. downstream of the heating device 7, distributed at the distribution node 4 on the individual cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c.
  • the heater 7 is adjacent, d. H. arranged in close proximity to the distribution node 4, wherein the distance ⁇ between the heater 7 and the distribution node 4 is smaller than the diameter of your cylinder 1a, 1b, 1c
  • each cylinder 1a, 1b, 1c has an outlet opening, which is adjoined by an exhaust gas line.
  • the exhaust gas lines of the cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c lead together to form an exhaust gas manifold to form an exhaust gas manifold.
  • FIG. 1 shown internal combustion engine 1 is equipped for the purpose of charging with an exhaust gas turbocharger 8, the turbine 8a in the Abgasabriossystem 5 and the compressor 8b is disposed in the Rescueansaug réelle 6 of the intake system 3.
  • the internal combustion engine 1 is equipped with an external exhaust gas recirculation 9 whose return line 9a branches off from the exhaust gas removal system 5 downstream of the turbine 8a and opens into the intake system 3 upstream of the compressor 8b. Consequently, the in FIG. 1 provided exhaust gas recirculation 9 to a low pressure EGR.
  • the recirculated - optionally post-treated - exhaust gas flows through both the compressor 8b and the heater 7. To adjust the return rate in the return line 9a serving as an EGR valve 9b shut-off element 9b is provided.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a second embodiment of the internal combustion engine 1. It should only the differences from those in FIG. 1 illustrated embodiment are discussed why otherwise reference is made to FIG. 1 , The same reference numerals have been used for the same components.
  • the return line 9a of the exhaust gas recirculation 9 branches off the exhaust gas removal system 5 upstream of the turbine 8a and enters the intake system 3 downstream of the compressor 8b. Consequently, the in FIG. 2 provided exhaust gas recirculation 9 to a high-pressure EGR.
  • a shut-off element 9b serving as an EGR valve 9b is again provided in the return line 9a.
  • the return line 9a opens downstream of the heater 7 in the Bacansaugtechnisch 6 of the intake system 3, so that the recirculated exhaust gas does not flow through the heater 7.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Brennkraftmaschine mit mindestens einem Zylinderkopf und mindestens zwei Zylindern, bei der jeder Zylinder mindestens eine Einlaßöffnung zum Zuführen von Ladeluft in den Zylinder via Ansaugsystem aufweist, wobei

  • zu jeder Einlaßöffnung eine Ansaugleitung führt,
  • die Ansaugleitungen von mindestens zwei Zylindern unter Ausbildung eines Verteilerknotenpunktes zu einer Gesamtansaugleitung zusammenführen, und
  • in der Gesamtansaugleitung eine Heizvorrichtung angeordnet ist.
The invention relates to an internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder head and at least two cylinders, wherein each cylinder has at least one inlet opening for supplying charge air into the cylinder via the intake system, wherein
  • leads to each inlet opening a suction line,
  • merge the suction lines of at least two cylinders to form a manifold node to a Gesamtansaugleitung, and
  • in the Gesamtansaugleitung a heater is arranged.

Des Weiteren betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer derartigen Brennkraftmaschine.Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for operating such an internal combustion engine.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung umfaßt der Begriff Brennkraftmaschine insbesondere Ottomotoren, aber auch Dieselmotoren und Hybrid-Brennkraftmaschinen.In the context of the present invention, the term internal combustion engine includes in particular gasoline engines, but also diesel engines and hybrid internal combustion engines.

Brennkraftmaschinen verfügen über einen Zylinderblock und mindestens einen Zylinderkopf, die zur Ausbildung der Zylinder miteinander verbunden werden. Um den Ladungswechsel zu steuern, benötigt eine Brennkraftmaschine Steuerorgane - in der Regel in Gestalt von Ventilen - und Betätigungseinrichtungen zur Betätigung dieser Steuerorgane. Der für die Bewegung der Ventile erforderliche Ventilbetätigungsmechanismus einschließlich der Ventile selbst wird als Ventiltrieb bezeichnet. Häufig dient der Zylinderkopf zur Aufnahme des Ventiltriebs.Internal combustion engines have a cylinder block and at least one cylinder head, which are connected together to form the cylinder. In order to control the charge cycle, an internal combustion engine requires controls - usually in the form of valves - and actuators to operate these controls. The required for the movement of the valves valve actuating mechanism including the valves themselves is referred to as a valve train. Often, the cylinder head serves to accommodate the valve train.

Im Rahmen des Ladungswechsels erfolgt das Ausschieben der Verbrennungsgase über die Auslaßöffnungen der Zylinder und das Füllen der Brennräume, d. h. das Ansaugen der Ladeluft über die Einlaßöffnungen. Ist die Brennkraftmaschine mit einer Abgasrückführung ausgestattet, kann die Ladeluft neben der aus der Umgebung angesaugten Frischluft auch Abgas enthalten. Wird der Kraftstoff nicht direkt in die Zylinder eingespritzt, sondern beispielsweise stromaufwärts der Zylinder in das Ansaugsystem eingebracht, wird nicht nur die Ladeluft, sondern vielmehr auch der Kraftstoff den Zylindern via Einlaßöffnungen zugeführt.As part of the change of charge, the expulsion of the combustion gases via the outlet openings of the cylinder and the filling of the combustion chambers, ie the suction of the charge air via the inlet openings takes place. If the internal combustion engine is equipped with exhaust gas recirculation, the charge air can also contain exhaust gas in addition to the fresh air sucked in from the environment. If the fuel is not injected directly into the cylinder, but introduced, for example, upstream of the cylinder in the intake system, not only the charge air, but rather the fuel is supplied to the cylinders via inlet ports.

Es ist die Aufgabe des Ventiltriebes die Einlaß- und Auslaßöffnungen rechtzeitig freizugeben bzw. zu schließen, wobei eine schnelle Freigabe möglichst großer Strömungsquerschnitte angestrebt wird, um die Drosselverluste in den ein- bzw. ausströmenden Gasströmungen gering zu halten und eine möglichst gute Füllung des Brennraumes mit Frischgemisch bzw. ein effektives, d. h. vollständiges Abführen der Abgase zu gewährleisten.It is the task of the valve train to open the intake and exhaust ports in time or close, with a quick release of the largest possible flow cross sections is sought to keep the throttle losses in the incoming and outflowing gas flows low and the best possible filling of the combustion chamber Fresh mixture or an effective, d. H. To ensure complete removal of the exhaust gases.

Die Ansaugleitungen, die zu den Einlaßöffnungen führen, sind nach dem Stand der Technik zumindest teilweise im Zylinderkopf integriert und werden in der Regel unter Ausbildung mindestens eines sogenannten Einlaßkrümmers zusammengeführt; häufig zu einer einzelnen Gesamtansaugleitung.The intake ducts leading to the inlet openings are at least partially integrated in the cylinder head according to the prior art and are usually brought together to form at least one so-called intake manifold; often to a single overall suction line.

An das Ansaugsystem einer Brennkraftmaschine werden unterschiedliche Anforderungen gestellt. So wird unter anderem eine Anordnung und Ausbildung der Ansaugleitungen angestrebt, die zu einem möglichst geringen Druckverlust in der angesaugten Ladeluft führt, um eine gute Füllung der Zylinder zu gewährleisten.To the intake system of an internal combustion engine different requirements are made. Thus, inter alia, an arrangement and design of the intake lines is sought, which leads to the lowest possible pressure loss in the sucked charge air to ensure good filling of the cylinder.

Die Geometrie einer Ansaugleitung hat zudem Einfluß auf die Ladungsbewegung im Zylinder und damit auf die Gemischbildung, insbesondere bei direkteinspritzenden Brennkraftmaschinen. Häufig werden die Ansaugleitungen daher im Hinblick auf die Erzeugung eines sogenannten Tumbles oder einer Drallströmung ausgebildet, die die Gemischbildung beschleunigen und unterstützen, wobei ein Tumble ein Luftwirbel um eine gedachte Achse ist, die parallel zur Längsachse der Kurbelwelle verläuft, und als Drall ein Luftwirbel bezeichnet wird, dessen Achse parallel zur Kolben- bzw. Zylinderlängsachse verläuft.The geometry of an intake line also has an influence on the charge movement in the cylinder and thus on the mixture formation, especially in direct-injection internal combustion engines. Frequently, therefore, the suction lines are formed with a view to generating a so-called tumbles or swirling flow which accelerate and assist mixture formation, a tumble being an air vortex about an imaginary axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the crankshaft and a swirl designating an air vortex is, whose axis is parallel to the piston or cylinder axis.

Während des Ladungswechsels variiert der Druck entlang des Strömungsweges im Ansaugsystem. Derartige lokale Druckschwankungen breiten sich in gasförmigen Medien als Wellen aus. Um diese dynamischen Wellenvorgänge für die Optimierung des Ladungswechsels nutzbar zu machen, kann das Ansaugsystem in der Art ausgelegt werden, dass gegen Ende des Ansaugtaktes an den Einlaßöffnungen eine Überdruckwelle ankommt, die zu einer Verdichtung und damit zu einem gewissen Nachladeeffekt führt. Zielführend sind dabei in der Länge variable Ansaugleitungen.During the charge cycle, the pressure varies along the flow path in the intake system. Such local pressure fluctuations propagate in gaseous media as waves. In order to make these dynamic wave processes usable for the optimization of the charge exchange, the intake system can be designed in such a way that towards the end of the intake stroke arrives at the inlet openings an overpressure wave, which leads to a compression and thus to a certain reloading effect. Targeting are in length variable suction lines.

In das Ansaugsystem bzw. die Gesamtansaugleitung kann eine Vielzahl von zusätzlichen Leitungen einmünden, beispielsweise die Bypaßleitung eines Ladeluftkühlers oder die Bypaßleitung eines Verdichters.In the intake system or the Gesamtansaugleitung can open a variety of additional lines, such as the bypass line of a charge air cooler or the bypass line of a compressor.

Darüber hinaus können Brennkraftmaschinen mit einer Heizvorrichtung ausgestattet werden, die im Ansaugsystem, d. h. Ansaugbereich, angeordnet ist und der Erwärmung der Ladeluft dient.In addition, internal combustion engines can be equipped with a heating device that is in the intake system, d. H. Intake, is arranged and the heating of the charge air is used.

Das Erwärmen der Ladeluft kann unterschiedlichen Zielsetzungen dienen, beispielsweise der Verkürzung der Warmlaufphase nach einem Kaltstart, wie in der DE 198 54 077 A1 beschrieben.The heating of the charge air can serve different purposes, such as the shortening of the warm-up phase after a cold start, as in the DE 198 54 077 A1 described.

Die deutsche Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2006 030 464 A1 nutzt das Anwärmen der Ansaugluft bei großvolumigen Dieselmotoren auch außerhalb der Start- und Warmlaufphase, um bei der Verwendung von Kraftstoff mit niedriger Cetanzahl im Leerlauf Zündaussetzer zu vermeiden. Darüber hinaus wird das Heizelement während der Regeneration des Partikelfilters zugeschaltet, ebenso wenn das Motordrehmoment und die Motordrehzahl einen vorgegebenen Mindestwert unterschreiten.The German patent application DE 10 2006 030 464 A1 also uses the warm-up of intake air on large-volume diesel engines outside the start-up and warm-up phases to avoid misfiring when using low-cetane fuel at idle. In addition, the heating element is switched on during the regeneration of the particulate filter, as well as when the engine torque and the engine speed falls below a predetermined minimum value.

Eine für den Einsatz bei Brennkraftmaschinen geeignete Heizvorrichtung wird beispielsweise in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift DE 102 14 166 A1 und in der europäischen Patentschrift EP 0 793 399 B1 beschrieben.A suitable for use in internal combustion engines heater is, for example, in the German patent application DE 102 14 166 A1 and in the European patent specification EP 0 793 399 B1 described.

Diese aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Heizvorrichtungen umfassen bandförmige Heizelemente, die elektrisch beheizbar sind und einen in der Grundform rechteckigen Querschnitt aufweisen. Die bandförmigen Heizelemente werden in der Weise im Ansaugsystem angeordnet, dass ihr rechteckförmiger Querschnitt für die angesaugte Ladeluft einen möglichst kleinen Widerstand darstellt. Mit einer ersten schmalen Seite des Querschnitts sind die bandförmigen Heizelemente der angesaugten Ladeluftströmung zugewandt, wohingegen die langen Seiten des rechteckförmigen Querschnitts sich in Strömungsrichtung erstrecken, so dass die angesaugte Ladeluft tangential über die größeren Längsseiten strömt. Eine derartige Ausrichtung des Querschnitts ist strömungstechnisch günstig, aber auch im Hinblick auf den Wärmeübergang infolge Konvektion vorteilhaft.These known from the prior art heating devices comprise band-shaped heating elements, which are electrically heated and have a rectangular in cross-section in the basic form. The band-shaped heating elements are arranged in the intake system in such a way that their rectangular cross section represents the smallest possible resistance to the intake charge air. With a first narrow side of the cross section, the band-shaped heating elements face the intake charge air intake, whereas the long sides of the rectangular cross-section extend in the flow direction, so that the intake charge air flows tangentially over the larger longitudinal sides. Such an orientation of the cross section is favorable in terms of flow, but also advantageous with regard to the heat transfer due to convection.

Eine Brennkraftmaschine, bei der in der Gesamtansaugleitung mindestens eine Heizvorrichtung angeordnet ist, ist auch Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung.An internal combustion engine, in which at least one heating device is arranged in the Gesamtansaugleitung, is also an object of the present invention.

Durch den Einsatz einer Heizvorrichtung kann erreicht werden, dass die Ladeluft bei Eintritt in die Zylinder eine möglichst hohe Temperatur aufweist, wodurch sich insbesondere die Warmlaufphase nach einem Kaltstart der Brennkraftmaschine deutlich verkürzt. Vorteile bietet dies hinsichtlich der Schadstoffemissionen, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Emission an unverbrannten Kohlenwasserstoffen.Through the use of a heating device, it can be achieved that the charge air has as high a temperature as possible when it enters the cylinder, which in particular significantly shortens the warm-up phase after a cold start of the internal combustion engine. This offers advantages in terms of pollutant emissions, in particular with regard to the emission of unburned hydrocarbons.

Zu berücksichtigen ist auch, dass eine zügige Aufheizung der Brennkraftmaschine mittels vorerwärmter Ladeluft zu einer schnelleren, vorliegend indirekten Erwärmung des Motoröls führt. Die damit einhergehende Abnahme der Viskosität bedingt eine Verringerung der Reibung bzw. Reibleistung, insbesondere in den mit Öl versorgten Lagern, ein Effekt, der sich vorteilhaft auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch und damit auf die Kohlendioxidemission der Brennkraftmaschine auswirkt.It should also be considered that a rapid heating of the internal combustion engine by means of preheated charge air leads to a faster, in the present case indirect heating of the engine oil. The concomitant decrease in viscosity causes a reduction in friction or friction, especially in the oil-supplied bearings, an effect that has an advantageous effect on the fuel consumption and thus on the carbon dioxide emission of the engine.

Um zukünftige Grenzwerte für Schadstoffemissionen einzuhalten, sind aber neben der Aufheizung der Ladeluft sowie dem Vorsehen von Abgasnachbehandlungssystemen weitere Maßnahmen erforderlich, um die Schadstoffemissionen, insbesondere die Rohemissionen der Brennkraftmaschine zu senken. Von Interesse sind dabei insbesondere die Stickoxidemissionen, die bei den Dieselmotoren von hoher Relevanz sind.In order to comply with future limits for pollutant emissions, but in addition to the heating of the charge air and the provision of exhaust aftertreatment systems, further measures are required to reduce the pollutant emissions, in particular the raw emissions of the internal combustion engine. Of particular interest are the nitrogen oxide emissions, which are of high relevance in diesel engines.

Vor dem Hintergrund des oben Gesagten ist es eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, eine Brennkraftmaschine gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 bereitzustellen, die hinsichtlich ihres Emissionsverhaltens optimiert ist.In view of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1, which is optimized in terms of emission behavior.

Eine weitere Teilaufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer derartigen Brennkraftmaschine aufzuzeigen.A further sub-task of the present invention is to show a method for operating such an internal combustion engine.

Gelöst wird die erste Teilaufgabe durch eine Brennkraftmaschine mit mindestens einem Zylinderkopf und mindestens zwei Zylindern, bei der jeder Zylinder mindestens eine Einlaßöffnung zum Zuführen von Ladeluft in den Zylinder via Ansaugsystem aufweist, wobei

  • zu jeder Einlaßöffnung eine Ansaugleitung führt,
  • die Ansaugleitungen von mindestens zwei Zylindern unter Ausbildung eines Verteilerknotenpunktes zu einer Gesamtansaugleitung zusammenführen, und
  • in der Gesamtansaugleitung eine Heizvorrichtung angeordnet ist,
und die dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass
  • mindestens eine externe Abgasrückführung vorgesehen ist, die mit einer Rückführleitung ausgestattet ist, welche in das Ansaugsystem mündet.
The first sub-task is solved by an internal combustion engine having at least one cylinder head and at least two cylinders, wherein each cylinder has at least one inlet opening for supplying charge air into the cylinder via intake system, wherein
  • leads to each inlet opening a suction line,
  • merge the suction lines of at least two cylinders to form a manifold node to a Gesamtansaugleitung, and
  • in the Gesamtansaugleitung a heating device is arranged,
and which is characterized in that
  • at least one external exhaust gas recirculation is provided, which is equipped with a return line, which opens into the intake system.

Erfindungsgemäß wird die Brennkraftmaschine mit einer externen Abgasrückführung ausgestattet. Da die Bildung von Stickoxiden nicht nur einen Luftüberschuß, sondern auch hohe Temperaturen erfordert, besteht ein Konzept zur Senkung der Stickoxidemissionen darin, Verbrennungsprozesse bzw. -verfahren mit niedrigeren Verbrennungstemperaturen zu entwickeln.According to the invention, the internal combustion engine is equipped with an external exhaust gas recirculation. Since the formation of nitrogen oxides requires not only an excess of air but also high temperatures, a concept for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions is to develop combustion processes with lower combustion temperatures.

Dabei ist die Abgasrückführung, d. h. die Rückführung von Verbrennungsgasen aus dem Abgasabführsystem in das Ansaugsystem zielführend, bei der mit zunehmender Abgasrückführrate die Stickoxidemissionen deutlich gesenkt werden können. Die Abgasrückführrate xAGR bestimmt sich dabei zu xAGR = mAGR / (mAGR + mFrischluft ), wobei mAGR die Masse an zurückgeführtem Abgas und mFrischluft die zugeführte, gegebenenfalls durch einen Verdichter geführte und komprimierte Frischluft bezeichnet.In this case, the exhaust gas recirculation, ie the return of combustion gases from the Abgasabführsystem in the intake system targeting, in which with increasing exhaust gas recirculation rate, the nitrogen oxide emissions can be significantly reduced. In this case, the exhaust gas recirculation rate x AGR is determined to be x AGR = m AGR / (m AGR + m fresh air ), where m AGR denotes the mass of recirculated exhaust gas and m fresh air is the supplied fresh air which may have been passed through a compressor.

Die Abgasrückführung eignet sich auch zur Reduzierung der Emissionen an unverbrannten Kohlenwasserstoffen im Teillastbereich.Exhaust gas recirculation is also suitable for reducing emissions of unburned hydrocarbons in the partial load range.

Um eine deutliche Senkung der Stickoxidemissionen zu erreichen, können hohe Abgasrückführraten erforderlich werden, die in der Größenordnung von xAGR ≈ 60% bis 70% liegen können.In order to achieve a significant reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions, high exhaust gas recirculation rates may be required, which may be on the order of x AGR ≈ 60% to 70% .

Die Ausstattung der erfindungsgemäßen Brennkraftmaschine mit einer Abgasrückführung löst die erste der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe, nämlich eine Brennkraftmaschine gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 bereitzustellen, die hinsichtlich ihres Emissionsverhaltens optimiert ist.The equipment of the internal combustion engine according to the invention with an exhaust gas recirculation solves the first object underlying the invention, namely to provide an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1, which is optimized in terms of emission behavior.

Vorteilhaft können Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine sein, bei denen in der Rückführleitung eine Kühlvorrichtung vorgesehen ist, mit der die Temperatur im heißen Abgasstrom gesenkt wird, wodurch die Dichte der Abgase erhöht wird. Die Temperatur der Ladeluft, die sich bei der Mischung aus Frischluft und rückgeführtem Abgas einstellt, wird hierdurch zwar gesenkt. Vorteile ergeben sich aber bei der Realisierung hoher Abgasrückführraten. In der Regel wird eine Flüssigkeitskühlung verwendet. Gegebenenfalls ist es vorteilhaft, diese Kühlvorrichtung mit einer Bypaßleitung auszustatten.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine may be advantageous in which a cooling device is provided in the return line, with which the temperature in the hot Exhaust gas flow is lowered, whereby the density of the exhaust gases is increased. The temperature of the charge air, which occurs in the mixture of fresh air and recirculated exhaust gas, this is indeed lowered. However, there are advantages in realizing high exhaust gas recirculation rates. As a rule, liquid cooling is used. Optionally, it is advantageous to equip this cooling device with a bypass line.

Vorteilhaft können Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine sein, bei denen in der Rückführleitung ein Absperrelement zur Einstellung der Rückführrate vorgesehen ist.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine may be advantageous in which a shut-off element for adjusting the return rate is provided in the return line.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Brennkraftmaschine kann auch zwei Zylinderköpfe aufweisen, beispielsweise, wenn mehrere Zylinder auf zwei Zylinderbänke verteilt angeordnet sind.An internal combustion engine according to the invention may also have two cylinder heads, for example, when a plurality of cylinders are arranged distributed on two cylinder banks.

Erfindungsgemäß müssen nicht die Ansaugleitungen sämtlicher Zylinder eines Zylinderkopfes zu einer Gesamtansaugleitung zusammenführen, sondern nur die Ansaugleitungen von mindestens zwei Zylindern.According to the invention, the suction lines of all the cylinders of a cylinder head need not merge to form a total intake line, but only the intake lines of at least two cylinders.

Vorteilhaft sind aber auch Ausführungsformen, bei denen die Ansaugleitungen sämtlicher Zylinder des mindestens einen Zylinderkopfes zu einer Gesamtansaugleitung zusammenführen.However, embodiments in which the intake lines of all the cylinders of the at least one cylinder head merge to form a total intake line are also advantageous.

Die Ansaugleitungen können auch unter Ausbildung von zwei Verteilerknotenpunkten zu zwei Gesamtansaugleitungen zusammenführen, wenn mehr als zwei Zylinder und/oder mehr als eine Einlaßöffnung je Zylinder vorgesehen sind. Gegebenenfalls sind dann zwei Heizvorrichtungen vorzusehen.The intake ducts may also merge to form two total intake ducts, forming two distributor junctions, if more than two cylinders and / or more than one intake port per cylinder are provided. If necessary, then two heaters are provided.

Weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine werden im Zusammenhang mit den Unteransprüchen erörtert.Further advantageous embodiments of the internal combustion engine are discussed in connection with the subclaims.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen die Rückführleitung stromaufwärts der Heizvorrichtung in das Ansaugsystem mündet.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the return line opens into the intake system upstream of the heating device are advantageous.

Bevor die angesaugte Frischluft die Heizvorrichtung passiert, wird stromaufwärts der Heizvorrichtung Abgas eingeleitet, woraus eine gewisse Vorerwärmung der Ladeluft resultiert. Die Temperatur der Ladeluft, d. h. die Mischtemperatur des Frischluft-Abgas-Gemisches, erhöht sich infolge des heißen rückgeführten Abgases und zwar vor Eintritt in die Heizvorrichtung.Before the sucked fresh air passes through the heater, exhaust gas is introduced upstream of the heater, resulting in some preheating of the charge air. The temperature of the charge air, ie the mixing temperature of the fresh air / exhaust gas mixture, increases due to the hot recirculated exhaust gas before entering the heater.

Wird das rückgeführte Abgas stromaufwärts der Heizvorrichtung eingeleitet, trägt die Heizvorrichtung zur Homogenisierung der Ladeluft bei.If the recirculated exhaust gas is introduced upstream of the heater, the heater contributes to the homogenization of the charge air.

Vorliegend wird nicht nur die angesaugte Frischluft, sondern auch das rückgeführte Abgas durch die Heizvorrichtung geführt, wobei sich Bestandteile des Abgases in bzw. an der Heizvorrichtung, beispielsweise an den Wandungen und den - gegebenenfalls bandförmigen - Heizelementen, ablagern können. Ein Umstand, der insbesondere dann von Relevanz ist, wenn das Abgas unbehandelt ist, d. h. keine Abgasnachbehandlung durchlaufen hat, bzw. die Heizvorrichtung deaktiviert ist. Die bei aktivierter Heizvorrichtung erhitzten Heizelemente wirken einer Verschmutzung durch Abgasbestandteile entgegen.In the present case, not only the sucked fresh air, but also the recirculated exhaust gas is passed through the heater, wherein components of the exhaust gas in or on the heater, for example on the walls and - possibly band-shaped - heating elements can be deposited. A circumstance that is particularly relevant if the exhaust gas is untreated, d. H. has passed through no exhaust aftertreatment, or the heater is disabled. The heated when activated heater heating elements counteract pollution by exhaust gas components.

Die Ablagerungen können auch die Geometrie der Heizvorrichtung verändern. Nachteilig ist dies insbesondere, wenn die Heizvorrichtung auch als Leiteinrichtung für die angesaugte Ladeluft verwendet wird und die Geometrie ein wesentliches Merkmal für die Erfüllung dieser Aufgabe darstellt.The deposits can also change the geometry of the heater. This is disadvantageous in particular if the heating device is also used as a guide for the intake charge air and the geometry represents an essential feature for the fulfillment of this task.

Vorteilhaft können - auch aus vorstehend genannten Gründen - ebenfalls Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine sein, bei denen die Rückführleitung stromabwärts der Heizvorrichtung in das Ansaugsystem mündet.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the return line opens downstream of the heating device into the intake system may also be advantageous, also for reasons mentioned above.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen die Rückführleitung in die Gesamtansaugleitung mündet. Grundsätzlich kann die Rückführleitung auch in den Einlaßkrümmer einmünden, in eine Ansaugleitung eines einzelnen Zylinders oder die gemeinsame Ansaugleitung von mehreren Zylindern. Die Gesamtansaugleitung zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass diese Leitung die gesamte Ladeluft führt. Wird das rückgeführte Abgas in die Gesamtansaugleitung eingeleitet, wird sichergestellt, dass die Ladeluft vor Eintritt in die Zylinder weitestgehend homogenisiert wird und das rückgeführte Abgas gleichmäßig auf die Zylinder verteilt wird.Advantageous embodiments of the internal combustion engine, in which the return line opens into the Gesamtansaugleitung. In principle, the return line can also lead into the intake manifold, into an intake pipe of a single cylinder or the common intake pipe of a plurality of cylinders. The Gesamtansaugleitung is characterized by the fact that this line leads the entire charge air. If the recirculated exhaust gas is introduced into the Gesamtansaugleitung, it is ensured that the charge air is largely homogenized before entering the cylinder and the recirculated exhaust gas is evenly distributed to the cylinder.

In diesem Zusammenhang sei angemerkt, dass die Rückführleitung auch teilweise oder vollständig im Zylinderkopf integriert sein kann.In this context, it should be noted that the return line can also be partially or completely integrated in the cylinder head.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen jeder Zylinder mindestens eine Auslaßöffnung zum Abführen der Abgase aus dem Zylinder via Abgasabführsystem aufweist, wobei die Rückführleitung aus dem Abgasabführsystem abzweigt. Die vorliegende Ausführungsform grenzt sich insofern von Konstruktionen ab, bei denen die Rückführleitung direkt von einem der Zylinder abzweigt.Advantageous embodiments of the internal combustion engine, in which each cylinder has at least one outlet opening for discharging the exhaust gases from the cylinder via the exhaust system, the return line branches off from the Abgasabführsystem. The present embodiment is different from constructions in which the return line branches off directly from one of the cylinders.

Bei Brennkraftmaschinen, bei denen zwecks Aufladung mindestens eine Turbine eines Abgasturboladers im Abgasabführsystem vorgesehen ist, sind Ausführungsformen vorteilhaft, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass die Rückführleitung stromaufwärts der mindestens einen Turbine aus dem Abgasabführsystem abzweigt. Dabei mündet die Rückführleitung vorzugsweise stromabwärts eines im Ansaugsystem angeordneten Verdichters in das Ansaugsystem.In internal combustion engines in which at least one turbine of an exhaust gas turbocharger is provided in the Abgasabführsystem for charging, embodiments are advantageous, which are characterized in that the return line branches off upstream of the at least one turbine from the Abgasabführsystem. In this case, the return line preferably opens into the intake system downstream of a compressor arranged in the intake system.

Die Aufladung dient in erster Linie der Leistungssteigerung der Brennkraftmaschine. Die Aufladung ist aber auch ein geeignetes Mittel, bei gleicher Leistung den Hubraum zu reduzieren, wodurch sich - bei gleichen Fahrzeugrandbedingungen - das Lastkollektiv zu höheren Lasten hin verschieben läßt, bei denen der spezifische Kraftstoffverbrauch niedriger ist.The charge is used primarily to increase the performance of the internal combustion engine. However, the charge is also a suitable means to reduce the displacement at the same power, which can - with the same vehicle boundary conditions - the load collective shift to higher loads, in which the specific fuel consumption is lower.

Beim Betrieb einer Brennkraftmaschine mit Abgasturboaufladung und gleichzeitiger Verwendung einer Abgasrückführung kann das Abgas stromaufwärts oder stromabwärts der mindestens einen Turbine entnommen werden. Beide Varianten haben Vorteile und Nachteile.When operating an internal combustion engine with turbocharging and simultaneous use of an exhaust gas recirculation, the exhaust gas upstream or downstream of the at least one turbine can be removed. Both variants have advantages and disadvantages.

Wird das rückgeführte Abgas gemäß der in Rede stehenden Ausführungsform mittels Hochdruck-AGR stromaufwärts der Turbine aus dem Abgasabführsystem entnommen, steht es nicht mehr zum Antrieb der Turbine zur Verfügung. Bei einer Steigerung der Abgasrückführrate nimmt der in die Turbine eingeleitete Abgasstrom weiter ab. Der verminderte Abgasmassenstrom durch die Turbine bedingt ein kleineres Turbinendruckverhältnis, wodurch das Ladedruckverhältnis ebenfalls abnimmt, was gleichbedeutend ist mit einem kleineren Verdichtermassenstrom bzw. einem abnehmenden Ladedruck. Andernfalls wird der Abgasstrom nicht durch den Verdichter geleitet, was Vorteile, insbesondere im Hinblick auf eine Verschmutzung des Verdichters, hat.If the recirculated exhaust gas according to the embodiment in question by means of high-pressure EGR taken upstream of the turbine from the Abgasabführsystem, it is no longer available to drive the turbine. With an increase in the exhaust gas recirculation rate, the exhaust gas flow introduced into the turbine continues to decrease. The reduced exhaust gas mass flow through the turbine causes a smaller turbine pressure ratio, whereby the charge pressure ratio also decreases, which is synonymous with a smaller compressor mass flow and a decreasing boost pressure. Otherwise, the exhaust gas flow is not passed through the compressor, which has advantages, especially with regard to contamination of the compressor.

Um - insbesondere im Teillastbereich - hohe Ladedrücke und gleichzeitig hohe Abgasrückführraten zu realisieren, eignet sich eine sogenannte Niederdruck-AGR.In order to realize high boost pressures and at the same time high exhaust gas recirculation rates, in particular in the partial load range, a so-called low-pressure EGR is suitable.

Im Gegensatz zu der zuvor beschriebenen Hochdruck-AGR, die stromaufwärts der Turbine Abgas aus dem Abgasabführsystem entnimmt und stromabwärts des Verdichters in das Ansaugsystem einbringt, wird bei einer Niederdruck-AGR Abgas auf die Einlaßseite zurückgeführt, welches die Turbine bereits durchströmt hat. Hierzu umfaßt die Niederdruck-AGR eine Rückführleitung, die stromabwärts der Turbine aus dem Abgasabführsystem abzweigt und stromaufwärts des Verdichters in das Ansaugsystem mündet.In contrast to the high-pressure EGR previously described, which removes exhaust gas from the exhaust gas removal system upstream of the turbine and introduces into the intake system downstream of the compressor, exhaust gas is returned to the inlet side at a low pressure EGR which has already passed through the turbine. For this purpose, the low-pressure EGR comprises a return line, which branches off downstream of the turbine from the Abgasabführsystem and opens upstream of the compressor in the intake system.

Das mittels Niederdruck-AGR auf die Einlaßseite zurückgeführte Abgas wird stromaufwärts des Verdichters mit Frischluft gemischt und bildet zusammen mit dieser Frischluft die Ladeluft. Die auf diese Weise erzeugte Ladeluft wird dem Verdichter zugeführt und verdichtet, wobei die komprimierte Ladeluft stromabwärts des Verdichters einem Ladeluftkühler zugeführt werden kann.The exhaust gas recirculated to the intake side by means of low-pressure EGR is mixed with fresh air upstream of the compressor and forms the charge air together with this fresh air. The charge air generated in this way is supplied to the compressor and compressed, wherein the compressed charge air downstream of the compressor can be supplied to a charge air cooler.

Es ist unschädlich, dass im Rahmen der Niederdruck-AGR Abgas durch den Verdichter hindurchgeführt wird, da in der Regel Abgas verwendet wird, welches stromabwärts der Turbine einer Abgasnachbehandlung, insbesondere im Partikelfilter, unterzogen wurde. Ablagerungen im Verdichter, welche die Geometrie des Verdichters, insbesondere die Strömungsquerschnitte, verändern und auf diese Weise den Wirkungsgrad des Verdichters verschlechtern, sind daher nicht zu befürchten.It is harmless that in the context of the low-pressure EGR exhaust gas is passed through the compressor, since exhaust gas is usually used, which downstream of the turbine of an exhaust aftertreatment, in particular in the particulate filter was subjected. Deposits in the compressor, which change the geometry of the compressor, in particular the flow cross-sections, and thus worsen the efficiency of the compressor, are therefore not to be feared.

Bei Brennkraftmaschinen, bei denen zwecks Aufladung mindestens eine Turbine eines Abgasturboladers im Abgasabführsystem vorgesehen ist, sind aus den vorstehend genannten Gründen daher auch Ausführungsformen vorteilhaft, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass die Rückführleitung stromabwärts der mindestens einen Turbine aus dem Abgasabführsystem abzweigt. Dabei mündet die Rückführleitung vorzugsweise stromaufwärts eines im Ansaugsystem angeordneten Verdichters in das Ansaugsystem, um das für die Förderung des Abgases erforderliche Druckgefälle zu generieren bzw. zu erhalten.In internal combustion engines in which at least one turbine of an exhaust-gas turbocharger is provided in the exhaust-gas removal system for the purpose of charging, embodiments are therefore also advantageous for the reasons stated above, which are characterized in that the return line branches off downstream of the at least one turbine from the exhaust-gas removal system. In this case, the return line preferably opens into the intake system upstream of a compressor arranged in the intake system in order to generate or maintain the pressure gradient required for the delivery of the exhaust gas.

Vorteilhaft können auch Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine sein, bei denen sowohl eine Niederdruck-AGR als auch eine Hochdruck-AGR vorgesehen ist.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which both a low-pressure EGR and a high-pressure EGR are provided may also be advantageous.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen die Heizvorrichtung mindestens ein bandförmiges Heizelement aufweist, welches mit einer ersten schmalen Seite des Querschnitts der angesaugten Ladeluftströmung zugewandt ist.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the heating device has at least one band-shaped heating element, which faces the sucked charge air flow with a first narrow side of the cross section, are advantageous.

Eine bandförmige Ausbildung des Heizelements zusammen mit der konkreten Ausrichtung des Heizelementes bietet strömungstechnisch und im Hinblick auf den Wärmeübergang Vorteile.A band-shaped design of the heating element together with the specific orientation of the heating element offers fluidic and in terms of heat transfer advantages.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen die Heizvorrichtung benachbart zu dem Verteilerknotenpunkt angeordnet ist, in dem die Ansaugleitungen zu der Gesamtansaugleitung zusammenführen.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the heating device is arranged adjacent to the distributor node in which the intake lines merge to form the overall intake line are advantageous.

Gemäß der vorliegenden Ausführungsformen wird die Heizvorrichtung möglichst nahe an den Einlaßöffnungen der Zylinder angeordnet, nämlich benachbart zu dem Verteilerknotenpunkt eines Einlaßkrümmers, an dem die einzelnen Ansaugleitungen zu den mindestens zwei Zylindern abzweigen. Diese Anordnung unterstützt die Heizvorrichtung in ihrer eigentlichen Funktion, nämlich den Zylindern vorerwärmte Verbrennungsluft zur Verfügung zu stellen, d. h. zu zuführen.According to the present embodiments, the heating device is arranged as close as possible to the inlet openings of the cylinder, namely adjacent to the distribution node of an intake manifold, at which branch off the individual intake pipes to the at least two cylinders. This arrangement assists the heater in its proper function of providing the cylinders with preheated combustion air, i. H. to feed.

Durch die Anordnung der Heizvorrichtung nahe am Verteilerknotenpunkt wird der Weg der vorerwärmten Ladeluft zu den Zylindern weitestgehend verkürzt. Damit wird der vorerwärmten Ladeluft möglichst wenig Wegstrecke und Zeit zur Abkühlung eingeräumt. Die thermische Trägheit des Teilstücks der Ansaugleitungen zwischen der Einlaßöffnung am Zylinder und der Heizvorrichtung wird minimiert und zwar durch Reduzierung der Masse und der Länge dieses Teilstückes. Diese Maßnahme stellt sicher, dass die Ladeluft bei Eintritt in die Zylinder eine möglichst hohe Temperatur aufweist.The arrangement of the heater close to the distribution hub, the way the preheated charge air to the cylinders is largely shortened. Thus, the preheated charge air is granted as little distance and time for cooling. The thermal inertia of the portion of the suction lines between the inlet port on the cylinder and the heater is minimized by reducing the mass and the length of this section. This measure ensures that the charge air when entering the cylinder has the highest possible temperature.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen die Ansaugleitungen von mindestens zwei Zylindern unter Ausbildung eines Einlaßkrümmers innerhalb des mindestens einen Zylinderkopfes zu einer Gesamtansaugleitung zusammenführen. Die Integration des Einlaßkrümmers in den Zylinderkopf verkürzt die vorliegend relevante Wegstrecke der Ansaugleitungen weiter und damit die thermische Trägheit des Teilstücks der Ansaugleitungen zwischen dem Zylindereinlaß und der Heizvorrichtung. Diese Maßnahme gestattet darüber hinaus ein dichtes Packaging der Antriebseinheit und verringert die Anzahl an Bauteilen und damit die Montage- und Bereitstellungskosten.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the intake lines of at least two cylinders combine to form an intake manifold within the at least one cylinder head to form an overall intake line are advantageous. The integration of the intake manifold into the cylinder head further shortens the presently relevant travel distance of the intake manifolds and hence the thermal inertia of the portion of the intake manifolds between the cylinder intake and the heater. This measure moreover allows tight packaging of the drive unit and reduces the number of components and thus the assembly and deployment costs.

Nichtsdestotrotz können Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine vorteilhaft sein, bei denen die Ansaugleitungen von mindestens zwei Zylindern außerhalb des mindestens einen Zylinderkopfes zu einer Gesamtansaugleitung zusammenführen und - zumindest teilweise - einen externen Einlaßkrümmer ausbilden.Nevertheless, embodiments of the internal combustion engine may be advantageous in which the intake lines of at least two cylinders outside the at least one cylinder head merge to form a total intake line and form - at least partially - an external intake manifold.

Die nahe Anordnung der Heizvorrichtung an den Zylindern ermöglicht es, die bandförmigen Heizelemente derart auszurichten bzw. auszubilden, dass diese eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der angesaugten Ladeluft auf die einzelnen Zylinder unterstützen. Die Heizvorrichtung dient dabei auch als Leitvorrichtung.The close arrangement of the heater to the cylinders makes it possible to align or form the band-shaped heating elements such that they support a uniform distribution of the sucked charge air to the individual cylinders. The heater also serves as a guide.

Vorteilhaft sind dabei Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen der Abstand Δ zwischen der Heizvorrichtung und dem Verteilerknotenpunkt kleiner ist als der Durchmesser d eines Zylinders mit Δ< d. Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the distance Δ between the heating device and the distribution node is smaller than the diameter d of a cylinder with Δ < d are advantageous .

Als Abstand Δ zwischen der Heizvorrichtung und dem Verteilerknotenpunkt wird im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung die Wegstrecke zwischen dem Austritt aus der Heizvorrichtung und der Mitte des Verteilerknotenpunktes, in dem sich die mittleren Stromfäden der Ansaugleitungen treffen, bezeichnet.In the context of the present invention, the distance Δ between the heater and the distribution node is the distance between the exit from the heating device and the center of the distribution node in which the middle flow threads of the suction lines meet.

Vorteilhaft sind dabei auch Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen der Abstand Δ zwischen der Heizvorrichtung und dem Verteilerknotenpunkt kleiner ist als der halbe Durchmesser d eines Zylinders mit Δ < 0.5d bzw. kleiner ist als ein Viertel des Durchmesser d eines Zylinders mit Δ < 0.25d.Also advantageous are embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the distance Δ between the heater and the distribution node is less than half the diameter d of a cylinder with Δ <0.5 d or less than a quarter of the diameter d of a cylinder with Δ <0.25 d ,

Die zusätzliche Verkürzung des Abstandes Δ zwischen der Heizvorrichtung und dem Verteilerknotenpunkt gemäß den beiden vorstehend genannten Ausführungsformen trägt dazu bei, die Wegstrecke zu den Zylindern für die vorerwärmte Ladeluft weiter zu verkürzen, d. h. die thermische Trägheit des Teilstücks der Ansaugleitungen zwischen dem Zylindereinlaß und der Heizvorrichtung zu vermindern.The additional shortening of the distance Δ between the heater and the distribution node according to the above two embodiments helps to further shorten the distance to the cylinders for the preheated charge air, ie, the thermal inertia of the portion of the intake pipes between the cylinder inlet and the heater Reduce.

Bei Brennkraftmaschinen, bei denen die mindestens zwei Zylinder entlang der Längsachse des mindestens einen Zylinderkopfes in Reihe angeordnet sind, sind Ausführungsformen vorteilhaft, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass das mindestens eine bandförmige Heizelement im Wesentlichen horizontal entlang einer Parallelen zur Längsachse, vorzugsweise parallel zur Längsachse, des mindestens einen Zylinderkopfes ausgerichtet ist.In internal combustion engines, in which the at least two cylinders are arranged along the longitudinal axis of the at least one cylinder head in series, embodiments are advantageous, which are characterized in that the at least one band-shaped heating element substantially horizontally along a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis, preferably parallel to the longitudinal axis, the at least one cylinder head is aligned.

Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass eine horizontale Ausrichtung der Heizelemente hinsichtlich der Verteilung der angesaugten Ladeluft auf die einzelnen Zylinder vorteilhaft ist und auch Vorteile hinsichtlich des Füllungsgrades bietet.Investigations have shown that a horizontal orientation of the heating elements with regard to the distribution of the sucked charge air to the individual cylinders is advantageous and also offers advantages in terms of the degree of filling.

Bei Brennkraftmaschinen der in Rede stehenden Art, bei denen die mindestens zwei Zylinder entlang der Längsachse des mindestens einen Zylinderkopfes in Reihe angeordnet sind, sind insbesondere Ausführungsformen vorteilhaft, die dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass das mindestens eine bandförmige Heizelement im Wesentlichen vertikal quer, vorzugsweise senkrecht, zu einer Parallelen der Längsachse des mindestens einen Zylinderkopfes ausgerichtet ist.In internal combustion engines of the type in question, in which the at least two cylinders are arranged along the longitudinal axis of the at least one cylinder head in series, in particular embodiments are advantageous, which are characterized in that the at least one band-shaped heating element substantially vertically transversely, preferably vertically, is aligned with a parallel of the longitudinal axis of the at least one cylinder head.

Eine derartige Ausrichtung der bandförmigen Heizelemente ist besonders geeignet, um die Heizelemente als Leiteinrichtung für die erwärmte Luftströmung auszubilden bzw. zu nutzen. Mit einer solchen Leiteinrichtung kann die angesaugte Ladeluft in vorteilhafter Weise geführt und gelenkt werden, in der Art, dass eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Luft auf die einzelnen Zylinder erfolgt. Eine gleichmäßige Füllung der Zylinder mit Frischgemisch wird angestrebt. Dadurch verbessert sich das Betriebsverhalten der Brennkraftmaschine, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Schadstoffemissionen, den Kraftstoffverbrauch und die verfügbare Leistung.Such an orientation of the band-shaped heating elements is particularly suitable to form or use the heating elements as a guide for the heated air flow. With such a guide, the sucked charge air can be guided and steered in an advantageous manner, in such a way that a uniform distribution of the air takes place on the individual cylinders. A uniform filling of the cylinder with fresh mixture is sought. This improves the operating behavior of the internal combustion engine, in particular with regard to the pollutant emissions, the fuel consumption and the available power.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen ein Ladeluftkühler vorgesehen ist, der mit einer Bypaßleitung ausgestattet ist, die stromaufwärts der Heizvorrichtung in das Ansaugsystem einmündet.Advantageous embodiments of the internal combustion engine, in which a charge air cooler is provided, which is equipped with a bypass line, which opens into the intake system upstream of the heater.

Der Ladeluftkühler senkt die Lufttemperatur und steigert damit die Dichte der Luft, wodurch auch der Kühler zu einer besseren Füllung der Zylinder mit Luft, d. h. zu einer größeren Luftmasse beiträgt. Die Ausstattung des Ladeluftkühlers mit einer Bypaßleitung zwecks Umgehung des Kühlers erweist sich insbesondere nach einem Kaltstart der Brennkraftmaschine bzw. während der Warmlaufphase als vorteilhaft. Eine Kühlung der angesaugten Luft in diesen Betriebszuständen würde dem Erwärmen in der Heizvorrichtung entgegen stehen, d. h. zuwiderlaufen.The intercooler lowers the air temperature and thus increases the density of the air, whereby the cooler also contributes to a better filling of the cylinder with air, ie to a larger air mass. The equipment of the intercooler with a bypass line for the purpose of bypassing the radiator proves to be particularly advantageous after a cold start of the internal combustion engine or during the warm-up phase. A cooling of sucked air in these operating conditions would oppose the heating in the heater, ie run counter.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen sich das mindestens eine bandförmige Heizelement zu einer ersten schmalen Stirnseite hin, die der angesaugten Verbrennungsluftströmung zugewandt ist, verjüngt. Es ergeben sich strömungstechnische Vorteile. Dabei schneiden die Heizelemente messerartig in die sie anströmende Luft ein. Ebenfalls vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen, bei denen sich eine erste schmale Stirnseite des mindestens einen bandförmigen Heizelementes, die der angesaugten Verbrennungsluftströmung zugewandt ist, verjüngt.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the at least one band-shaped heating element tapers toward a first narrow end side facing the intake combustion air flow are advantageous. This results in fluidic advantages. The heating elements cut like a knife into the incoming air. Also advantageous are embodiments in which a first narrow end face of the at least one band-shaped heating element, which faces the sucked combustion air flow, tapers.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen der Querschnitt des mindestens einen bandförmigen Heizelementes bogenförmig ausgebildet ist, so dass das mindestens eine bandförmige Heizelement eine schaufelförmige Gestalt aufweist. Eine bogenförmige Ausbildung des bandförmigen Heizelementes ist vorteilhaft hinsichtlich einer Verwendung der Heizvorrichtung als Leiteinrichtung.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the cross section of the at least one band-shaped heating element is arcuate are advantageous, so that the at least one band-shaped heating element has a blade-shaped form. An arcuate design of the band-shaped heating element is advantageous in terms of use of the heater as a guide.

Vorteilhaft sind Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen die Heizvorrichtung mindestens zwei bandförmige Heizelemente aufweist. Mit der Anzahl der Heizelemente nimmt auch die wärmeübertragende Fläche zu und damit die Wärmemenge, die auf die angesaugte Verbrennungsluft übertragbar ist. Der Anzahl an Heizelementen kommt hinsichtlich des Wärmeübergangs eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Bedeutung zu, da die Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten in der Gesamtansaugleitung hoch sind und die Temperatur der Heizelemente und damit die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen den Heizelementen und der Luft nicht beliebig erhöht werden kann, um den Wärmeübergang zu steigern.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the heating device has at least two band-shaped heating elements are advantageous. With the number of heating elements and the heat transfer area increases and thus the amount of heat that is transferable to the intake combustion air. The number of heating elements is important in terms of heat transfer to importance, since the flow rates in the Gesamtansaugleitung are high and the temperature of the heating elements and thus the temperature difference between the heating elements and the air can not be increased arbitrarily to increase the heat transfer.

Die Ausbildung der Heizvorrichtung als Leiteinrichtung wird ebenfalls erleichtert, wenn mehrere Heizelemente vorgesehen werden und zur Beeinflussung der Strömung verwendet werden können.The design of the heater as a guide is also facilitated if several heating elements are provided and can be used to influence the flow.

Vorteilhaft sind dabei Ausführungsformen der Brennkraftmaschine, bei denen die mindestens zwei bandförmigen Heizelemente beabstandet zueinander angeordnet sind. Erst auf diese Weise laßen sich die Vorteile, die mehrere Heizelemente bieten, nutzen.Embodiments of the internal combustion engine in which the at least two band-shaped heating elements are arranged at a distance from one another are advantageous. Only in this way, the advantages that provide several heating elements, use.

Die zweite der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Teilaufgabe, nämlich ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Brennkraftmaschine einer zuvor beschriebenen Art aufzuzeigen, wird gelöst durch ein Verfahren, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass

  • die Heizvorrichtung zur Erwärmung der Ladeluft aktiviert wird, wenn die Kraftstoffzufuhr der Brennkraftmaschine deaktiviert wird.
The second sub-task on which the invention is based, namely to disclose a method for operating an internal combustion engine of the type described above, is achieved by a method which is characterized in that
  • the heating device for heating the charge air is activated when the fuel supply of the internal combustion engine is deactivated.

Das bereits für die erfindungsgemäße Brennkraftmaschine Gesagte gilt auch für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren, weshalb auf die entsprechenden Ausführungen Bezug genommen wird.What has already been said for the internal combustion engine according to the invention also applies to the method according to the invention, for which reason reference is made to the corresponding explanations.

Wird die Kraftstoffzufuhr deaktiviert, fehlt die bei der Verbrennung durch die exotherme, chemische Umwandlung des Kraftstoffes freigesetzte Wärme, um die Brennkraftmaschine auf Betriebstemperatur zu halten.When the fuel supply is deactivated, the heat released during combustion by the exothermic chemical conversion of the fuel is lacking to keep the engine at operating temperature.

Daher ist es vorteilhaft, die Heizvorrichtung zur Erwärmung der Ladeluft zu aktivieren, wenn die Kraftstoffzufuhr der Brennkraftmaschine deaktiviert wird.Therefore, it is advantageous to activate the heating device for heating the charge air when the fuel supply of the internal combustion engine is deactivated.

Vorteilhaft sind dabei Ausführungsformen des Verfahrens, bei denen die Heizvorrichtung zur Erwärmung der Ladeluft aktiviert wird, wenn die Brennkraftmaschine in den Schubbetrieb überführt oder eine Motorbremse aktiviert wird.Embodiments of the method in which the heating device is activated to heat the charge air are advantageous if the internal combustion engine is put into overrun mode or an engine brake is activated.

Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von zwei Ausführungsbeispielen gemäß den

  • Figuren 1 und 2 näher beschrieben. Hierbei zeigt:
    Fig. 1
    schematisch eine erste Ausführungsform der Brennkraftmaschine, und
    Fig.2
    schematisch eine zweite Ausführungsform der Brennkraftmaschine.
In the following the invention is based on two embodiments according to the
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 described in more detail. Hereby shows:
    Fig. 1
    schematically a first embodiment of the internal combustion engine, and
    Fig.2
    schematically a second embodiment of the internal combustion engine.

Figur 1 zeigt schematisch eine erste Ausführungsform der Brennkraftmaschine 1. FIG. 1 schematically shows a first embodiment of the internal combustion engine. 1

Die Brennkraftmaschine 1 umfaßt drei Zylinder 1a, 1b, 1c, die entlang der Längsachse des Zylinderkopfes in Reihe angeordnet sind. Die Zylinder 1a, 1b, 1c der Brennkraftmaschine 1 werden via Ansaugsystem 3 mit Frischluft bzw. Ladeluft 10a, 10b versorgt.The internal combustion engine 1 comprises three cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c which are arranged in series along the longitudinal axis of the cylinder head. The cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c of the internal combustion engine 1 are supplied via intake system 3 with fresh air or charge air 10a, 10b.

Jeder Zylinder 1a, 1b, 1c weist eine Einlaßöffnung zum Zuführen der Ladeluft 10a, 10b auf, wobei zu jeder Einlaßöffnung eine Ansaugleitung 2a, 2b, 2c führt und die Ansaugleitungen 2a, 2b, 2c der drei Zylinder 1a, 1b, 1c unter Ausbildung eines Verteilerknotenpunktes 4 zu einer Gesamtansaugleitung 6 zusammenführen.Each cylinder 1a, 1b, 1c has an intake port for supplying the charge air 10a, 10b, to each intake port, an intake passage 2a, 2b, 2c leads and the intake passages 2a, 2b, 2c of the three cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c to form a Merge hub 4 to a Gesamtansaugleitung 6.

In der Gesamtansaugleitung 6 ist eine Heizvorrichtung 7 angeordnet. Die via Gesamtansaugleitung 6 angesaugte Ladeluft 10a wird beim Durchströmen der aktivierten Heizvorrichtung 7 erwärmt. Die erwärmte Ladeluft 10b wird anschließend, d. h. stromabwärts der Heizvorrichtung 7, am Verteilerknotenpunkt 4 auf die einzelnen Zylinder 1a, 1b, 1c verteilt. Die Heizvorrichtung 7 ist benachbart, d. h. in unmittelbarer Nähe zu dem Verteilerknotenpunkt 4 angeordnet, wobei der Abstand Δ zwischen der Heizvorrichtung 7 und dem Verteilerknotenpunkt 4 kleiner ist als der Durchmesser deines Zylinders 1a, 1b, 1cIn the Gesamtansaugleitung 6 a heater 7 is arranged. The charge air 10a sucked in via the total intake line 6 is heated when flowing through the activated heating device 7. The heated charge air 10b is then, d. H. downstream of the heating device 7, distributed at the distribution node 4 on the individual cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c. The heater 7 is adjacent, d. H. arranged in close proximity to the distribution node 4, wherein the distance Δ between the heater 7 and the distribution node 4 is smaller than the diameter of your cylinder 1a, 1b, 1c

Zum Abführen der Abgase aus den Zylindern 1a, 1b, 1c via Abgasabführsystem 5 weist jeder Zylinder 1a, 1b, 1c eine Auslaßöffnung auf, an die sich eine Abgasleitung anschließt. Die Abgasleitungen der Zylinder 1a, 1b, 1c führen unter Ausbildung eines Abgaskrümmers zu einer Gesamtabgasleitung zusammen.For discharging the exhaust gases from the cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c via the exhaust gas removal system 5, each cylinder 1a, 1b, 1c has an outlet opening, which is adjoined by an exhaust gas line. The exhaust gas lines of the cylinders 1a, 1b, 1c lead together to form an exhaust gas manifold to form an exhaust gas manifold.

Die in Figur 1 dargestellte Brennkraftmaschine 1 ist zwecks Aufladung mit einem Abgasturbolader 8 ausgestattet, dessen Turbine 8a im Abgasabführsystem 5 und dessen Verdichter 8b in der Gesamtansaugleitung 6 des Ansaugsystems 3 angeordnet ist.In the FIG. 1 shown internal combustion engine 1 is equipped for the purpose of charging with an exhaust gas turbocharger 8, the turbine 8a in the Abgasabführsystem 5 and the compressor 8b is disposed in the Gesamtansaugleitung 6 of the intake system 3.

Darüber hinaus ist die Brennkraftmaschine 1 mit einer externen Abgasrückführung 9 ausgestattet, deren Rückführleitung 9a stromabwärts der Turbine 8a aus dem Abgasabführsystem 5 abzweigt und stromaufwärts des Verdichters 8b in das Ansaugsystem 3 mündet. Folglich handelt es sich bei der in Figur 1 vorgesehenen Abgasrückführung 9 um eine Niederdruck-AGR. Das rückgeführte - gegebenenfalls nachbehandelte - Abgas durchströmt sowohl den Verdichter 8b als auch die Heizvorrichtung 7. Zur Einstellung der Rückführrate ist in der Rückführleitung 9a ein als AGR-Ventil 9b dienendes Absperrelement 9b vorgesehen.In addition, the internal combustion engine 1 is equipped with an external exhaust gas recirculation 9 whose return line 9a branches off from the exhaust gas removal system 5 downstream of the turbine 8a and opens into the intake system 3 upstream of the compressor 8b. Consequently, the in FIG. 1 provided exhaust gas recirculation 9 to a low pressure EGR. The recirculated - optionally post-treated - exhaust gas flows through both the compressor 8b and the heater 7. To adjust the return rate in the return line 9a serving as an EGR valve 9b shut-off element 9b is provided.

Figur 2 zeigt schematisch eine zweite Ausführungsform der Brennkraftmaschine 1. Es sollen nur die Unterschiede zu der in Figur 1 dargestellten Ausführungsform erörtert werden, weshalb im Übrigen Bezug genommen wird auf Figur 1. Für dieselben Bauteile wurden dieselben Bezugszeichen verwendet. FIG. 2 schematically shows a second embodiment of the internal combustion engine 1. It should only the differences from those in FIG. 1 illustrated embodiment are discussed why otherwise reference is made to FIG. 1 , The same reference numerals have been used for the same components.

Im Unterschied zu der in Figur 1 dargestellten Ausführungsform zweigt die Rückführleitung 9a der Abgasrückführung 9 stromaufwärts der Turbine 8a aus dem Abgasabführsystem 5 ab und mündet stromabwärts des Verdichters 8b in das Ansaugsystem 3 ein. Folglich handelt es sich bei der in Figur 2 vorgesehenen Abgasrückführung 9 um eine Hochdruck-AGR. Zur Einstellung der Rückführrate ist in der Rückführleitung 9a wieder ein als AGR-Ventil 9b dienendes Absperrelement 9b vorgesehen.Unlike the in FIG. 1 In the embodiment shown, the return line 9a of the exhaust gas recirculation 9 branches off the exhaust gas removal system 5 upstream of the turbine 8a and enters the intake system 3 downstream of the compressor 8b. Consequently, the in FIG. 2 provided exhaust gas recirculation 9 to a high-pressure EGR. To set the return rate, a shut-off element 9b serving as an EGR valve 9b is again provided in the return line 9a.

Vorliegend mündet die Rückführleitung 9a stromabwärts der Heizvorrichtung 7 in die Gesamtansaugleitung 6 des Ansaugsystems 3 ein, so dass das rückgeführte Abgas nicht die Heizvorrichtung 7 durchströmt.In the present case, the return line 9a opens downstream of the heater 7 in the Gesamtansaugleitung 6 of the intake system 3, so that the recirculated exhaust gas does not flow through the heater 7.

Bezugszeichenreference numeral

11
BrennkraftmaschineInternal combustion engine
1a1a
Zylindercylinder
1b1b
Zylindercylinder
1c1c
Zylindercylinder
2a2a
Ansaugleitungsuction
2b2 B
Ansaugleitungsuction
2c2c
Ansaugleitungsuction
33
Ansaugsystemintake system
44
VerteilerknotenpunktDistribution hub
55
AbgasabführsystemAbgasabführsystem
66
GesamtansaugleitungGesamtansaugleitung
77
Heizvorrichtungheater
88th
Abgasturboladerturbocharger
8a8a
Turbineturbine
8b8b
Verdichtercompressor
99
Abgasrückführung (AGR)Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
9a9a
RückführleitungReturn line
9b9b
AGR-Ventil, AbsperrelementEGR valve, shut-off element
10a10a
angesaugte Ladeluftsucked charge air
10b10b
erwärmte Ladeluftheated charge air
ΔΔ
Abstand zwischen der Heizvorrichtung und dem VerteilerknotenpunktDistance between the heater and the distribution hub
dd
Durchmesser eines ZylindersDiameter of a cylinder
mm AGRAGR
Masse an zurückgeführtem AbgasMass of recirculated exhaust gas
mm Frischluftfresh air
FrischluftmasseFresh air mass
xx AGRAGR
AbgasrückführrateExhaust gas recirculation rate

Claims (11)

  1. Internal combustion engine (1) having at least one cylinder head and at least two cylinders (1a, 1b, 1c), in which each cylinder (1a, 1b, 1c) has at least one inlet opening for the supply of charge air (10a, 10b) into the cylinder (1a, 1b, 1c) via an intake system (3),
    - an intake line (2a, 2b, 2c) leading to each inlet opening,
    - the intake lines (2a, 2b, 2c) of at least two cylinders (1a, 1b, 1c) merging to form an overall intake line (6), such that a distributor junction point (4) is formed, and
    - a heating device (7) being arranged in the overall intake line (6), characterized in that
    - at least one external exhaust-gas recirculation arrangement (9) is provided which is equipped with a recirculation line (9a) which opens into the intake system (3) upstream of the heating device (7),
    and in that
    - the heating device (7) is arranged adjacent to the distributor junction point (4) at which the intake lines (2a, 2b, 2c) merge to form the overall intake line (6), the spacing Δ between the heating device (7) and the distributor junction point (4) being smaller than half of the diameter d of a cylinder (1a, 1b, 1c), with Δ < 0.5 d.
  2. Internal combustion engine (1) according to Claim 1, characterized in that the recirculation line (9a) opens into the overall intake line (6).
  3. Internal combustion engine (1) according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that each cylinder (1a, 1b, 1c) has at least one outlet opening for the discharge of the exhaust gases from the cylinder (1a, 1b, 1c) via an exhaust-gas discharge system (5), the recirculation line (9a) branching off from the exhaust-gas discharge system (5).
  4. Internal combustion engine (1) according to Claim 3, in which, for supercharging purposes, at least one turbine (8a) of an exhaust-gas turbocharger (8) is provided in the exhaust-gas discharge system (5), characterized in that the recirculation line (9a) branches off from the exhaust-gas discharge system (5) upstream of the at least one turbine (8a).
  5. Internal combustion engine (1) according to Claim 3, in which, for supercharging purposes, at least one turbine (8a) of an exhaust-gas turbocharger (8) is provided in the exhaust-gas discharge system (5), characterized in that the recirculation line (9a) branches off from the exhaust-gas discharge system (5) downstream of the at least one turbine (8a).
  6. Internal combustion engine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating device (7) has at least one strip-like heating element which faces by way of a first narrow side of the cross section toward the inducted charge-air flow (10a).
  7. Internal combustion engine according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the spacing Δ between the heating device (7) and the distributor junction point (4) is smaller than one quarter of the diameter d of a cylinder (1a, 1b, 1c), with Δ < 0.25d.
  8. Internal combustion engine according to Claim 6 or 7, in which the at least two cylinders (1a, 1b, 1c) are in an in-line arrangement along the longitudinal axis of the at least one cylinder head, characterized in that the at least one strip-like heating element is aligned substantially horizontally along a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the at least one cylinder head.
  9. Internal combustion engine according to Claim 6 or 7, in which the at least two cylinders (1a, 1b, 1c) are in an in-line arrangement along the longitudinal axis of the at least one cylinder head, characterized in that the at least one strip-like heating element is aligned substantially vertically, perpendicular to a line parallel to the longitudinal axis of the at least one cylinder head.
  10. Internal combustion engine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a charge-air cooler is provided which is equipped with a bypass line which opens into the intake system (3) upstream of the heating device (7).
  11. Method for operating an internal combustion engine (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heating device (7) is activated for the purposes of heating the charge air (10a, 10b) when the fuel supply to the internal combustion engine (1) is deactivated.
EP12164547.7A 2011-05-16 2012-04-18 Combustion engine with heating device for heating intake air and method for operating such a combustion engine Active EP2525074B1 (en)

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EP11166157.5A EP2525073B1 (en) 2011-05-16 2011-05-16 Internal combustion engine equipped with intake air heating and method to operate such an engine
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EP2525073B1 (en) 2017-07-12
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EP2525074A1 (en) 2012-11-21
CN102787951B (en) 2016-12-21
CN102787951A (en) 2012-11-21
US20120291760A1 (en) 2012-11-22

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