EP2516992A1 - Microscopie à luminescence - Google Patents

Microscopie à luminescence

Info

Publication number
EP2516992A1
EP2516992A1 EP10771424A EP10771424A EP2516992A1 EP 2516992 A1 EP2516992 A1 EP 2516992A1 EP 10771424 A EP10771424 A EP 10771424A EP 10771424 A EP10771424 A EP 10771424A EP 2516992 A1 EP2516992 A1 EP 2516992A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sample
radiation
switching
excitation
state
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP10771424A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Michael Kempe
Ralf Netz
Gerhard Krampert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH
Original Assignee
Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH filed Critical Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH
Publication of EP2516992A1 publication Critical patent/EP2516992A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N21/6456—Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging
    • G01N21/6458—Fluorescence microscopy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G02B21/16—Microscopes adapted for ultraviolet illumination ; Fluorescence microscopes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the Lumineszenzmikroskopie and in particular to the resolution-enhanced Lumineszenzmikroskopie.
  • Luminescence is understood here, as is common practice, as a generic term for phosphorescence and fluorescence, so it covers both processes. Since fluorescence is predominantly used in microscopy, the term fluorescence is often used in this description, but, insofar as is technically meaningful, it is meant only as an example of processes which generally exploit luminescence.
  • luminescent dyes are used for the specific labeling of samples, e.g. of cell parts used. It is also possible to measure samples that luminesce per se, ie without the addition of marker.
  • the sample is excited by radiation to luminescence (by so-called. Excitation radiation) and the excited luminescence detected with suitable detectors.
  • a dichroic beam splitter in combination with block filters is provided for this purpose in the light microscope, which split off the luminescence radiation from the excitation radiation and enable separate observation.
  • the representation of individual, differently colored cell parts in the light microscope is possible.
  • several parts of a preparation can be colored simultaneously with different, specifically attaching to different structures of the preparation dyes. This process is called multiple luminescence.
  • the wavelength of the radiation used is a determining factor since, according to Ernst Abbe, the wavelength used (together with the numerical aperture of the imaging optics) dictates the diffraction limit and thus the resolution.
  • the wavelength used (together with the numerical aperture of the imaging optics) dictates the diffraction limit and thus the resolution.
  • resolutions beyond the diffraction limit several approaches have recently been developed. These microscopy methods are characterized in that they provide the user with a higher lateral and / or axial optical resolution compared to the conventional microscope. In this specification, a microscope is said to be high-resolution when it reaches a resolution beyond the diffraction optical limit. Diffraction-limited microscopes, on the other hand, are called classical microscopes. They realize known optical far field microscopy or laser scanning microscopy.
  • This method is used, for example, in DE 102006009833 A1, which uses the so-called reversible saturable optical fluorescence transition (RESOLFT).
  • RESOLFT reversible saturable optical fluorescence transition
  • fluorescent state A The condition in which the marking substance is excitable for fluorescence is referred to as "fluorescent state A.”
  • fluorescence occurs only when the sample is illuminated with excitation radiation, ie per se, the sample does not fluoresce, In this description, however, a clearer distinction can be made between a condition that can be excited to fluorescence.
  • Figure 1 of the cited DE 102006009833 A1 shows in three subfigures a) -c) the three essential substeps of the microscopy concept described therein irradiated with switching radiation, so that the sample enters the fluorescence excitable state A.
  • the illumination takes place in the wide field (see Fig.
  • the two First steps thus represent a sample preparation, which prepares the sample so that only partial volumes of the sample are in a fluorescence-capable state A, these sub-areas are smaller because of the standing wave field, as the diffraction-limited resolution of the optical image actually allowed.
  • the thus prepared sample is then excited to fluoresce.
  • DE 102006009833 A1 describes the excitation of the prepared sample for the emission of fluorescence radiation as "readout of the fluorescence.”
  • readout of the fluorescence ie for the excitation of the fluorescence
  • DE 102006009833 A1 also the known TIRF concept can be used in which the fluorescence
  • the excitation radiation of the specimen is excited by an evanescent field by irradiating the excitation radiation below the total reflection angle to the boundary of the cover glass and the specimen.
  • This principle is known, for example, in Thompson NL et al., Measuring Surface Dynamics of Biomolecules by Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence with Photobleaching Recovery or Correlation Spectroscopy ", Biophys J., 33, No. 3, 1981, pages 435-454.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a microscope or a method for luminescence microscopy, which allows beyond the optical diffraction limit increased resolution.
  • a luminescence microscopy method which comprises: using a sample having a certain substance, or the sample is provided with this specific substance, the specific substance being repeated from a first state in which it is used Emission of luminescent radiation can be excited by light of a certain wavelength, is converted into a second state in which it is not excitable for emitting luminescence by light of a certain wavelength, the particular substance present in the sample by irradiation of switching radiation in the first state brought, the particular substance present in the sample is excited by irradiation of excitation radiation for emitting luminescence and the luminescence emitting sample is imaged, wherein a high-resolution selection of perpendicular to a sample surface extending sample areas, in that either the switching radiation or the excitation radiation is irradiated as structured illumination of the sample, and wherein a high-resolution selection of the sample surface takes place by irradiating the switching radiation and / or the excitation radiation as TI RF illumination of the sample.
  • the object is further achieved with a microscope for luminescence microscopy of a sample which has a certain substance or is provided with this particular substance, wherein the specific substance is repeatedly in a second state from a first state in which it can be excited to emit luminescence radiation in which it is not excitable for emitting luminescent radiation
  • the microscope comprising: a radiation source and a beam path for irradiating switching radiation to the sample to bring the particular substance present in the sample in the first state, an excitation radiation source and an excitation beam path for irradiating excitation radiation to the sample to excite the emission of luminescent radiation in the sample and to bring the specific substance present in the sample into the second state, and a detector and a detection beam path for imaging the luminescence radiation emitting sample, wherein for high-resolution selection of perpendicular to a sample surface extending sample areas of the switching beam path for irradiating the switching radiation and / or the excitation beam for irradiating the excitation radiation cause a structured illumination of the sample,
  • the inventive concept thus switches the sample in a first switching process in a luminescent state.
  • a second switching process the sample is excited to luminescence and then converted thereby into a non-luminescent state.
  • the sample is returned to the luminescent state.
  • one or both switching processes are a TI RF illumination, and that exactly one of the two switching processes is performed with a structured illumination, ie with a structured wide field or a structured TIRF illumination. This results in the following possibilities:
  • the invention thus provides for a selection of sample areas which extend along the optical axis through a structured illumination, which is used either in the switching process 1 or in the switching process 2.
  • a separate elaborate Sample preparation is no longer necessary.
  • the microscopy method can thus be carried out faster, which is particularly advantageous in the observation of biological processes.
  • the corresponding microscope is also simplified, since a separate illumination field for sample preparation no longer has to be generated.
  • the selection perpendicular to the sample surface usually takes place by means of a diffraction pattern formed in the sample.
  • the width of the regions perpendicular to the sample surface which are thereby selected is then diffraction-limited. Due to the mentioned nonlinearities, a sharpening beyond the diffraction limit results.
  • Orthogonal thereto a selection of the sample surface by the irradiation of an evanescent field in the switching process 1 and / or the switching process 2.
  • the orthogonal selections by the structured illumination and the evanescent field which is referred to in this description as TIRF illumination, selects a total sample volume which may be smaller along the optical axis of the image of the sample as well as across it than the diffraction limit allows. This achieves a high resolution in two spatial directions.
  • switching radiation Another switching process 3 is required if the sample does not return to the fluorescent state by itself after emission of the fluorescence radiation. However, the switching processes 1 and 3 may coincide, as will be explained. The radiation required for these switching processes is therefore referred to herein as "switching radiation".
  • the high resolution is enhanced by the TI RF illumination.
  • This selects the sample surface by illumination with an evanescent field.
  • the structured illumination increases the resolution by selective excitation perpendicular to the sample surface.
  • the invention uses selection mechanisms that act orthogonally and thereby complement each other optimally.
  • the high-resolution microscopy method of the invention can advantageously be combined with the principle known from EP 1 157 297 B1.
  • nonlinear processes are exploited by means of structured illumination.
  • the saturation of the fluorescence by the structured illumination in switching process 1 or 2 serves as non-linearity.
  • the object space spectrum is shifted relative to the transfer function of the optical system.
  • the shift of the spectrum that object spatial frequencies ⁇ 0 at a spatial frequency ⁇ 0 + ⁇ 9 wherein ⁇ 9, the frequency of the structured illumination is to be transmitted. Given a maximum spatial frequency that can be transmitted by the system, this enables the transfer of spatial frequencies of the object lying around the shift frequency ⁇ 9 above the maximum frequency of the transfer function.
  • the EP 1 157 297 B1 which is also fully incorporated with regard to the corresponding description of the resolving microscopy method, thus uses a structured far-field illumination of the sample, wherein a strip-shaped modulation is impressed, for example by an amplitude / phase grating. Fluorescence in the sample is also detected far field.
  • the modulation is now brought in at least three different rotational positions, z. B. 0 °, 120 ° and 240 °, and in each rotational position, the modulation is shifted laterally in at least three different positions. In each shift of the rotational positions (in total at least 9 image positions), the sample is detected far field.
  • the grating has frequencies as close as possible to the cut-off frequency, to the transmission of which the optical arrangement used is capable.
  • Using a Fourier analysis is then the mentioned spectrum shift, in particular the 0 and +/- 1. Diffraction order is evaluated in the images.
  • This microscopy principle is also referred to as SIM (structured illumination microscopy).
  • SIM structured illumination microscopy
  • a development of the SIM method can be achieved with a linear illumination, which is perpendicular to the strip direction of the modulation. You then have a line lighting, along the line the stripe structure is found again. The linear lighting is in turn structured by the modulation.
  • the linear illumination allows a confocal slit detection and thus an increase in resolution.
  • This principle is also referred to as SLIM (structured line illumination microscopy).
  • a further increase in the resolution is obtained when the illumination radiation modulation is performed on illumination radiation which is so intense that the fluorescence of the sample reaches saturation in the bright region of the structured illumination. Then the modulation on the sample no longer has a sine distribution with respect to the fluorescence, but due to the saturation effects even higher harmonics beyond the optical cut-off frequency.
  • This process is also called saturated pattern excitation microscopy (SPEM).
  • SPEM saturated pattern excitation microscopy
  • switchable luminescent dyes as used for the microscopy according to the invention, this saturation can be achieved at much lower powers and reversibly than with conventional dyes.
  • the Microscope provides means for moving and / or rotating the structure of the structured illumination relative to the sample.
  • the fluorescent sample is detected in a wide-field detection.
  • 1 is a term diagram of a substance or a sample component which is suitable for carrying out the invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a microscope for high-resolution luminescence microscopy according to a first embodiment
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a microscope for high-resolution luminescence microscopy according to a second embodiment
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic view of a microscope for high-resolution luminescence microscopy according to a third embodiment.
  • DRONPA the substance which is mentioned in DE 102005034443 A1 and described in terms of its fluorescence properties (there also with further detections).
  • the sample is switched to a state A by means of a switching process, in which switching radiation 1 is radiated in, in which it can be fluorescently excited. This represents a phase (1).
  • In state A can by Excitation radiation 2 an excited state A * can be achieved. This represents a phase (2).
  • the sample relaxes, emitting fluorescence radiation 3, into a state B in which no excitation to fluorescence is possible.
  • the sample then returns in a phase (3) via an intermediate status back to the ground state O by means of a reset relaxation. 5
  • FIG. 1 The term structure of FIG. 1 is to be understood only as an example.
  • the invention is also possible with substances having, for example, only the ground states A and B, so that the phases (1) and (3) are identical.
  • the sample then passes by irradiation of the reset radiation 4 from state B directly into the state A, from which it can be excited to emit fluorescence radiation 3.
  • the emission of fluorescence radiation 3 then brings the sample back to the state B.
  • either the excitation radiation 2 or the switching radiation 1 (or the reset radiation 4 in systems in which the phases (1) and (3) are identical) is now carried out with a structured illumination.
  • this is illustrated by a modulated excitation field 6, which is exemplarily plotted in its intensity over the x-axis.
  • the corresponding fluorescence radiation field 7 is entered in FIG. 2. It can clearly be seen that it also has zeros at the zeros of the excitation field 6.
  • the zeros of the fluorescence radiation field 7 are narrower than the zeros of the modulated excitation field 6. If this is generated, for example, by a difference pattern, one obtains zeros in the fluorescence radiation field 7, which are narrower than the optical resolution actually allows.
  • the steepness of the transition from light to dark determines which modulation frequencies of higher order in the Fourier-transformed image, which is shown in the right part of Fig. 2, are visible. Higher orders mean the second as well as higher orders.
  • the width of the effective optical transfer function 9 (illustrated schematically here) is higher modulation frequencies, which are given by the support points 8, increased.
  • the potential optical resolution of the image also increases.
  • the structured field can also be used for the radiation which brings the sample into the fluorescence excitable state A. Depending on the term scheme of the substance used, this can be either the switching radiation 1 or the reset radiation 4. In this description, however, it is assumed for the sake of simplicity that the excitation radiation 2 is modulated.
  • a corresponding microscope 10 shows the Fig. 3 in a schematic representation.
  • the microscope comprises a switching beam path 1 1, which causes the switching operation (or the reset initiation 4) by irradiation of optical switching radiation as TIRF illumination.
  • the microscope has an excitation beam path 12 which irradiates the modulated excitation field 6 onto a sample P. This irradiation also takes place in TIRF illumination.
  • the microscope also has a detection beam path 13, which detects the fluorescence radiation emanating from the sample P in a wide-field detection.
  • the three beam paths 1 1, 12, 13 are coupled via corresponding beam splitter to the sample P.
  • the sample P is located on a cover glass 14, which lies on a sample table 15, so that the sample P can be moved relative to the beam path of the microscope.
  • the sample P is detected with an objective 16 having an optical axis 17.
  • beam splitters 18 and 19 are arranged, which mirror the switching beam path 1 1 (beam splitter 18) or the excitation beam path 12 (beam splitter 19).
  • the switching beam path 1 1 comprises a switching illumination unit 20, which irradiates the radiation for the switching operation 1 (or the reset initiation 4) by means of an optical system 21.
  • the radiation from the switching beam path 1 1 is coupled along an optical axis 17t offset parallel to the optical axis 1 7 of the lens 16, so that the radiation obliquely incident on the sample P.
  • the angle of incidence is selected over the distance between the optical axis 17t and the optical axis 17 so that a total reflection takes place on the coverslip, whereby the sample P is illuminated with an evanescent field, as is known in the art from TIRF microscopy.
  • the displacement mechanism 22 allows the switching illumination unit 20 to be displaced so that the optical axis 23, along which the radiation from the switching illumination unit 20 fails, moves parallel to the optical axis 24 of the optics 21.
  • the parallel offset between the optical axes 23 and, taking into account the inclination of the beam splitter 18, corresponds to the parallel offset between the optical axes 17t and 17 and thus adjusts the angle of incidence of the radiation on the sample.
  • the displacement mechanism 22 thus makes it possible in a simple manner to set the TIRF condition.
  • the switching illumination unit 20 generates the radiation for the switching process 1 (or for the reset initiation 4) by means of a laser 24, to which a collimator 25 and a diaphragm 26 are arranged downstream. Thus, a parallel beam is effected, which is then focused by the optics 21 on the lens 16 out.
  • the excitation beam path 12 is constructed in a similar manner.
  • the excitation radiation is provided by a laser 28 followed by a collimator 29.
  • a pattern generator 30 whose pattern is subsequently imaged in the sample.
  • the pattern generator 30 thus lies in an intermediate image plane of the image.
  • the image is divergent to the optical axis 32, so that the excitation radiation is not incident along the optical axis 17, but on two laterally offset therefrom axes 33a, 33b.
  • a total of TIRF illumination of the sample P is effected, which images the pattern of the pattern generator 30 in the sample and excites fluorescence there.
  • the sample P thus brought to fluorescence is imaged in the detection beam path 13 via an optical system 34 onto an area detector 35.
  • a filter 36 is provided in the detection beam path which blocks off these radiation components.
  • pattern generator 30 (e.g., an amplitude and / or phase mask) generates a striped pattern in the sample.
  • this pattern By applying this pattern to the sample at different angles and in different lateral positions, e.g. by appropriate control of the sample stage 15 or by rotation / displacement of the pattern in the pattern generator 30, a two-dimensional, high-resolution image can be generated using mathematical reconstruction algorithms, as are known, for example, from EP 1 157 297 B1 for the SIM method.
  • FIG. 4 shows a further construction of a microscope 10, which in many elements corresponds to that of FIG. 3.
  • Fig. 4 for structurally or functionally the construction of Fig. 3 corresponding components identical reference numerals are used and the description thereof is not repeated.
  • the switching beam path 1 1 and the excitation beam path 12 are threaded onto the detection beam path 13 via the beam splitter 19.
  • the structured illumination with excitation radiation does not take place in the TIRF mode, but as far-field illumination, i. the excitation radiation is incident on an optical axis 33, which is brought into agreement with the optical axis 17 of the objective 16.
  • the pattern generator 30 stands in the intermediate image of the excitation beam path.
  • the radiation from the switching illumination unit 20, however, is applied in TIRF illumination, which is absorbed by the total reflection at a diaphragm 37.
  • the structured illumination used for the RESOLFT process used in the previously described microscopes 10 can also be generated by a suitable amplitude and / or phase mask 40, which is located in a pupil of the objective 16 or a pupil conjugated thereto become.
  • a suitable amplitude and / or phase mask 40 which is located in a pupil of the objective 16 or a pupil conjugated thereto become.
  • FIG. 5 shows that elements which correspond functionally or structurally to elements of previously described construction methods are provided with the same reference numerals, so that their explanation need not be repeated.
  • the element for structured illumination 40 is imaged via a 4f arrangement in the pupil of the objective 16, for which purpose an optic 41 is arranged after the mask 40, which generates an intermediate image 42.
  • an optical system 43 both the intermediate image 42 is imaged into the sample P and the image of the fluorescent sample is brought onto the detector 35.
  • the excitation radiation is incident on the sample P in wide field illumination.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Microscoopes, Condenser (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de microscopie à luminescence, selon lequel: un échantillon (P) est utilisé, lequel présente une substance définie, ou bien l'échantillon est doté de cette substance définie, la substance définie pouvant être transférée de façon répétée d'un premier état (A), dans lequel elle peut être excitée pour émettre du rayonnement de luminescence (3), dans un second état (B), dans lequel elle ne peut pas être excitée pour l'émission de rayonnement de luminescence, la substance définie présente dans l'échantillon est amenée par l'introduction de rayonnement de commutation (1) dans le premier état, la substance définie présente dans l'échantillon est excitée par l'introduction de rayonnement d'excitation (2) pour l'émission de rayonnement de luminescence et l'échantillon diffusant du rayonnement de luminescence est reproduit, une sélection à haute résolution de zones d'échantillon s'étendant perpendiculairement à une surface d'échantillon s'effectuant du fait que le rayonnement de commutation ou le rayonnement d'excitation est introduit sous forme d'éclairage structuré (6) de l'échantillon, et une sélection à haute résolution de la surface d'échantillon s'effectuant du fait que le rayonnement de commutation et/ou le rayonnement d'excitation est introduit sous forme d'éclairage TIRF de l'échantillon.
EP10771424A 2009-12-22 2010-10-22 Microscopie à luminescence Pending EP2516992A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102009055216A DE102009055216A1 (de) 2009-12-22 2009-12-22 Lumineszenzmikroskopie
PCT/EP2010/065969 WO2011076458A1 (fr) 2009-12-22 2010-10-22 Microscopie à luminescence

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2516992A1 true EP2516992A1 (fr) 2012-10-31

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Family Applications (1)

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EP10771424A Pending EP2516992A1 (fr) 2009-12-22 2010-10-22 Microscopie à luminescence

Country Status (4)

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US (1) US9404867B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2516992A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102009055216A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011076458A1 (fr)

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JP6264377B2 (ja) * 2013-07-17 2018-01-24 株式会社ニコン 構造化照明装置及び構造化照明顕微鏡装置
DE102013019347A1 (de) * 2013-08-15 2015-02-19 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Hochauflösende Scanning-Mikroskopie
DE102013015933A1 (de) * 2013-09-19 2015-03-19 Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh Hochauflösende Scanning-Mikroskopie
DE102013114860B3 (de) * 2013-12-23 2015-05-28 MAX-PLANCK-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung der Orte einzelner Moleküle einer Substanz in einer Probe
US9581314B2 (en) * 2015-04-21 2017-02-28 Excelites Canada, Inc. Integrating cone for an illumination device
CN108292034B (zh) * 2015-10-09 2022-01-04 徕卡显微***复合显微镜有限公司 用于利用结构化的光片照射检查试样的方法和设备
US11105746B2 (en) * 2016-07-20 2021-08-31 Technion Research & Development Foundation Ltd. Multi moire structured illumination microscopy with high index materials
FR3096146B1 (fr) * 2019-05-16 2022-07-29 Univ Grenoble Alpes Dispositif de creation d’un champ evanescent a motifs sur une surface et procede associe
CN112444506B (zh) * 2019-09-04 2022-03-18 复旦大学 显微成像的方法及装置

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DE102005034443A1 (de) 2005-07-22 2007-02-22 Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh Auflösungsgesteigerte Lumineszenz-Mikroskopie
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DE102006009833B4 (de) 2006-03-01 2009-01-08 Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh Verfahren und Mikroskop zur räumlich hochauflösenden Untersuchung von Proben
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DE102009055216A1 (de) 2011-06-30
WO2011076458A1 (fr) 2011-06-30
US20120319007A1 (en) 2012-12-20
US9404867B2 (en) 2016-08-02

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