EP2224019B1 - High corrosion resistance precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steel - Google Patents

High corrosion resistance precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steel Download PDF

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EP2224019B1
EP2224019B1 EP10151738.1A EP10151738A EP2224019B1 EP 2224019 B1 EP2224019 B1 EP 2224019B1 EP 10151738 A EP10151738 A EP 10151738A EP 2224019 B1 EP2224019 B1 EP 2224019B1
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percent
alloy
stainless steel
precipitation
carbon
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EP2224019A1 (en
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Jianqiang Chen
Thomas Michael Moors
Jon Conrad Schaeffer
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/20—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
    • C21D8/005—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper

Definitions

  • the subject matter disclosed herein relates generally relates to high strength stainless steels. More particularly, it relates to a precipitation-hardened, martensitic, stainless steel suitable for turbine rotating components.
  • the metal alloys used for rotating components of a gas turbine must have a combination of high strength, toughness, fatigue resistance and other physical and mechanical properties in order to provide the required operational properties of these machines.
  • the alloys used must also have sufficient resistance to various corrosion damage due to the extreme environments in which turbines are operated, including exposure to various ionic reactant species, such as various species that include chlorides, sulfates, nitrides and other corrosive species. Corrosion can also diminish the other necessary physical and mechanical properties, such as the high cycle fatigue strength, by initiation of surface cracks that propagate under the cyclic thermal and operational stresses associated with operation of the turbine.
  • U.S. Patent 3,574,601 discloses the compositional and other characteristics of a precipitation hardenable, essentially martensitic stainless steel alloy, now known commercially as Carpenter Custom 450, and focuses on corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of this alloy.
  • Ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) of 143-152.5 ksi (about 986-1050 MPa) in the annealed (1700-2100°F (926-1148°C) for 0.5 -1 hour) or non-aged condition are reported for the alloy compositions described in the patent.
  • the literature regarding this alloy reports an aging temperature range for precipitation hardening of about 800 to 1000°F (about 427 to 538°C) for 2-8 hours, with aging at about 900°F (about 480°C) producing the maximum strength but lowest fracture toughness.
  • the literature also reports a UTS of greater than 175 ksi (1200 MPa) after aging at 900 to 950°F (about 480 to about 510°C).
  • the Custom 450 alloy contains chromium, nickel, molybdenum and copper, as well as other potential alloying constituents such as carbon and niobium (columbium), to yield an essentially martensitic microstructure, having small amounts of less than 10% retained austenite and 1-2% or less of delta ferrite.
  • Niobium may be added at a weight ratio of up to 10 times relative to carbon, if carbon is present in an amount above 0.03 weight percent.
  • the alloys were tested for resistance to boiling 65% by weight nitric acid, room temperature sulfuric acid and hydrogen embrittlement and found to have superior resistance to 300 series and other 400 series stainless steel alloys.
  • U.S. Patent 6,743,305 (the "'305 patent”) describes an improved stainless steel alloy suitable for use in rotating steam turbine components that exhibits both high strength and toughness as a result of having particular ranges for chemistry, tempering temperatures and grain size.
  • the alloy of this invention is a precipitation-hardened stainless steel, in which the hardening phase includes copper-rich intergranular precipitates in a martensitic microstructure.
  • Required mechanical properties of the alloy include an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of at least 175 ksi (about 1200 MPa), and a Charpy impact toughness of greater than 40 ft-lb (about 55 J).
  • the '305 patent describes a precipitation-hardened, stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight, 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium, 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel, 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper, 0.5 to 1.0 percent molybdenum, 0.03 to 0.5 percent carbon, niobium in an amount by weight of ten to twenty times greater than carbon, the balance iron, minor alloying constituents and impurities.
  • Maximum levels for the minor alloying constituents and impurities are, by weight, 1.0 percent manganese, 1.0 percent silicon, 0.1 percent vanadium, 0.1 percent tin, 0.030 percent nitrogen, 0.020 percent phosphorus, 0.025 percent aluminum, 0.008 percent sulfur, 0.005 percent silver, and 0.005 percent lead.
  • Electrochemically-induced intergranular corrosion attack (IGA) and corrosion pitting phenomena occurring at the airfoil surfaces can in turn result in cracking of the airfoils due to the cyclic thermal and operating stresses experienced by these components.
  • High level of moisture can result from use of on-line water washing, fogging and evaporative cooling, or various combinations of them, to enhance compressor efficiency.
  • Corrosive contaminants usually result from the environments in which the turbines are operating because they are frequently placed in highly corrosive environments, such as those near chemical or petrochemical plants where various chemical species may be found in the intake air, or those at or near ocean coastlines or other saltwater environments where various sea salts may be present in the intake air, or combinations of the above, or in other applications where the inlet air contains corrosive chemical species.
  • stainless steel alloys suitable for use in turbine airfoils, particularly industrial gas turbine airfoils, in the operating environments described and having improved resistance to IGA, or corrosion pitting, or preferably both of them, are desirable and commercially valuable, and provide a competitive advantage.
  • a precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprises, by weight: 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium; 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel; 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper; more than 0.1 % to 2.0 percent molybdenum; 0.025 to 0.05 percent carbon; niobium in an amount greater than twenty times to twenty-five times that of carbon and the balance iron and incidental impurities.
  • a precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy mentioned above contains niobium in an amount of fourteen to twenty times that of carbon and the balance iron and incidental impurities.
  • a method of making a precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy includes a step of providing a preform of a precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy comprising, by weight: 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium; 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel; 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper; 0.5 to 2.0 percent molybdenum; 0.025 to 0.05 percent carbon; niobium in an amount of greater than twenty times to twenty-five times that of carbon and the balance iron and incidental impurities or providing a preform of a precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloy mentioned above and containing niobium in an amount of fourteen to twenty times that of carbon and the balance iron and incidental impurities.
  • the method also includes aging the alloy at an aging temperature sufficient to form precipitates configured to provide precipitation hardening of the alloy.
  • the method also includes cooling the alloy sufficiently to form an article of the aged alloy having a microstructure comprising an essentially martensitic structure and an ultimate tensile strength of at least about 1100 MPa (160 ksi) and Charpy V-notch toughness greater than about 50 ft-lb (69 J).
  • An improved precipitation hardened, martensitic stainless steel alloy exhibits improved IGA and pitting corrosion resistance and high mechanical strength and fracture toughness through control of the alloy constituents and their relative amounts and an aging heat treatment.
  • the alloy is immune to IGA in known aqueous corrosion environments, and highly resistant to corrosion pitting and other generic corrosion mechanisms and has a minimum ultimate tensile strength after solution and age heat treatments of at least about 1100 MPa (160 ksi) and has a Charpy V-notch toughness of at least about 50 ft-lb (69 J).
  • This alloy is characterized by a uniform martensite microstructure with dispersed hardening precipitate phases, including fine copper-rich precipitates, and about 10% by weight or less of reverted austenite, which in combination with certain chemistry and processing requirements yields the desired corrosion resistance, mechanical strength and fracture toughness properties for the alloy.
  • the alloy exhibits an ultimate tensile strength in the solution and aged condition of at least about 160 ksi (about 1100 MPa), and in one embodiment in excess of about 170 ksi (about 1172 MPa), and a Charpy impact toughness of at least about 50 ft-lb (about 69 J), and in one embodiment in excess of about 100 ft-lb (about 138 J).
  • Applicants have discovered that control of the amount of niobium relative to carbon, the Nb/C ratio, at levels that are higher than previously known provides an unexpected benefit in that it makes the alloy increasingly resistant to IGA, and at the highest Nb/C ratios, virtually immune to IGA. For example, from an Nb/C ratio of about 14 to about 17, and even further, from about 14 to about 20, the resistance to IGA steadily improves with increasing amounts of Nb relative to C. Unexpectedly, at Nb/C ratios greater than about 20 up to about 25, the alloy has demonstrated IGA resistance that suggests that the alloy is virtually immune to IGA with regard to the reactant species that are typically encountered during operation of the turbine, including the species that are used in the ASTM tests used to evaluate IGA resistance.
  • amounts greater than 1% up to 1.75%, by weight of the alloy provide a desirable balance of pitting corrosion protection, alloy cost and a reduced propensity for stabilization of undesirable ferrite phases, since Mo is generally more expensive relative to the other major constituents of the alloy and in higher concentrations has an increased propensity for stabilization of undesirable ferrite phases, including delta ferrite.
  • amounts greater than 1% up to 1.50%, by weight of the alloy provide effective pitting corrosion protection and a more desirable alloy cost and further reduced propensity for formation of ferrite phases for the reasons noted.
  • this alloy comprises, by weight: 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium; 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel; 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper; 0.5 to 2.0 percent molybdenum; 0.025 to 0.05 percent carbon; niobium in an amount greater than twenty times to twenty-five times that of carbon, and the balance essentially iron and incidental impurities.
  • incidental impurities include Mn, Si, V, Sn, N, P, S, Al Ag and Pb, generally in controlled amounts of less than about 1% or less by weight of the alloy for any one constituent and less than about 2.32% in any combination; however, the embodiment of the alloy described may include other incidental impurities in amounts which do not materially diminish the alloy properties as described herein, particularly the resistance to intergranular corrosion attack and corrosion pitting, tensile strength, fracture toughness and microstructural morphologies described herein.
  • the incidental impurities may also consist essentially of, by weight, up to 1.0% Mn, up to 1.0% Si, up to 0.1% V, up to 0.1% Sn, up to 0.03 % N, up to 0.025 % P, up to 0.005% S, up to 0.05%Al, up to 0.005% Ag, and up to 0.005% Pb.
  • the general purposes of the alloy constituents and their amounts, as well as the incidental impurities and their amounts are discussed further below.
  • this embodiment of the within the scope of present claims may comprise, by weight: 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium; 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel; 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper; 0.5 to 1.0 percent molybdenum; 0.025 to 0.05 percent carbon; niobium in an amount greater than twenty times to twenty-five times that of carbon, and the balance iron and incidental impurities.
  • incidental impurities also applies equally to this alloy composition.
  • This alloy composition particularly demonstrates improvements in intergranular corrosion attack resistance that can be realized, for example in comparison with the alloy compositions described in the '305 patent, by increasing the Nb/C ratio to more than about 20, and particularly such that the Nb/C ratio is 20 ⁇ Nb/C ⁇ 25, as well as increasing the range of the amount of Mo used, particularly such that Mo is, by weight, 0.5 ⁇ Mo ⁇ 2.0, as described in Table 1.
  • this embodiment of the within the scope of present claims may comprise, by weight: 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium; 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel; 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper; greater than 1.0 to 2.0 percent molybdenum; 0.025 to 0.05 percent carbon; niobium in an amount greater than twenty times to twenty-five times that of carbon, and the balance iron and incidental impurities.
  • the comments made above regarding the incidental impurities also apply equally to this alloy composition.
  • This alloy composition particularly demonstrates improvements in both intergranular corrosion attack and corrosion pitting resistance that can be realized, for example in comparison with the alloy compositions described in the '305 patent, by both increasing the Nb/C ratio to more than about 20, and particularly such that Nb is 20 ⁇ Nb/C ⁇ 25, as well as increasing the amount of Mo to more than 1% by weight, such that Mo is, by weight, 1.0 ⁇ Mo ⁇ 2.0, as described in Table 1.
  • this alloy comprises, by weight, 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium; 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel; 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper; > 1.0 to 2.0 percent molybdenum; 0.025 to 0.05 percent carbon; niobium in an amount of fourteen to twenty times that of carbon; and the balance iron and incidental impurities.
  • This alloy composition particularly demonstrates the improvement in corrosion pitting resistance that can be realized, for example in comparison with the alloy compositions described in the '305 patent, by increasing the amount of Mo to more than about 1% by weight, particularly such that Mo is, by weight, 1.0 ⁇ Mo ⁇ 2.0, as described in Table 1.
  • this embodiment may comprises, by weight: 14.0 to 16.0 percent chromium; 6.0 to 7.0 percent nickel; 1.25 to 1.75 percent copper; >1.0 to 1.75 percent molybdenum; 0.025 to 0.05 percent carbon; niobium in an amount of fourteen to about twenty times that of carbon; and the balance iron and incidental impurities.
  • the comments made above regarding the incidental impurities also apply equally to this alloy composition.
  • This alloy composition particularly demonstrates improved intergranular corrosion attack and corrosion pitting resistance that can be realized, for example in comparison with the alloy compositions described in the '305 patent, by both increasing the Nb/C ratio to the highest end of the range described in the '305 patent to enhance the crevice corrosion performance, and particularly such that the Nb/C ratio is 14 ⁇ Nb/C ⁇ 20, as well as increasing the amount of Mo to improve the pitting corrosion performance to greater than 1.0 to about 1.75%, by weight, particularly such that Mo ranges, by weight, from 1.0 ⁇ Mo ⁇ 1.75 percent, and even more particularly increasing the amount of Mo to improve the pitting corrosion performance to greater than 1.0 to 1.5%, by weight, particularly such that Mo ranges, by weight, from 1.0 ⁇ Mo ⁇ 1.5 percent, as described in Table 1.
  • chromium, nickel, copper, molybdenum, carbon and niobium are required constituents of the stainless steel alloys disclosed herein, and are present in amounts that ensure an essentially martensitic, age-hardened microstructure having about 10 % or less by weight of reverted austenite.
  • copper is critical for forming the copper-rich precipitates required to strengthen the alloy.
  • the alloy compositions disclosed herein employ a very narrow range for carbon content, even more narrow than that disclosed for the Custom 450 alloy, and a range of Nb/C ratios higher than those disclosed for either the Custom 450 alloy or the alloys disclosed in the '305 patent, and a very limited nitrogen content to promote an impact toughness as described herein. More particularly, nitrogen contents above about 0.03 weight percent will have an unacceptable adverse effect on the fracture toughness of the alloys disclosed herein.
  • Carbon is an intentional constituent of the alloys disclosed herein as a key element for achieving strength by a mechanism of solution strengthening in addition to the precipitation strengthening mechanism provided by precipitates.
  • carbon is maintained at impurity-type levels.
  • the limited amount of carbon present in the alloy is stabilized with niobium so as not to form austenite and carefully limit the formation of reverted austenite to the amounts described herein.
  • the relatively high Nb/C ratio is contrary to the teachings of both U.S. Pat. No.
  • niobium contents further impact carbide formation of the other major carbides present in the alloy (e.g., chromium carbides, molybdenum carbides, etc.), and may also influence the precipitation reaction during aging heat treatment, as the Nb/C ratios greater than about 20 have a markedly decreased propensity for sensitization to intergranular corrosion attack associated with the aging temperature of these alloys (i.e., sensitization to intergranular corrosion attack is not a function of aging temperature, or effects related to aging temperature are greatly reduced).
  • the propensity to sensitization of the alloy is a function of aging temperature.
  • tensile strength and fracture toughness including a UTS of at least about 1100 MPa and a Charpy V-notch toughness of at least about 69 J, that are desirable for turbine compressor airfoils and many other applications, can be obtained by aging at a temperature of about 1000°F to about 1100°F, and more particularly about 1020°F to about 1070°F (about 549°C to about 576°C); and even more particularly about 1040°F to about 1060°F (about 560°C to about 571°C), but that in addition IGA resistance is enhanced, such that these alloys are virtually immune to IGA regardless of the aging temperature, as described herein.
  • a desirable microstructural morphology particularly the presence of desirable phases and a desirable phase distribution, is realized, including an essentially martensitic microstructural morphology, with about 10 % or less, by weight of the alloy, of reverted austenite, particularly adjacent to the grain boundaries, following aging heat treatments of about 1020 to about 1070°F (about 549 to about 577°C) for times in the range of about 4 to about 6 hours.
  • Chromium provides the stainless properties for the alloys disclosed herein, and for this reason a minimum chromium content of about 14 weight percent is required for these alloys.
  • chromium is a ferrite former, and is therefore limited to an amount of 16 weight percent in the alloy to avoid delta ferrite.
  • the chromium content of the alloy must also be taken into consideration with the nickel content to ensure that the alloy is essentially martensitic.
  • nickel promotes corrosion resistance and works to balance the martensitic microstructure, but also is an austenite former. The narrow range of 6.0 to 7.0 weight percent nickel serves to obtain the desirable effects of nickel and avoid austenite.
  • molybdenum also promotes the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
  • a relatively narrow range for molybdenum of 0.5-1.0% by weight was specified in the '305 patent, and is currently used in GTD 450 (see Table 1). Therefore, even though the possibility of using up to 2%, and even up to 3% of Mo had been mentioned in the earlier Custom 450 specification ('601 patent), the suitability and affect of using Mo levels above about 1.0% was not known due to the contrary teaching of the '305 patent, and particularly the teaching that the use of Mo in amounts above 1.0% would adversely affect (increase) the formation of delta Mo ferrite, and thus reduce the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
  • the '601 patent encompassed alloys that utilized significantly higher amounts of carbon up to 0.2% max, and a preferred range up to 0.1% max, and did not address by example or otherwise alloy compositions also having in the range of about 0.025% to about 0.050% carbon.
  • This distinction regarding the carbon concentrations in the '601 and '305 patents are important in view of the fact that the interaction of molybdenum and carbon to form molybdenum carbides is believed to play an important role affecting the pitting corrosion pitting resistance of these alloys.
  • Use of Mo contents in the ranges disclosed in the exemplary embodiments of the alloy compositions disclosed herein produce martensitic microstructures that include ferrite in an amount of 2% or less by weight.
  • Forming of a ferrite phase (including delta ferrite) in the martensite base microstructure has a detriment to corrosion resistance of the alloys disclosed herein.
  • the existence of ferrite, including delta ferrite in an amount of 2% or less by weight has a minimal effect on the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of these alloys.
  • Nb and Mo in the amounts described herein may have a propensity to promote segregation in these alloys during solidification due to their high melting points. Such segregation is generally undesirable due to the negative effect of segregation on the phase distributions and alloy microstructure, e.g., a reduced propensity to form the desirable martensitic microstructure and an increased propensity to form ferrite or austenite, or a combination thereof. Therefore, a solution heat treatment is generally employed prior to aging to reduce the propensity for such segregation.
  • Manganese and silicon are not required in the alloy, and vanadium, nitrogen, aluminum, silver, lead, tin, phosphorus and sulfur are all considered to be impurities, and their maximum amounts are to be controlled as described herein.
  • both manganese, an austenite former, and silicon, a ferrite former may be present in the alloy, and when present may be used separately or together at levels sufficient to adjust the balance of ferrite and austenite as disclosed herein along with the other alloy constituents that affect the formation and relative amounts of these phases.
  • Silicon also provides segregation control when melting steels, including the stainless steel alloys disclosed herein.
  • a final important aspect of the alloys disclosed herein is the requirement for a tempering or aging heat treatment.
  • This heat treatment together with the associated cooling of the alloy is the precipitation hardening heat treatment and is responsible for the development the distributed fine precipitation phases, including Cu-rich precipitates, and other aspects of the alloy microstructure that provide the desirable strength, toughness, corrosion resistance and other properties described herein.
  • This heat treatment may be performed at a temperature from about 1000°F to about 1100°F (about 538°C to about 593°C) for a duration of at least about 4 hours, and more particularly for a time ranging from about 4 to about 6 hours. More particularly, an aging temperature in the range from about 1020°F to about 1070°F (about 549°C to about 576°C) may be used.
  • an aging temperature in the range from about 1040°F to about 1060°F (about 560°C to about 571°C) may be used.
  • a tempering temperature of about 990°F to about 1020°F (about 532°C to about 549°C) is preferred to avoid overaging and increased sensitization to intergranular corrosion attack.
  • the stainless steel alloy of this invention can be processed by substantially conventional methods.
  • the alloy may be produced by electric furnace melting with argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) ladle refinement, followed by electro-slag remelting (ESR) of the ingots. Other similar melting practices may also be used.
  • a suitable forming operation may then be employed to produce bar stocks and forgings that have the shape of turbine airfoils.
  • the alloy, including components formed therefrom, is then solution heat treated in the range from about 1850°F to about 1950°F (about 1010°C to about 1066°C) for about one to about two hours, followed by the age heat treatment described above.
  • the age heat treatment may be performed at the temperatures and for the times disclosed herein in ambient or vacuum environments to achieve the desirable mechanical properties and corrosion resistance disclosed herein.
  • the alloys disclosed herein may be used to form turbine airfoil components, including those used for components of industrial gas turbines.
  • a typical turbine airfoil in the form of a turbine compressor blade is well known.
  • a blade has a leading edge, a trailing edge, a tip edge and a blade root, such as a dovetailed root that is adapted for detachable attachment to a turbine disk.
  • the span of a blade extends from the tip edge to the blade root.
  • the surface of the blade comprehended within the span constitutes the airfoil surface of the turbine airfoil.
  • the airfoil surface is that portion of the turbine airfoil that is exposed to the flow path of air from the turbine inlet through the compressor section of the turbine into the combustion chamber and other portions of the turbine.
  • While the alloys disclosed herein are particularly useful for use in turbine airfoils in the form of turbine compressor blades and vanes, they are broadly applicable to all manner of turbine airfoils used in a wide variety of turbine engine components. These include turbine airfoils associated with turbine compressor vanes and nozzles, shrouds, liners and other turbine airfoils, i.e., turbine components having airfoil surfaces such as diaphragm components, seal components, valve stems, nozzle boxes, nozzle plates, or the like.
  • alloys are useful for compressor blades, they can potentially also be used for the turbine components of industrial gas turbines, including blades and vanes, steam turbine buckets and other airfoil components, aircraft engine components, oil and gas machinery components, as well as other applications requiring high tensile strength, fracture toughness and resistance to intergranular and pitting corrosion.
  • a screening design of experiments (DOE) study was performed to assess the effects of alloy chemistry, particularly the Nb/C ratio, and aging temperature on the alloy susceptibility or sensitization to IGA.
  • a group of test specimens having compositions within the ranges disclosed herein and having varying Nb/C ratios, Mo contents and aging temperatures as shown in Table 2 were prepared as described herein and subjected to an intergranular corrosion test in accordance with ASTM A262.
  • the degree of sensitization to IGA was assessed by measuring the lineal percentage of the grain boundaries attacked by intergranular corrosion (ditched boundaries) in the specimens. The results of the test are shown in FIGS.
  • FIGS. 1 , 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D which plot the degree of sensitization as a function of the variables described above to identify main effects in accordance with known DOE methodologies.
  • FIGS. 1 , 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D these results indicate that the Nb/C ratio has a strong effect on the sensitization of these alloys to IGA; and aging temperature has a minor effect on the sensitization of these alloys to IGA.
  • the slope of the curve ( FIG. 1 ) corresponds to the significance of the effect of each variable.
  • the plot reflects the effects of the Nb/C ratio, as described herein, and indicates that increasing the Nb/C ratio decreases the sensitization to IGA.
  • the plot indicates that the alloy compositions with the Nb/C ratio higher than about 17.5 are insensitive to IGA in spite of aging temperature. For lower Nb/C ratios, raising the aging temperature (overaging) increases the sensitization of the alloys to IGA.
  • the degree of sensitization to IGA was assessed by measuring the percentage of the lineal extent of grain boundaries attacked by corrosion (ditched boundaries) in the specimens with reference to the total lineal measurement of the grain boundaries. Per the ASTM test, sensitization is defined as at least one completely ditched grain boundary, i.e., a grain boundary completely surrounded by IGA.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 plot the degree of sensitization as a function of the variables described above to identify main effects in accordance with known DOE methodologies.
  • An analysis of the data from the two DOE studies was performed to show the combined effects of the variables on IGA resistance of the alloy compositions described herein. The result of the analysis is given in FIG. 7 . Referring to FIGS.
  • the results also indicate that increasing the Nb/C ratio decreases the sensitization to IGA, with an Nb/C of about 20 or less having a sensitization (ditched grain boundaries) less than about 5%.
  • the Nb/C ratios higher than about 20, the alloys show immunity to IGA in spite of aging temperature.
  • the Nb/C ratio less than 14 the alloys are susceptible to IGA especially when overaged (having ditched grain boundaries more than about 30%).
  • the Mo content did not show any notable effect on susceptibility of the alloys to IGA.
  • a standard accelerated salt fog test per ASTM G85 A4 was carried out to assess the effect of alloy chemistry, particularly the Mo content and Nb/C ratio, on the alloy corrosion pitting resistance.
  • the degree of resistance to corrosion pitting was assessed by measuring the maximum pitting depth of the specimens after a given time of exposure.
  • the results of the test given in FIGS. 5 , 6A and 6B show the pitting depth growth rate and pitting density comparison as function of the Mo content of the alloy compositions described herein. Referring to FIGS. 5 , 6A , 6B and 8 , the results indicate that increasing the Mo content of the alloy compositions described herein significantly improves the corrosion pitting resistance.
  • the alloy described herein showed better corrosion pitting resistance (the maximum pit depth only about 3.5 mils after about 1992 hours of salt fog exposure and low pitting density after 1440 hours of exposure) than the current version of GTD450 with about 0.62% of Mo content (the maximum pit depth about 34 mils after about 1992 hours of salt fog exposure, and high pitting density after about 480 hours of salt fog exposure).
  • the Nb/C ratio did not show any notable effect on corrosion pitting resistance of the alloy.
  • ranges disclosed herein are inclusive and combinable (e.g., ranges of "up to about 25 weight percent (wt.%), more particularly about 5 wt.% to about 20 wt.% and even more particularly about 10 wt.% to about 15 wt.%” are inclusive of the endpoints and all intermediate values of the ranges, e.g., "about 5 wt.% to about 25 wt.%, about 5 wt.% to about 15 wt.%", etc.).
  • the use of "about” in conjunction with a listing of constituents of an alloy composition is applied to all of the listed constituents.
  • alloy compositions described herein specifically discloses and includes the embodiments wherein the alloy compositions "consist essentially of” the named components (i.e., contain the named components and no other components that significantly adversely affect the basic and novel features disclosed), and embodiments wherein the alloy compositions "consist of” the named components (i.e., contain only the named components except for contaminants which are naturally and inevitably present in each of the named components).

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EP10151738.1A 2009-02-04 2010-01-27 High corrosion resistance precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steel Active EP2224019B1 (en)

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US9005522B2 (en) 2012-08-30 2015-04-14 Jostens, Inc. Silver alloy
KR101521071B1 (ko) * 2012-09-27 2015-05-15 히타치 긴조쿠 가부시키가이샤 석출 강화형 마르텐사이트강 및 그의 제조방법
DE112013007314T5 (de) * 2013-08-08 2016-05-19 General Electric Company Ausscheidungsgehärtete Edelstahllegierungen
ITCO20130067A1 (it) * 2013-12-17 2015-06-18 Nuovo Pignone Srl Girante con elementi di protezione e compressore centrifugo
CN105886949A (zh) * 2016-04-14 2016-08-24 四川六合锻造股份有限公司 一种高性能耐热钢、其制备方法及其应用
CN111575588B (zh) * 2020-06-08 2021-06-22 浦项(张家港)不锈钢股份有限公司 一种马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢及其制备方法与应用
US11788177B2 (en) 2021-04-27 2023-10-17 General Electric Company Precipitation-hardened stainless steel alloys

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JP6001817B2 (ja) 2016-10-05
US20100193088A1 (en) 2010-08-05
JP2010180477A (ja) 2010-08-19
PL2224019T3 (pl) 2017-11-30
CN101892430B (zh) 2016-03-23
EP2224019A1 (en) 2010-09-01
CN101892430A (zh) 2010-11-24
US7985306B2 (en) 2011-07-26

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