EP2194400B1 - A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill - Google Patents

A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP2194400B1
EP2194400B1 EP08170468A EP08170468A EP2194400B1 EP 2194400 B1 EP2194400 B1 EP 2194400B1 EP 08170468 A EP08170468 A EP 08170468A EP 08170468 A EP08170468 A EP 08170468A EP 2194400 B1 EP2194400 B1 EP 2194400B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radar
windmill
surveillance system
blade
range
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP08170468A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2194400A1 (en
Inventor
Willem Andries Hol
Ton Peerdeman
Radmila Erkocevic-Pribic
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales Nederland BV
Original Assignee
Thales Nederland BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to ES08170468T priority Critical patent/ES2374684T3/en
Application filed by Thales Nederland BV filed Critical Thales Nederland BV
Priority to AT08170468T priority patent/ATE534043T1/en
Priority to EP08170468A priority patent/EP2194400B1/en
Priority to CA2745241A priority patent/CA2745241C/en
Priority to BRPI0922352-5A priority patent/BRPI0922352B1/en
Priority to KR1020117012624A priority patent/KR101668888B1/en
Priority to US13/132,500 priority patent/US8860601B2/en
Priority to CN2009801514090A priority patent/CN102265177A/en
Priority to PCT/EP2009/065999 priority patent/WO2010063656A1/en
Publication of EP2194400A1 publication Critical patent/EP2194400A1/en
Priority to IL213203A priority patent/IL213203A/en
Priority to ZA2011/04149A priority patent/ZA201104149B/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2194400B1 publication Critical patent/EP2194400B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/04—Systems determining presence of a target
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/08—Systems for measuring distance only
    • G01S13/32—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
    • G01S13/34—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
    • G01S13/904—SAR modes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
    • G01S13/904—SAR modes
    • G01S13/9088—Circular SAR [CSAR, C-SAR]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/80—Diagnostics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/89—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
    • G01S13/90—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging using synthetic aperture techniques, e.g. synthetic aperture radar [SAR] techniques
    • G01S13/904—SAR modes
    • G01S13/9082—Rotating SAR [ROSAR]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/88—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications
    • G01S13/91—Radar or analogous systems specially adapted for specific applications for traffic control
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill.
  • the invention is more particularly applicable to the domain of surveillance.
  • Some systems ensure surveillance of large air/sea/ground areas in the purpose of detecting objects such as aircrafts, vessels or vehicles, whether they are moving or not. They may basically consist of a network of radar systems. While the existing techniques focus on accurately determining range, i.e. the distance of the detected objects relatively to the radar, it is a remaining issue to better estimate the distance between the detected objects, so-called "cross-range”. Indeed, the existing surveillance systems provide quite a low cross-range resolution.
  • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) techniques have been used in the past in an attempt to estimate the cross-range between static objects for imaging of large ground areas by use of moving radars.
  • the so-called “swath” is the area in which the cross-range between two objects can be estimated.
  • Klausing and Keydel disclosed a rotating SAR (ROSAR) mounted on the rotating wings of a helicopter for imaging the ground (" Feasibility of SAR with rotating antennas", 1990, IEEE International Radar Conference, pp.51-56 ).
  • the swath is a ring-shaped area illuminated by the radar beam if the helicopter flies a stationary position.
  • Klausing and Keydel also disclose an algorithm adapted to the ring-shaped swath.
  • a major drawback is that it is difficult to fly a helicopter at a true stationary location.
  • Soumekh disclosed a circular SAR (CSAR) mounted under an airplane flying a circle for imaging the ground (" Reconnaissance with Slant Plane Circular SAR Imaging", 1996, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, V5/no8, pp.1252-1265 ).
  • the swath is a disc-shaped area illuminated by the radar beam if the airplane always flies the same circle.
  • Soumekh also discloses an algorithm adapted to the disc-shaped swath.
  • a major drawback is that it is difficult to fly a true circle at a constant altitude and speed.
  • the present invention basically proposes to mount a SAR antenna on a windmill blade, below called “windmill-SAR” according to the invention, so as to improve the cross-range resolution in azimuth and elevation between air, ground and sea targets.
  • windmill-SAR a windmill blade
  • the invention proposes a surveillance system for detecting targets, the system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill.
  • the system may comprise means to apply a synthetic aperture radar technique when the blade rotates, the swath of the so-formed synthetic aperture radar being a circle in a vertical plane.
  • the radar may be a Frequency Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar or a pulse radar pulsing a linear chirp.
  • FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous-Wave
  • pulse radar pulsing a linear chirp
  • the phase of the received echo when the waveform is reflected by the targets in the vicinity of the swath may form a Green's function
  • the system comprising means to apply an ⁇ -k algorithm with Fourier transform of the Green's function, so as to establish a cross-range image containing the targets and estimate azimuth and elevation from the antenna to each target.
  • the system may comprise means to calculate, based on azimuth and elevation to each target, the cross-range between targets.
  • a radar antenna may be mounted on each blade of the windmill or on each blade of each windmill of a windmill farm or may be mounted on each blade of each windmill located at an edge of the windmill farm.
  • an advantage provided by the present invention is that it makes it possible to easily build a permanent and very large area surveillance system, based on the number of existing windmill farms.
  • the observed area can expand at the same high rate as the number of windmill farms.
  • the swath is vertical, thus enabling to estimate cross-range between targets separated in the vertical dimension, while almost simultaneously enabling to estimate the horizontal range from the windmill to the targets by virtue of a normal "non-SAR" processing.
  • Enhanced cross-range between targets also means improving the target classification.
  • the figure 1 schematically illustrates the geometry of an examplary windmill-SAR according to the invention.
  • the knowledge of the relative target-antenna motion is essential in the SAR techniques. However, it can be a priori unknown or poorly determined especially with non-cooperating targets.
  • the antenna motion is known and can be used to improve the resolution, especially in azimuth and elevation.
  • the SAR technique can improve the cross-range resolution because the received signal reveals both azimuth and elevation cross-ranges.
  • a single antenna 1 may be mounted on a single blade 2 of a windmill.
  • L being the length of the blade and the rotation axis of the windmill blades being at (0,0,0)
  • the antenna 1 rotates with a radial speed ⁇ in a vertical x-z plane from (0,0,L) to (Lsin ⁇ t,0,Lcos ⁇ t) at time t.
  • a target 3 translates with a constant speed v in any direction from an initial position T(x 0 ,y 0 ,z 0 ) located at azimuth ⁇ , elevation ⁇ and range R from (0,0,0). It is located at slant range r(t) from the antenna 1 at time t.
  • a disc-shaped swath S may be illuminated when the blade 2 rotates.
  • the geometry of this exemplary SAR system according to the invention enables establishing a cross-range image p(x,z) containing the target 3 as well as other targets 4, 5, 6 and 7 in the swath S.
  • the cross-range image p(x,z) can be established from the measurements of a received radio-frequency (RF) signal S r,RF (t), based on the Fourier properties of a Green's function in the polar coordinates for example.
  • S RF (t) is a transmitted signal
  • its echo S r,RF (t) from an object/area with the reflectivity function ⁇ (x,z) in the cross-range plane x-z at slant range r(t) contains the initial cross-ranges (x 0 , z 0 ).
  • the estimation of the reflectivity function ⁇ (x,z) at these initial positions may be feasible with agreeable resolution based on an algorithm known mostly as ⁇ -k algorithm that uses no approximation in the range r(t).
  • the figure 2 schematically illustrates an exemplary block scheme according to the invention, implemented as a software in a pulse radar with Pulse Compression (PC) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
  • FMCW radar with down-conversion by the whole transmitted sweep may also be applicable.
  • the waveform may be chosen to be a linear chirp.
  • the received RF signal S r,RF (t) is down-converted into a signal S r (t) by a main carrier f c .
  • PC processing may be applied to the signal S r (t) to estimate range r(t)
  • FFT processing may be applied to estimate Doppler.
  • phase of the received signal S r,RF (t) that contains the slant range r(t) may be typical of a Green's function.
  • the function itself and its Fourier transform are circularly symmetric functions what enables a separation of the contributions from the cross-range (x,z) from the contributions from the ground range y.
  • This algorithm is based on the principles of those SAR algorithms known mostly as ⁇ -k algorithm but also called range-migration algorithm or wavefront reconstruction. Such SAR algorithms make no approximations in the range r(t), but uses the whole phase of the received signal.
  • an antenna may be mounted on each blade of the windmill.
  • an ultimate radar network may be built from a windmill farm, with an antenna being mounted on each blade of each windmill of the farm. So as to limit possible interferences, antennas may be mounted only on blades of windmills located at an edge of the farm.
  • a further advantage provided by the present invention in any of its aspects is that it is a cost effective solution. It does not require particular means to control the rotation speed of the blades, which are already regulated at a constant speed. Only antennas have to be mounted on the blades, not a whole radar system. Thus, the emitter, the receiver and the processing units can be housed in the base of the windmill. Moreover, when the wind is not strong enough to drive the blades in rotation, multiple antennas mounted on the blades of a windmill can be used to apply a data-fusion technique, such as e.g. interferometry. Finally, it should not be underestimated that it is a green solution, which does not require consuming lots of fuel to fly airplanes or helicopters.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)

Abstract

There is disclosed a surveillance system for detecting targets. The system comprises a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill. Application : surveillance systems

Description

  • The present invention relates to a surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill. The invention is more particularly applicable to the domain of surveillance.
  • Some systems ensure surveillance of large air/sea/ground areas in the purpose of detecting objects such as aircrafts, vessels or vehicles, whether they are moving or not. They may basically consist of a network of radar systems. While the existing techniques focus on accurately determining range, i.e. the distance of the detected objects relatively to the radar, it is a remaining issue to better estimate the distance between the detected objects, so-called "cross-range". Indeed, the existing surveillance systems provide quite a low cross-range resolution.
  • Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) techniques have been used in the past in an attempt to estimate the cross-range between static objects for imaging of large ground areas by use of moving radars. In these techniques, the so-called "swath" is the area in which the cross-range between two objects can be estimated.
  • Klausing and Keydel disclosed a rotating SAR (ROSAR) mounted on the rotating wings of a helicopter for imaging the ground ("Feasibility of SAR with rotating antennas", 1990, IEEE International Radar Conference, pp.51-56). In Klausing and Keydel, the swath is a ring-shaped area illuminated by the radar beam if the helicopter flies a stationary position. Klausing and Keydel also disclose an algorithm adapted to the ring-shaped swath. A major drawback is that it is difficult to fly a helicopter at a true stationary location.
  • Soumekh disclosed a circular SAR (CSAR) mounted under an airplane flying a circle for imaging the ground ("Reconnaissance with Slant Plane Circular SAR Imaging", 1996, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, V5/no8, pp.1252-1265). In Soumekh, the swath is a disc-shaped area illuminated by the radar beam if the airplane always flies the same circle. Soumekh also discloses an algorithm adapted to the disc-shaped swath. A major drawback is that it is difficult to fly a true circle at a constant altitude and speed.
  • Unfortunately, neither of these existing solutions is adapted to ensure surveillance of a large area, nor adapted to provide a permanent surveillance, nor adapted to accurately estimate cross-range between objects separated in the vertical dimension, such as aircrafts.
  • The patent application US 2008/0260531 A1 discloses a method for regulating a wind energy installation.
  • It is an aim of the present invention to provide a surveillance system adapted to large air/sea/ground areas with high cross-range resolution, which may be used to overcome at least some of the drawbacks described above. Thus, the present invention basically proposes to mount a SAR antenna on a windmill blade, below called "windmill-SAR" according to the invention, so as to improve the cross-range resolution in azimuth and elevation between air, ground and sea targets. This is motivated by a growing number of windmills together with their convenient heights and known circular motion. Another reason is that windmills are available in these areas that need reconnaissance and surveillance in security and/or military applications. At its most general, the invention proposes a surveillance system for detecting targets, the system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill.
  • In a preferred embodiment, the system may comprise means to apply a synthetic aperture radar technique when the blade rotates, the swath of the so-formed synthetic aperture radar being a circle in a vertical plane.
  • For example, the radar may be a Frequency Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar or a pulse radar pulsing a linear chirp.
  • Advantageously, the phase of the received echo when the waveform is reflected by the targets in the vicinity of the swath may form a Green's function, the system comprising means to apply an ω-k algorithm with Fourier transform of the Green's function, so as to establish a cross-range image containing the targets and estimate azimuth and elevation from the antenna to each target. The system may comprise means to calculate, based on azimuth and elevation to each target, the cross-range between targets.
  • Advantageously, a radar antenna may be mounted on each blade of the windmill or on each blade of each windmill of a windmill farm or may be mounted on each blade of each windmill located at an edge of the windmill farm.
  • Thus, an advantage provided by the present invention is that it makes it possible to easily build a permanent and very large area surveillance system, based on the number of existing windmill farms. The observed area can expand at the same high rate as the number of windmill farms. Moreover, the swath is vertical, thus enabling to estimate cross-range between targets separated in the vertical dimension, while almost simultaneously enabling to estimate the horizontal range from the windmill to the targets by virtue of a normal "non-SAR" processing. Enhanced cross-range between targets also means improving the target classification.
  • Non-limiting examples of the invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which :
    • the figure 1 schematically illustrates the geometry of an examplary SAR radar according to the invention;
    • figure 2 schematically illustrates an exemplary block scheme according to the invention implemented in a pulse radar.
  • In the figures, like reference signs are assigned to like items.
  • The figure 1 schematically illustrates the geometry of an examplary windmill-SAR according to the invention. The knowledge of the relative target-antenna motion is essential in the SAR techniques. However, it can be a priori unknown or poorly determined especially with non-cooperating targets. In such a radar system according to the invention, the antenna motion is known and can be used to improve the resolution, especially in azimuth and elevation. Thus, the SAR technique can improve the cross-range resolution because the received signal reveals both azimuth and elevation cross-ranges.
  • In this first embodiment, a single antenna 1 may be mounted on a single blade 2 of a windmill. L being the length of the blade and the rotation axis of the windmill blades being at (0,0,0), the antenna 1 rotates with a radial speed Ω in a vertical x-z plane from (0,0,L) to (LsinΩt,0,LcosΩt) at time t. A target 3 translates with a constant speed v in any direction from an initial position T(x0,y0,z0) located at azimuth ϕ, elevation Φ and range R from (0,0,0). It is located at slant range r(t) from the antenna 1 at time t. At the range of the target, a disc-shaped swath S may be illuminated when the blade 2 rotates. As detailed below, the geometry of this exemplary SAR system according to the invention enables establishing a cross-range image p(x,z) containing the target 3 as well as other targets 4, 5, 6 and 7 in the swath S. Advantageously, the cross-range image p(x,z) can be established from the measurements of a received radio-frequency (RF) signal Sr,RF(t), based on the Fourier properties of a Green's function in the polar coordinates for example. Indeed, if SRF(t) is a transmitted signal, its echo Sr,RF(t) from an object/area with the reflectivity function ρ(x,z) in the cross-range plane x-z at slant range r(t) contains the initial cross-ranges (x0, z0). The estimation of the reflectivity function ρ(x,z) at these initial positions may be feasible with agreeable resolution based on an algorithm known mostly as ω-k algorithm that uses no approximation in the range r(t).
  • The figure 2 schematically illustrates an exemplary block scheme according to the invention, implemented as a software in a pulse radar with Pulse Compression (PC) and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). FMCW radar with down-conversion by the whole transmitted sweep may also be applicable. For example, in pulse radar, the waveform may be chosen to be a linear chirp. In a first step, the received RF signal Sr,RF(t) is down-converted into a signal Sr(t) by a main carrier fc. Then PC processing may be applied to the signal Sr(t) to estimate range r(t) and FFT processing may be applied to estimate Doppler. For improved azimuth and elevation resolution, this basic radar signal processing can advantageously be extended with a windmill-SAR processing according to the invention. Indeed, the phase of the received signal Sr,RF(t) that contains the slant range r(t) may be typical of a Green's function. The function itself and its Fourier transform are circularly symmetric functions what enables a separation of the contributions from the cross-range (x,z) from the contributions from the ground range y. This algorithm is based on the principles of those SAR algorithms known mostly as ω-k algorithm but also called range-migration algorithm or wavefront reconstruction. Such SAR algorithms make no approximations in the range r(t), but uses the whole phase of the received signal.
  • In a further embodiment, an antenna may be mounted on each blade of the windmill.
  • In yet another embodiment, an ultimate radar network may be built from a windmill farm, with an antenna being mounted on each blade of each windmill of the farm. So as to limit possible interferences, antennas may be mounted only on blades of windmills located at an edge of the farm.
  • A further advantage provided by the present invention in any of its aspects is that it is a cost effective solution. It does not require particular means to control the rotation speed of the blades, which are already regulated at a constant speed. Only antennas have to be mounted on the blades, not a whole radar system. Thus, the emitter, the receiver and the processing units can be housed in the base of the windmill. Moreover, when the wind is not strong enough to drive the blades in rotation, multiple antennas mounted on the blades of a windmill can be used to apply a data-fusion technique, such as e.g. interferometry. Finally, it should not be underestimated that it is a green solution, which does not require consuming lots of fuel to fly airplanes or helicopters.

Claims (9)

  1. A surveillance system for detecting targets (3, 4, 5, 6, 7), the system comprising a radar antenna (1) mounted on a blade (2) of a windmill, the system being characterized in that it comprises means to apply a synthetic aperture radar technique when the blade (2) rotates, the swath (S) of the so-formed synthetic aperture radar being disc-shaped in a vertical plane.
  2. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the radar is a pulse radar.
  3. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that the radar is a Frequency Modulated Continuous-Wave radar.
  4. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 2, characterized in that the waveform pulsed by the radar is a linear chirp.
  5. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 4, characterized in that it comprises means to apply an ω-k algorithm with Fourier transform of a Green's function, so as to establish a cross-range image (p(x,z)) containing the targets (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and estimate azimuth and elevation from the antenna (1) to each target.
  6. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 5, characterized in that it comprises means to calculate, based on azimuth and elevation to each target, the cross-range between targets (3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
  7. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that a radar antenna is mounted on each blade of the windmill.
  8. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that a radar antenna is mounted on each blade of each windmill of a windmill farm.
  9. A surveillance system as claimed in Claim 1, characterized in that a radar antenna is mounted on each blade of each windmill located at an edge of a windmill farm.
EP08170468A 2008-12-02 2008-12-02 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill Active EP2194400B1 (en)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT08170468T ATE534043T1 (en) 2008-12-02 2008-12-02 MONITORING SYSTEM WITH A RADAR ANTENNA MOUNTED ON THE WING OF A WINDMILL
EP08170468A EP2194400B1 (en) 2008-12-02 2008-12-02 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
ES08170468T ES2374684T3 (en) 2008-12-02 2008-12-02 A SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES A RADAR ANTENNA MOUNTED ON AN AEROGENERATOR ASPA.
BRPI0922352-5A BRPI0922352B1 (en) 2008-12-02 2009-11-27 SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR TARGET DETECTION UNDERSTANDING A RADAR ANTENNA MOUNTED ON A WINDMILL'S BLADE
KR1020117012624A KR101668888B1 (en) 2008-12-02 2009-11-27 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
US13/132,500 US8860601B2 (en) 2008-12-02 2009-11-27 Surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
CA2745241A CA2745241C (en) 2008-12-02 2009-11-27 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
CN2009801514090A CN102265177A (en) 2008-12-02 2009-11-27 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
PCT/EP2009/065999 WO2010063656A1 (en) 2008-12-02 2009-11-27 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
IL213203A IL213203A (en) 2008-12-02 2011-05-29 Surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
ZA2011/04149A ZA201104149B (en) 2008-12-02 2011-06-03 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08170468A EP2194400B1 (en) 2008-12-02 2008-12-02 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2194400A1 EP2194400A1 (en) 2010-06-09
EP2194400B1 true EP2194400B1 (en) 2011-11-16

Family

ID=40602633

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08170468A Active EP2194400B1 (en) 2008-12-02 2008-12-02 A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US8860601B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2194400B1 (en)
KR (1) KR101668888B1 (en)
CN (1) CN102265177A (en)
AT (1) ATE534043T1 (en)
BR (1) BRPI0922352B1 (en)
CA (1) CA2745241C (en)
ES (1) ES2374684T3 (en)
IL (1) IL213203A (en)
WO (1) WO2010063656A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA201104149B (en)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2939902A1 (en) * 2008-12-16 2010-06-18 Henri Pierre Roche BIRD DETECTION SYSTEM AND AUTOMATED STOP OF INDUSTRIAL WIND TURBINE
ATE543106T1 (en) * 2009-08-31 2012-02-15 Thales Nederland Bv SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR DETECTING TARGET WITH HIGH CROSS SECTION RESOLUTION BETWEEN TARGET
KR101697070B1 (en) * 2010-09-23 2017-01-17 인스티튜트 퓌어 룬트퐁크테크닉 게엠베하 Wind turbine with electromagnetic wave transmission system
NZ608950A (en) * 2010-10-19 2014-08-29 Renewable Energy Systems Americas Inc Systems and methods for avian mitigation for wind farms
US8120522B2 (en) * 2010-11-30 2012-02-21 General Electric Company System and method for inspecting a wind turbine blade
ES2665985T3 (en) * 2011-10-10 2018-04-30 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Radar atmospheric time detection for a wind turbine
US20150010399A1 (en) * 2012-01-31 2015-01-08 Birdsvision Ltd. Method and system for detection and deterrence of flying animals and prevention of collisions with wind turbines
US9128184B1 (en) * 2013-03-14 2015-09-08 Lockheed Martin Corporation Radar wind turbine
ITUB20152527A1 (en) * 2015-07-27 2017-01-27 Univ Degli Studi Di Firenze INTERFEROMETRIC RADAR WITH SYNTHETIC OPENING AND SLIDING ANTENNA ON A ROTATING ARM.
ITUB20152526A1 (en) * 2015-07-27 2017-01-27 Univ Degli Studi Di Firenze INTERFEROMETRIC RADAR WITH LINEAR POLARIZATION ANTENNA
DE102015118028A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 Quantec Grund GmbH & Co. KG Monitoring low-flying aircraft
CN108761446A (en) * 2018-04-09 2018-11-06 中国科学院电子学研究所 The modeling method of frequency stepping Ground Penetrating Radar
EP3626965A1 (en) * 2018-09-21 2020-03-25 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S Object position and/or speed and/or size and/or direction detection device for a wind turbine
US11402483B2 (en) * 2019-01-07 2022-08-02 Niiva OpCo, LLC Systems and methods to detect motion on sloped surfaces
EP3719306A1 (en) * 2019-04-01 2020-10-07 Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy A/S Wind turbine with tower deflection detection

Family Cites Families (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3922086C1 (en) * 1989-07-05 1990-10-18 Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm Gmbh, 8012 Ottobrunn, De
US5093649A (en) * 1990-08-28 1992-03-03 The Boeing Company Bessel beam radar system using sequential spatial modulation
DE19528613C2 (en) * 1995-08-04 1998-07-02 Daimler Benz Aerospace Ag Movement error compensation device for a radar with synthetic aperture based on rotating antennas (ROSA) for helicopters
JPH1089235A (en) * 1996-07-23 1998-04-07 Konno Tekkosho:Kk Pitch angle control device for blade for windmill for wind force generation
JP2002152975A (en) 2000-11-10 2002-05-24 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd Wind mill power generating system
DE60117065T2 (en) * 2001-03-15 2006-08-17 Eads Astrium Gmbh Side view radar system with synthetic aperture
DE10153403B4 (en) * 2001-11-01 2013-07-18 Aloys Wobben wind farm
US6781540B1 (en) * 2003-02-21 2004-08-24 Harris Corporation Radar system having multi-platform, multi-frequency and multi-polarization features and related methods
JP4774689B2 (en) * 2004-06-24 2011-09-14 三菱マテリアル株式会社 Claw mechanism for throw-away tip
JP4626266B2 (en) * 2004-10-28 2011-02-02 東京電力株式会社 Wind turbine generator, wind turbine generator control method, and computer program
DE102005046860A1 (en) 2005-09-29 2007-04-05 Daubner & Stommel GbR Bau-Werk-Planung (vertretungsberechtigter Gesellschafter: Matthias Stommel, 27777 Ganderkesee) Wind energy plant operating method, involves adjusting operating parameter of plant e.g. wind incidence angle of rotor blade of rotor, based on signal generated by detection device in monitored area during entry of flying object
CN100523865C (en) * 2005-12-28 2009-08-05 中国科学院电子学研究所 Range multi-aperture wide-swath synthetic aperture radar design method
DE102006006962A1 (en) * 2006-02-14 2007-08-16 Smiths Heimann Gmbh Method and device for the high-resolution imaging of test objects by means of electromagnetic waves, in particular for checking persons for suspicious objects
DE102007004027A1 (en) * 2007-01-22 2008-07-24 Daubner & Stommel GbR Bau-Werk-Planung (vertretungsberechtigter Gesellschafter: Matthias Stommel, 27777 Ganderkesee) Wind energy plant, has detection mechanism designed such that signal is produced during intrusion of flying object, where mechanism has detector with transmitter and/or receiver arranged in rotor head, and spinner concealed adjacent to hub
GB0710209D0 (en) * 2007-05-29 2007-07-04 Cambridge Consultants Radar system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2374684T3 (en) 2012-02-21
US20110285581A1 (en) 2011-11-24
CA2745241A1 (en) 2010-06-10
BRPI0922352A2 (en) 2016-01-12
ZA201104149B (en) 2012-02-29
ATE534043T1 (en) 2011-12-15
IL213203A0 (en) 2011-07-31
WO2010063656A1 (en) 2010-06-10
IL213203A (en) 2015-10-29
KR20110099235A (en) 2011-09-07
US8860601B2 (en) 2014-10-14
BRPI0922352B1 (en) 2020-10-06
CN102265177A (en) 2011-11-30
KR101668888B1 (en) 2016-10-24
EP2194400A1 (en) 2010-06-09
CA2745241C (en) 2017-06-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP2194400B1 (en) A surveillance system comprising a radar antenna mounted on a blade of a windmill
Jian et al. Drone detection and tracking based on phase-interferometric Doppler radar
US20220413121A1 (en) Radar based system and method for detection of an object and generation of plots holding radial velocity data, and system for detection and classification of unmanned aerial vehicles, uavs
De Quevedo et al. Drone detection with X-band ubiquitous radar
Ezuma et al. Micro-UAV detection with a low-grazing angle millimeter wave radar
CN103210319B (en) Radar system
USRE45999E1 (en) Device and method for 3D height-finding avian radar
US8330643B2 (en) Surveillance system for detecting targets with high cross-range resolution between targets
Heckenbach et al. Passive radar based control of wind turbine collision warning for air traffic PARASOL
CN110286373A (en) It is a kind of complexity weather conditions under FOD radar precipitation clutter suppressing method
Rahman et al. FAROS-E: A compact and low-cost millimeter wave surveillance radar for real time drone detection and classification
CN110286372A (en) The FOD radar weak target detection method of virtual array MIMO when a kind of empty
Vorobev et al. Experimental DVB-T2 passive radar signatures of small UAVs
CN113406639A (en) FOD detection method, system and medium based on vehicle-mounted mobile radar
Pan et al. Rotational micro-motion modulated jamming for countering ISAR based on intermittent sampling repeater
Lee et al. Enhanced ISAR imaging for surveillance of multiple drones in urban areas
de Quevedo et al. X-band ubiquitous radar system: First experimental results
DK179788B1 (en) Frequency modulated continuous wave radar based system for detection of an object and generation of plots holding radial velocity data
Lee et al. Identification of a flying multi-rotor platform by high resolution ISAR through an experimental analysis
Gong et al. Comparison of Two Typical Drone Detection Radar Systems with Different Radar Dwell Time
de Quevedo et al. Remotely piloted aircraft detection with persistent radar
Wu et al. Experimental Study on Micro-Doppler Effect and Micro-Motion Characteristics of aerial targets based on holographic staring Radar
Khawaja et al. A Survey on Detection, Tracking, and Classification of Aerial Threats using Radars and Communications Systems
Xu et al. Target detection based on a rotary table-mounted synthetic aperture radar system
Rodriguez-Cassola et al. Spaceborne to UAV bistatic radar system for high-resolution imaging and autonomous navigation

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20091218

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL BA MK RS

TPAC Observations filed by third parties

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNTIPA

AKX Designation fees paid

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

GRAC Information related to communication of intention to grant a patent modified

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSCIGR1

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL NO PL PT RO SE SI SK TR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: FG4D

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: FG4D

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R096

Ref document number: 602008011393

Country of ref document: DE

Effective date: 20120126

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: NL

Ref legal event code: T3

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2374684

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

Effective date: 20120221

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: SE

Ref legal event code: TRGR

LTIE Lt: invalidation of european patent or patent extension

Effective date: 20111116

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IS

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20120316

Ref country code: NO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20120216

Ref country code: LT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: HR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: SI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: LV

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: PT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20120316

Ref country code: GR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20120217

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: PL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CY

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: SK

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: BG

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20120216

Ref country code: EE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: CZ

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: MC

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20111231

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: RO

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: AT

Ref legal event code: MK05

Ref document number: 534043

Country of ref document: AT

Kind code of ref document: T

Effective date: 20111116

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: IE

Ref legal event code: MM4A

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20120817

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20111202

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R097

Ref document number: 602008011393

Country of ref document: DE

Effective date: 20120817

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: MT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20111202

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: TR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20121231

Ref country code: HU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 20111116

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20121231

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 8

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 9

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 10

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 20221130

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 20221123

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20221129

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20221117

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20221122

Year of fee payment: 15

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20221116

Year of fee payment: 15

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20230113

Year of fee payment: 15

P01 Opt-out of the competence of the unified patent court (upc) registered

Effective date: 20230517