EP2154529B1 - Method for evaluating gas sensor signals - Google Patents

Method for evaluating gas sensor signals Download PDF

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EP2154529B1
EP2154529B1 EP09008057.3A EP09008057A EP2154529B1 EP 2154529 B1 EP2154529 B1 EP 2154529B1 EP 09008057 A EP09008057 A EP 09008057A EP 2154529 B1 EP2154529 B1 EP 2154529B1
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smoothed
values
value
smoothing
measured values
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Thilo Lacoste
Martin Weidner
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Hekatron Vertriebs GmbH
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0062General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the measuring method or the display, e.g. intermittent measurement or digital display
    • G01N33/0063General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the measuring method or the display, e.g. intermittent measurement or digital display using a threshold to release an alarm or displaying means

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  • the invention relates to a method for evaluating signals of a measuring device which has at least one gas sensor and a signal processing device which processes the measured values of the at least one gas sensor. Moreover, the invention relates to a device with which the method can be carried out and the use of such a device in a danger detector.
  • sensors in hazard detectors for example in fire detectors to identify a potential hazard, for example, when changing the concentration of one or more target gases
  • gas sensors with an optimized power consumption can show an indefinite in size and direction, continuous drift even without the action of a target gas, which makes an absolute measurement of the gas concentration, without a suitable compensation for the cause of the drift, impossible due to lack of zero reference.
  • the signal changes derivative of the signal
  • the speed of a signal change can be used as an alarming criterion.
  • the difference between the current signal value and a time-lagged signal value would have to be determined in the signal processing device.
  • the time interval between these two measured values should be small, for example in the order of seconds. It may be due to a strong Noise of some sensors and the associated strong fluctuations of the sensor signal, however, lead to extremely fluctuating difference values and thus fluctuating slope or derivative values, which would be unsuitable as an alarming criterion. Likewise, it does not seem possible at first to capture the absolute changes in the measurement of interest.
  • This method uses a smoothing factor ⁇ to determine the influence of older data values on the current value.
  • the smoothed value follows the original value with a time interval when the trend changes. Nevertheless, in order to be able to recognize trends promptly, a second exponential smoothing (exponential smoothing of the second order) of the simply smoothed values as well as a balancing of the two values of first and second order with each other are carried out.
  • the new data value ⁇ t contains significantly fewer fluctuations than the raw data, but follows trend changes quickly.
  • W t is a measure of the absolute change.
  • the highly smoothed value y ⁇ t l follows the weakly smoothed value y ⁇ t k with a time interval; this distance is again determined by the smoothing factors.
  • the smoothing factors ⁇ k for the weak smoothing and ⁇ l for the strong smoothing correspond to short and long time intervals, respectively, with smoothing by moving averaging. Thus, without the storage and averaging of many intermediate values, both a long-term and a short-term trend can be determined.
  • Typical fires are characterized by a rapid signal increase (large amounts of short-term slope Y t k ) and a large absolute change (large amounts of the absolute change W t and ⁇ y abs, respectively).
  • very slow fires are conceivable in which, despite a high absolute change only low amounts of Y t k be achieved.
  • fires with a rapid increase, but in which only low absolute values are achieved should not be completely ignored. Therefore, it is not necessary to evaluate only a single signal for hazard detection.
  • several of the smoothed signals can also be used for hazard detection y ⁇ t k . y ⁇ t l .
  • ⁇ ⁇ y t Section be evaluated for example by means of a fuzzy logic, a rule-based analysis or a combination of the signals.
  • a plurality of signals, also derived signals can be combined by means of a linear combination or an average value of both slopes into a single value X t as a measure of the trend, which can then be compared with a threshold value.
  • the described method thus achieves the stated object since the memory requirement and the computing time have been minimized in the determination of long and short-term trends of sensor signals.
  • the long-term trend it is also possible to evaluate absolute changes in the gas concentration for the alarm despite the signal drift.
  • the smoothing factor can be adjusted in order, for example, to return the long-term trend to rest more quickly after the alarm has been triggered.
  • the different smoothing of the measured values of gas sensors can be carried out essentially simultaneously in a preferred variant of the method.
  • a longer-term recording of measured values with the sensors also allows, in an expedient variant of the method, to identify a drift-conditioned signal change and to subtract it from the original or smoothed values and thus to obtain a drift-compensated signal.
  • the object is also achieved by a device for detecting changes in concentration of at least one target gas with a measuring device having at least one gas sensor, and with a signal processing device which is adapted to carry out the method according to one of the preceding claims, with the advantages already set out above ,
  • Particularly suitable for carrying out the method here is an embodiment of the device with at least one microcontroller as the signal processing device, since in the calculation of smoothed values and trends only two old data values have to be stored in the memory due to the process and are practically useful in the method due to the quick and low-cost calculation at any time and in a timely manner to calculated, current values can be accessed.
  • the measuring device In order to detect different types of firing, in a development of the device the measuring device is provided with a plurality of gas sensors responsive to different target gases, for the measured values of which the abovementioned calculations can likewise be carried out completely.
  • the measuring device may be provided with further sensors for detecting smoke, the temperature, the humidity or the like physical parameters, whose values for one or more further evaluation criteria of a dangerous situation z. B. can be used by means of a Brandkennuccnmuster joined.
  • a particularly expedient use of a device described above is the use in a hazard detector, in particular a fire detector, which use also solves the problem initially posed.
  • the method is described in more detail below with reference to a single drawing figure which shows a diagram with measured and smoothed values and trend calculations.
  • the diagram shows the course of various signals of a gas sensor before a fire, during a fire and in the phase after a fire.
  • the diagram of the figure shows a coordinate system in which different ordinates are plotted over an abscissa forming a time axis.
  • the time axis here has a second scale, while both the signal plotted in the left ordinate of a sensor and the calculated as a right ordinate, calculated trend in arbitrary units are shown.
  • the curves labeled 1, 2 and 3 are assigned to the left ordinate with the plot of the signal height, the curve denoted by 1 showing the strongly fluctuating original measured values y t (1) which are unsuitable for evaluation and trend determination are.
  • the "upper" two curves 4 and 5 of the illustration of the drawing figure refer to the right ordinate and reflect different trends in the measurements.
  • the curve 5 describes the short-term trend Y t k (5) the measured values.
  • the figure shows in the range of 0s to about 1000s a typical course of the signals of a drifting sensor without the presence of the size to be measured, a combustion gas such. As CO, H 2 or NO x . It can clearly be seen that signals 1, 2 and 3 have a clear downward trend. Nevertheless, the curve of the absolute change (4) settles to a value> -100.
  • the curve 4 takes the absolute change, here as the difference from the values y ⁇ t l (3) and y ⁇ t k (2), quickly reaches a value of -1000 units and falls below an alarm threshold, not shown, of z. Eg -600 units. After about 1500 seconds, the fire is extinguished and a recovery phase sets in, in which the measured values y t (1) increase again on average. However, the absolute change (4) only reaches values of ⁇ 200 units. This behavior of the measured values y t (1) corresponds quite well to the normal behavior even without an existing target gas. It should also be noted here that the entire value range of the measured values (1) shown in the diagram can only be achieved by the sensor drift during normal operation of the sensor without existing target gas.
  • the method described thus offers the possibility of distinguishing between a normal signal drift and real danger events with little effort by using a double exponential smoothing with a suitable choice of the smoothing parameters ⁇ k and ⁇ l and additionally it is also possible with a known functional relationship between a sensor drift and its cause to dispense with additional sensors for compensation.
  • the invention thus relates to a method for evaluating signals of a measuring device which has at least one gas sensor and a signal processing device which processes the measured values y t of the at least one gas sensor.
  • a multiple smoothing in particular an exponential smoothing, is applied to the measured values y t detected by the at least one sensor.
  • W t for the absolute change of the smoothed measured values ⁇ t is obtained.
  • the invention relates to a device by means of which such a method can be carried out and the use of such a device in a danger detector.

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Abstract

The method involves recording a measured value in a predetermined time interval by a measuring device, where the value is transferred to a signal processing device for processing the value. The value is collected at a point of time at a course of next time interval, and an exponential smoothing procedure is applied on the value for detection of a smoothed value of orders. Value of the smoothing is allocated by a linear combination to smooth measured value. The value collection and allocation of the smooth measured value are repeated for the point of time of the measured value. An independent claim is also included for a device for evaluating a signal of a measuring device, comprising a signal processing device.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Auswertung von Signalen einer Messeinrichtung, die wenigstens einen Gassensor und eine Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung aufweist, welche die Messwerte des wenigstens einen Gassensors verarbeitet. Außerdem betrifft die Erfindung eine Vorrichtung mit welcher das Verfahren ausgeführt werden kann sowie die Verwendung einer solchen Vorrichtung in einem Gefahrenmelder.The invention relates to a method for evaluating signals of a measuring device which has at least one gas sensor and a signal processing device which processes the measured values of the at least one gas sensor. Moreover, the invention relates to a device with which the method can be carried out and the use of such a device in a danger detector.

Der Einsatz von Sensoren in Gefahrenmeldern, beispielsweise in Brandmeldern zur Identifikation einer potentiellen Gefahr beispielsweise bei Änderung der Konzentration eines oder mehrerer Zielgase ist bekannt. Insbesondere Gassensoren mit einer optimierten Leistungsaufnahme können dabei selbst ohne Einwirkung eines Zielgases eine in Größe und Richtung unbestimmte, fortlaufende Drift zeigen, was eine Absolutmessung der Gaskonzentration, ohne eine geeignete Kompensation der Ursache für die Drift, aufgrund fehlender Null-Referenz unmöglich macht. Aufgrund von Messungen an Testbränden ist es jedoch auch bekannt, dass bei verschiedenen auf Brände hinweisenden Störgrößen die Signaländerungen (Ableitung des Signals) signifikant höher sind als die durch Umweltänderungen (Luftfeuchtigkeit, Temperatur etc.) verursachte Signaldrift. Daher kann die Geschwindigkeit einer Signaländerung (Signalableitung) als Alarmierungs-kriterium herangezogen werden.The use of sensors in hazard detectors, for example in fire detectors to identify a potential hazard, for example, when changing the concentration of one or more target gases is known. In particular, gas sensors with an optimized power consumption can show an indefinite in size and direction, continuous drift even without the action of a target gas, which makes an absolute measurement of the gas concentration, without a suitable compensation for the cause of the drift, impossible due to lack of zero reference. However, it is also known from measurements on test fires that the signal changes (derivative of the signal) are significantly higher than those for different disturbances indicative of fires caused by environmental changes (humidity, temperature, etc.) signal drift. Therefore, the speed of a signal change (signal derivation) can be used as an alarming criterion.

In diesem Zusammenhang kennt man aus dem Periodikum " Fire Safety Journal" (Bd.29) durch den Artikel "Experimental Analysis of the Performance of a Multisensor Two-stage Fire Detection and Water Discharge Algorithm " bereits einen Rauchmelder der seine Messsignale mittels einfacher exponentieller Glättung glättet. Die Glättung wird mit zwei verschiedenen Gewichtungswerten durchgeführt, wobei ein Gewichtungswert einer Langzeitglättung entspricht und der andere einer Kurzzeitglättung. Die Differenz aus dem jeweils einfach exponentiell geglätteten Langzeit- und Kurzzeitwert wird mit einer Alarmschwelle verglichen um zu bestimmen, ob eine Alarmsituation vorliegt.In this connection one knows from the periodical " Fire Safety Journal "(Vol.29) by the article" Experimental Analysis of the Performance of a Multisensor Two-Stage Fire Detection and Water Discharge Algorithm. " Smoothing is performed with two different weighting values, one weighting value corresponds to a long-term smoothing and the other a short-term smoothing The difference between the single exponential smoothed long-term and short-term value comes with an alarm threshold compared to determine if there is an alarm situation.

Weiter beschreibt die Monographie " Forecasting with exponential smoothing: Some Guidelines for Model Selection" von E. Gardner verschiedene Modelle zur exponentiellen Glättung. In dieser Abhandlung wird auf einen Nachteil einfach exponentiell geglätteter Signale verwiesen, nämlich dass diese dem ungeglätteten Signal gegenüber nachliefen. Gemäß der Abhandlung wird dieser Nachteil durch eine exponentielle Glättung 2. Ordnung nach Brown abgeschwächt.Next describes the monograph " Forecasting with Exponential Smoothing: Some Guidelines for Model Selection "by E. Gardner different models for exponential smoothing. In this paper, reference is made to a disadvantage of simply exponentially smoothed signals, namely that they lagged the unsmoothed signal. According to the paper, this disadvantage is mitigated by a second-order exponential smoothing according to Brown.

Für eine zeitnahe Berechnung der Ableitung eines Signals müsste in der Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung die Differenz aus dem aktuellen und einem zeitlich zurückliegenden Signalwert ermittelt werden. Um hierbei gerade auch schnelle Änderungen erfassen zu können, sollte der zeitliche Abstand dieser beiden Messwerte gering sein, beispielsweise in der Größenordnung von Sekunden. So kann es aufgrund eines starken Rauschens mancher Sensoren und der damit verbundenen starken Schwankungen des Sensorsignals jedoch zu extrem schwankenden Differenzwerten und damit schwankenden Steigungs- bzw. Ableitungswerten führen, die als Alarmierungskriterium ungeeignet wären. Ebenso scheint es zunächst nicht möglich die absoluten Änderungen der interessierenden Messgröße zu erfassen.For a timely calculation of the derivative of a signal, the difference between the current signal value and a time-lagged signal value would have to be determined in the signal processing device. In order to be able to detect even rapid changes, the time interval between these two measured values should be small, for example in the order of seconds. It may be due to a strong Noise of some sensors and the associated strong fluctuations of the sensor signal, however, lead to extremely fluctuating difference values and thus fluctuating slope or derivative values, which would be unsuitable as an alarming criterion. Likewise, it does not seem possible at first to capture the absolute changes in the measurement of interest.

Es ist daher die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein Verfahren zur Auswertung von Sensorsignalen zur Verfügung zu stellen, das kostengünstig, ohne zusätzliche Sensoren zur Signalkompensation, mit geringem Speicher- und Rechenaufwand für die Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung eine Verarbeitung stark schwankender Messwerte erlaubt und mittels der verarbeiteten Messwerte eine Bewertung kurz- und langfristiger Trends sowie der absoluten Änderung der Sensorsignale sogar bei unbekannten funktionellen Zusammenhängen zwischen Signalschwankungen und deren Ursachen gestattet.It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a method for the evaluation of sensor signals which allows processing of strongly fluctuating measured values at low cost, without additional sensors for signal compensation, with low storage and computational effort for the signal processing device and by means of the processed measured values Evaluation of short- and long-term trends as well as the absolute change of the sensor signals even with unknown functional relationships between signal fluctuations and their causes allowed.

Diese zunächst widersprüchlich erscheinende Aufgabe wird gelöst durch ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art, welches zumindest die folgenden Verfahrensschritte aufweist:

  1. a) Vorgabe zumindest eines, bevorzugt mehrerer Glättungsparameter α i ;
  2. b) Erfassung von Messwerten in vorbestimmbaren Zeitintervallen durch die Messeinrichtung, Weiterleitung der Messwerte an die Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung und Verarbeitung der Messwerte in dieser;
  3. c) Berechnung eines Startwertes y0 zu einem nach Beginn der Erfassung liegenden Zeitpunkt t 0 beispielsweise als Mittelwert aus mehreren zuvor erfassten Messwerten y t<t0 ;
  4. d) Nach dem Ablauf des nächsten Zeitintervalls Erfassung des Messwerts yt zum Zeitpunkt t ;
  5. e) Anwendung eines Glättungsverfahrens, insbesondere einer exponentiellen Glättung, auf den aktuellen Messwert yt zur Ermittlung des geglätteten Wertes erster Ordnung y t * ;
    Figure imgb0001
  6. f) Erneute Anwendung eines Glättungsverfahrens, insbesondere einer exponentiellen Glättung, auf den Wert y t *
    Figure imgb0002
    zur Ermittlung des geglätteten Wertes zweiter Ordnung y t * * ;
    Figure imgb0003
  7. g) Verrechnung der Werte der ersten und zweiten Glättung y t i *
    Figure imgb0004
    und y t i * * ,
    Figure imgb0005
    insbesondere von kurzfristig geglätteten Werten y t k *
    Figure imgb0006
    und y t k * * ,
    Figure imgb0007
    sowie von Glättungsparametern α i , insbesondere des kurzfristigen Glättungsparameters α k , mittels einer Linearkombination zur Steigung (5), insbesondere der kurzfristigen Steigung Y t k ,
    Figure imgb0008
    im geglätteten Messwert t , (2);
  8. h) Wiederholung der Verfahrensschritte d)-g) für die Messwerte der Zeitpunkte t+1,t+2,...,t+n.
This initially contradictory object is achieved by a method of the type mentioned, which has at least the following method steps:
  1. a) specification of at least one, preferably a plurality of smoothing parameters α i ;
  2. b) acquisition of measured values in predeterminable time intervals by the measuring device, forwarding of the measured values to the signal processing device and processing of the measured values in the same;
  3. c) calculating a starting value y 0 at a time t 0 after the beginning of the detection, for example as an average value of a plurality of previously acquired measured values y t < t 0 ;
  4. d) After the expiration of the next time interval acquisition the measured value y t at the time t ;
  5. e) applying a smoothing method, in particular an exponential smoothing, to the current measured value y t for determining the first-order smoothed value y t * ;
    Figure imgb0001
  6. f) Re-applying a smoothing method, in particular an exponential smoothing, to the value y t *
    Figure imgb0002
    to determine the smoothed value of second order y t * * ;
    Figure imgb0003
  7. g) offsetting the values of the first and second smoothing y t i *
    Figure imgb0004
    and y t i * * .
    Figure imgb0005
    especially from short-term smoothed values y t k *
    Figure imgb0006
    and y t k * * .
    Figure imgb0007
    as well as of smoothing parameters α i , in particular of the short-term smoothing parameter α k , by means of a linear combination for the slope (5), in particular the short-term slope Y t k .
    Figure imgb0008
    in the smoothed measured value ŷ t , (2);
  8. h) repetition of the method steps d) -g) for the measured values of the times t + 1 , t + 2,..., t + n.

Um aus den stark schwankenden Messwerten yt weitere Informationen gewinnen zu können, werden diese also mehrfach einer Glättung, bspw. durch so genannte gleitende Mittelwertbildung, vorzugsweise jedoch einer exponentiellen Glättung, unterzogen.In order to be able to obtain further information from the strongly fluctuating measured values y t , they are thus repeatedly subjected to smoothing, for example by so-called moving averaging, but preferably exponential smoothing.

Rechnerisch werden für die exponentielle Glättung die aus den Signalen des oder der Sensoren bestehenden Messwerte den folgenden Algorithmen unterzogen. Aus den Messwerten yt der ersten Zeitintervalle wird zunächst ein Startwert y 0 für die exponentielle Glättung aus den ersten m Messwerten gemäß y 0 = t = 1 m y t m = y 0 * = y 0 * *

Figure imgb0009
gewonnen. Jeder weitere, nach einem kurzen Zeitintervall aufgenommene Messwert yt wird dann zweifach geglättet, wobei * den Grad der Ordnung anzeigt, nach: y t * = α y t + 1 - α y t - 1 * = α y t - y t - 1 * + y t - 1 *
Figure imgb0010
mit α<<1 (exponentielle Glättung erster Ordnung)
und y t * * = α y t * + 1 - α y t - 1 * * = α y t * - y t - 1 * * + y t - 1 * *
Figure imgb0011
(exponentielle Glättung zweiter Ordnung)For exponential smoothing, the measured values consisting of the signals from the sensor (s) are subjected to the following algorithms: From the measured values y t of the first time intervals, a starting value y 0 for the exponential smoothing is first determined from the first m measured values according to FIG y 0 = Σ t = 1 m y t m = y 0 * = y 0 * *
Figure imgb0009
won. Each additional measured value y t recorded after a short time interval is then smoothed twice, where * indicates the degree of order, according to: y t * = α y t + 1 - α y t - 1 * = α y t - y t - 1 * + y t - 1 *
Figure imgb0010
with α << 1 (exponential smoothing of the first order)
and y t * * = α y t * + 1 - α y t - 1 * * = α y t * - y t - 1 * * + y t - 1 * *
Figure imgb0011
(exponential smoothing second order)

Anhand dieser Methode wird mittels eines Glättungsfaktors α der Einfluss älterer Datenwerte auf den aktuellen Wert festgelegt. Je kleiner der Wert des Glättungsparameters, umso stärker ist der Einfluss der vergangenen Daten und umso stärker ist die Glättung. Der geglättete Wert folgt bei Trendänderungen dem ursprünglichen Wert mit einem zeitlichen Abstand. Um dennoch zeitnah Trends erkennen zu können, erfolgt eine zweite exponentielle Glättung (exponentielle Glättung zweiter Ordnung) der einfach geglätteten Werte sowie eine Verrechnung beider Werte aus erster und zweiter Ordnung miteinander. Der neue Datenwert t enthält deutlich weniger Schwankungen als die Rohdaten, folgt aber Trendänderungen schnell.This method uses a smoothing factor α to determine the influence of older data values on the current value. The smaller the value of the smoothing parameter, the stronger the influence of the past data and the stronger the smoothing. The smoothed value follows the original value with a time interval when the trend changes. Nevertheless, in order to be able to recognize trends promptly, a second exponential smoothing (exponential smoothing of the second order) of the simply smoothed values as well as a balancing of the two values of first and second order with each other are carried out. The new data value ŷ t contains significantly fewer fluctuations than the raw data, but follows trend changes quickly.

Bei zweckmäßigen Varianten des Verfahrens verbleiben nur die geglätteten Werte y t *

Figure imgb0012
und y t * *
Figure imgb0013
in einem der Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung zugeordneten Arbeitsspeicher für die Berechnung der geglätteten Werte des nächsten Zeitpunkts t+1, so dass diese Varianten mit geringem Speicher- und Rechenaufwand durchgeführt werden können. Weitere berechnete Werte können in einem anderen Speichermittel abgelegt werden. Die exponentielle Glättung eignet sich daher besonders für den Einsatz in Mikrocontrollern.In expedient variants of the method, only the smoothed values remain y t *
Figure imgb0012
and y t * *
Figure imgb0013
in one of the signal processing means associated memory for the calculation of the smoothed values of the next time t +1, so that these variants can be performed with little memory and computational effort. Other calculated values can be stored in another storage means. The exponential smoothing is therefore particularly suitable for use in microcontrollers.

Zur Bestimmung eines kurzfristigen Trends entsprechend der Signalableitung kann das Verfahren mit einem relativ großen Glättungsparameter α k durchgeführt werden, y ^ t k = 2 y t k * - y t k * * , mit z . B . α k = / 10 1

Figure imgb0014
wobei dieser Parameter für die Anwendung in dem jeweiligen Sensor optimiert sein kann.In order to determine a short-term trend corresponding to the signal derivation, the method can be carried out with a relatively large smoothing parameter α k , y ^ t k = 2 y t k * - y t k * * . with z , B , α k = / 10 1
Figure imgb0014
which parameter may be optimized for use in the particular sensor.

Eine stark gedämpfte, langfristige Glättung ergibt sich analog zu y ^ t l = 2 y t l * - y t l * * , mit z . B . α l = / 1000 1

Figure imgb0015
wobei der Wert von α 1 einer zu optimierenden Zeitkonstante entspricht.A strongly damped, long-term smoothing results analogously to y ^ t l = 2 y t l * - y t l * * . with z , B , α l = / 1000 1
Figure imgb0015
wherein the value of α 1 corresponds to a time constant to be optimized.

Die für die Angabe eines kurzfristigen Trends notwendige Steigung an einem Punkt y t k

Figure imgb0016
der geglätteten Kurve berechnet sich nach Y t k = α k 1 - α k y t k * - y t k * *
Figure imgb0017
The slope at a point necessary to indicate a short-term trend y t k
Figure imgb0016
the smoothed curve is calculated according to Y t k = α k 1 - α k y t k * - y t k * *
Figure imgb0017

Dabei lässt sich mit α = 1/A die folgende Vereinfachung bzw. Abschätzung machen: α 1 - α = 1 / A 1 - 1 / A = 1 A A - 1 A = 1 A - 1 1 A = α für α < < 1 bzw . A > > 1 ,

Figure imgb0018
woraus sich für die Steigung Y t k = α k y t k * - y t k * * = 1 10 y t k * - y t k * *
Figure imgb0019
ergibt, was sich, abhängig von der Länge des Intervalls zwischen den Messungen durch einen Faktor auf eine beliebige Zeiteinheit skalieren lässt.The following simplification or estimation can be made with α = 1 / A : α 1 - α = 1 / A 1 - 1 / A = 1 A A - 1 A = 1 A - 1 1 A = α for α < < 1 respectively , A > > 1 .
Figure imgb0018
what the slope Y t k = α k y t k * - y t k * * = 1 10 y t k * - y t k * *
Figure imgb0019
gives what can be scaled by a factor to any unit of time, depending on the length of the interval between measurements.

Für eine Berechnung der absoluten Änderungen findet eine starke Dämpfung Anwendung, so das eine Trendänderung erst sehr viel später in das geglättete Signal einfließt, abhängig vom Wert von αi, ähnlich einer Zeitkonstante. Aus der Differenz des kurzzeitig und des langzeitig geglätteten Wertes ergibt sich dann der absolute Anstieg Δ y t abs = y ^ t k - y ^ t l ,

Figure imgb0020
wobei hierbei y ^ t l
Figure imgb0021
nicht vollständig wie vorstehend berechnet werden muss, für den gewünschten Effekt mit einer größeren Dämpfung genügt die Berechnung von Δ y t abs = y ^ t k - y t l * * = W t .
Figure imgb0022
For a calculation of the absolute changes, a strong damping is used, so that a trend change flows into the smoothed signal much later, depending on the value of α i , similar to a time constant. The difference between the short-term and the long-term smoothed value then results in the absolute increase Δ y t Section = y ^ t k - y ^ t l .
Figure imgb0020
hereby y ^ t l
Figure imgb0021
can not be calculated completely as above, for the desired effect with a greater attenuation, the calculation of Δ y t Section = y ^ t k - y t l * * = W t ,
Figure imgb0022

Wt ist dabei ein Maß für die absolute Änderung. W t is a measure of the absolute change.

Der stark geglättete Wert y ^ t l

Figure imgb0023
folgt dem schwach geglätteten Wert y ^ t k
Figure imgb0024
mit einem zeitlichen Abstand; dieser Abstand wird wiederum durch die Glättungsfaktoren festgelegt. Die Glättungsfaktoren α k für die schwache Glättung und α l für die starke Glättung entsprechen kurzen bzw. langen Zeitintervallen bei einer Glättung durch gleitende Mittelwertbildung. Somit kann ohne die Speicherung und Mittelung vieler Zwischenwerte sowohl ein lang- als auch ein kurzfristiger Trend ermittelt werden.The highly smoothed value y ^ t l
Figure imgb0023
follows the weakly smoothed value y ^ t k
Figure imgb0024
with a time interval; this distance is again determined by the smoothing factors. The smoothing factors α k for the weak smoothing and α l for the strong smoothing correspond to short and long time intervals, respectively, with smoothing by moving averaging. Thus, without the storage and averaging of many intermediate values, both a long-term and a short-term trend can be determined.

Typische Brände zeichnen sich durch einen schnellen Signalanstieg (große Beträge der kurzfristigen Steigung Y t k

Figure imgb0025
) und eine große Absolutänderung (große Beträge der absoluten Änderung Wt bzw. Δyabs ) aus. Jedoch sind auch sehr langsame Brände denkbar, bei denen trotz einer hohen Absolutänderung nur niedrige Beträge von Y t k
Figure imgb0026
erreicht werden. Andererseits sollen auch Brände mit einem schnellen Anstieg, bei denen aber nur geringe Absolutwerte erreicht werden, nicht völlig ausgeblendet werden. Deshalb soll für eine Gefahrenerkennung nicht zwingend nur ein einzelnes Signal bewertet werden. Für eine Gefahrenerkennung können neben einzelnen Signalen auch mehrere der geglätteten Signale y ^ t k , y ^ t l ,
Figure imgb0027
deren Ableitungen und der absoluten Änderung Δ y t abs
Figure imgb0028
beispielsweise mittels einer Fuzzy-Logik, einer auf Regeln basierten Analyse oder einer Kombination der Signale ausgewertet werden. Für derartige Kombinationen können mehrere Signale, auch abgeleitete Signale, mittels einer Linearkombination bzw. einem Mittelwert beider Steigungen zu einem einzigen Wert Xt als ein Maß für den Trend zusammengefasst werden, der dann mit einem Schwellenwert verglichen werden kann.Typical fires are characterized by a rapid signal increase (large amounts of short-term slope Y t k
Figure imgb0025
) and a large absolute change (large amounts of the absolute change W t and Δ y abs, respectively). However, very slow fires are conceivable in which, despite a high absolute change only low amounts of Y t k
Figure imgb0026
be achieved. On the other hand, fires with a rapid increase, but in which only low absolute values are achieved, should not be completely ignored. Therefore, it is not necessary to evaluate only a single signal for hazard detection. In addition to individual signals, several of the smoothed signals can also be used for hazard detection y ^ t k . y ^ t l .
Figure imgb0027
their derivatives and the absolute change Δ y t Section
Figure imgb0028
be evaluated for example by means of a fuzzy logic, a rule-based analysis or a combination of the signals. For such combinations, a plurality of signals, also derived signals, can be combined by means of a linear combination or an average value of both slopes into a single value X t as a measure of the trend, which can then be compared with a threshold value.

Das beschriebene Verfahren löst somit die gestellte Aufgabe, da der Speicherbedarf und die Rechenzeit bei der Bestimmung lang- und kurzfristiger Trends von Sensorsignalen minimiert wurde. Mittels des langfristigen Trends wird es außerdem möglich, trotz der Signaldrift absolute Änderungen der Gaskonzentration für die Alarmierung auszuwerten. Weiterhin kann situationsabhängig der Glättungsfaktor angepasst werden, um beispielsweise nach erfolgter Alarmierung den langfristigen Trend schneller in den Ruhezustand zurückzuführen. Ferner ist es möglich Messsignale auszuwerten, die auch ohne das Einwirken der eigentlich zu messenden Größe bereits stark schwanken bzw. driften ohne den genauen funktionalen Zusammenhang zwischen der Drift und deren Ursache zu kennen. Außerdem kann auch bei bekanntem Zusammenhang zwischen Drift und deren Ursache auf teure zusätzliche Sensoren verzichtet werden.The described method thus achieves the stated object since the memory requirement and the computing time have been minimized in the determination of long and short-term trends of sensor signals. By means of the long-term trend, it is also possible to evaluate absolute changes in the gas concentration for the alarm despite the signal drift. Furthermore, depending on the situation, the smoothing factor can be adjusted in order, for example, to return the long-term trend to rest more quickly after the alarm has been triggered. Furthermore, it is possible to evaluate measurement signals which already fluctuate or drift strongly without the action of the actual quantity to be measured without knowing the exact functional relationship between the drift and its cause. In addition, even with a known relationship between drift and its cause can be dispensed with expensive additional sensors.

Die für die Trendberechnungen notwendigen unterschiedlichen Glättungen der Messwerte von Gassensoren, auch mehrerer Gassensoren, können bei einer bevorzugten Variante des Verfahrens im Wesentlichen gleichzeitig durchgeführt werden. Gleichzeitig bedeutet hierbei, dass ein Nutzer des Verfahrens auf die geglätteten Messwerte und Trendberechnungen zeitnah nach der Ermittlung der originalen Signalwerte zugreifen kann.The different smoothing of the measured values of gas sensors, including several gas sensors, which are necessary for the trend calculations, can be carried out essentially simultaneously in a preferred variant of the method. At the same time, this means that a user of the method can access the smoothed measured values and trend calculations in real time after the determination of the original signal values.

Eine längerfristige Aufzeichnung von Messwerten mit den Sensoren gestattet bei einer zweckmäßigen Variante des Verfahrens überdies, eine driftbedingte Signaländerung zu identifizieren und von den originalen oder geglätteten Werten abzuziehen und auf diese Weise ein driftkompensiertes Signal zu gewinnen.A longer-term recording of measured values with the sensors also allows, in an expedient variant of the method, to identify a drift-conditioned signal change and to subtract it from the original or smoothed values and thus to obtain a drift-compensated signal.

Die Aufgabe wird auch gelöst durch eine Vorrichtung zur Erfassung von Konzentrationsänderungen wenigstens eines Zielgases mit einer Messeinrichtung, die wenigstens einen Gassensor aufweist, und mit einer Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung, die dazu eingerichtet ist, das Verfahren nach einem der vorherigen Ansprüche durchzuführen, mit den vorstehend bereits dargelegten Vorteilen.The object is also achieved by a device for detecting changes in concentration of at least one target gas with a measuring device having at least one gas sensor, and with a signal processing device which is adapted to carry out the method according to one of the preceding claims, with the advantages already set out above ,

Besonders geeignet zur Durchführung des Verfahrens ist hierbei eine Ausbildung der Vorrichtung mit wenigstens einem Mikrocontroller als Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung, da bei der Berechnung von geglätteten Werten und Trends verfahrensbedingt jeweils nur zwei alte Datenwerte im Speicher vorgehalten werden müssen und durch die schnelle und aufwandsreduzierte Berechnung in dem Verfahren praktisch jederzeit und zeitnah auf berechnete, aktuelle Werte zugegriffen werden kann.Particularly suitable for carrying out the method here is an embodiment of the device with at least one microcontroller as the signal processing device, since in the calculation of smoothed values and trends only two old data values have to be stored in the memory due to the process and are practically useful in the method due to the quick and low-cost calculation at any time and in a timely manner to calculated, current values can be accessed.

Zur Erfassung verschiedener Brandformen ist bei einer Weiterbildung der Vorrichtung die Messeinrichtung mit mehreren, auf unterschiedliche Zielgase ansprechenden Gassensoren versehen, für deren Messwerte die vorstehend erwähnten Berechnungen ebenfalls vollständig durchgeführt werden können. Zusätzlich kann die Messeinrichtung mit weiteren Messaufnehmern zur Erfassung von Rauch, der Temperatur, der Luftfeuchtigkeit oder dergleichen physikalischen Parametern versehen sein, deren Werte zu einem oder mehreren weiteren Bewertungskriterien einer Gefahrensituation z. B. mittels eines Brandkenngrößenmustervergleiches verwendet werden können.In order to detect different types of firing, in a development of the device the measuring device is provided with a plurality of gas sensors responsive to different target gases, for the measured values of which the abovementioned calculations can likewise be carried out completely. In addition, the measuring device may be provided with further sensors for detecting smoke, the temperature, the humidity or the like physical parameters, whose values for one or more further evaluation criteria of a dangerous situation z. B. can be used by means of a Brandkenngrößenmustervergleiches.

Einen besonders zweckmäßigen Einsatz einer oben beschriebenen Vorrichtung stellt die Verwendung in einem Gefahrenmelder, insbesondere einem Brandmelder, dar, welche Verwendung die eingangs gestellte Aufgabe ebenfalls löst.A particularly expedient use of a device described above is the use in a hazard detector, in particular a fire detector, which use also solves the problem initially posed.

Das Verfahren wird nachstehend anhand einer einzigen Zeichnungsfigur näher beschrieben, die ein Diagramm mit Mess- und geglätteten Werten sowie Trendberechnungen zeigt. Das Diagramm zeigt den Verlauf verschiedener Signale eines Gassensors vor einem Brand, während eines Brandes und in der Phase nach einem Brand.The method is described in more detail below with reference to a single drawing figure which shows a diagram with measured and smoothed values and trend calculations. The diagram shows the course of various signals of a gas sensor before a fire, during a fire and in the phase after a fire.

Das Diagramm der Figur zeigt dabei ein Koordinatensystem, bei welchem unterschiedliche Ordinaten über eine, eine Zeitachse bildende Abszisse aufgetragen sind. Die Zeitachse weist hierbei einen Sekundenmaßstab auf, während sowohl das in der linken Ordinate aufgetragene Signal eines Sensors als auch der als rechte Ordinate aufgetragene, berechnete Trend in beliebigen Einheiten dargestellt sind.The diagram of the figure shows a coordinate system in which different ordinates are plotted over an abscissa forming a time axis. The time axis here has a second scale, while both the signal plotted in the left ordinate of a sensor and the calculated as a right ordinate, calculated trend in arbitrary units are shown.

Auf die linke Ordinate mit der Auftragung der Signalhöhe sind die im Verlauf der Darstellung die mit 1, 2 und 3 bezeichneten Kurven zugeordnet, wobei die mit 1 bezeichnete Kurve die stark schwankenden originalen Messwerte yt (1) zeigen, die zur Auswertung und Trendbestimmung ungeeignet sind. Gleichzeitig ist die mit 2 bezeichnete Kurve, welche die schwach geglätteten Messwerte y ^ t k

Figure imgb0029
(2) mit y ^ t k = 2 y t k * - y t k * * ,
Figure imgb0030
y t k * = α k y t + 1 - α k y t - 1 k *
Figure imgb0031
und y t k * * = α k y t + 1 - α k y t - 1 k * *
Figure imgb0032
darstellt als helle Kurve über die Kurve 1 gelegt, so dass gut erkennbar ist, dass das aus der Kombination aus einfach und zweifach geglättetem Messsignal gewonnene Signal (2) sehr gut in der Lage ist, das Verhalten der Sensorsignale (1) abzubilden. Die mit 3 bezeichnete Kurve zeigt das stark geglättete Messsignal y ^ t l
Figure imgb0033
mit y ^ t l = 2 y t l * - y t l * * , y t l * = α l y t + 1 - α l y t - 1 l *
Figure imgb0034
und y t l * * = α l y t + 1 - α l y t - 1 l * * .
Figure imgb0035
The curves labeled 1, 2 and 3 are assigned to the left ordinate with the plot of the signal height, the curve denoted by 1 showing the strongly fluctuating original measured values y t (1) which are unsuitable for evaluation and trend determination are. At the same time, the curve marked 2 is the weakly smoothed measured values y ^ t k
Figure imgb0029
(2) with y ^ t k = 2 y t k * - y t k * * .
Figure imgb0030
y t k * = α k y t + 1 - α k y t - 1 k *
Figure imgb0031
and y t k * * = α k y t + 1 - α k y t - 1 k * *
Figure imgb0032
represents as a bright curve placed over the curve 1, so that it is clearly recognizable that the obtained from the combination of single and double-smoothed measurement signal (2) is very well able to map the behavior of the sensor signals (1). The curve marked 3 shows the strongly smoothed measuring signal y ^ t l
Figure imgb0033
With y ^ t l = 2 y t l * - y t l * * . y t l * = α l y t + 1 - α l y t - 1 l *
Figure imgb0034
and y t l * * = α l y t + 1 - α l y t - 1 l * * ,
Figure imgb0035

Demgegenüber beziehen sich die "oberen" zwei Kurven 4 und 5 der Darstellung der Zeichnungsfigur auf die rechte Ordinate und geben verschiedene Trends der Messwerte wieder. Die Kurve 5 beschreibt den kurzfristigen Trend Y t k

Figure imgb0036
(5) der Messwerte. Die bei der entsprechenden Berechnung erfolgte Differenzbildung zwischen einfach und zweifach geglätteten Messwerten entspricht mit Y t k = α k y t k * - y t k * *
Figure imgb0037
der Steigung (5) der geglätteten Messwerte (1), während die mit 4 bezeichnete Kurve als Differenz aus mit α k schwach geglättetem Messwert y ^ t k
Figure imgb0038
(2) und mit α l stark geglätteten Messwerten y ^ t l
Figure imgb0039
ein Maß für die absolute Änderung (4) Δ y t abs = y ^ t k - y ^ t l bzw . W t = y ^ t k - y t l * *
Figure imgb0040
bzw. der geglätteten Messwerte y ^ t k
Figure imgb0041
darstellt.In contrast, the "upper" two curves 4 and 5 of the illustration of the drawing figure refer to the right ordinate and reflect different trends in the measurements. The curve 5 describes the short-term trend Y t k
Figure imgb0036
(5) the measured values. The calculation of the difference between singly and doubly smoothed measured values in the corresponding calculation corresponds to Y t k = α k y t k * - y t k * *
Figure imgb0037
the gradient (5) of the smoothed measured values (1), while the curve denoted by 4 is the difference between the measured value weakly smoothed with α k y ^ t k
Figure imgb0038
(2) and with α l strongly smoothed measured values y ^ t l
Figure imgb0039
a measure of the absolute change (4) Δ y t Section = y ^ t k - y ^ t l respectively , W t = y ^ t k - y t l * *
Figure imgb0040
or the smoothed measured values y ^ t k
Figure imgb0041
represents.

Die Figur zeigt im Bereich von 0s bis etwa 1000s einen typischen Verlauf der Signale eines driftenden Sensors ohne die Präsenz der zumessenden Größe, einem Brandgas wie z. B. CO, H2 oder NOx. Es ist deutlich zu sehen, dass die Signale 1, 2 und 3 einen klaren Abwärtstrend aufweisen. Dennoch pendelt sich die Kurve der absoluten Änderung (4) auf einen Wert > -100 ein.The figure shows in the range of 0s to about 1000s a typical course of the signals of a drifting sensor without the presence of the size to be measured, a combustion gas such. As CO, H 2 or NO x . It can clearly be seen that signals 1, 2 and 3 have a clear downward trend. Nevertheless, the curve of the absolute change (4) settles to a value> -100.

Ab einem Abszissenwert von etwa 1000s beginnt ein Feuer. Man erkennt deutlich den sensorbedingten Abfall der Messwerte (1) innerhalb weniger Sekunden um über 1000 Einheiten. Ebenso deutlich erkennt man, dass die mittels zweifacher exponentieller Glättung mit α k schwach geglättete Kurve 2 aus den werten y ^ t k

Figure imgb0042
(2) der Kurve 1 aus den Messwerten yt (1) unmittelbar folgt. Die mittels zweifacher exponentieller Glättung mit α l stark geglättete Kurve 3 aus den Werten y ^ t l
Figure imgb0043
(3) folgt der Kurve 1 jedoch mit einer deutlichen Verzögerung. Aufgrund dieser Verzögerung nimmt die Kurve 4 der absoluten Änderung, die hier als Differenz aus den Werten y ^ t l
Figure imgb0044
(3) und y ^ t k
Figure imgb0045
(2) gebildet ist, schnell einen Wert von -1000 Einheiten an und unterschreitet eine nicht dargestellte Alarmschwelle von z. B. -600 Einheiten. Nach etwa 1500s ist der Brand gelöscht und es setzt eine Erholungsphase ein, in der die Messwerte yt (1) im Mittel wieder kontinuierlich ansteigen. Dabei erreicht die absolute Änderung (4) jedoch nur Werte von < 200 Einheiten. Dieses Verhalten der Messwerte yt (1) entspricht dabei durchaus wieder dem normalen Verhalten auch ohne vorhandenes Zielgas. Es wird hier noch darauf hingewiesen, dass der gesamte im Diagramm gezeigten Wertebereich der Messwerte (1) auch im normalen Betrieb des Sensors ohne vorhandenes Zielgas nur durch die Sensordrift erreicht werden kann. Das beschriebene Verfahren bietet also die Möglichkeit mit geringem Aufwand durch Anwendung einer zweifachen exponentiellen Glättung mit geeigneter Wahl der Glättungsparameter α k und α l sowie der Alarmschwellen zwischen einer normalen" Signaldrift und echten Gefahrenereignissen zu unterscheiden. Zusätzlich ist es möglich auch bei einem bekannten funktionellen Zusammenhang zwischen einer Sensordrift und deren Ursache auf zusätzliche Sensoren zur Kompensation zu verzichten.From an abscissa value of about 1000s begins a fire. The sensor-related drop in the measured values (1) can be clearly recognized by more than 1000 units within a few seconds. It can also be seen clearly that the curve 2, which has been slightly smoothed by means of two-fold exponential smoothing with α k, is from the values y ^ t k
Figure imgb0042
(2) immediately follows the curve 1 from the measured values y t (1). The curve 3 which has been greatly smoothed by means of two-fold exponential smoothing with α l from the values y ^ t l
Figure imgb0043
(3) follows the curve 1 but with a significant delay. Because of this delay, the curve 4 takes the absolute change, here as the difference from the values y ^ t l
Figure imgb0044
(3) and y ^ t k
Figure imgb0045
(2), quickly reaches a value of -1000 units and falls below an alarm threshold, not shown, of z. Eg -600 units. After about 1500 seconds, the fire is extinguished and a recovery phase sets in, in which the measured values y t (1) increase again on average. However, the absolute change (4) only reaches values of <200 units. This behavior of the measured values y t (1) corresponds quite well to the normal behavior even without an existing target gas. It should also be noted here that the entire value range of the measured values (1) shown in the diagram can only be achieved by the sensor drift during normal operation of the sensor without existing target gas. The method described thus offers the possibility of distinguishing between a normal signal drift and real danger events with little effort by using a double exponential smoothing with a suitable choice of the smoothing parameters α k and α l and additionally it is also possible with a known functional relationship between a sensor drift and its cause to dispense with additional sensors for compensation.

Demgemäß betrifft die Erfindung also ein Verfahren zur Auswertung von Signalen einer Messeinrichtung, die wenigstens einen Gassensor und eine Signalverarbeitungseinrichtung aufweist, welche die Messwerte yt des wenigstens einen Gassensors verarbeitet. Bei dem Verfahren wird eine mehrfache Glättung, insbesondere eine exponentielle Glättung, auf die durch den mindestens einen Sensor erfassten Messwerte yt angewandt. Anhand von mit verschiedenen Glättungsparametern durchgeführten Glättungen können kurz- und langfristige Trends der Entwicklung der Messwerte betrachtet und beurteilt werden, außerdem wird ein Maß Wt für die absolute Änderung der geglätteten Messwerte t gewonnen. Außerdem betrifft die Erfindung eine Vorrichtung, mittels der ein solches Verfahren durchgeführt werden kann sowie die Verwendung einer solchen Vorrichtung in einem Gefahrenmelder. Accordingly, the invention thus relates to a method for evaluating signals of a measuring device which has at least one gas sensor and a signal processing device which processes the measured values y t of the at least one gas sensor. In the method, a multiple smoothing, in particular an exponential smoothing, is applied to the measured values y t detected by the at least one sensor. On the basis of smoothing performed with different smoothing parameters, short- and long-term trends of the development of the measured values can be considered and evaluated, furthermore a measure W t for the absolute change of the smoothed measured values ŷ t is obtained. Moreover, the invention relates to a device by means of which such a method can be carried out and the use of such a device in a danger detector.

Claims (11)

  1. Method for evaluating signals of a measuring device for determining a fire, the measuring device having at least one gas sensor and a signal processing device which processes the measured values of the at least one gas sensor, characterized by at least the following method steps:
    a) specifying at least one, preferably a plurality of, smoothing parameters α i ;
    b) determining measured values in predeterminable time intervals by means of the measuring device, passing the measured values onto the signal processing device and processing the measured values in the latter;
    c) determining starting values y 0, y 0 i *
    Figure imgb0066
    and/or y 0 i * * ;
    Figure imgb0067
    d) detecting the measured value Y t (1) at the instant t after the expiry of the next time interval;
    e) applying a smoothing method, in particular an exponential smoothing, to the current measured value yt (1) in order to determine the smoothed value of first order y t i * ;
    Figure imgb0068
    f) reapplying a smoothing method, in particular an exponential smoothing, to the value y t i *
    Figure imgb0069
    in order to determine the smoothed value of second order y t i * * ;
    Figure imgb0070
    g) calculating the values of the first and second smoothing y t i *
    Figure imgb0071
    and y t i * * ,
    Figure imgb0072
    in particular of short-term smoothed values y t k *
    Figure imgb0073
    and y t k * * ,
    Figure imgb0074
    and calculating the smoothing parameter α i , in particular the short-term smoothing parameter α k , by means of a linear combination to form the gradient (5), in particular the short-term gradient Y t k ,
    Figure imgb0075
    in the smoothed measured value t (2); and
    h) repeating the method steps d)-g) for the measured values of the instants t+1, t+2, ..., t+n.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that after application of the method to values yt (1) only the smoothed values y t i *
    Figure imgb0076
    and y t i * *
    Figure imgb0077
    remain in a memory for the calculation of the smoothed values of the next instant t+1.
  3. Method according to either of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the measured values in method steps e) and f) are smoothed with the aid of smoothed parameters α k and/or α l , adapted in particular to the respective sensor, and the smoothed values y ^ t k
    Figure imgb0078
    (2) and/or y ^ t l
    Figure imgb0079
    (3) are determined therewith.
  4. Method according to Claim 3, characterized in that a short-term trend of the measured values is determined by means of a linear combination of α k , y t k *
    Figure imgb0080
    and y t k * *
    Figure imgb0081
    and with the aid of the respective current gradient Y t k
    Figure imgb0082
    (5) of the curve of points y ^ t k
    Figure imgb0083
    (2).
  5. Method according to Claim 4, characterized in that the values of Y t k
    Figure imgb0084
    (5) are compared with a threshold value, and an alarm is triggered by the measuring device as a function of the result of the comparison.
  6. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, characterized in that in order to determine the fire, a plurality of the smoothed signals y ^ t k , y ^ t l ,
    Figure imgb0085
    the derivatives thereof and an absolute change Wt (4) are evaluated by means of a fuzzy logic or a rule-based analysis, or a combination of the signals.
  7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that smoothed measured values are drift-compensated by subsequently subtracting a drift value after identification thereof.
  8. Device for detecting measured values with the aid of a measuring device which has at least one sensor, and with the aid of a signal processing device, characterized in that the signal processing device is set up to carry out the method according to one of the preceding claims.
  9. Device according to Claim 8, characterized in that the signal processing device is formed by a microcontroller.
  10. Device according to either of Claims 9 and 8, characterized in that the measuring device has at least one gas sensor or a plurality of gas sensors responding to different target gases.
  11. Device according to one of Claims 8 to 10, characterized in that the measuring device is provided with further measuring sensors for detecting temperature, air humidity or physical parameters of such type.
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US20230194318A1 (en) * 2021-12-17 2023-06-22 Honeywell International Inc. Systems, methods and apparatuses providing noise removal for flow sensing components
US11788873B2 (en) * 2021-12-17 2023-10-17 Honeywell International Inc. Systems, methods and apparatuses providing noise removal for flow sensing components

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