EP2076728B1 - Dispositif à faisceau de tubes à vibration réduite à parois rainurées - Google Patents

Dispositif à faisceau de tubes à vibration réduite à parois rainurées Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2076728B1
EP2076728B1 EP20070839154 EP07839154A EP2076728B1 EP 2076728 B1 EP2076728 B1 EP 2076728B1 EP 20070839154 EP20070839154 EP 20070839154 EP 07839154 A EP07839154 A EP 07839154A EP 2076728 B1 EP2076728 B1 EP 2076728B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tube bundle
tubes
tube
blocking
baffle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP20070839154
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2076728A1 (fr
Inventor
Amar S. Wanni
Thomas M. Rudy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Co
Original Assignee
ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP2076728A1 publication Critical patent/EP2076728A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2076728B1 publication Critical patent/EP2076728B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/007—Auxiliary supports for elements
    • F28F9/013—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies
    • F28F9/0131—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies formed by plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F28D7/1607—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation with particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. change of flow direction
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/007—Auxiliary supports for elements
    • F28F9/013—Auxiliary supports for elements for tubes or tube-assemblies
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/06—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits having a single U-bend
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2265/00—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction
    • F28F2265/30—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction for preventing vibrations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/0318—Processes

Definitions

  • This invention relates to tube bundle devices as defined in the preamble of claim 1 such as heat exchangers, condensers and similar fluid-handling equipment with collections of tubes or rod-like elements, for example, in devices such as nuclear reactors, electrical heaters, or any collection of parallel cylindrical shapes that has a fluid flow passing over the tubes or other elements.
  • the present invention relates to a baffle structure for use in connection with the bundle to provide support to the individual tubes within the bundle and to direct the flow of fluids within the heat exchanger shell towards the heat transfer tubes of the bundle.
  • JP-042 40 397 discloses such a tube bundle device.
  • the invention also relates to a method for controlling the fluid flow in the bundle.
  • Tube bundle equipment such as shell and tube heat exchangers and other similar fluid handling devices such as flow dampers and flow straighteners utilize tubes organized in bundles to conduct the fluids through the equipment.
  • the configuration of the tubes in the bundle is set by the tubesheets into which the tubes are set.
  • One common configuration for the tubes is the rectangular or square formation with the tubes set in aligned rows with tube lanes (the straight paths between the tubes) between each pair or rows, aligned orthogonally to one another.
  • each tube is adjacent to eight other tubes except at the periphery of the tube bundle and is directly opposite a corresponding tube across the tube lane separating its row from the two adjacent rows.
  • the tubes in alternate rows are aligned with one another so that each tube is adjacent to six other tubes (the two adjacent tubes in the same row and four tubes in the two adjacent rows).
  • Increases in throughput in existing exchangers are often desired either to reduce capital cost by reducing equipment size or to increase productivity factors.
  • a common limiting factor experienced when evaluating the increase of rates in a heat exchanger is the potential for flow-induced vibration damage of the tubes. Fluid flow patterns around the tubes may give rise to flow-induced vibrations of an organized or random oscillatory nature in the tube bundle and in the case of devices such as heat exchangers in which heat transfer takes place between the tubes and the surrounding fluid, the changes in the velocity, temperature and density of the fluid as it circulates and flows around the tubes may increase the likelihood of vibration. If these vibrations reach certain critical amplitudes, damage to the bundle may result.
  • Tube vibration problems may be exacerbated if the heat exchanger equipment is retubed with tubes of a different material to the original tubes, for example, if relatively stiff materials are replaced with lighter weight tubes.
  • Flow-induced vibration may also occur when equipment is put to more severe operating demands, for example, when other existing equipment is upgraded and a previously satisfactory heat exchanger, under new conditions, becomes subject to flow-induced vibrations. Vibration may even be encountered under certain conditions when a heat exchanger is still in the flow stream but without heat transfer taking place as well as in other bundle devices with collections of rods or rod-like elements in a flow stream with or without heat transfer.
  • Rod baffle heat exchangers are shell and tube type heat exchangers utilizing rod baffles to support the tubes and secure them against vibrations.
  • the term “baffle” refers to the cages, placed every 15 cm or so along the length of the tube bundle, in which the ends of a plurality of support rods are connected to form a cage-like tube support structure; hence the term "rod baffle”.
  • Rod baffle exchangers tend to be approximately 30 to 40% more expensive than conventional shell-and-tube exchangers and there have been situations where tube bundle devices of this kind have failed owing to flow-induced vibrations.
  • the rod baffles must have very precise dimensions.
  • Rod baffle heat exchangers are described, for example, in U.S. Patents Nos. 4,342,360 ; 5,388,638 ; 5,553,665 ; and 5,642,778 .
  • rod baffle design As described in U.S. Patent No. 5,553,665 , certain applications of the rod baffle design such as gas-compression applications may benefit from longitudinal-flow, with shell-side pressure losses to be minimized. Reduction in shell-side pressure losses may be accomplished by increasing rod baffle spacing, thereby reducing the number of rod baffles, or by decreasing the number of tubes by increasing the tube pitch dimension, i.e., the distance between two adjacent rows of tubes as measured from the center of the tubes. Increasing baffle spacing is usually not an attractive option, since increased baffle spacing increases the likelihood of flow-induced tube vibration occurrence.
  • the rod baffle design described in U.S. 5,553,665 represents an attempt to deal with the pressure drop problems of the rod baffle configuration.
  • Tube support devices or tube stakes as these support devices are commonly known (and referred to in this specification) may be installed in the tube bundle in order to control flow-induced vibration and to prevent excessive movement of the tubes.
  • a number of tube supports or tube stakes have been proposed and are commercially available.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,648,442 to Williams U.S. Patent No. 4,919,199 to Hahn
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,213,155 to Hahn and U.S. Patent No. 6,401,803 to Hahn
  • Improved tube stakes are also shown in U.S. Patent No. 7,032,655 to Wanni et al. , entitled "Anti-Vibration Tube Support".
  • a tube bundle device e.g., a heat exchanger
  • the at least one baffle may consist of at least one slotted support baffle, which support the tubes within a tube bundle while also controlling the flow of fluid within the tube bundle device and at least one blocking baffle, which controls the flow of fluid within the tube bundle device.
  • the tube bundle device includes a housing or shell and a tube bundle located within the housing or shell.
  • the tube bundle has a plurality of tubes arranged parallel to one another in tube rows.
  • the tube bundle may include at least one partition lane that separates one group of tubes in the tube bundle from another group of tubes in the tube bundle.
  • the number of partition lanes in the tube bundle is dependent on the number of passes the tubes make through the tube bundle. In the case of a single-pass tube bundle device, the partition lane may be omitted. When multiple passes through the tube bundle device are contemplated, the tube bundle device will include one or more partition lanes to divide the tube bundle into sections.
  • the tube bundle device includes at least one slotted support baffle.
  • the slotted support baffles provide support for the individual tubes within the tube bundle.
  • Each support baffle includes a plurality of spaced apart slots formed therein. Each of the slots being sized to receive at least one of the tubes of the tube bundle therethrough.
  • the cross section of each slot is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the tubes for easy insertion of the tubes within the tube bundle device.
  • Each slotted support baffle has an outer perimeter and a blocking area formed between the outer perimeter and the plurality of spaced apart slots. The blocking area prohibits the flow of fluid therethrough. As result, fluid flowing through the tube bundle device is directed inwardly towards the tube bundle when the fluid contacts the blocking area.
  • Each slotted support baffle may also include at least one partition lane blocking area formed therein.
  • the partition lane blocking area(s) being sized to be received within the partition lane or lanes of the tube bundle.
  • the partition lane blocking areas prevent the flow of fluid through the partition lanes. As a result, fluid flowing through the partition lane is directed towards the tubes of the tube bundle when the fluid contacts the partition lane blocking area. It is contemplated that in the case of a single-pass tube bundle device, the partition lane will be omitted.
  • Each slotted support baffle may contain a multitude of blocking areas which correspond to the partition lanes in the tube bundle.
  • each support baffle may include a first group of the plurality of slots being located on one side of the partition lane blocking area between a portion of the blocking area and the partition lane blocking area and a second group of the plurality of slots being located on another side of the partition lane blocking area between another portion of the blocking area and the central blocking area.
  • the slots may extend in a direction substantially parallel to the partition lane blocking area.
  • the slots may extend in a direction substantially orthogonal to the partition lane blocking area.
  • Support ribs extend between the slots. In some circumstances (i.e., larger baffle sizes), the ribs may require reinforcement.
  • each slotted support baffle may further include at least one reinforcement rib extending in a direction substantially orthogonal to the support ribs and the slots with each rib intersecting at least one rib and at least one slot.
  • the tube bundle device includes at least two slotted support baffles.
  • the tube bundle device includes at least one first oriented slotted support baffle and at least one second oriented slotted support baffle.
  • Each of the first oriented slotted support baffles being spaced from an adjacent second oriented slotted support baffle.
  • the plurality of spaced apart slots on the first oriented slotted support baffle have first orientation and the plurality of spaced apart slots on the second oriented slotted support baffle have a second orientation, which is different from the first orientation.
  • the partition lane blocking areas for the first oriented slotted support baffle and the second oriented slotted support baffle may have the same orientation.
  • Each of the first oriented slotted baffle and each of the at least one second oriented slotted support baffle includes a first group of slots being located on one side of the partition lane blocking area and a second group of slots being located on another side of the partition lane blocking area.
  • Each slot of the first group and each slot of the second group for the first oriented slotted support baffle may extend in a direction substantially parallel to the partition lane blocking area.
  • Each slot of the first group and each slot of the second group for the second oriented slotted support baffle extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the partition lane blocking area.
  • the tube bundle device includes at least one blocking baffle. Unlike the support baffle, the blocking baffle does not support the tubes. Instead, the blocking baffle functions to control the flow of fluid within the tube bundle device.
  • Each blocking baffle includes a blocking plate having an outer perimeter and at least one plate opening sized to receive the tubes of the tube bundle device therethrough.
  • a blocking plate blocking area is formed between the outer perimeter of the blocking plate and the at least one plate opening. The blocking plate blocking area prevents the flow of fluid therethrough.
  • fluid flowing through the tube bundle device is directed inwardly towards the tube bundle when the fluid contacts the blocking plate blocking area.
  • the blocking plate blocking area is sized to be located within a gap between the housing and outer tubes of the tube bundle.
  • the blocking plate baffle may further include at least one partition lane blocking plate blocking area formed therein.
  • the number of partition lane blocking plate blocking areas is dependent upon the number of partition lanes within the tube bundle.
  • the tube bundle may not include a partition lane (e.g., a single-pass heat exchanger typically does not include partition lanes).
  • the partition lane blocking plate blocking area may be omitted.
  • Each partition lane blocking plate blocking area is sized to be received within a corresponding partition lane of the tube bundle device.
  • the partition lane blocking plate blocking area may extend, for example, from opposing sides of the blocking plate blocking area between two openings in the plate when the blocking plate baffle is used in a U-bend tube bundle device having two passes therethrough.
  • the partition lane plate blocking area prevents the flow of fluid therethrough. As a result, fluid flowing through the partition lane is directed towards the tubes of the tube bundle when the fluid contacts the partition lane blocking plate blocking area.
  • a blocking baffle is located between adjacent slotted support baffles.
  • At least one elongated tube support member is provided to support the tubes of the tube bundle to reduce vibration.
  • Each elongated tube support member is selectively located in the space formed between adjacent rows of tubes.
  • the elongated tube supports may be inserted between the tubes between the blocking and slotted support baffles.
  • the method includes redirecting at least a portion of the flow of fluid in the gap to the tube bundle.
  • the method further includes redirecting at least a portion of the flow of fluid in the partition lane to the tube bundle.
  • the redirecting of the fluid flow is accomplished by locating the baffles at selected locations along the tube bundle.
  • the blocking areas and blocking plate blocking areas on the slotted support baffles and the blocking baffles redirect the flow of fluid away from the gap between the housing or shell and the tube bundle into the tube bundle to improve heat transfer.
  • the partition lane blocking areas redirect the flow of fluid away from the partition lane to improve heat transfer.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a tube bundle 10 in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.
  • the tube bundle 10 is part of a tube bundle device 1 (e.g., a heat exchanger or other suitable heat transfer component).
  • the tube bundle 10 includes a plurality of parallel tubes 11. It is contemplated that the present invention is not limited to tubes; rather, it is contemplated that the rods and other heat transfer or fluid flow elements may be employed and are considered to be well within the scope of the present invention.
  • the parallel tubes 11 extend between a pair of tubes sheets 13 and 14.
  • the tubesheet 13 may be a fixed tubesheet that is welded to the housing or shell 20.
  • the tubesheet 13 may also be a stationary tubesheet that is secured, but not welded to the housing 20.
  • the tubesheet 14 illustrated in Fig. 1 is a floating tubesheet.
  • the tubes 11 may be arranged in a rectangular configuration.
  • the present invention is not intended to be limited to the parallel tubes extending between a pair of tubesheets 13 and 14; rather, it is contemplated that a single tubesheet may used. With such an arrangement, the parallel tubes extend along one side of the bundle through a U-bend portion and returning along the opposing side of the bundle. It is contemplated that the tube bundle 10 will be fitted into the surrounding shell or housing 20 of the tube bundle device 1 in a conventional manner.
  • the tube bundle device 1 includes a shell or housing 20, which surrounds the tube bundle 10. There is typically fluid flow both through the inside of the tubes 11 and within the shell 20 across the outside of the tubes 11. As discussed above, there is a need to reduce flow-induced vibration within the tube bundle 10 to avoid damage to the bundle 10. It is also desirable to provide an assembly to reduce vibration in the tube bundle, which directs the flow of the fluid towards the tubes 11 away from the shell 20 of the tube bundle device inwardly towards to tube bundle 10. By directing the flow of fluid away from the shell 20 towards the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10 and away from the partition lane(s) of the bundle, which do not contain any tubes towards the tubes 11, heat transfer is improved.
  • the tube bundle 10 of the heat exchanger 1 is provided with at least one slotted baffle 30 having vertical slots.
  • the slotted baffle 30 having vertical slots provides support for the tubes 11 in the bundle 10 to reduce vibration.
  • the blocking region of the slotted baffle 30 is configured to redirect any bypass flow from between the outermost tubes 11 and the inside diameter of the shell 20 inwardly towards the tubes 11.
  • a slotted baffle 30 having vertical slots in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in Fig. 2 .
  • the slotted baffle 30 having vertical slots is constructed from a plate having an outer diameter, which corresponds to the inner diameter of the shell 20 (The outer diameter of the plate is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the shell).
  • the plate includes a plurality of notches 32 and 33 formed therein.
  • the notches 32 and 33 may be formed by any one of several means that is capable of creating a notch in the plate including but not limited to cutting, laser cutting, grinding, water cutting, stamping and punching.
  • the notches 32 are sized to receive a tie bar 5 therein. It is contemplated that the tie bar 5 may also contain complementary notches to receive the notches 32 therein.
  • the notches 33 are sized to receive a skid bar 6 therein.
  • the skid bar 6 is provided to ensure support during insertion of the tube bundle 10 into the shell 20.
  • the notches 32 and 33 ensure that the slotted baffle 30, the slotted baffle 40 or 50 having horizontal slots (described below) and the blocking baffles 60 (described below) are maintained in the proper orientation.
  • the tie bars 5, the skid bars 6 and the baffles 30, 40 and 60 together form a rigid cage, which facilitates the insertion of the tubes 11 of the bundle 10.
  • the tie bars 5 and the skid bars 6 are preferably welded or otherwise secured to the notches 32 and 33 in the baffles 30, 40, and 50. It is contemplated that the tie bars 5 are sized such that the tie bars 5 do not extend beyond the perimeter of the plate.
  • the skid bars 6 form rails upon which the tube bundle 10 rides as it is slid into place within the shell 20.
  • the blocking area 34 is sized to approximately occupy the area between the tube bundle 10 and the inner surface of the shell 20. It is contemplated that a small gap will remain between the inner surface of the shell 20 and the outer perimeter of the baffle 30 to permit insertion of the bundle 10 into the shell or housing 20.
  • the blocking area 34 is provided to block the flow of the fluid flowing within the space between the tube bundle 10 and the shell 20.
  • the blocking area 34 redirects the flow within the tube bundle device 1 away from the shell 20 towards the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10 to minimize the flow of fluid bypassing the bundle 10. This improves the efficiency of the heat exchanger by directing more fluid across the heat exchange surfaces of the tubes 11.
  • the tube bundle 10 includes at least one partition lane, which separates the tubes 11 within the tube bundle 10 into discrete groups.
  • the partition lanes do not include any tubes 11.
  • the partition lanes may have horizontal and vertical orientations. Fluid flowing through the partition lanes does not contact the heat transfer surfaces of the tubes 11. As such, it is desirable to redirect the flow of fluid within the bundle 10 away from the partition lanes towards the tubes 11 to improve heat transfer.
  • the baffle 30 includes at least one partition lane blocking area 35.
  • the at least one partition lane blocking area 35 is sized to be received within the partition lanes of the tube bundle 10. Like the blocking area 34, the partition lane blocking areas 35 redirect the flow of fluid within the shell of the heat exchanger 1 towards the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10.
  • the partition lane blocking area 35 redirects the flow of fluid within the partition lane towards the tubes 11 of the bundle 10 to minimize the amount of fluid bypassing the tubes 11. This also improves the efficiency of the heat exchanger by directing more fluid across the heat exchange surfaces of the tubes 11. The presence of this crossflow component across tubes 11 in the bundle 10 improves heat transfer compared to the pure axial flow that would otherwise exist in this type of exchangers without the baffles in accordance with the present invention.
  • the slotted baffle 30 includes a plurality of vertical slots 36 located on opposing sides of the partition lane blocking area 35.
  • the slotted baffle 30 illustrated in Fig. 2 is configured for use in tube bundle having a central partition lane (i.e., for use in a U-bend tube bundle with two passes through the tube bundle device). In the case of a single-pass tube bundle device, the partition lane is omitted. As such, the slots 36 extend across the entire slotted baffle 30.
  • the slots 36 are sized to receive and support the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10. For purposes of illustration, several tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10 are illustrated in Fig. 2 .
  • the vertical slots 36 extend in a direction that is generally perpendicular to the partition lane blocking area 35.
  • the partition lanes may have horizontal orientations, vertical orientations and/or vertically oriented segments and horizontally oriented segments.
  • the partition lane blocking area 35 may have a horizontal orientation, a vertical orientation or vertically oriented segments with horizontally oriented segments.
  • the vertical slots 36 are perpendicular to the horizontal partition lanes or horizontal partition segments and parallel to the vertical partition lanes or vertical partition segments.
  • the slots 36 are arranged to correspond to the rows of the tubes 11 in the bundle 10.
  • a plurality of vertically extending ribs 37 are provided on the baffle 30. Each rib 37 extends vertically between the slots 36, as shown in Fig. 2 .
  • Each rib 37 preferably has a thickness that is slightly smaller than the spacing between adjacent tubes 11 in the tube bundle 10. This spacing aids in the assembly process because the tubes 11 can be easily loaded into the bundle, as described in greater detail below.
  • the slots 36 can be formed by cutting, laser or water cutting, drilling and stamping. It is contemplated that other fabrication techniques are considered to be well within the scope of the present invention provided such technique is capable of creating a slot 36 that is sized to receive at least one tube 11 therein. It is also preferable that the fabrication technique be suitable for the creation of multiple baffles 30.
  • the size of the baffle 30 is based upon the size of the exchanger 1.
  • the length of slot 36 may be sufficient such that the ribs 37 require additional reinforcement for stability and strength. This can be accomplished in one of several ways including increasing the thickness of the plate. It is also possible to include at least one reinforcement rib that extends generally orthogonal to the ribs 37. The ribs may interconnect the ribs 37 for stability. The reinforcement ribs would have a width similar to or greater than the width of the ribs 37. An example of a reinforcement rib is illustrated in Fig.4 as rib 48.
  • the tube bundle 10 of the heat exchanger 1 is provided with at least one slotted baffle 40 having horizontal slots.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates the slotted baffle 40 having horizontal slots that provides support for the tubes 11 in the bundle 10 to reduce vibration.
  • the baffle 40 is configured to redirect the flow of fluid away from the gap between the outer tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10 and the inner surface of the shell 20 inwardly towards the tubes 11 in the bundle 10 away from the shell 20 and outwardly away from the partition lanes towards the tubes 11.
  • the slotted baffle 40 is constructed from a plate having an outer circumstance, which corresponds to the general circumference of the shell 20.
  • the plate includes a plurality of notches 32 and 33 formed therein and described above in connection with baffle 30.
  • the blocking area 44 Extending inwardly from the perimeter of the plate toward the center of the plate is a blocking area 44.
  • the blocking area 44 has a similar construction of the blocking area 34.
  • the blocking area 44 is configured to direct the flow within the tube bundle device away from the shell 20 towards the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10 to minimize the flow of fluid bypassing the bundle 10. This improves the efficiency of the heat exchanger by directing more fluid across the heat exchange surfaces.
  • the baffle 40 may also include at least one partition lane blocking area 45. Like the partition lane blocking area 35, the partition lane blocking areas 45 are sized to be received within the partition lanes of the tube bundle 10. Like the blocking area 44, the partition lane blocking areas 45 redirects the flow of fluid within the tube bundle device 1 towards the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10. The partition lane blocking areas 45 redirect the flow of fluid within the partition lane towards the tubes 11 of the bundle 10 to minimize the amount of fluid bypassing the tubes 11. In single-tube-pass exchangers, there may be no partition lanes.
  • the slotted baffle 40 includes a plurality of horizontal slots 46. As shown in the two pass tube bundle device in Fig.3 , the slots 46 are located on opposing sides of the partition lane blocking area 35. The slots 46 are sized to receive and support the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10. For purposes of illustration, several tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10 are illustrated in Fig. 3 . As shown, the horizontal slots 46 extend in a direction that is generally perpendicular to the partition lane blocking area 35. As discussed above, it is contemplated that the partition lanes may have horizontal orientations, vertical orientations and/or vertically oriented segments and horizontally oriented segments.
  • the partition lane blocking area 35 may have a horizontal orientation, a vertical orientation or vertically oriented segments with horizontally oriented segments.
  • the horizontal slots 37 are parallel to the horizontal partition lanes or horizontal partition segments and perpendicular to the vertical partition lanes or vertical partition segments.
  • a plurality of horizontally extending ribs 47 are provided on the baffle 40. Each rib 47 extends between the slots 46, as shown in Fig. 3 . Each rib 47 preferably has a thickness that is slightly smaller than the spacing between adjacent tubes 11 in the tube bundle 10.
  • the slots 46 can be formed by cutting, laser or water cutting, drilling and stamping. It is contemplated that other fabrication techniques are considered to be well within the scope of the present invention provided such technique is capable of creating a slot 46 that is sized to receive at least one tube 11 therein. It is also preferable that the fabrication technique be suitable for the creation of multiple baffles 40.
  • the slotted baffle 50 includes horizontal slots having at least one vertical rib 48.
  • the vertical ribs 48 interconnect the ribs 47 to reinforce the ribs 47.
  • the ribs 48 would have a width similar to or greater than the width of the ribs 47. While a single vertical rib 48 is shown, it is contemplated that additional ribs 47 may be provided to provide additional stability. This is especially useful for larger sized baffles, which are used in larger exchangers.
  • the terminology horizontal and vertical when used in connection with the present invention is intended as a point of reference to describe the orientation of the individual components of the baffles with respect to the other components of the baffles. The terminology is not intended to describe the orientation of the baffles or components, which make up the baffles within the heat exchanger. It is contemplated that the tube bundle device 1 can have one of several orientations when in use. Thus the tube bundle device can be in general oriented horizontally, vertically or any angle relative to the horizontal.
  • the tube bundle 10 of the heat exchanger 1 is preferably provided with at least one blocking baffle 60.
  • the blocking baffle 60 is configured to direct the flow of fluid inwardly towards the tubes 11 in the bundle 10 away from the shell 20 and outwardly away from the partition lane of the bundle.
  • a blocking baffle 60 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in Fig. 5 .
  • the blocking baffle 60 is constructed from a plate having an outer circumference, which corresponds to the general circumference of the shell 20.
  • the plate includes a plurality of notches 32 and 33 formed.
  • the blocking area 64 Extending inwardly from the perimeter of the plate toward the center of the plate is a blocking area 64.
  • the blocking area 64 is sized to approximately occupy the area between the tube bundle 10 and the inner surface of the shell 20. A small gap will remain between the baffle 60 and the inner surface of the shell 20 to permit insertion of the tube bundle 10 into the shell 20.
  • the blocking area 64 is provided to redirect the flow of the fluid flowing within the gap between the outer tubes of the tube bundle 10 and the inner surface of the shell 20.
  • the blocking area 64 redirects the flow within the heat exchanger away from the shell 20 towards tube bundle 10 to minimize the flow of fluid bypassing the bundle 10. This improves the efficiency of the heat exchanger by directing more fluid across the heat exchange surfaces.
  • the tube bundle 10 may include at least one partition lane.
  • the baffle 60 includes a partition lane blocking area 65.
  • the partition lane blocking area 65 is sized to be received within the partition lane of the tube bundle 20 in the manner described above in connection with blocking areas 35 and 45.
  • the partition lane blocking area 65 redirects the flow of fluid within the heat exchanger 1 towards the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10.
  • Openings 66 and 67 are formed on opposing sides of the partition lane blocking area 35. The openings 66 and 67 are sized to receive the tubes 10 of the bundle 11 therethrough.
  • the number of openings in the baffle 60 will increase to correspond to the groupings of the tubes 11 within the bundle 10. Also, in the event that the tube bundle device 1 is a single-pass device, in general, no partition lanes are present. In such a configuration, the baffle 60 will include a single opening.
  • a rigid cage for the tube bundle 10 is constructed using the tie bars 5, skid bars 6 and the baffles 30, 40, and 60.
  • the rigid cage is formed by securing the tie bars 5 and skid bars 6 within the respective slots 32 and 33 in the baffles 30, 40, and 60.
  • the tie bars 5 and the skid bars 6 are preferably secured within the slots 32 and 33 by welding or other suitable attachment mechanism.
  • the slotted baffles 30 and slotted baffles 40 or 50 are spaced between two (2) feet and five (5) feet apart with an alternating pattern as shown in Fig. 1 .
  • At least one blocking baffle 60 may be located between the vertical and horizontal baffles, as shown in Fig. 1 .
  • the tubes 11 of the tube bundle 10 may be inserted into the cage.
  • the tubes 11 are loaded into the bundle 10 by inserting the tubes 11 through the slots 36 and 46 in the baffles 30 and 40 and the openings 66 and 67 in the baffles 60.
  • the ribs 37 and 47 of the baffles 30 and 40 cooperate to form a support structure for the tubes 11.
  • the ribs 37 and 47 support the tubes 11 and prevent the tubes 11 from coming into contact with adjacent tubes 11.
  • the tubesheets 13 and 14 may be secured to the ends of the bundle 10. This is accomplished by welding or otherwise securing the end of each tube 11 to a tubesheet. As discussed above, at least one of the tubesheets is stationary.
  • the ends of the tubes can be secured to a pair of tubesheets 13, one stationary tubesheet 13 and one floating tubesheet 14 or one stationary tubesheet 13 when the U-tubes are used such that both ends of the tubes are secured to the same tubesheet 13.
  • the assembled tube bundle 10 is inserted into the shell 20 by sliding the bundle 10 along skid bars 6 into the shell. Once the bundle 10 is properly oriented within the shell 20, the tubes sheets 13 are secured to the shell 20.
  • a gap exists between the bundle 10 and the shell 20.
  • the slotted baffles 30, 40 and 60 are provided to redirect the flow of fluid inwardly towards the tubes 11 of the bundle 10.
  • the fluid flowing within the gap comes in contact with the slotted baffles 30, 40 and 60.
  • the blocking areas 34, 44, 54 and 64 block and redirect the flow of the fluid in the gaps areas.
  • the fluid is redirected inwardly to flow through the slots 36 and 46 and open areas 66 and 67.
  • the flow of fluid through the slots 36 and 46 and the open areas 66 and 67 causes the fluid to flow pass the tubes 11, which contain heat transfer surfaces.
  • the partition lane blocking areas 35, 45, 55, and 65 block or inhibit the flow of fluids within the partition lanes in the bundle 10. As fluid flows within the partition lanes, the partition lane blocking areas 35, 45 and 65 redirect the fluid flow away from the partition lane into the tube bundle 10 such that the fluid comes into contact with the tubes 11.
  • the placement of the baffles 30, 40 and 60 at spaced locations along the tube bundle 20 is sufficient to redirect the flow of fluid away from the areas within the heat exchanger 1 that do not include heat transfer elements to those areas with heat transfer capabilities.
  • baffles 30, 40 and 50 In addition to redirecting the flow of fluid within the shell 20, the baffles 30, 40 and 50 also function to reduce tube vibration.
  • the ribs 37 and 47 on baffles 30 and 40 have different orientations with respect to each other.
  • the ribs 37 and the surrounding blocking areas 34 and 35 on the baffle 30 limit the relative movement of the tubes 11.
  • each tube 11 has either one rib 37 located on opposing sides of the tube 11, one rib 37 and the blocking area 34 located on opposing sides of the tube 11, or one rib and the partition lane blocking area 35 located on opposing side of the tube 11.
  • the ribs 37 and the blocking areas 34 and 35 limit movement of the tubes 11 in a direction that is in the same plane as the plate 31 and substantially orthogonal to the ribs 37. In the event that tube 11 begins to vibrate, such vibration is curtailed through contact with the adjacent ribs 37 and/or blocking areas 34 and 35.
  • each tube 11 has either one rib 47 located on opposing sides of the tube 11, one rib 47 and the blocking area 44 or 54 located on opposing sides of the tube 11, or one rib and the partition lane blocking area 45 or 55 located on opposing side of the tube 11.
  • the ribs 47 and the blocking areas 44 or 54 and 45 or 55 limit movement of the tubes 11 in a direction that is in the same plane as the plate 41 and substantially orthogonal to the ribs 47 and parallel to ribs 37. In the event that tubes 11 begin to vibrate, such vibration is curtailed through contact with the adjacent ribs 47 and/or blocking areas 44 or 54 and 45 or 55.
  • baffles 30 and 40 or 30 and 50 in concert effectively reduce vibration of the tubes 11 within the bundle 10, but are not sufficient to prevent vibration.
  • the tubes 11 may still be deflected by flow and for this reason, it may be desirable to use at least one tube support stake 70 and/or 80 between the tubes 11 of the bundle 10, resulting in greater axial strength and minimize vibration.
  • the stakes 70 and/or 80 may be located at spaced locations between the baffles 30, 40, 50 and 60 within the tube bundle 10, as shown in Fig. 1 .
  • the use of tube supports deflects each tube in a sinusoidal fashion. This tends to disrupt the axial shell side flow that provides a cross-flow component, thus improving heat transfer.
  • the tube supports that are mainly used for the purpose of ensuring a robust tube bundle would also lead to a heat-transfer enhancement.
  • the tube stakes 70 or 80 which may be used may be of any type commonly used for that purpose, provided that they are dimensioned to impart the increased tube separation on insertion into the tube bundle to hold the tubes firmly against the support rods of the cages and have a mechanism for retaining their position in the bundle at all times.
  • the tube stakes described in U.S. Patent No. 4,648,442 to Williams , U.S. Patent No. 4,919,199 to Hahn , U.S. Patent No. 5,213,155 to Hahn and U.S. Patent No. 6,401,803 to Hahn might be used provided that their dimensions are satisfactory to the purpose.
  • the preferred type of tube stakes are, however, shown in Figs. 6 and 7 and disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,032,655 to Wanni et al. and U.S. Patent Application No. 11/128,884 to Wanni et al.
  • the tube stakes 70 are inserted to stiffen the tube bundle 10 with the stakes 70 being inserted into the bundle 10 around the midpoint between adjacent baffles 30 and 40. With such an arrangement, it is possible for the stakes 70 to be located in close proximity to the blocking baffles 60. Because the tubes 10 receive support from the baffles 30 and 40, as described above, it is not necessary to insert the stakes 70 into each tube lane (i.e., the lanes between adjacent rows of tubes 11). Although insertion of the tube support stakes into the same tube lanes at successive locations will make the bundle stronger, it is possible to insert the stakes only into alternate tube lanes with the insertion lane alternating at each successive location.
  • the stakes may be inserted into the odd-numbered tube lanes at the first location, into the even-numbered lanes at the second location and so on along the length of the tube bundle at successive stake set locations.
  • the direction of insertion (alignment) for the stakes 70 is made to alternate in the same way as the baffles 30 and 40, namely, the stakes 70 are inserted in a different direction at each station or location where they are inserted into the bundle. It is also possible to insert additional stakes at bundle entrance or exit regions, or any other locations as necessary, to tighten up any loose tubes.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a tube stake or support 70.
  • This type of tube stake or support includes corrugations along the inner portion (within the tube bundle) which deflect the tubes slightly to provide resilient support for the tubes while, at the same time, enabling the stakes to be readily inserted into the bundle; at its outer extremity, each stake has dimples which deflect the tubes slightly in the same way as the corrugations but which lock more securely onto the outermost tubes so as to minimize the likelihood of undesirable dislocation of the stakes strips during handling or in operation.
  • the tube support or stake 70 is formed from a strip of metal which extends in tube lane defined by the tubes 11 on the two sides of the lane. In the complete tube bundle, there will be additional tubes extending in the row formed by a continuation of the tube rows, with other tube rows arranged in similar conventional manner making up the tube bundle. The tube lanes between these two adjacent rows and other adjacent rows of tubes will be similarly extensive across the tube bundle.
  • Each tube stake 70 has transverse rows of raised tube-engaging zones.
  • the tube-engaging zones may be formed as rows of alternating dimples 71 or corrugations 72 or combinations 73 thereof. With such an arrangement, dimples 71 and/or corrugations 72 and/or combinations 73 extend from opposing sides of the stake 70.
  • Tube support 80 for use in connection with the present invention.
  • Tube support 80 comprises an elongated flat member made up of two flat strips of metal 81, 82 secured together.
  • the tube support 80 includes at least one tube-engaging zone 83.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Dispositif à faisceaux de tubes (1), comprenant :
    un boîtier (20) ;
    un faisceau de tubes (10) situé dans le boîtier (20), le faisceau de tubes (10) ayant une pluralité de tubes (11) agencés parallèlement les uns aux autres dans des rangées de tubes ;
    au moins une première paroi de support (30) orientée rainurée, ayant une pluralité de fentes espacées (36) formées dans celle-ci, chacune de la pluralité de fentes espacées (36) étant dimensionnée de manière à recevoir au moins l'un des tubes (11) à travers elle, la pluralité de fentes espacées ayant une première orientation ; et
    au moins une deuxième paroi de support (40) orientée rainurée ayant une pluralité de fentes espacées (46) formées dans celle-ci, chacune de la pluralité de fentes espacées (46) étant dimensionnée de manière à recevoir au moins l'un des tubes (11) à travers elle, la pluralité de fentes espacées ayant une deuxième orientation, qui est différente de la première orientation ;
    chacune des premières parois de support (30) orientées rainurées étant espacée d'une deuxième paroi de support (40) orientée rainurée adjacente, caractérisé en ce que
    chaque paroi de support rainurée (30, 40) a un périmètre extérieur et une zone de blocage (34, 44) formée entre le périmètre extérieur et la pluralité de fentes espacées (36, 46),
    la zone de blocage (34, 44) étant dimensionnée de manière à être située à l'intérieur d'un espace entre le boîtier et les tubes externes du faisceau de tubes.
  2. Dispositif à faisceaux de tubes selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre au moins une paroi de blocage (60), chaque paroi de blocage comprenant :
    une plaque de blocage ayant un périmètre extérieur ;
    au moins une ouverture de plaque (66, 67) dimensionnée de manière à recevoir les tubes du faisceau de tubes à travers elle ; et
    une zone de blocage (64) de plaque de blocage formée entre le périmètre extérieur de la plaque de blocage et l'au moins une ouverture de plaque,
    la zone de blocage (64) de plaque de blocage étant dimensionnée de manière à être située substantiellement à l'intérieur d'un espace entre le boîtier et les tubes extérieurs du faisceau de tubes.
  3. Dispositif à faisceaux de tubes selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le faisceau de tubes a au moins une ligne de cloisonnement séparant une portion des tubes du faisceau de tubes d'une autre portion des tubes du faisceau de tubes, chacune des parois de support rainurées ayant au moins une zone de blocage (35, 45) de ligne de cloisonnement formée dans celle-ci, chaque zone de blocage (35, 45) de ligne de cloisonnement étant dimensionnée de manière à être reçue à l'intérieur de la ligne de cloisonnement correspondante du faisceau de tubes, chaque paroi de support comprenant :
    un premier groupe de la pluralité de fentes situé d'un côté de l'au moins une zone de blocage de ligne de cloisonnement entre une portion de la zone de blocage et la zone de blocage de ligne de cloisonnement ; et
    un deuxième groupe de la pluralité de fentes situé d'un autre côté de la zone de blocage de ligne de cloisonnement entre une autre portion de la zone de blocage et la zone de blocage de ligne de cloisonnement.
  4. Dispositif à faisceaux de tubes selon la revendication 1, comprenant en outre :
    au moins un organe de support de tube allongé (70, 80), l'au moins un organe de support de tube allongé étant situé de manière sélective dans l'espace formé entre des rangées adjacentes de tubes, chaque organe de support de tube allongé ayant une zone d'engagement de tube pour l'engagement avec un tube adjacent dans le faisceau de tubes.
  5. Dispositif à faisceaux de tubes selon la revendication 4, dans lequel l'au moins un organe de support de tube allongé (70, 80) est situé entre des première et deuxième parois de support orientées adjacentes.
  6. Procédé pour réguler l'écoulement de fluide à l'intérieur d'un dispositif à faisceaux de tubes (1), le dispositif à faisceaux de tubes ayant un boîtier (20) et un faisceau de tubes (10) situé à l'intérieur de celui-ci, le faisceau de tubes ayant une pluralité de tubes parallèles espacés (11), un espace existant entre le boîtier et le faisceau de tubes, le faisceau de tubes ayant une ligne de cloisonnement séparant un premier groupe des tubes espacés parallèles d'un deuxième groupe des tubes espacés parallèles, le procédé comprenant :
    rediriger au moins une portion de l'écoulement de fluide dans l'espace vers le faisceau de tubes; et
    rediriger au moins une portion de l'écoulement de fluide dans la ligne de cloisonnement vers le faisceau de tubes,
    l'étape consistant à rediriger au moins une portion de l'écoulement de fluide dans l'espace vers le faisceau de tubes comprenant :
    fournir au moins une première paroi de support (30) rainurée orientée à un emplacement prédéterminé sur le faisceau de tubes, la première paroi de support (30) rainurée orientée ayant une pluralité de fentes espacées (36) formées dans celle-ci, chacune de la pluralité de fentes espacées étant dimensionnée de manière à recevoir au moins l'un des tubes (11) à travers elle, la pluralité de fentes espacées ayant une première orientation ; et
    fournir au moins une deuxième paroi de support (40) rainurée orientée à un emplacement prédéterminé sur le faisceau de tubes, la deuxième paroi de support (40) rainurée orientée ayant une pluralité de fentes espacées (46) formées dans celle-ci, chacune de la pluralité de fentes espacées (46) étant dimensionnée de manière à recevoir au moins l'un des tubes (11) à travers elle, la pluralité de fentes espacées ayant une deuxième orientation différente de la première orientation ;
    chacune des premières parois de support rainurées orientées étant espacée d'une deuxième paroi de support rainurée orientée adjacente,
    chaque paroi de support rainurée ayant un périmètre extérieur et une zone de blocage (34, 44) formée entre le périmètre extérieur et la pluralité de fentes espacées,
    la zone de blocage étant dimensionnée de manière à être située à l'intérieur d'un espace entre le boîtier et des tubes extérieurs du faisceau de tubes,
    la zone de blocage redirigeant l'écoulement de fluide depuis l'espace vers la pluralité de fentes espacées.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, dans lequel la redirection d'au moins une portion de l'écoulement de fluide dans l'espace vers le faisceau de tubes comprend :
    fournir au moins une paroi de blocage (60) en des emplacements prédéterminés le long du faisceau de tubes, chaque paroi de blocage ayant une plaque de blocage avec un périmètre extérieur et au moins une ouverture de plaque (66, 67) dimensionnée de manière à recevoir les tubes du dispositif à faisceaux de tubes à travers elle, et une zone de blocage (65) de plaque de blocage formée entre le périmètre extérieur de la plaque de blocage et l'au moins une ouverture de plaque, la zone de blocage de la plaque de blocage étant dimensionnée de manière à être située à l'intérieur d'un espace entre le boîtier et des tubes extérieurs du dispositif à faisceaux de tubes, la zone de blocage de plaque de blocage orientant l'écoulement de fluide depuis l'espace vers la pluralité de fentes espacées.
EP20070839154 2006-10-06 2007-10-02 Dispositif à faisceau de tubes à vibration réduite à parois rainurées Not-in-force EP2076728B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US84976806P 2006-10-06 2006-10-06
PCT/US2007/021175 WO2008045243A1 (fr) 2006-10-06 2007-10-02 Dispositif à faisceau de tubes à vibration réduite à parois rainurées

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EP2076728A1 EP2076728A1 (fr) 2009-07-08
EP2076728B1 true EP2076728B1 (fr) 2012-09-19

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US (1) US20080245515A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2076728B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2010506128A (fr)
KR (1) KR20090085614A (fr)
CN (1) CN101523146A (fr)
AU (1) AU2007307163A1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2665067A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008045243A1 (fr)

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US20130140923A1 (en) * 2011-12-05 2013-06-06 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Electric machine cooling structure
EP2818820A1 (fr) 2013-06-28 2014-12-31 Ammonia Casale S.A. Équipement à enveloppe et tube avec une structure à chicane destinée à supporter les tubes
US20150083365A1 (en) * 2013-09-25 2015-03-26 Westinghouse Electric Company Llc Steam generator and method of securing tubes within a steam generator against vibration
CN104713403B (zh) * 2013-12-12 2018-01-05 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 一种支撑板固定结构及具有其的壳管换热器
EP2887001A1 (fr) 2013-12-18 2015-06-24 Casale Sa Unité d'échange de chaleur à tubes pour parties internes d'échangeurs de chaleur ou de réacteurs
US10451365B2 (en) * 2017-06-02 2019-10-22 Rheem Manufacturing Company Tube sheets and tube sheet assemblies
KR101993082B1 (ko) * 2018-02-01 2019-06-25 한국가스공사 열교환기 배플판 어셈블리

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CN101523146A (zh) 2009-09-02
KR20090085614A (ko) 2009-08-07
CA2665067A1 (fr) 2008-04-17
WO2008045243A1 (fr) 2008-04-17
AU2007307163A1 (en) 2008-04-17
US20080245515A1 (en) 2008-10-09
JP2010506128A (ja) 2010-02-25
EP2076728A1 (fr) 2009-07-08

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