EP1996319A2 - Encapsulated nanoparticles, especially those having a core/shell structure - Google Patents
Encapsulated nanoparticles, especially those having a core/shell structureInfo
- Publication number
- EP1996319A2 EP1996319A2 EP07727131A EP07727131A EP1996319A2 EP 1996319 A2 EP1996319 A2 EP 1996319A2 EP 07727131 A EP07727131 A EP 07727131A EP 07727131 A EP07727131 A EP 07727131A EP 1996319 A2 EP1996319 A2 EP 1996319A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- core
- nanoparticles
- ball
- shell
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/20—After-treatment of capsule walls, e.g. hardening
- B01J13/22—Coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C14/00—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix
- C03C14/004—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix the non-glass component being in the form of particles or flakes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/62—Metallic pigments or fillers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2214/00—Nature of the non-vitreous component
- C03C2214/04—Particles; Flakes
- C03C2214/05—Particles; Flakes surface treated, e.g. coated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2214/00—Nature of the non-vitreous component
- C03C2214/08—Metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
- Y10T428/2993—Silicic or refractory material containing [e.g., tungsten oxide, glass, cement, etc.]
Definitions
- the invention relates to coated nanoparticles, said nanoparticles being especially nanoparticles shell core structure.
- the invention further relates to a process for preparing said coated nanoparticles.
- the technical field of the invention can be defined in a very general manner, such as that of nanoparticles and more precisely as that of the protection of these nanoparticles in order to preserve their properties when subjected, for example, to high temperatures for example up to 1500 0 C, oxidation, moisture, chemicals, ultraviolet, etc.
- the invention is more particularly in the field of the protection of nanoparticles, especially metallic nanoparticles, which have optical effects, such as intense pigmentation, or fluorescence, with respect to thermal treatments.
- the color of glasses containing metal nanoparticles is attributed to the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance.
- This term refers to the collective oscillation of the conduction electrons of the particle in response to an electromagnetic wave.
- the electric field of the incident radiation causes the appearance of an electric dipole in the particle.
- a force is created in the nanoparticle at a single resonant frequency.
- noble metals it is in the visible range of the spectrum, in the blue around 400 nm, and in the green around 520 nm for small spheres of silver and gold respectively. It is responsible for the yellow and red coloring respectively of the materials obtained by dispersing these nano-objects in a transparent dielectric matrix. This frequency of oscillation depends on several factors, including the size and shape of the nanoparticle, the distance between the nanoparticles, and the nature of the surrounding environment.
- nanoparticles responsible for this aesthetic aspect known for a very long time and which remains nonetheless very much in demand today especially in the products of the glass industry, in decoration, flasks - are generally generated in situ by controlled heat treatments. allowing germination and growth adapted to the desired final coloration.
- the preparation of gold nanoparticles in a mineral confined medium can be carried out in inorganic suspensions, for example of titanium, of silica, or clay, by reduction of a gold precursor in the presence of a catalyst such as described in particular by K. Nakamura et al [(2001) J. Chem. Eng. Jap. 34, 1538].
- the main problem encountered with these germination-growth processes is not the cost of the raw material, because because of their absorption intensity, noble metals are only used in small quantities; indeed, the molar extinction coefficient is of the order of 10 9 M 1 Cm 1 for gold nanoparticles of the order of 20 nanometers in diameter and increases almost linearly with the volume of the nanoparticles.
- the major drawbacks related to the use of the germination / growth process are rather those resulting from: the rigidity of the process, linked in particular to the control of heat transfer and the lack of flexibility in the production tool; and the chemical vulnerability of the nanoparticles with respect to the constituents of the matrix.
- the NaBH 4 route consists essentially of reducing, in aqueous media, sodium borohydride in the presence of a thiol, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate.
- the surface of the gold particles is covered with a monolayer of the thiolated molecules. It has then been sought to stabilize the nanoparticles or to confer on these nanoparticles particular chemical functionalities, in particular by providing them with a functional silica layer that is chemically activatable.
- one of the most widely used methods [3] for the functionalization and stabilization of gold nanoparticles consists in first making their vitrophilic surface by adding aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and then using sodium silicate ( Na 2 O (SiO 2 ) 3 - 5 , 27 wt% SiO 2 ) for the growth of the functional silica layer, thus obtaining particles with a core-shell structure metal-silica stabilized.
- APTES aminopropyltriethoxysilane
- sodium silicate Na 2 O (SiO 2 ) 3 - 5 , 27 wt% SiO 2
- a dispersion of gold particles with a mean diameter of about 15 nm is first prepared by reduction of HAuCl 4 with sodium citrate, to which is added with stirring.
- APS (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane
- TES tetraethoxysilane
- TPM methacrylate of 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl
- An active silica solution is prepared by lowering the pH of a 0.54 wt.% Sodium silicate solution to 10-11.
- the active silica solution is added with stirring to the dispersion of surface-modified gold particles, and the solution obtained is left standing for 24 hours, so that the active silica polymerizes on the surface of the gold particles.
- core-shell nanoparticles with a thickness of the silica shell of about 2 to 4 nm are obtained after 24 hours.
- TES tetraethoxysilane
- a hydroxide such as ammonia
- Silica shells having a thickness of 10 nm to 83 nm and more are thus obtained.
- the process of this document requires very long operations if it is desired to grow thick shells.
- the coupling agent such as APS, and sodium silicate can introduce impurities into the particles.
- document [4] describes a method for the direct coating, by a silica shell, of gold nanoparticles stabilized with citrate, which does not require any coupling molecule. More specifically, gold nanoparticles, generally spherical, with a diameter of about 15 nm, are prepared by reducing a gold salt, such as HAuCl 4 .
- the silica shell is grown by a sol-gel hydrolysis process of a precursor, such as TEOS, in an ammonia catalyzed water-ethanol medium.
- a precursor such as TEOS
- the SiO 2 shell can reach 100 nm.
- Nanoparticles more particularly nanoparticles with a metal core-oxide shell structure, are obtained by the processes described above.
- the latter which is chemically inert, protects the core metal nanoparticles and makes them stable under extreme chemical conditions.
- the thickness of the shell, called shell or primer, surrounding the metal core in core-shell geometries formed in the processes of the prior art is such that this layer does not completely protect, thermally and / or chemically the metallic nanoparticles (the heart).
- this layer does not completely protect, thermally and / or chemically the metallic nanoparticles (the heart).
- nanoparticles with a core-shell structure are subjected to a thermal flux, there is a risk of diffusion of the core through its shell, sintering or unwanted growth, resulting in a final dispersion detrimental to the final properties of the nanoparticles and, in particular, to the final pigmentation sought.
- the nanoparticles prepared by the method of document [5] generally have a crystalline core of 30 to 60 nm and an oxide shell of about 3 nm thick. More specifically, these nanoparticles have sizes, for example 45-4 nm for silver particles coated with ZrO 2 and about 50 nm on average for gold particles coated with TiO 2 . These dimensions remain too large to obtain in particular the optical effects sought preferentially in the present invention.
- nanoparticles with core-shell structure described and prepared in the documents of the prior art do not have the chemical and thermal stabilities allowing them to withstand very aggressive chemical environments and at very high temperatures.
- the nanoparticles of these documents do not have the required quality, particularly in terms of homogeneity, size control and control of the size distribution of the nanoparticles.
- the core-shell nanoparticles of the prior art do not have the desired sizes to obtain optical effects.
- nanoparticles in particular metal nanoparticles, which have excellent chemical and thermal stability, in any case superior to that of the nanoparticles of the prior art, as represented in particular by the documents cited above.
- nanoparticles in particular metal nanoparticles whose homogeneity, quality, size, and size distribution are controlled.
- These nanoparticles must, in addition, have a size adequate for them to have optical properties, such as intense coloring.
- the object of the present invention is to provide nanoparticles which meet, among others, these needs.
- the object of the present invention is, in addition, to provide a process for preparing these nanoparticles.
- the object of the present invention is still to provide nanoparticles which do not have the disadvantages, defects, limitations and disadvantages of the processes of the prior art and which solve the problems of the processes of the prior art.
- a ball comprising at least two non-agglomerated solid nanoparticles having a core structure comprising only a solid core, or having a core-shell structure comprising a solid core surrounded by an envelope. or solid shell constituted by an inorganic material, said non-agglomerated nanoparticles being coated with a non-porous metal oxide.
- ball according to the invention is generally meant an object, element having the shape of a sphere, or having substantially the shape of a sphere, having the shape of a spheroid.
- non-agglomerated solid nanoparticles that these nanoparticles do not form agglomerates, do not touch, are not in contact, are separated by non-porous metal oxide, and can be individually highlighted. In other words, there is a spacing, spacing, controlled between the different nanoparticles.
- said non-porous metal oxide is a refractory oxide.
- said nanoparticles are nanoparticles having a core-shell structure comprising a solid core and a solid shell or shell made of an inorganic material.
- the non-porous metal oxide preferably refractory, may or may not be different from the inorganic shell material.
- Said nanoparticles may be simple nanoparticles, that is to say nanoparticles not having the core-shell structure defined above and simply having a core provided on its surface with chemical functionalities ensuring their coating by the non-metallic oxide. porous, preferably refractory.
- the said chemical functionalities may be chosen from OH functions and organic ligands. They are preferably obtained during the step of synthesizing the nanoparticles.
- nanoparticles - in particular particles having a core / shell structure, comprising a solid core and a shell or solid shell - within a ball has never been described, and suggested in the prior art.
- the nanoparticles are incorporated within a protective matrix, in the form of a coating ball.
- This coating ball also makes it possible to ensure good dispersion and homogenization within the final material, in which the ball must be incorporated.
- coating balls meet all the needs listed above, and do not have the defects of the nanoparticles of the prior art, which basically are not coated in the form of a ball, and, finally, they provide a solution to the problems presented by the nanoparticles of the prior art.
- the coating Due to the presence of the coating and because of the very nature of the material, the constituent and the low porosity thereof, it is ensured, according to the invention, a particularly chemical protection nanoparticles vis-à-vis of their environment, which ensures the integrity of the properties of nanoparticles in aggressive chemical environments, for example corrosive, oxidizing or otherwise.
- the coating also makes it possible to make the nanoparticles "chemically invisible” with respect to an incorporation material and it is then possible to exceed the maximum incorporation thresholds beyond which the dispersion of the nanoparticles in said material would become strongly heterogeneous or even impossible: this is particularly true in the case of the ZrU2 ball in glass.
- the characteristic of low porosity of the material constituting the coating is synonymous with the concept of dense coating.
- the idea is that in the case of porous materials, the atoms constituting the nanoparticles (heart or heart / shell) will have the opportunity to diffuse through the coating and thus to migrate outside the nanoparticle. Similarly, a porous material will allow the external agents to come into contact with the nanoparticle and thus destroy it by chemical reaction.
- the protection provided by the coating is also of a thermal nature. Indeed, in an incorporation process requiring heating of the nanoparticles at high temperatures, especially beyond the melting temperature of the core material, non-protection of the nanoparticles resulted in their destruction by a solubilization effect in the material of the nanoparticles. incorporation or an increase in their size by an uncontrolled sintering effect, which led to the loss of the desired properties.
- the coating of one or more nanoparticles makes it possible to preserve, during heating beyond the melting temperature of the corresponding metal (in general, the material constituting the core of the nanoparticles), a constant size of the nanoparticles and a controlled spacing (for example at 100 nm) between the different particles, thus ensuring a constant optical effect of the coloring.
- the chemical protection of nanoparticles is carried out according to the invention, even beyond their melting point, and it then becomes possible to incorporate nanoparticles into materials whose methods of application require heaters at very high temperatures, such as vitreous materials.
- the balls according to the invention can have their characteristics easily modified, by varying the parameters of the process.
- nanoparticles and also beads, with controlled sizes, and a size distribution controlled, for example with a low dispersion, a "sharp" size distribution, and one can also avoid the aggregation of particles.
- the nanoparticles namely the core nanoparticle (said core alone constituting the nanoparticle or the core of a heart-shell nanoparticle) and the core-shell nanoparticle, have a reduced size, namely from 1 nm to 100 nm, compared to that of the nanoparticles described in the documents of the prior art, which makes them quite suitable for the production of optical effects.
- the size of the core should generally not exceed 20 nm, preferably 10 nm, more preferably 5 nm and the overall size of the core and the shell should generally not exceed 100 nm.
- the core of the nanoparticles having a core structure or a core-structure shell is constituted in majority by at least one metal.
- the average size of said core-shell nanoparticles is 1 to 100 nm, preferably 2 to 50 nm, more preferably 5 to 20 nm, more preferably 5 to 10 nm.
- the average size of the cores of said nanoparticles having a core structure or a core-shell structure is from 1 to 50 nm, preferably from 2 to 20 nm, more preferably from 5 to 15 nm, better still from 2 to 10 nm.
- the nanoparticles may have the shape of spheres, lamellae, fibers, tubes, polyhedra, or a random shape.
- the sphere is the preferred form.
- the core of the nanoparticle (s) is constituted by at least 80% by weight of at least one metal, preferably by at least 90% by weight, and more preferably by 100% by weight of less a metal.
- the metal which constitutes in majority the heart of the nanoparticles can be generally chosen among the elements of atomic number going from 13 to 82 and composing columns 3 to 16 of the periodic table of the elements, and the alloys of these.
- the core of the nanoparticles may be a mixture of two or more of said metals and / or alloys thereof.
- the core of the nanoparticles may be a composite core made up of several zones, adjacent zones consisting of different metals, alloys or mixtures.
- Said composite core of the nanoparticles may be a multilayer composite core comprising an inner core or core consisting of a metal, alloy or mixture of metal, at least partially covered by a first layer made of a metal, metal alloy or metal mixture different from that constituting the core or inner core, and possibly one or more other layers, each of these layers at least partially covering the previous layer and each of these layers being constituted by a metal, alloy or mixture different from the next layer and the layer previous.
- the core of the nanoparticles further comprises unavoidable impurities, and stabilizers.
- the core of the nanoparticles may comprise, in addition to the majority metal, metal oxides.
- the metal which is mainly the core of the particles is selected from transition metals, noble metals, rare earth metals and their alloys and mixtures.
- the metal which constitutes in majority the core of the nanoparticles is chosen from aluminum, copper, silver, gold, indium, iron, platinum, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, tungsten, antimony, palladium, zinc, tin, europium and their alloys and mixtures.
- the metal which is predominantly the core of the particles is selected from gold, copper, silver, palladium, platinum and their alloys and mixtures.
- the most preferred metal is gold.
- the core of the nanoparticles can be modified on the surface by a treatment modifying the physicochemical properties of this one as well in the case of the particles "heart”, as in that of the particles "core-shell".
- the core is not predominantly composed of a metal, it consists mainly of a metal oxide, a sulfide, selenide, metal phosphide, for example of transition metal or rare earths, or a semiconductor material.
- the inorganic material which constitutes the envelope, the shell of the nanoparticles in the case where it has a core-shell structure is chosen from materials consisting of simple or compound metal oxides and / or organometallic polymers.
- Said metal oxides can be chosen from oxides of silicon, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, yttrium, zinc, boron, lithium, magnesium, sodium, cerium, the mixed oxides of these ci, and mixtures of these oxides and mixed oxides.
- the metal oxide may be chosen from silica, titanium oxide, alumina, zirconium oxide and yttrium oxide.
- the envelope of each nanoparticle has an average thickness of 1 to 10 nm, preferably 1 to 5 nm, more preferably 1 to 2 nm and the core has a size of 1 to 50 nm, preferably 2 to 20 nm, more preferably 5 to 15 nm, more preferably 2 to 10 nm.
- the inorganic material which constitutes the envelope of the particles in the form of a coating ball is chosen from inorganic materials, such as metal oxides and organometallic polymers that can be obtained by a sol-gel process.
- the metal oxide preferably refractory, non-porous is generally selected from oxides of silicon, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, yttrium, zinc, ..., the mixed oxides thereof and the mixtures of these oxides and mixed oxides.
- said oxide preferably refractory, is chosen from oxides that can be obtained by a sol-gel process.
- said metal oxide, preferably refractory, non-porous has a thickness such that the diameter of the ball is from 50 to 3000 nm, preferably from 100 to 2000 nm, more preferably from 200 to 900 nm, better still from 300 to 600 nm, more preferably 400 to 500 nm.
- the ball may consist of 2 to 10 nanoparticles coated with a metal oxide, preferably refractory, non-porous.
- the invention also relates to a ball comprising one or more solid nanoparticles having a core structure comprising only a solid metal core, or having a core-shell structure comprising a metal solid core surrounded by a solid shell or shell consisting of an inorganic material, said one or more nanoparticles being coated with a non-porous metal oxide, provided that when the ball comprises only a single nanoparticle with a core structure, the non-porous metal oxide is not silica, and when the ball comprises several nanoparticles, these nanoparticles are not agglomerated.
- the ball may comprise only one nanoparticle.
- All other characteristics of the beads that have already been described above such as size, nature of the metal or metals, nature of the envelope and the non-porous metal oxide, etc. can also be applied to these particular beads which may comprise only one nanoparticle, which then consists of one or more metals. It is therefore expressly referred to the entirety of the above description with respect to the characteristics of this type of beads in which a single metal nanoparticle can be included.
- the invention furthermore relates to a ball with a core-shell structure which comprises a core ball as defined above, said core ball comprising one or more solid nanoparticles having a core structure, or a heart-shaped structure. shell, said ball of heart being encased by an envelope or solid shell consisting of a non-porous metal oxide.
- Said non-porous metal oxide forming the shell of the ball core-shell structure is generally selected from non-porous oxides already used above; and this oxide which forms, constitutes, the shell of the core-shell structure ball is preferably different from the non-porous metal oxide which coats the nanoparticle (s) of the ball forming the core of the core core ball - shell.
- the non-porous metal oxide which surrounds the nanoparticles of the core ball is silica
- the non-porous metal oxide which forms the shell, shell of the ball core-shell structure may be chosen from all oxides non-porous metals with the exception of silica.
- the thickness of the generally refractory non-porous metal oxide shell of the core-shell structure ball is generally 0.5 to 200 nm, preferably 5 nm to 90 nm, more preferably 10 nm to 30 nm. .
- This shell of the ball may thus have for example an average thickness of about 20 to 25 nm.
- nanoparticles heart-shell structure and beads heart-shell structure.
- One or more nanoparticles having a core structure or a core-shell structure may be incorporated in a ball, ball which itself can form the core of heart-shell beads.
- shell shell shell shell-shell structure For the shell of nanoparticles heart-shell structure, we can speak of "shell” and shell shell shell-shell structure, which may include one or more nanoparticles themselves possibly heart-shell structure (or heart structure) we can speak of "extra shell” or "second shell”.
- the invention also relates to a method for preparing beads comprising one or more nanoparticles having a core structure comprising a solid core, or having a core-shell structure comprising a solid core and a solid envelope constituted by an inorganic material, said nanoparticles being coated by a non-porous metal oxide, preferably refractory, in which the following successive steps are carried out: a) solid nanoparticles constituting the core of said nanoparticles are prepared; b) optionally, functionalized at the surface, or surrounding each of said solid nanoparticles constituting the core of a solid shell consisting of an inorganic material, whereby nanoparticles functionalized surface or core-shell structure is obtained; c) coating said nanoparticles in a non-porous metal oxide, preferably refractory; d) optionally, a further coating step is carried out with a non-porous, preferably refractory, metal oxide.
- this preparation process applies to both multi-nanoparticle beads and beads comprising only one nanoparticle whose core is then metal.
- step d) is implemented in the case where it is desired to prepare beads core-shell structure.
- the non-porous metal oxide used is different from the non-porous metal porous oxide of step c).
- the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for the synthesis of beads comprising one or more nanoparticles having a core-shell structure, preferably having the mean size indicated above, and comprising a metal solid core and a solid envelope constituted by a metal oxide, said core-shell nanoparticles being coated with a non-porous metal oxide, preferably refractory, different or different from the oxide of the envelope.
- the steps a) and b) are preferably combined, simultaneous, and nanoparticles having a core-shell structure comprising a solid metal core and a solid envelope consisting of a metal oxide are prepared in a single step, and then coated.
- the so-called “core” balls obtained during step c) are still coated with a preferably refractory porous metal oxide and thus "heart-shell" beads are obtained. ".
- step a) confused with step b), called step a1), and step c); and possibly another step d).
- each nanoparticle that is to say that preferably, in particular one surrounds each of the nanoparticles called "de core ", for example metal, shell, shell, or layer of solid primer consisting of an inorganic material, such as a metal oxide.
- This primer especially in the case of metal core nanoparticles may be a first metal oxide. This feature provides adequate chemical reactivity to core nanoparticles and serves as a starting point for incorporation.
- step c) and optionally d) in a second step, in the coating ball which provides the thermal and chemical stability required.
- This coating ball also makes it possible to offer good dispersion and homogenization within the final incorporation material.
- the nanoparticles from steps a) or b) can be very varied in nature, but overall they must generally have on their surface the required chemical functionalities such as OH bonds for example to have a chemical reactivity vis-à-vis the coating process such as a sol-gel process; they must also be generally compatible with the latter by having a colloidal stability in an alcoholic medium.
- the compatibilization process would be quite different.
- semiconductor nanocrystals for example, it would be to adsorb organic ligands at their surface making them dispersible in alcohol.
- rare earth nanoparticles see the example with Y2O3: Eu below
- Y2O3: Eu already possess, by their synthetic process (polyols route) the required functionalities (OH) to coat them in refractory oxide. This is why in this case it is not necessary to functionalize or encapsulate them.
- the first step a1) which allows at one time to prepare the core nanoparticles and to provide them with the shell, shell, or primer layer can be carried out by the method described in FIG. Document [5] cited above, namely by reduction of a salt of the metal constituting the core, such as gold, with DiMethylFormamide (DMF), and simultaneous coating of the metal nanoparticles thus formed by hydrolysis of a precursor of the metal oxide constituting the envelope, such as an alcoholate of the metal of said oxide.
- the metal salt may be chosen for example from nitrates, halides (chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride), metals mentioned above for the heart.
- the core nanoparticles thus prepared have a size, for example a diameter of 5 to 20 nm, preferably 5 to 10 nm or 15 nm, which is significantly smaller than that of the core nanoparticles of the prior art.
- the thickness of the shells is also limited, for example to 1 to 10 nm, by acting on the conditions of synthesis of the shell simultaneously with the preparation of the metal nanoparticles, by reducing the amount of precursor of the metal oxide, for example the alkoxide, alkoxide, metal, such as zirconium alkoxide, and observing a shorter heating time so that the growth is carried out under thermokinetic control.
- the thickness of the shell is in fact regulated by the amount of precursor, for example ZrO 2 introduced into the medium.
- the primer layer, the shell, the envelope prepared during step b) simultaneous or not in step a) or else during step a1), does not make it possible to protect chemically and / or thermally nanoparticles. But this layer is essential to ensure the stability of the nanoparticles in several solvents, including alcohols, thus facilitating the implementation of step c) (and then possible step d)), which is the step of forming the nanoparticles.
- This step c) is preferably carried out by a sol-gel process.
- This sol-gel process generally comprises the hydrolysis of a precursor, for example of an alkoxide precursor, of the constituent metal of the non-porous metal oxide, which is preferably refractory.
- the controlled hydrolysis of said precursors for example said metal alkoxides, for example zirconium alkoxide
- an anhydrous alcoholic medium consisting of one or more alcohols chosen for example from butanol and isopropanol.
- a long-chain organic acid for example from 10 to 2OC such as oleic acid and in the presence of core-shell structure nanoparticles previously prepared in steps a) and b) or ai).
- Hydrolysis is therefore controlled insofar as the amount of water present in the reaction medium is solely due to the addition of water which is introduced voluntarily.
- Step d) is generally carried out under the same conditions as step a) but the non-porous metal oxide preferably refractory deposited during this step is preferably different from the non-porous metal oxide deposited in step c).
- a heat treatment is generally carried out at a temperature of 100 to 800 ° C. and for a period of 1 to 24 hours.
- This treatment makes it possible to rid the formed balls of any organic residue and to densify the balls, for example made of zirconia.
- a preferred heat treatment comprises the following steps: rising from room temperature to a temperature of 450 ° C. at a heating rate of 5 ° C./minute;
- the characteristics of the beads formed vary according to the water concentration, the number of carbon atoms of the organic acid, the aging time (it is the time of synthesis or maturation), the temperature (during synthesis) .
- the change of these experimental parameters makes it possible to adjust the size of the balls, the size distribution of the beads and the aggregation of the nanoparticles.
- step c) (and possibly generally during step d)) are given below to illustrate the influence of the various parameters of the method.
- the concentration of nanoparticles makes it possible to regulate the level of nanoparticles per oxide ball.
- the level of nanoparticles is generally from 10 to 90% by weight, preferably from 50 to 80% by weight per bead.
- the beads according to the invention can be used in particular as coloring pigment resistant to high temperatures and / or chemical attack, especially when the core is metallic.
- the coloring of the pigment will depend on the size of the metal core, the type and thickness of the oxide layer used as the possible envelope coating (it is the oxide forming the shell) and also the incorporation rate of the balls in the material, the matrix to be colored, pigmented.
- the beads according to the invention, prepared by the process according to the invention can be incorporated in materials, matrices, chosen from silica glasses, metallic glasses, crystals, ceramics, high temperature polymers.
- the balls according to the invention make it possible to produce visual and optical effects by communicating them in particular an intense coloration.
- the invention therefore relates to materials such as glasses, ceramics, polymers, in which are incorporated the beads according to the invention, generally at a content of 100 to 5000 ppm, or even 10000 or 15000 ppm, preferably from 2000 to 4000 ppm, based on the total weight of the material. This incorporation content is very high, significantly higher, for example in the case of glasses at levels of 400 ppm currently implemented.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional view of a nanoparticle core structure, including metal core, shell, including oxide shell, intended to be embedded in a ball according to the invention
- FIG. 2 represents a schematic sectional view of a ball according to the invention in which several core-shell nanoparticles as represented in FIG. 1 are incorporated in a non-porous refractory oxide coating
- FIG. 3 is a graph which represents the absorption spectra of a glass in which are incorporated unprotected gold particles (bottom curve) and of a glass in which gold nanoparticles protected by a glass are incorporated
- ball of Zr ⁇ 2 top curve). On the ordinate is carried the absorbance A and on the abscissa is carried the wavelength ⁇ (in nm);
- FIG. 4 is a graph representing the fluorescence spectra of nanoparticles of Y2 ⁇ 3: Eu protected or not by a ZrO2 bead and having undergone heat treatment at 1300 ° C.
- the ordinate is plotted the fluorescence intensity (In "Counts") and on the abscissa is carried the wavelength ⁇ (in nm).
- Curve A is the fluorescence spectrum of nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu not coated with ZrO 2 beads.
- Curve B is the fluorescence spectrum of nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu coated with ZrO 2 beads with a particle size of 100 nm to 2000 nm.
- Curve C is the fluorescence spectrum of nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu coated with ZrO 2 beads having a particle size of approximately 10 nm.
- FIG. 5 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) view, at a magnification of 80000, of a nanoparticle with a SiO 2 core-shell core structure prepared in Example 6.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- the scale shown in Figure 5 represents 100 nm.
- FIG. 6 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) view, at a magnification of 80000, of a ball comprising nanoparticles having a gold-shell core structure made of SiO 2 coated with a ZrO 2 layer prepared in FIG. example 6.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- the scale shown in the figure represents 100 nm.
- FIG. 7 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) view at a magnification of 80000 of a zirconium oxide ball as elaborated in example 6, incorporated into silica glass at a temperature of 1100. 0 C for 2 hours.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- FIG. 8 represents the EDX spectra produced on a zirconium oxide ball with a structure Au-SiO 2 -ZrC 2 as elaborated in Example 6 (FIG. 1) 1 heat-treated at 1100 ° C.
- FIGS. 8a, 8b and 8c are respectively the EDX spectra made at the positions 1, 2 and 3 of the ball shown in FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9 represents the spectra in
- the spectra are those of the beads before heat treatment (A) and after heat treatment respectively at 833 ° C for 1 hour (B); at 897 ° C. for one hour (C) and at 1041 ° C. for 1 hour (D).
- FIG. 1 shows a nanoparticle with a core-shell structure intended to be embedded in a ball according to the invention.
- This ball comprises a core (1) which is constituted by a solid material such as a metal or any other material described above.
- the heart is gold.
- the core (1) is constituted by a material with optical effects such as fluorescence, plasmon resonance, transmission or absorption, so we can say that this heart is the optically active part of the heart-shell particle.
- the core generally has a substantially spherical shape, as shown in FIG.
- the heart is uniformly surrounded by a shell (2); also called functionalized primer layer, with a thickness of 1 to 20 nm.
- This shell (2) may be any of the materials already described above, for example ZrO 2 or SiO 2 .
- FIG. 2 represents a non-porous refractory oxide ball according to the invention.
- Said oxide (4) surrounds, surrounds, encloses, several nanoparticles (3) such as those described above in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 2 there is shown a ball enclosing seven nanoparticles (3), but it is quite obvious that this number of nanoparticles (3) has been given for illustration only and that from 1 to 10 nanoparticles (3) can be included in each ball in the general case, and from 1 to 10 nanoparticles in the case of metallic nanoparticles.
- the ball shown in Figure 1 may have a diameter of 50 to 2000 nanometers; preferably from 50 to 500 nm.
- gold metal nanoparticles equipped with a ZrO 2 primer layer are prepared, in other words ZrO 2 gold core-shell core nanoparticles which are intended to be incorporated into balls. according to the invention.
- the procedure used to prepare these nanoparticles is inspired by that described in document [5].
- the nanoparticles thus prepared have a gold core with an average size of 20 nm, each of the particles is individually coated with a ZrO 2 shell having a thickness of 5 nm (FIG. 1). These particles are substantially spherical; therefore, this size corresponds to their average diameter.
- gold nanoparticles equipped with a ZrO 2 primer layer are prepared, in other words nanoparticles with a ZrO 2 core gold-shell structure which are intended to be incorporated into balls. according to the invention.
- the nanoparticles thus prepared have a gold core with an average size of 5 to 10 nm maximum.
- Each of the particles is individually coated with a shell called “functionalization shell” of ZrO 2 with a thickness of 5 nm.
- non-porous zirconium oxide beads having an average size of 300 nm (ball size) are prepared, these balls being substantially spherical, this size corresponds to their mean diameter.
- the non-porous zirconium oxide encapsulates gold nanoparticles such as those prepared in Example 1 or in Example 2.
- the procedure is as follows: 0.06 mL of propionic acid are dissolved in 15, 5 mL of butanol and then transferred to a 100 mL flask (solution A).
- Solution B is then poured rapidly into solution A.
- the mixture (solution C) is stirred for 30 minutes.
- a solution (D) containing 22 ml of butanol and 0.378 ml of H 2 O is added to solution C with stirring. After 20 minutes, the red and clear mixture becomes cloudy. This change indicates the beginning of the formation of zirconia beads. From this stage, the precipitation reaction is complete after 20 minutes. minutes. The reaction is then stopped by adding 100 ml of butanol, and stirring is stopped.
- the solid is filtered, washed three times with butanol, once with anhydrous acetone and heated at 120 ° C. under vacuum for 3 hours.
- the zirconium oxide beads produced in Example 3 containing a gold core are incorporated in silica glass at a temperature of 0 ° C.
- the glass obtained containing the gold nanoparticles coated with ZrC beads> 2 is actually a colored glass: colored areas correspond to gold nanoparticles that have been thermally protected by the ZTO 2 ball -
- a glass is also prepared in which non-protected gold nanoparticles are incorporated during the melting, the absorption spectrum is then studied (on the abscissa the wavelength ⁇ is measured in nanometers and on the ordinate, is carried Absorbance A) of these two types of samples (Fig. 3).
- the first spectrum concerns the glass in which we incorporated during the fusion of unprotected gold nanoparticles; the second concerns the glass in which we incorporated during the fusion of gold nanoparticles protected by a ZrO2 ball.
- the first spectrum shows that there is no specific absorption.
- the second spectrum shows an absorption peak corresponding to the presence of gold nanoparticles having withstood the heat treatment at high temperature (1100 ° C.).
- incorporation of fluorophore nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu that is to say of europium nanoparticles 3 nm in diameter provided with a layer of Y2O3 primer in a silica glass.
- Y2O3: Eu nanoparticles are incorporated into glass in three different forms: a) the nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu are incorporated in the molten glass without any protection, that is to say that the nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu are not coated, according to the invention, in a ball of ZrC>2; b) the nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu incorporated in the glass are embedded in ZrC 2 beads having a diameter of a few hundred nanometers, namely from 100 nm to 2000 nm; c) the nanoparticles of Y 2 O 3: Eu incorporated in the glass are embedded in ZrC 2 beads having a size of approximately 10 nm.
- nonporous balls of zirconium oxide having an average size of 280 nm are prepared, these balls being substantially spherical, this size corresponds to their average diameter.
- Zirconium oxide encapsulates nanoparticles with gold-shell heart structure in SiO 2 .
- the procedure used to prepare these nanoparticles with core-shell structure is that described in document [4].
- gold nanoparticles generally spherical, with a diameter of about 15 nm, are prepared by reducing a gold salt, such as HAuCl 4 .
- a gold salt such as HAuCl 4
- the silica shell is grown by a sol-gel hydrolysis process of a precursor, such as TeOs, in water-ethanol medium catalyzed by ammonia.
- the shell of SiC> 2 then reaches about 100 nm ( Figure 5).
- nanoparticles core-core structure in SiO 2 shell are then centrifuged and then washed 3 times with anhydrous ethanol. They are then redispersed in 17 mL of anhydrous butanol to be encapsulated in the non-porous zirconium oxide.
- the procedure is as follows: In a 100 ml flask, 2.24 ml of Zr (OPr) 4 are added rapidly and with vigorous stirring to 17 ml of butanol containing the nanoparticles with gold core-SiO 2 core structure ( solution A).
- Solution B is then poured rapidly into solution A.
- the mixture (solution C) is stirred for 30 minutes.
- a solution D containing 22 ml of butanol and 378 ⁇ l of H 2 O is added to solution C with stirring. Stirring is stopped after 48 hours.
- the beads are then recovered by centrifugation and washed 3 times with butanol and once with anhydrous acetone and then dried at 120 ° C. under vacuum for 3 hours.
- the nanoparticles with core gold-shell SiC> 2 structure are covered with a ZrO.sub.2 layer approximately 20 nm thick (FIG. 6).
- the product is then ready for use as a coloring pigment resistant to high temperatures and chemical attack.
- zirconium oxide beads produced in example 6 containing a gold core are incorporated in silica glass at a temperature of 1100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the resulting glass is colored.
- the persistence of the color can be directly related to the presence of gold in the nanometric state.
- the gold nanoparticles thus coated have therefore withstood the heat treatment at high temperature that is to say beyond their melting temperature and for several hours.
- the same heat treatment was carried out on the particles out of the matrix in order to be able to analyze them by transmission electron microscopy. These analyzes confirm the thermal protection obtained thanks to the coating of the gold nanoparticles. Indeed, the presence of gold nanoparticles could be highlighted.
- the morphology of the ball is generally identical to that obtained before heat treatment and shown in FIG. 6. In fact, the gold nanoparticle with a diameter of approximately 15 nm is located at the center of a 280 nm diameter ball (FIG. 7). .
- gold metal nanoparticles incorporated directly into ZrSiO 4 refractory mixed oxide beads are prepared in accordance with the invention.
- the procedure for preparing these particles is as follows:
- Solution B is then poured rapidly onto solution A.
- the yellow and clear mixture is stirred for 10 minutes and then refluxed (solution C).
- solution C In a 25 mL beaker, 42.8 mg of copper acetate is dissolved in 5 mL of H 2 O which is added 1.4 mL of ammonia (solution D).
- solution D The doping of the ZrO 2 -SiO 2 mixed oxide with copper ions allows the formation of the zircon phase at a lower temperature.
- solution D is poured onto solution C with vigorous stirring. Then 180 ⁇ L of TeOs is added quickly. The mixture is then maintained at reflux and with vigorous stirring for 30 minutes.
- the particles are finally centrifuged and washed 3 times with ethanol before being dried under vacuum at 120 ° C. for 2 hours.
- X-ray diffraction analyzes made it possible to demonstrate the crystallization of the zircon phase after heat treatment (FIG. 9). Indeed, the shell, first amorphous at room temperature, crystallizes to ZrO 2 tetragonal first, then the proportion of zircon increases to become the majority after a heat treatment of one hour at 1041 0 C.
- MINE E.; YAMADA, A.; KOBAYASHI, Y .; KONNO, M.; LIZ-MARZAN, L. M. J., Colloid Interface Sci. 2003, 385.
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Abstract
Description
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FR0650950A FR2898519B1 (en) | 2006-03-20 | 2006-03-20 | NANOPARTICLES, IN PARTICULAR WITH STRUCTURE HEART SHELLS, COATED |
PCT/EP2007/052654 WO2007107574A2 (en) | 2006-03-20 | 2007-03-20 | Encapsulated nanoparticles, especially those having a core/shell structure |
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EP (1) | EP1996319A2 (en) |
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WO2007107574A3 (en) | 2007-11-08 |
WO2007107574A2 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
JP2015110783A (en) | 2015-06-18 |
JP2009530497A (en) | 2009-08-27 |
FR2898519B1 (en) | 2009-01-09 |
JP5707038B2 (en) | 2015-04-22 |
US20090169892A1 (en) | 2009-07-02 |
FR2898519A1 (en) | 2007-09-21 |
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