EP1951991B1 - Turbine blade for a steam turbine - Google Patents
Turbine blade for a steam turbine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1951991B1 EP1951991B1 EP06819186A EP06819186A EP1951991B1 EP 1951991 B1 EP1951991 B1 EP 1951991B1 EP 06819186 A EP06819186 A EP 06819186A EP 06819186 A EP06819186 A EP 06819186A EP 1951991 B1 EP1951991 B1 EP 1951991B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- turbine blade
- turbine
- section
- blade
- root
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
- F01D5/282—Selecting composite materials, e.g. blades with reinforcing filaments
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/20—Rotors
- F05D2240/30—Characteristics of rotor blades, i.e. of any element transforming dynamic fluid energy to or from rotational energy and being attached to a rotor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/60—Properties or characteristics given to material by treatment or manufacturing
- F05D2300/603—Composites; e.g. fibre-reinforced
Definitions
- the invention relates to a turbine blade for a steam turbine with an airfoil section and a foot section, which airfoil section at least partially contains fiber composite material. Moreover, the invention relates to a steam turbine with such a turbine blade.
- Such turbine blades in particular designed as blades turbine blades of this type are made in the prior art of steel or titanium.
- Turbine blades in general and in particular end-stage blades are exposed to high centrifugal forces due to their function, since they are intended to provide the highest possible outflow area in order to achieve high efficiency and thus have to have a large blade length.
- High-strength steels are therefore used for common applications. Where these are no longer applicable for reasons of centrifugal stresses, titanium vanes are used, which also experience lower centrifugal force stresses due to the lower density.
- these blades are much more expensive than steel blades.
- the outflow surfaces for full-speed machines (50 Hz) are limited to approximately 16 m 2 , which entails corresponding consequences for the achievable blade lengths.
- the number of low-pressure floods is often increased in the prior art in low-pressure stages of steam turbines. This can be done, for example, by switching from single-flow to double-flow turbine stages or by using several low-pressure turbine parts. Also, the speed of the Turbosatzes be reduced. In this case larger outflow areas can be used. However, all these measures are associated with sometimes considerable costs.
- An object of the invention is to provide a steam turbine with a turbine blade of the type mentioned, which allows a particularly high efficiency of the steam turbine and at the same time can be operated safely in the steam turbine.
- Fiber composite blades are thus used according to the invention as low-pressure stage or final stage blades. Comparing the relative strengths of different materials clearly shows the advantage of fiber composites for use as a final stage blade material.
- the strength above the density (R p0.2 / ⁇ ) for high-strength tempering steel is 115 m 2 / s 2 , for titanium 221 m 2 / s 2 , for the fiber-reinforced material CFK-HM, however, 563 m 2 / s 2 . Due to the significantly higher strength of the fiber composite material, either turbine blades produced with conventional dimensions can be utilized to a greater extent, or the turbine blades be made with a longer length. The resulting centrifugal force stresses can then be absorbed by the turbine blade without further loss of operational reliability due to the significantly increased strength / density ratio.
- Due to the high strength / density ratio of a turbine blade according to the invention containing fiber composite can be provided due to the design of the airfoil section for use in a low pressure stage of the steam turbine despite the high centrifugal forces a greatly enlarged outflow. This can be done in particular by providing a particularly large blade length. Thus, the efficiency of the steam turbine can be significantly increased.
- the turbine blade according to the invention is particularly suitable for the last row of blades of a steam turbine, but can also be used according to the invention for the second and possibly the third last row of blades. It can also be combined with steel or titanium precursor blades become.
- the blade blade section of the turbine blade according to the invention containing at least in some regions fiber composite material preferably has the fiber composite material at least in the outer wall region.
- the entire airfoil section can also consist of fiber composite material.
- the number of fibers decreases advantageously in the longitudinal direction of the airfoil section when the airfoil section becomes leaner to the blade tip.
- the above object is further achieved according to the invention with a generic turbine blade, wherein the blade section at least partially fiber composite material, wherein at least the fiber composite material containing area is surrounded with a deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer, which prevents the penetration of moisture into the fiber composite material during operation of the turbine blade ,
- the object is achieved with a steam turbine, which is provided with such a turbine blade.
- a moisture absorption of the airfoil section during operation in the steam turbine can be effectively prevented.
- Moisture absorption is an undesirable time-dependent process that can cause weight gain of the component and thus potential rotor imbalance.
- a moisture absorption can cause a deformation of the fiber composite material as well as permanent damage the damage of the matrix and thus a failure of the component containing the fiber composite material.
- the provision according to the invention of a moisture-impermeable protective layer avoids the consequences listed above which endanger the operational reliability of the steam turbine.
- the protective layer according to the invention is made deformable.
- the protective layer is within the meaning of the invention designed so deformable that the protective layer does not lose its moisture impermeability over its lifetime despite occurring during operation of the blade deformations of the fiber composite material contained the region of the airfoil section.
- This can be achieved in particular by the protective layer having an elastic area of use which exceeds the utilized expansion range of the base material.
- the turbine blade embodiment according to the invention can be used particularly reliably by the moisture-impermeable protective layer according to the invention.
- the moisture-repellent protective layer encloses the airfoil section completely. Moreover, it may also be desirable for the protective layer to cover the entire turbine blade, i. also the blade foot, encloses.
- the protective layer should be designed so that a secure adhesion of the protective layer is given even with drops of drops. Furthermore, the design of the base material of the airfoil section should be such that continuous droplet impacts do not cause any fatigue or disruption of the base material.
- the aforementioned object is further achieved according to the invention with a generic turbine blade, in which both the airfoil section and the foot section in each case at least partially contains fiber composite material.
- the object is achieved with a steam turbine, which is provided with such a turbine blade.
- the use of fiber composite material in the airfoil section makes it possible to design the turbine blade with a large outflow surface due to the low density of the fiber composite material.
- the fiber composite material advantageously contains glass fibers, plastic fibers, such as aramid fibers, and / or plastic fibers.
- the fiber-reinforced material CFK-HM can be used as a fiber composite material.
- the fiber composite material has fibers which are guided in the area of the blade leaf section at an angle deviating from a main axis of the turbine blade, in particular at an angle of ⁇ 15 °, ⁇ -30 ° and / or ⁇ 45 ° with respect to the main axis.
- the fiber composite layers can be arranged mirror-symmetrically to the blade center surface, whereby a twist is avoided.
- the anisotropy can also be used to achieve a targeted change in the blade geometry as a function of the operating stresses.
- a twisting can be provided, in which the blade grid opens at overspeeds, so that the flow draws less energy and thus does not contribute to a further run-up.
- the twisting can be used to adjust an optimized flow profile depending on the flow and load.
- the blade grid can be closed with a smaller flow and be opened correspondingly with a larger flow.
- the blade blade section has a packing arranged in the middle of the blade, which is completely enclosed by the fiber composite material.
- an electrically conductive layer is arranged between the protective layer and the fiber composite material.
- This electrically conductive layer serves as a warning mechanism, with which damage to the protective layer can be detected, whereupon countermeasures, such as replacement or replacement of the affected component, or repair of the protective layer can be made in good time.
- Such an electrically conductive layer may be provided either individually or in pairs with an insulating layer therebetween.
- an electrically conductive, in particular metallic layer, an insulating layer, another electrically conductive, in particular metallic layer and the protective layer results for the layer structure of the airfoil section in the surface region thereof a successive arrangement of the fiber composite material, an electrically conductive, in particular metallic layer, an insulating layer, another electrically conductive, in particular metallic layer and the protective layer.
- the insulation resistance to the environment or between the two electrically conductive layers can then be measured.
- the electrical capacitance of the electrically conductive layer, the insulating layer, as well as the further electrically conductive layer comprising arrangement for monitoring the function of the protective layer can be measured.
- the measurement of the insulation resistance relative to the environment or of the electrical resistance of the electrically conductive layer for monitoring the function of the protective layer is appropriate.
- water-soluble chemical substances are alternatively arranged between the protective layer and the fiber composite material.
- the water-soluble chemical substances are preferably detectable in dissolved form, in particular by chemical, optical and / or radiological means. This measure represents an alternative monitoring possibility of the function of the protective layer.
- the condensate of the water-steam cycle of the steam power plant can be continuously checked. If the chemical substances arranged under the protective layer are detectable in this, this indicates damage to the protective layer.
- a leading edge of the turbine blade is provided with an edge reinforcement for protection against droplet impact.
- edge reinforcement may be provided by adhering to the turbine blade or by laminating into the turbine blade.
- an edge reinforcement can be made by means of a sealed protective or intermediate layer.
- the basic component of the turbine blade itself can be designed with a turbine-like edge reinforcement.
- protection against gobbing may be achieved by a laminate construction of the turbine blade in which the fibers are transverse.
- the foot portion of the turbine blade a contact element for making contact with a Schaufelfußhalterung in a rotor shaft of a Steam turbine, wherein the contact element contains fiber composite material and / or a metallic material.
- the contact element made of fiber composite or metallic materials.
- the corresponding metallic materials should be chosen such that they allow a stable and dimensionally stable connection to the rotor shaft and prevent overstressing of the fiber composite surrounding the contact element of the blade root.
- the contact element can be formed by a metallic sleeve.
- the foot section has a deflection element, by means of which a substantial number of fibers of the blade is deflected, and / or a guide element, by means of which an advantageous fiber guidance in the blade root is diverted into a fiber guide adapted to the geometry of the blade section.
- the deflecting element and / or the guide element may each consist of fiber composite material or a metallic material.
- the contact element and the guide element or the contact element and the deflecting element can each be formed by the same element.
- the foot portion is designed as a plug-in foot, which can be inserted into a blade root holder of a rotor shaft of the turbine with respect to the rotor shaft radial direction.
- the fibers of the fiber composite material are guided around serving as contact elements sleeves.
- the sheet curvature in the foot region can advantageously be modeled by an assignment to different pin positions of the plug foot, so that advantageously result in low deflections from the foot to the blade area in such a foot. The effort for guide elements remains limited.
- the deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer also surrounds the foot section.
- penetration of moisture is effectively prevented even in the fiber composite material contained in the foot section.
- life of the turbine blade can be further increased.
- the foot portion of the turbine blade is designed as a sliding foot, which is inserted into a blade root support of a rotor shaft of the turbine in relation to the rotor shaft in the substantially axial direction.
- the insertion direction can deviate by up to ⁇ 40 ° from the axial direction.
- the foot portion is curved, with the foot curvature substantially following the curvature of the airfoil portion present in the vicinity of the foot.
- this has a device for monitoring the vibration behavior of the turbine blade.
- a change in the natural frequency of the turbine blade can be detected, which may be due to a moisture absorption of the fiber composite material in the airfoil portion during operation of the steam turbine.
- Such a change in the natural frequency of the turbine blade should then be taken as an opportunity to check the functionality of the aforementioned deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer and possibly repair the protective layer, so that a failure of the component can be prevented.
- the steam turbine has at least one heatable guide blade.
- a device for extracting moisture on at least one vane may be provided.
- fiber composite blades are preferably carried out by the usual methods in which fibers are wound and impregnated with the matrix material or applied in the form of so-called prepregs. Thereafter, they are brought in a so-called die in its final form, whereby a curing of the matrix takes place.
- optional contact, deflection or guide elements are already inserted or attached. Thereafter, it may be necessary to place the blades at certain locations, e.g. by grinding, for example, to achieve the required dimensional accuracy, tolerance compliance and surface quality.
- deflection or guide elements can be edited or these elements are attached after the molding process.
- an edge protector can also be mounted which is integrated into the blade profile by subsequent fitting work, such as grinding. This is followed by coating with the layers required for the protective layer and the warning system. In this case, individual layers can be reinforced at certain points in order to improve protection or amplification functions.
- Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of a turbine blade 10 according to the invention, which is designed in particular for use in a low-pressure stage of a steam turbine.
- the turbine blade 10 comprises an airfoil section 12 and a foot section 14 in the form of a plug-in foot.
- the foot section 14 has insertion tabs 16 for a pin connection.
- the airfoil section 12 is made of fiber composite material 18 containing glass fibers and / or carbon fibers.
- the main fiber direction 20 runs along a main axis 21 of the turbine blade 10.
- the airfoil section 12 has an additional fiber composite layer 22.
- the supplemental fiber composite layer 22 includes additional fibers that extend at a different angle to the major axis 21 of the turbine blade 10, e.g. at an angle of ⁇ 15 °, ⁇ 30 ° or ⁇ 45 ° and are provided for stiffening the airfoil section 12. It is also possible to provide a plurality of such additional fiber composite layers 22. In this case, these layers can be arranged mirror-symmetrically to the blade center surface, whereby a distortion is avoided. An asymmetrical arrangement of the additional fiber composite layers leads to a twist. This may possibly be used for self-adjustment purposes.
- Fig. 2 shows the section II-II in the blade section 12 according to Fig. 1 , This shows a arranged in the range of large sheet thickness for weight and stiffness filler 24. This is surrounded by the fiber composite material 18.
- the turbine blade 10 is determined by means of turbine steam 26 in accordance with Fig. 2 flowed in from the left.
- the inflowing turbine steam 26 facing the leading edge of the turbine blade 10 is provided with an edge reinforcement 28.
- the edge reinforcement 28 is in Fig. 2c shown in more detail. It consists of metal and is attached by means of an adhesive bond 40 with a sticky and fiber composite fair outlet 42 to the leading edge 27 of the turbine blade 10.
- Fig. 2a illustrates a first embodiment of the construction of the turbine blade 10 according to Fig. 2 in a surface area thereof.
- the inner fiber composite material 18 is surrounded by a first electrically conductive layer 36 in the form of a metallic layer, an insulating layer 34, a second electrically conductive layer 32 in the form of a metallic layer, and finally a protective layer 30.
- the protective layer 30 is moisture-repellent for sealing the airfoil section 12 to liquid.
- the protective layer 30 thus prevents moisture from penetrating into the fiber composite material 18.
- the protective layer 30 is deformable in such a way that it compensates for the deformations to be expected during operation of the turbine blade 10 without loss of its sealing function.
- the successive arrangement of the electrically conductive layer 32, the insulating layer 34 and the electrically conductive layer 36 serves to monitor the function of the protective layer 30.
- Fig. 2b shows a second embodiment of the construction of the turbine blade 10 according to Fig. 2 in a surface area thereof.
- the fiber composite material 18 is surrounded by a layer of indication material 38, which in turn is surrounded by the protective layer 30.
- the indication material 38 is in the form of water-soluble substances which are detectable in dissolved form in a chemical, optical and / or radiological manner. The indication material 38 thus serves to detect a leak in the protective layer 30. If moisture penetrates into the interior of the airfoil section 12, the water-soluble chemical substances of the indication material 38 are released and can be detected in the condensate leaving the turbine.
- Fig. 3a shows a second embodiment of a turbine blade 110 according to the invention.
- a foot section 43 adjoins an airfoil section 12, which is only partially shown, with fiber composite material 18.
- the fibers of the fiber composite material 18 are guided starting from the blade section 12 in the foot section 43 and guided around a contact and deflection element 46 in the form of a metallic sleeve, whereupon the fiber then again runs back into the airfoil section 12.
- the element 46 thus fulfills a deflection function.
- it also fills a contact function in which it makes contact with a shaft groove 48 of a rotor shaft 47 of a steam turbine.
- the turbine blade 110 according to FIG Fig. 3a a so-called guide element 44, by means of which an advantageous fiber guide in the blade root is diverted into a fiber guide of the fiber composite material 18 adapted to the geometry of the blade leaf section 12.
- Fig. 3b is the section III-III after Fig. 3a shown.
- the foot portion 43 is designed in the form of a plug foot with insertion tabs 45 for insertion into corresponding transversely to a longitudinal axis 50 of a rotor shaft 47 extending wave grooves 48.
- the push-in tabs 45 are then secured in the shaft grooves 48 by means of insertion pins arranged transversely thereto.
- Each of these plug-in feet 45 has one of the contact and deflection elements 46.
- Fig. 4a is a third embodiment of a turbine blade 210 according to the invention illustrated with a foot portion 52 in the form of a sliding foot.
- the foot section 52 the in Fig. 4b is shown in more detail in section, is inserted into a running in the axial direction of the rotor shaft shaft groove 60.
- the foot section 52 is provided with a curvature, as in Fig. 4a and has a deflection element 56, around which a substantial number of fibers of the fiber composite material 18 is led around. These fibers are surrounded by a guide or contact element 54.
- This element initially fulfills the function of redirecting an advantageous fiber guide in the foot section 52 into a fiber guide adapted to the geometry of the blade section 12.
- the element 54 fulfills the function of making contact with a shaft groove 60 of the rotor shaft 58.
- the guide and contact element 54 completely surrounds the fiber composite material 18 of the foot section 14 and also adjoins the fiber composite material 18 in the lower region of the fiber blade leaf section 12.
- a gap 62 is provided between the fiber composite material 18 and the element 54.
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Turbinenschaufel für eine Dampfturbine mit einem Schaufelblattabschnitt sowie einem Fußabschnitt, welcher Schaufelblattabschnitt zumindest bereichsweise Faserverbundwerkstoff enthält. Darüber hinaus betrifft die Erfindung eine Dampfturbine mit einer derartigen Turbinenschaufel.The invention relates to a turbine blade for a steam turbine with an airfoil section and a foot section, which airfoil section at least partially contains fiber composite material. Moreover, the invention relates to a steam turbine with such a turbine blade.
Derartige Turbinenschaufeln, insbesondere als Laufschaufeln ausgebildete Turbinenschaufeln dieser Art werden im Stand der Technik aus Stahl oder Titan gefertigt. Turbinenschaufeln im Allgemeinen und insbesondere Endstufenschaufeln sind funktionsbedingt hohen Fliehkraftbeanspruchungen ausgesetzt, da sie zur Erzielung eines hohen Wirkungsgrades eine möglichst hohe Abströmfläche darstellen sollen und damit eine große Schaufellänge besitzen müssen. Für übliche Anwendungen kommen daher hochfeste Stähle zur Anwendung. Wo diese aus Gründen der Fliehkraftspannungen nicht mehr einsetzbar sind, werden Titanschaufeln verwendet, die aufgrund der geringeren Dichte auch geringere Fliehkraftspannungen erfahren. Allerdings sind diese Schaufeln wesentlich kostenintensiver als Stahlschaufeln. Jedoch sind auch bei Titanschaufeln die Abströmflächen für volltourige Maschinen (50 Hz) auf ca. 16 m2 begrenzt, was entsprechende Konsequenzen für die erreichbaren Schaufellängen nach sich zieht.Such turbine blades, in particular designed as blades turbine blades of this type are made in the prior art of steel or titanium. Turbine blades in general and in particular end-stage blades are exposed to high centrifugal forces due to their function, since they are intended to provide the highest possible outflow area in order to achieve high efficiency and thus have to have a large blade length. High-strength steels are therefore used for common applications. Where these are no longer applicable for reasons of centrifugal stresses, titanium vanes are used, which also experience lower centrifugal force stresses due to the lower density. However, these blades are much more expensive than steel blades. However, even with titanium blades, the outflow surfaces for full-speed machines (50 Hz) are limited to approximately 16 m 2 , which entails corresponding consequences for the achievable blade lengths.
Aufgrund der praktischen Begrenzung hinsichtlich der Schaufellänge wird im Stand der Technik bei Niederdruckstufen von Dampfturbinen oftmals die Anzahl der Niederdruckfluten erhöht. Dies kann etwa durch einen Umstieg von einflutigen auf zweiflutige Turbinenstufen oder durch einen Einsatz mehrerer Niederdruckteilturbinen geschehen. Auch kann die Drehzahl des Turbosatzes verringert werden. In diesem Fall können dann größere Abströmflächen genutzt werden. Alle diese Maßnahmen sind jedoch mit zum Teil erheblichen Kosten verbunden.Due to the practical limitation with regard to the blade length, the number of low-pressure floods is often increased in the prior art in low-pressure stages of steam turbines. This can be done, for example, by switching from single-flow to double-flow turbine stages or by using several low-pressure turbine parts. Also, the speed of the Turbosatzes be reduced. In this case larger outflow areas can be used. However, all these measures are associated with sometimes considerable costs.
Eine der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe besteht darin, eine Dampfturbine mit einer Turbinenschaufel der eingangs genannten Art vorzusehen, die einen besonders hohen Wirkungsgrad der Dampfturbine ermöglicht und gleichzeitig betriebssicher in der Dampfturbine betrieben werden kann.An object of the invention is to provide a steam turbine with a turbine blade of the type mentioned, which allows a particularly high efficiency of the steam turbine and at the same time can be operated safely in the steam turbine.
Aus der
Diese Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß mit einer gattungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel gelöst, welcher die Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 aufweist. Ferner wird die Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß mit einer Dampfturbine gemäß Anspruch 14 gelöst. Die jeweils rückbezogenen Unteransprüche beinhalten vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung.This object is achieved with a generic turbine blade, which has the features of claim 1. Furthermore, the object is achieved according to the invention with a steam turbine according to
Erfindungsgemäß werden also Faserverbundschaufeln als Niederdruckstufen- bzw. Endstufenschaufeln eingesetzt. Im Vergleich der bezogenen Festigkeiten verschiedener Werkstoffe zeigt sich klar der Vorteil von Faserverbundwerkstoffen für eine Anwendung als Endstufenschaufelwerkstoff. So beträgt die Festigkeit über der Dichte (Rp0,2/ρ) für hochfesten Vergütungsstahl 115 m2/s2, für Titan 221 m2/s2, für den faserverstärkten Werkstoff CFK-HM hingegen 563 m2/s2. Aufgrund der wesentlich höheren Festigkeit des Faserverbundwerkstoffes können entweder mit herkömmlichen Abmessungen gefertigte Turbinenschaufeln höher ausgelastet werden oder die Turbinenschaufeln mit einer größeren Länge hergestellt werden. Die dabei auftretenden Fliehkraftspannungen können aufgrund des wesentlich erhöhten Festigkeit/Dichte-Verhältnisses dann ohne Einbußen in der Betriebssicherheit ohne weiteres von der Turbinenschaufel aufgenommen werden.Fiber composite blades are thus used according to the invention as low-pressure stage or final stage blades. Comparing the relative strengths of different materials clearly shows the advantage of fiber composites for use as a final stage blade material. Thus, the strength above the density (R p0.2 / ρ) for high-strength tempering steel is 115 m 2 / s 2 , for titanium 221 m 2 / s 2 , for the fiber-reinforced material CFK-HM, however, 563 m 2 / s 2 . Due to the significantly higher strength of the fiber composite material, either turbine blades produced with conventional dimensions can be utilized to a greater extent, or the turbine blades be made with a longer length. The resulting centrifugal force stresses can then be absorbed by the turbine blade without further loss of operational reliability due to the significantly increased strength / density ratio.
Durch das große Festigkeit/Dichte-Verhältnis einer erfindungsgemäß Faserverbundwerkstoff enthaltenden Turbinenschaufel kann aufgrund der Auslegung des Schaufelblattabschnitts zur Verwendung in einer Niederdruckstufe der Dampfturbine trotz der hohen Fliehkraftbeanspruchungen eine stark vergrößerte Abströmfläche vorgesehen werden. Dies kann insbesondere durch Vorsehen einer besonders großen Schaufellänge geschehen. Damit kann der Wirkungsgrad der Dampfturbine erheblich gesteigert werden.Due to the high strength / density ratio of a turbine blade according to the invention containing fiber composite can be provided due to the design of the airfoil section for use in a low pressure stage of the steam turbine despite the high centrifugal forces a greatly enlarged outflow. This can be done in particular by providing a particularly large blade length. Thus, the efficiency of the steam turbine can be significantly increased.
Im Bereich der Industrieturbinen kann beispielsweise durch Zulassen eines höheren Gegendrucks der Endstufen (Luftkondensation), durch eine höhere zulässige Drehzahl von Antriebsturbinen, oder durch die Vergrößerung der Endstufenschaufeln für drehzahlvariable Antriebe durch die erfindungsgemäße Verwendung des Faserverbundwerkstoffes eine Turbinenschaufel mit vorgegebener Abmessung höher ausgelastet werden. Daraus ergibt sich ebenfalls ein höherer Wirkungsgrad der Dampfturbine.In the field of industrial turbines, for example, by allowing a higher backpressure of the output stages (air condensation), by a higher allowable speed of drive turbines, or by increasing the output stage blades for variable speed drives by the inventive use of the fiber composite material, a turbine blade with a given dimension be utilized higher. This also results in a higher efficiency of the steam turbine.
Wie bereits erwähnt, ergibt sich für den Bereich der Kraftwerksturbinen das Potenzial einer ganz erheblichen Verlängerung bestehender Endstufenschaufeln, einhergehend mit einer wesentlichen Vergrößerung der erreichbaren Abströmflächen. Beispielsweise können bislang halbtourig ausgeführte Turbosätze mit Abströmflächen von 20 m2 je Flut mit Hilfe der erfindungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufeln durch volltourige Turbosätze gleicher Abströmfläche ersetzt werden. Aufgrund der kleineren Baugröße volltouriger Turbosätze wird eine erhebliche Kosteneinsparung ermöglicht. Auch kann durch den Einsatz der erfindungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufeln die Anzahl von Niederdruck-Fluten reduziert werden. Für mehrflutige Kraftwerksanwendungen kann beispielsweise einer von drei Niederdruckteilen eingespart werden. Auch können zweiflutige Niederdruckturbinen durch einflutige Maschinen ersetzt werden, wodurch ebenfalls erhebliche Kosteneinsparungen erzielt werden können. Zusätzlich kann mittels der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung in jedem Fall eine Verkleinerung der Anlagenbaugröße bei gleichem Abströmquerschnitt erreicht werden.As already mentioned, there is the potential for a very considerable extension of existing final-stage blades for the area of power station turbines, along with a substantial increase in the achievable outflow areas. For example, so far half turbo running turbine sets with outflow areas of 20 m 2 per flood can be replaced with the help of the turbine blades according to the invention by full-speed turbo sets same outflow area. Due to the smaller size of full-speed turbo sets a significant cost savings is possible. Also, by using the turbine blades according to the invention, the number of low-pressure floods can be reduced. For multi-flow power plant applications, for example, one of three low pressure parts can be saved. Also, dual-flow low-pressure turbines can be replaced by single-flow machines, which can also be achieved significant cost savings. In addition, by means of the solution according to the invention, in any case, a reduction in the size of the system can be achieved with the same outflow cross-section.
Die erfindungsgemäße Turbinenschaufel eignet sich besonders für die letzte Laufschaufelreihe einer Dampfturbine, kann aber erfindungsgemäß ebenfalls für die zweit- und ggf. die drittletzte Schaufelreihe eingesetzt werden. Sie kann ebenfalls mit Vorstufen-Schaufeln aus Stahl oder Titan kombiniert werden. Der erfindungsgemäß zumindest bereichsweise Faserverbundwerkstoff enthaltende Schaufelblattabschnitt der erfindungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel weist vorzugsweise zumindest im Außenwandbereich den Faserverbundwerkstoff auf. Vorteilhafterweise kann auch der gesamte Schaufelblattabschnitt aus Faserverbundwerkstoff bestehen. Weiterhin nimmt vorteilhafterweise bei zur Blattspitze schlanker werdendem Schaufelblattabschnitt die Anzahl der Fasern in Längsrichtung des Schaufelblattabschnitts ab.The turbine blade according to the invention is particularly suitable for the last row of blades of a steam turbine, but can also be used according to the invention for the second and possibly the third last row of blades. It can also be combined with steel or titanium precursor blades become. The blade blade section of the turbine blade according to the invention containing at least in some regions fiber composite material preferably has the fiber composite material at least in the outer wall region. Advantageously, the entire airfoil section can also consist of fiber composite material. Furthermore, the number of fibers decreases advantageously in the longitudinal direction of the airfoil section when the airfoil section becomes leaner to the blade tip.
Die vorgenannte Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäß weiterhin mit einer gattungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel gelöst, bei welcher der Schaufelblattabschnitt zumindest bereichsweise Faserverbundwerkstoff enthält, wobei zumindest der den Faserverbundwerkstoff enthaltende Bereich mit einer verformbaren feuchtigkeitsundurchlässigen Schutzschicht umgeben ist, die das Eindringen von Feuchtigkeit in den Faserverbundwerkstoff während dem Betrieb der Turbinenschaufel verhindert. Darüber hinaus ist die Aufgabe mit einer Dampfturbine gelöst, die mit einer derartigen Turbinenschaufel versehen ist.The above object is further achieved according to the invention with a generic turbine blade, wherein the blade section at least partially fiber composite material, wherein at least the fiber composite material containing area is surrounded with a deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer, which prevents the penetration of moisture into the fiber composite material during operation of the turbine blade , In addition, the object is achieved with a steam turbine, which is provided with such a turbine blade.
Damit kann eine Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme des Schaufelblattabschnittes beim Betrieb in der Dampfturbine wirkungsvoll verhindert werden. Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme ist ein unerwünschter zeitabhängiger Vorgang, der eine Gewichtszunahme des Bauteils und damit eine potenzielle Unwucht des Rotors hervorrufen kann. Weiterhin kann eine derartige Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme eine Verformung des Faserverbundwerkstoffes sowie bei dauerhafter Einwirkung die Schädigung der Matrix und damit ein Versagen des den Faserverbundwerkstoff enthaltenden Bauteils bewirken. Durch das erfindungsgemäße Vorsehen einer feuchtigkeitsundurchlässigen Schutzschicht werden die vorstehend aufgeführten, die Betriebssicherheit der Dampfturbine gefährdenden Folgen vermieden. Damit die Schutzschicht die zu erwartenden Verformungen des Grundwerkstoffes des Schaufelblattabschnittes ohne Beschädigungen oder Verlust ihrer Abdichtfunktion erträgt, ist die erfindungsgemäße Schutzschicht verformbar ausgeführt. Dabei ist die Schutzschicht im Sinne der Erfindung derart verformbar ausgeführt, dass die Schutzschicht über ihre Lebensdauer trotz beim Betrieb der Schaufel auftretenden Verformungen des den Faserverbundwerkstoff enthaltene den Bereichs des Schaufelblattabschnittes ihre Feuchtigkeitsundurchlässigkeit nicht verliert. Dies kann insbesondere dadurch erreicht werden, indem die Schutzschicht einen elastischen Einsatzbereich hat, der den ausgenutzten Dehnungsbereich des Grundwerkstoffes übersteigt. Neben dem durch den erfindungsgemäßen Einsatz des Faserverbundwerkstoffs im Schaufelblattabschnitt ermöglichten größeren Dampfturbinenwirkungsgrad kann die erfindungsgemäße Ausführungsform der Turbinenschaufel durch die weiterhin erfindungsgemäße feuchtigkeitsundurchlässige Schutzschicht besonders betriebssicher eingesetzt werden.Thus, a moisture absorption of the airfoil section during operation in the steam turbine can be effectively prevented. Moisture absorption is an undesirable time-dependent process that can cause weight gain of the component and thus potential rotor imbalance. Furthermore, such a moisture absorption can cause a deformation of the fiber composite material as well as permanent damage the damage of the matrix and thus a failure of the component containing the fiber composite material. The provision according to the invention of a moisture-impermeable protective layer avoids the consequences listed above which endanger the operational reliability of the steam turbine. In order for the protective layer to bear the expected deformations of the base material of the airfoil section without damaging or losing its sealing function, the protective layer according to the invention is made deformable. In this case, the protective layer is within the meaning of the invention designed so deformable that the protective layer does not lose its moisture impermeability over its lifetime despite occurring during operation of the blade deformations of the fiber composite material contained the region of the airfoil section. This can be achieved in particular by the protective layer having an elastic area of use which exceeds the utilized expansion range of the base material. In addition to the greater steam turbine efficiency enabled by the inventive use of the fiber composite material in the airfoil section, the turbine blade embodiment according to the invention can be used particularly reliably by the moisture-impermeable protective layer according to the invention.
Vorteilhafterweise umschließt die feuchtigkeitsabweisende Schutzschicht den Schaufelblattabschnitt vollständig. Darüber hinaus kann es auch zweckmäßig sein, wenn die Schutzschicht die gesamte Turbinenschaufel, d.h. auch den Schaufelfuß, umschließt. In erfindungsgemäß,vorteilhafter Ausführungsform sollte die Schutzschicht derart gestaltet sein, dass eine sichere Haftung der Schutzschicht auch bei Tropfenschlägen gegeben ist. Weiterhin sollte die Auslegung des Grundwerkstoffes des Schaufelblattabschnittes derart sein, dass fortwährende Tropfenschläge keine Ermüdung bzw. Zerrüttung des Grundwerkstoffes bewirken.Advantageously, the moisture-repellent protective layer encloses the airfoil section completely. Moreover, it may also be desirable for the protective layer to cover the entire turbine blade, i. also the blade foot, encloses. In accordance with the invention, the protective layer should be designed so that a secure adhesion of the protective layer is given even with drops of drops. Furthermore, the design of the base material of the airfoil section should be such that continuous droplet impacts do not cause any fatigue or disruption of the base material.
Die vorgenannte Aufgabe wird weiterhin erfindungsgemäß mit einer gattungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel gelöst, bei der sowohl der Schaufelblattabschnitt als auch der Fußabschnitt jeweils zumindest bereichsweise Faserverbundwerkstoff enthält. Darüber hinaus ist die Aufgabe mit einer Dampfturbine gelöst, die mit einer derartigen Turbinenschaufel versehen ist.The aforementioned object is further achieved according to the invention with a generic turbine blade, in which both the airfoil section and the foot section in each case at least partially contains fiber composite material. In addition, the object is achieved with a steam turbine, which is provided with such a turbine blade.
Durch die Verwendung von Faserverbundwerkstoff im Schaufelblattabschnitt kann, wie vorstehend bereits erwähnt, aufgrund der geringen Dichte des Faserverbundwerkstoffs die Turbinenschaufel mit einer großen Abströmfläche gestaltet werden.As already mentioned above, the use of fiber composite material in the airfoil section makes it possible to design the turbine blade with a large outflow surface due to the low density of the fiber composite material.
Dies erhöht den Wirkungsgrad der Dampfturbine. Weiterhin kann durch die gleichzeitige Verwendung von Faserverbundwerkstoff im Fußabschnitt der Turbinenschaufel eine entsprechend sichere und verlässliche Verankerung der Turbinenschaufel in der Rotorwelle der Dampfturbine sichergestellt werden. So können insbesondere Fasern des Faserverbundwerkstoffs durchgängig durch den Schaufelblattabschriitt und den Fußabschnitt geführt werden, so dass der Schaufelblattabschnitt und der Fußabschnitt eine stabile Verbindung eingehen und ein Abriss des Schaufelblattabschnittes beim Betrieb der Turbinenschaufel selbst beim Auftreten großer Kräfte wirksam vermieden werden kann. Damit wird die Betriebssicherheit der Turbinenschaufel im Betrieb gewährleistet.This increases the efficiency of the steam turbine. Furthermore, a correspondingly secure and reliable anchoring of the turbine blade in the rotor shaft of the steam turbine can be ensured by the simultaneous use of fiber composite material in the root section of the turbine blade. In particular, fibers of the fiber composite material can be guided continuously through the Schaufelblattabschriitt and the foot portion, so that the blade section and the foot section enter into a stable connection and a demolition of the airfoil section during operation of the turbine blade can be effectively avoided even when large forces. This ensures the operational safety of the turbine blade during operation.
Um die Bruchsicherheit der den Faserverbundwerkstoff enthaltenden Bauteile sicherzustellen, enthält der Faserverbundwerkstoff vorteilhafterweise Glasfasern, Kunststofffasern, wie etwa Aramidfasern, und/oder Kunststofffasern. Insbesondere kann als Faserverbundwerkstoff der faserverstärkte Werkstoff CFK-HM verwendet werden.In order to ensure the resistance to breakage of the components containing the fiber composite material, the fiber composite material advantageously contains glass fibers, plastic fibers, such as aramid fibers, and / or plastic fibers. In particular, the fiber-reinforced material CFK-HM can be used as a fiber composite material.
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform weist der Faserverbundwerkstoff Fasern auf, die im Bereich des Schaufelblattabschnittes unter einem von einer Hauptachse der Turbinenschaufel abweichenden Winkel, insbesondere unter dem Winkel ± 15°, ± -30° und/oder ± 45° gegenüber der Hauptachse geführt sind. Damit wird eine hohe Verwindungssteifigkeit des Schaufelblattabschnittes erreicht. Die Faserverbundlagen können spiegelsymmetrisch zur Blattmittelfläche angeordnet werden, wodurch eine Verwindung vermieden wird.In a further advantageous embodiment, the fiber composite material has fibers which are guided in the area of the blade leaf section at an angle deviating from a main axis of the turbine blade, in particular at an angle of ± 15 °, ± -30 ° and / or ± 45 ° with respect to the main axis. For a high torsional rigidity of the airfoil section is achieved. The fiber composite layers can be arranged mirror-symmetrically to the blade center surface, whereby a twist is avoided.
Eine unsymmetrische Anordnung hingegen führt zu Verwindung. Dies kann in einer vorteilhaften alternativen Ausführungsform ggf. zu Selbsteinstellungszwecken genutzt werden. Durch die Art der Anordnung derartiger Fasern oder Lagen kann innerhalb eines begrenzten Bereiches die Anisotropie auch dazu genutzt werden, eine gezielte Änderung der Schaufelgeometrie in Abhängigkeit von den Betriebsbeanspruchungen zu erzielen. Diesbezüglich kann eine derartige Verwindung vorgesehen werden, bei der sich das Schaufelgitter bei Überdrehzahlen öffnet, damit der Strömung weniger Energie entzieht und somit nicht zu einem weiteren Hochlauf beiträgt. Ebenso kann die Verwindung dazu genutzt werden, strömungs- und lastabhängig ein optimiertes Strömungsprofil einzustellen. So kann etwa das Schaufelgitter bei kleinerer Durchströmung geschlossen werden und bei größerer Durchströmung entsprechend geöffnet werden.An asymmetric arrangement, however, leads to distortion. This may optionally be used for self-tuning purposes in an advantageous alternative embodiment. Due to the nature of the arrangement of such fibers or layers within a limited range, the anisotropy can also be used to achieve a targeted change in the blade geometry as a function of the operating stresses. In this regard, such a twisting can be provided, in which the blade grid opens at overspeeds, so that the flow draws less energy and thus does not contribute to a further run-up. Likewise, the twisting can be used to adjust an optimized flow profile depending on the flow and load. Thus, for example, the blade grid can be closed with a smaller flow and be opened correspondingly with a larger flow.
Um eine Kosten- und Steifigkeitsoptimierung der Schaufel zu erreichen, ist es zweckmäßig, wenn der Schaufelblattabschnitt einen in der Blattmitte angeordneten Füllkörper aufweist, der von dem Faserverbundwerkstoff vollständig umschlossen ist.In order to achieve a cost and stiffness optimization of the blade, it is expedient if the blade blade section has a packing arranged in the middle of the blade, which is completely enclosed by the fiber composite material.
Um die Funktion der den Bereich mit dem Faserverbundwerkstoff umgebenden verformbaren feuchtigkeitsundurchlässigen Schutzschicht überwachen zu können und ein Versagen des Schaufelblattabschnitts auszuschließen, ist es erfindungsgemäß, wenn zwischen der Schutzschicht und dem Faserverbundwerkstoff eine elektrisch leitende Schicht angeordnet ist. Diese elektrisch leitende Schicht dient als Warnmechanismus, womit eine Beschädigung der Schutzschicht detektiert werden kann, woraufhin Gegenmaßnahmen, wie etwa ein Ersatz oder ein Austausch des betroffenen Bauteils, bzw. eine Reparatur der Schutzschicht rechtzeitig getroffen werden können. Eine derartige elektrisch leitende Schicht kann entweder einzeln oder paarweise mit einer dazwischen liegenden Isolationsschicht vorgesehen sein.In order to be able to monitor the function of the deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer surrounding the area with the fiber composite material and to preclude failure of the airfoil section, it is according to the invention if an electrically conductive layer is arranged between the protective layer and the fiber composite material. This electrically conductive layer serves as a warning mechanism, with which damage to the protective layer can be detected, whereupon countermeasures, such as replacement or replacement of the affected component, or repair of the protective layer can be made in good time. Such an electrically conductive layer may be provided either individually or in pairs with an insulating layer therebetween.
Im letzteren Fall ergibt sich für den Schichtaufbau des Schaufelblattabschnitts im Oberflächenbereich desselben eine aufeinander folgende Anordnung des Faserverbundwerkstoffs, einer elektrisch leitenden, insbesondere metallischen Schicht, einer Isolationsschicht, einer weiteren elektrisch leitenden, insbesondere metallischen Schicht sowie der Schutzschicht. Zur Überwachung der Funktion der Schutzschicht kann dann der Isolationswiderstand gegenüber der Umgebung oder zwischen den beiden elektrisch leitenden Schichten gemessen werden. Auch kann die elektrische Kapazität der die elektrisch leitende Schicht, die Isolationsschicht, sowie die weitere elektrisch leitende Schicht umfassenden Anordnung zur Überwachung der Funktion der Schutzschicht gemessen werden. Bei Vorsehen nur einer elektrisch leitenden Schicht bietet sich entsprechend die Messung des Isolationswiderstands gegenüber der Umgebung oder des elektrischen Widerstands der elektrisch leitenden Schicht zur Überwachung der Funktion der Schutzschicht an.In the latter case results for the layer structure of the airfoil section in the surface region thereof a successive arrangement of the fiber composite material, an electrically conductive, in particular metallic layer, an insulating layer, another electrically conductive, in particular metallic layer and the protective layer. To monitor the function of the protective layer, the insulation resistance to the environment or between the two electrically conductive layers can then be measured. Also, the electrical capacitance of the electrically conductive layer, the insulating layer, as well as the further electrically conductive layer comprising arrangement for monitoring the function of the protective layer can be measured. When only one electrically conductive layer is provided, the measurement of the insulation resistance relative to the environment or of the electrical resistance of the electrically conductive layer for monitoring the function of the protective layer is appropriate.
Erfindungsgemäß sind alternativ zwischen der Schutzschicht und dem Faserverbunswerkstoff wasserlösliche chemische Stoffe angeordnet. Bevorzugt sind die wasserlöslichen chemischen Stoffe in gelöster Form, insbesondere auf chemische, optische und/oder radiologische Weise nachweisbar sind. Diese Maßnahme stellt eine alternative Überwachungsmöglichkeit der Funktion der Schutzschicht dar. So kann beispielsweise das Kondensat des Wasser-Dampf-Kreislaufes des Dampfkraftwerkes kontinuierlich überprüft werden. Sind darin die unter der Schutzschicht angeordneten chemischen Stoffe nachweisbar, deutet dies auf eine Beschädigung der Schutzschicht hin.According to the invention, water-soluble chemical substances are alternatively arranged between the protective layer and the fiber composite material. The water-soluble chemical substances are preferably detectable in dissolved form, in particular by chemical, optical and / or radiological means. This measure represents an alternative monitoring possibility of the function of the protective layer. Thus, for example, the condensate of the water-steam cycle of the steam power plant can be continuously checked. If the chemical substances arranged under the protective layer are detectable in this, this indicates damage to the protective layer.
In einer weiteren zweckmäßigen Ausführungsform ist eine Anströmkante der Turbinenschaufel mit einer Kantenverstärkung zum Schutz gegen Tropfenschlag versehen. Eine derartige Kantenverstärkung kann durch Aufkleben auf die Turbinenschaufel oder durch Einlaminieren in die Turbinenschaufel geschaffen werden. Auch kann eine derartige Kantenverstärkung mittels einer aufgedichteten Schutz- oder Zwischenschicht hergestellt werden. Weiterhin ist es möglich, die Schutzschicht entsprechend aufzudicken oder ein zusätzliches Schutzbauteil aufzukleben oder einzubetten. Auch kann das Grundbauteil der Turbinenschaufel selbst mit einer turbinenartigen Kantenverstärkung gestaltet sein. Alternativ kann ein Schutz gegen Tropfenschlag durch einen Laminataufbau der Turbinenschaufel, bei dem die Fasern in Querrichtung verlaufen, erreicht werden.In a further expedient embodiment, a leading edge of the turbine blade is provided with an edge reinforcement for protection against droplet impact. Such edge reinforcement may be provided by adhering to the turbine blade or by laminating into the turbine blade. Also, such an edge reinforcement can be made by means of a sealed protective or intermediate layer. Furthermore, it is possible to thicken the protective layer accordingly or glue or embed an additional protective component. Also, the basic component of the turbine blade itself can be designed with a turbine-like edge reinforcement. Alternatively, protection against gobbing may be achieved by a laminate construction of the turbine blade in which the fibers are transverse.
Weiterhin ist es zweckmäßig, wenn der Fußabschnitt der Turbinenschaufel ein Kontaktelement zum Herstellen eines Kontaktes mit einer Schaufelfußhalterung in einer Rotorwelle einer Dampfturbine aufweist, wobei das Kontaktelement Faserverbundwerkstoff und/oder einen metallischen Werkstoff enthält. Wahlweise kann das Kontaktelement aus Faserverbund oder aus metallischen Werkstoffen bestehen. Die entsprechenden metallischen Werkstoffe sollten derart gewählt sein, dass sie eine tragfähige und maßhaltige Verbindung zur Rotorwelle gestatten und eine Überbeanspruchung des das Kontaktelement umgebenden Faserverbundwerkstoffs des Schaufelfußes verhindern. Insbesondere kann das Kontaktelement von einer metallischen Hülse gebildet werden. Bei Vorsehen der vorstehend beschriebenen verformbaren feuchtigkeitsundurchlässigen Schutzschicht sollte diese vorteilhafterweise im Fußbereich, insbesondere im Kontaktbereich speziell verstärkt oder mit Schutzelementen vor Beschädigungen geschützt werden.Furthermore, it is expedient if the foot portion of the turbine blade a contact element for making contact with a Schaufelfußhalterung in a rotor shaft of a Steam turbine, wherein the contact element contains fiber composite material and / or a metallic material. Optionally, the contact element made of fiber composite or metallic materials. The corresponding metallic materials should be chosen such that they allow a stable and dimensionally stable connection to the rotor shaft and prevent overstressing of the fiber composite surrounding the contact element of the blade root. In particular, the contact element can be formed by a metallic sleeve. When providing the deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer described above, this should advantageously be reinforced in the foot area, in particular in the contact area, or protected against damage by protective elements.
In besonders vorteilhafter Ausführungsform weist der Fußabschnitt ein Umlenkelement, mittels dem eine wesentliche Anzahl von Fasern des Schaufelblattes umgelenkt wird, und/oder ein Führungselement, mittels dem eine vorteilhafte Faserführung im Schaufelfuß in eine an die Geometrie des Schaufelblattabschnittes angepasste Faserführung umgeleitet ist, auf. Auch das Umlenkelement und/oder das Führungselement können jeweils aus Faserverbundwerkstoff oder einem metallischen Werkstoff bestehen. Insbesondere kann das Kontaktelement und das Führungselement bzw. das Kontaktelement und das Umlenkelement jeweils von demselben Element gebildet werden.In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the foot section has a deflection element, by means of which a substantial number of fibers of the blade is deflected, and / or a guide element, by means of which an advantageous fiber guidance in the blade root is diverted into a fiber guide adapted to the geometry of the blade section. Also, the deflecting element and / or the guide element may each consist of fiber composite material or a metallic material. In particular, the contact element and the guide element or the contact element and the deflecting element can each be formed by the same element.
Vorteilhafterweise ist weiterhin der Fußabschnitt als Steckfuß ausgeführt, der in eine Schaufelfußhalterung einer Rotorwelle der Turbine in bezüglich der Rotorwelle radialer Richtung einsteckbar ist. Zweckmäßigerweise sind dabei die Fasern des Faserverbundwerkstoffs um als Kontaktelemente dienende Hülsen herumgeführt. Weiterhin kann vorteilhafterweise bei einem derartigen Steckfuß die Blattkrümmung im Fußbereich durch eine Zuordnung zu unterschiedlichen Stiftpositionen des Steckfußes nachempfunden werden, so dass sich vorteilhafterweise geringe Umlenkungen vom Fußbereich zum Blattbereich ergeben. Der Aufwand für Führungselemente bleibt damit beschränkt.Advantageously, further, the foot portion is designed as a plug-in foot, which can be inserted into a blade root holder of a rotor shaft of the turbine with respect to the rotor shaft radial direction. Conveniently, the fibers of the fiber composite material are guided around serving as contact elements sleeves. Furthermore, the sheet curvature in the foot region can advantageously be modeled by an assignment to different pin positions of the plug foot, so that advantageously result in low deflections from the foot to the blade area in such a foot. The effort for guide elements remains limited.
In vorteilhafter Ausführungsform umgibt die verformbare feuchtigkeitsundurchlässige Schutzschicht auch den Fußabschnitt. Damit wird ein Eindringen von Feuchtigkeit auch in den im Fußabschnitt enthaltenen Faserverbundwerkstoff wirkungsvoll verhindert. Hierdurch kann die Lebensdauer der Turbinenschaufel weiterhin vergrößert werden.In an advantageous embodiment, the deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer also surrounds the foot section. Thus, penetration of moisture is effectively prevented even in the fiber composite material contained in the foot section. As a result, the life of the turbine blade can be further increased.
In einer.weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform ist der Fußabschnitt der Turbinenschaufel als Schiebefuß ausgeführt, der in eine Schaufelfußhalterung einer Rotorwelle der Turbine in bezüglich der Rotorwelle im Wesentlichen axialer Richtung einschiebbar ist. Unter im Wesentlichen axialer Richtung ist zu verstehen, dass die Einschieberichtung um bis zu ± 40° von der axialen Richtung abweichen kann. Insbesondere ist der Fußabschnitt gekrümmt gestaltet, wobei die Fußkrümmung im Wesentlichen der der in Fußnähe vorliegenden Krümmung des Schaufelblattabschnitts folgt. Durch Umlenkungs- und Kontaktelemente wird eine Kraftübertragung auf Schaufelnuten erreicht. Kontaktelemente können auch die Funktion von Führungselementen wahrnehmen. Damit wird der Aufwand für Führungselemente minimiert.In a .other advantageous embodiment, the foot portion of the turbine blade is designed as a sliding foot, which is inserted into a blade root support of a rotor shaft of the turbine in relation to the rotor shaft in the substantially axial direction. Under substantially axial direction is to be understood that the insertion direction can deviate by up to ± 40 ° from the axial direction. In particular, the foot portion is curved, with the foot curvature substantially following the curvature of the airfoil portion present in the vicinity of the foot. By deflection and contact elements power transmission is achieved on blade grooves. Contact elements can also perform the function of guide elements. This minimizes the cost of guide elements.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Dampfturbine weist diese eine Einrichtung zur Beobachtung des Schwingungsverhaltens der Turbinenschaufel auf. Damit kann eine Änderung der Eigenfrequenz der Turbinenschaufel erkannt werden, was auf eine Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme des Faserverbundwerkstoffs in dem Schaufelblattabschnitt während dem Betrieb der Dampfturbine rückzuführen sein kann. Eine derartige Änderung der Eigenfrequenz der Turbinenschaufel sollte dann zum Anlass genommen werden, die Funktionalität der vorgenannten verformbaren feuchtigkeitsundurchlässigen Schutzschicht zu überprüfen und ggf. die Schutzschicht zu reparieren, damit ein Versagen des Bauteils verhindert werden kann.In an advantageous embodiment of the steam turbine according to the invention, this has a device for monitoring the vibration behavior of the turbine blade. Thus, a change in the natural frequency of the turbine blade can be detected, which may be due to a moisture absorption of the fiber composite material in the airfoil portion during operation of the steam turbine. Such a change in the natural frequency of the turbine blade should then be taken as an opportunity to check the functionality of the aforementioned deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer and possibly repair the protective layer, so that a failure of the component can be prevented.
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform weist die Dampfturbine mindestens eine beheizbare Leitschaufel auf. Durch Beheizung kann Feuchtigkeit auf der Leitschaufel verdampft werden und eine entsprechende Beschädigung anderer Turbinenschaufeln durch Tropfenschlag verhindert werden. Alternativ kann auch eine Vorrichtung zum Absaugen von Nässe auf mindestens einer Leitschaufel vorgesehen sein.In a further advantageous embodiment, the steam turbine has at least one heatable guide blade. By heating moisture on the vane can be evaporated and a corresponding damage to other turbine blades are prevented by gushing. Alternatively, a device for extracting moisture on at least one vane may be provided.
Die Herstellung der Faserverbundschaufeln erfolgt vorzugsweise mit den üblichen Verfahren, bei denen Fasern gewickelt und mit dem Matrixwerkstoff getränkt oder in Form von so genannten Prepregs aufgebracht werden. Danach werden sie in einem so genannten Gesenk in ihre endgültige Form gebracht, wobei auch eine Aushärtung der Matrix erfolgt. Dafür werden optional bereits Kontakt-, Umlenk- oder Führungselemente mit ein- oder angebracht. Danach kann es erforderlich sein, die Schaufeln an bestimmten Stellen, z.B. durch Schleifen, zu bearbeiten, um beispielsweise die erforderliche Maßhaltigkeit, Toleranzeinhaltung und Oberflächengüte zu erreichten. Auch können bereits montierte Kontakt-, Umlenkungs- oder Führungselemente bearbeitet werden oder diese Elemente nach dem Formgebungsvorgang angebracht werden. Wie bereits vorstehend erwähnt, kann weiterhin ein Kantenschutz montiert werden, welcher durch nachfolgende Anpassarbeit, wie etwa durch Schleifen in das Schaufelprofil integriert wird. Im Anschluss daran erfolgt eine Beschichtung mit den für die Schutzschicht und das Warnsystem erforderlichen Schichten. Dabei können einzelne Schichten an bestimmten Stellen verstärkt ausgeführt werden, um Schutz- oder Verstärkungsfunktionen zu verbessern.The production of fiber composite blades is preferably carried out by the usual methods in which fibers are wound and impregnated with the matrix material or applied in the form of so-called prepregs. Thereafter, they are brought in a so-called die in its final form, whereby a curing of the matrix takes place. For this purpose, optional contact, deflection or guide elements are already inserted or attached. Thereafter, it may be necessary to place the blades at certain locations, e.g. by grinding, for example, to achieve the required dimensional accuracy, tolerance compliance and surface quality. Also already assembled contact, deflection or guide elements can be edited or these elements are attached after the molding process. As already mentioned above, an edge protector can also be mounted which is integrated into the blade profile by subsequent fitting work, such as grinding. This is followed by coating with the layers required for the protective layer and the warning system. In this case, individual layers can be reinforced at certain points in order to improve protection or amplification functions.
Nachfolgend werden Ausführungsbeispiele einer erfindungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel anhand der beigefügten schematischen Zeichnungen näher erläutert.Exemplary embodiments of a turbine blade according to the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the attached schematic drawings.
Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1
- eine Ansicht eines ersten Ausführungsbeispiels einer erfindungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel,
- Fig. 2
- den Schnitt II-II gemäß
Fig. 1 , - Fig. 2a
- eine erste Ausführungsform des Ausschnitts X gemäß
Fig. 2 , - Fig. 2b
- eine zweite Ausführungsform des Ausschnitts X gemäß
Fig. 2 , - Fig. 2c
- den Ausschnitt Y gemäß
Fig. 2 , - Fig. 3a
- eine Teilansicht eines zweiten Ausführungsbeispiels der erfindungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel,
- Fig. 3b
- den Schnitt III-III gemäß
Fig. 3a , - Fig. 4a
- eine Schnittansicht eines dritten Ausführungsbei- spiels einer erfindungsgemäßen Turbinenschaufel mit Blick Richtung Fußabschnitt der Schaufel,
- Fig. 4b
- eine Schnittansicht einer Rotorwelle einer Dampfturbine in dem Bereich einer Wellennut mit einem darin befestigten Fußabschnitt einer Turbi- nenschaufel gemäß
Fig. 4a , sowie - Fig. 4c
- den Ausschnitt Z gemäß
Fig. 4b .
- Fig. 1
- a view of a first embodiment of a turbine blade according to the invention,
- Fig. 2
- Section II-II according to
Fig. 1 . - Fig. 2a
- a first embodiment of the section X according to
Fig. 2 . - Fig. 2b
- a second embodiment of the section X according to
Fig. 2 . - Fig. 2c
- the section Y according to
Fig. 2 . - Fig. 3a
- a partial view of a second embodiment of the turbine blade according to the invention,
- Fig. 3b
- the section III-III according to
Fig. 3a . - Fig. 4a
- 1 is a sectional view of a third embodiment of a turbine blade according to the invention, looking towards the foot portion of the blade,
- Fig. 4b
- a sectional view of a rotor shaft of a steam turbine in the region of a shaft groove with a base portion of a turbine blade mounted therein in accordance with
Fig. 4a , such as - Fig. 4c
- the section Z according to
Fig. 4b ,
In einem Bereich nahe dem Fußabschnitt 14 weist der Schaufelblattabschnitt 12 eine Zusatzfaserverbundlage 22 auf. Die Zusatzfaserverbundlage 22 enthält zusätzliche Fasern, die unter abweichendem Winkel gegenüber der Hauptachse 21 der Turbinenschaufel 10, z.B. unter einem Winkel von ± 15°, ± 30° oder ± 45° verlaufen und zur Versteifung des Schaufelblattabschnitts 12 vorgesehen sind. Es können auch mehrere derartige Zusatzfaserverbundlagen 22 vorgesehen sein. Dabei können diese Lagen spiegelsymmetrisch zur Blatt-Mittelfläche angeordnet werden, wodurch eine Verwindung vermieden wird. Eine unsymmetrische Anordnung der Zusatzfaserverbundlagen führt zu einer Verwindung. Dies kann ggf. zu Selbsteinstellungszwecken genutzt werden.In an area near the
In
In
Dieser Bereich ist in
Claims (16)
- Turbine blade (10, 110, 210) for a steam turbine, with aerofoil section (12) and with a root section (14, 43, 52), the aerofoil section (12) containing, at least in regions, a composite fibre material (18), at least the region containing the composite fibre material (18) being surrounded by deformable moisture-impermeable protective layer (30) which prevents the penetration of moisture into the composite fibre material (18) during the operation of the turbine blade (10, 110, 210), characterized in that an electrically conductive layer (32, 36) or water-soluble chemical substances (38) are arranged between the protective layer (30) and the composite fibre material (18), whereby the function of the protective layer (30) can be monitored.
- Turbine blade according to Claim 1, in which both the aerofoil section (12) and the root section (14, 43, 52) in each case contain, at least in regions, a composite fibre material (18).
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the composite fibre material (18) contains glass fibres, synthetic fibres and/or carbon fibres.
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the composite fibre material (18) has fibres which are routed in the region of the aerofoil (12) at an angle deviating from a main axis (21) of the turbine blade (10, 110, 210), in particular at the angles ± 15°, ± 30° and/or ± 45° with respect to the main axis (21).
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the aerofoil section (12) having a filling body (24) which is arranged in the aerofoil centre and which is surrounded completely by the composite fibre material (18).
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the aerofoil section (12) is configured for use in a low-pressure stage of the steam turbine.
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the water-soluble chemical substances (38) are detectable in dissolved form, in particular chemically, optically and/or radiologically.
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which an onflow edge (27) of the turbine blade (10, 110, 210) is provided with edge reinforcement (28) for protection against drop impacts.
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the root section (14) has a contact element (46, 54) for making contact with a blade root mounting (48, 60) in a rotor shaft (47, 58) of a steam turbine, the contact element (46, 54) containing composite fibre material (18) and/or a metallic material.
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the root section (14, 43, 52) has a deflection element (46, 56), by means of which a substantial number of fibres of the aerofoil section (12) are deflected, and/or a guide element (44, 54), by means of which an advantageous fibre routing in the root section (14, 43, 52) is diverted into a fibre routing adapted to the geometry of the aerofoil section (12).
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the root section (14, 43, 52) is designed as a plug root (14, 43) which can be plugged into a blade root mounting (48) of a rotor shaft (47) of the turbine in a direction which is radial with respect to the rotor shaft (47).
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the moisture-repelling protective layer (30) also surrounds the root section (14, 43, 52).
- Turbine blade according to one of the preceding claims, in which the root section (14, 43, 52) is designed as a sliding root (52) which can be pushed into a blade root mounting (60) of a rotor shaft (58) of the turbine in a direction which is essentially axial with respect to the rotor shaft (58).
- Steam turbine with a turbine blade (10, 110, 210) according to one of the preceding claims.
- Steam turbine according to Claim 14, having a device for observing the oscillation behaviour of the turbine blade (10, 110, 210).
- Steam turbine according to Claim 14 or 15, having at least one heatable guide vane.
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PL06819186T PL1951991T3 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2006-10-30 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
EP06819186A EP1951991B1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2006-10-30 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05025359A EP1788197A1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2005-11-21 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
PCT/EP2006/067923 WO2007057294A1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2006-10-30 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
EP06819186A EP1951991B1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2006-10-30 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1951991A1 EP1951991A1 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
EP1951991B1 true EP1951991B1 (en) | 2010-02-24 |
Family
ID=36010462
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05025359A Withdrawn EP1788197A1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2005-11-21 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
EP06819186A Not-in-force EP1951991B1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2006-10-30 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05025359A Withdrawn EP1788197A1 (en) | 2005-11-21 | 2005-11-21 | Turbine blade for a steam turbine |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20100014982A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1788197A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4772873B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101313129B (en) |
AT (1) | ATE458900T1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0618860A2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE502006006279D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2338369T3 (en) |
PL (1) | PL1951991T3 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2418956C2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2007057294A1 (en) |
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2005
- 2005-11-21 EP EP05025359A patent/EP1788197A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-10-30 CN CN2006800434023A patent/CN101313129B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-10-30 US US12/085,274 patent/US20100014982A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-10-30 AT AT06819186T patent/ATE458900T1/en active
- 2006-10-30 BR BRPI0618860-5A patent/BRPI0618860A2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-10-30 RU RU2008125060/06A patent/RU2418956C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-10-30 EP EP06819186A patent/EP1951991B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-10-30 PL PL06819186T patent/PL1951991T3/en unknown
- 2006-10-30 WO PCT/EP2006/067923 patent/WO2007057294A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-10-30 JP JP2008540562A patent/JP4772873B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-10-30 DE DE502006006279T patent/DE502006006279D1/en active Active
- 2006-10-30 ES ES06819186T patent/ES2338369T3/en active Active
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0618860A2 (en) | 2011-09-13 |
CN101313129B (en) | 2011-07-06 |
RU2418956C2 (en) | 2011-05-20 |
EP1788197A1 (en) | 2007-05-23 |
DE502006006279D1 (en) | 2010-04-08 |
RU2008125060A (en) | 2009-12-27 |
JP2009516798A (en) | 2009-04-23 |
ATE458900T1 (en) | 2010-03-15 |
US20100014982A1 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
JP4772873B2 (en) | 2011-09-14 |
ES2338369T3 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
EP1951991A1 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
CN101313129A (en) | 2008-11-26 |
PL1951991T3 (en) | 2010-07-30 |
WO2007057294A1 (en) | 2007-05-24 |
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