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  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to substituted pyrimidine derivatives.
• the invention relates to aryl-(4-tMazol-2-yl-pyrimidm-2-yl)-amines and aryl-(4-thiazol-2- yl-pyridin-2-yl)-amines and their use in therapy. More specifically, but not exclusively, the invention relates to compounds that are capable of inhibiting one or more protein kinases.
• the eukaryotic protein kinase family is one of the largest in the human genome, comprising some 500 genes [1,2].
• the majority of kinases contain a 250-300 amino acid residue catalytic domain with a conserved core structure. This domain comprises a binding pocket for ATP (less frequently GTP), whose terminal phosphate group the kinase transfers covalently to its macromolecular substrates.
• the phosphate donor is always bound as a complex with a divalent ion (usually Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ ).
• Another important function of the catalytic domain is the binding and orientation for phosphotransfer of the macromolecular substrate.
• the catalytic domains present in most kinases are more or less homologous.
• CDKs cyclin-dependent kinases
• the present mvention seeks to provide aryl-(4-thiazol-2-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-amines and aryl-(4-thiazol-2-yl-pyridin-2-yl)-amines. More specifically, the invention provides provides aryl-(4-thiazol-2-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-amines and aryl-(4-thiazol-2-yl-pyridin-2- yl)-amines which have broad therapeutic applications in the treatment of a number of different diseases and/or that are capable of inhibiting one or more protein kinases.
• a first aspect of the invention relates to a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are each independently H, R 8 , or R 9 ; each R 8 is independently a hydrocarbyl group; and each R 9 is independently halo, NO 2 , alkoxy, CN, CF 3 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NR 10 R ⁇ , SO ⁇ 1
• R 10"18 are each independently H or alkyl; provided that when R 1 and R 2 are both H, Z 1 is CH; or Z 2 isN; or Z 1 is CH and Z 2 is N; and wherein the compound is other than 4-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-N-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)-2-pyrimidineamme or 4-(5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazol-2-yl)- N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-pyrimidineamine.
• a second aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
• a third aspect of the invention relates to a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in medicine.
• a fourth aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating one or more of the following disorders: a proliferative disorder; a viral disorder; a CNS disorder; diabetes; stroke; alopecia; an inflammatory disease; or an infectious disease.
• a fifth aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an assay for identifying candidate compounds capable of inhibiting one or more of a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK and a PLK enzyme.
• a sixth aspect of the invention relates to a process for preparing compounds of formula I.
• hydrocarbyl refers to a saturated or unsaturated, straight- chain, branched, or cyclic group comprising at least C and H that may optionally comprise one or more other suitable substituents.
• substituents may include halo, CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, NH 2 , COOH, and CONH 2 .
• the hydrocarbyl group comprises more than one C then those carbons need not necessarily be linked to each other. For example, at least two of the carbons may be linked via a suitable element or group.
• the hydrocarbyl group may contain heteroatoms.
• heteroatoms will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include, for instance, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and silicon.
• the hydrocarbyl group may be connected to the rest of the molecule via a carbon-carbon bond or a carbon-heteroatom bond.
• the hydrocarbyl group is an aryl, alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl or heteroaryl group. More preferably still, the hydrocarbyl group is an aryl, alkyl or cycloheteroalkyl group.
• alkyl includes both straight chain and branched alkyl groups.
• the alkyl group may be substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. Suitable substituents include, for example, halo, CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, NH 2 , COOH, CONH 2 and alkoxy.
• the alkyl group is a C ⁇ . 20 alkyl group, more preferably a C S , more preferably still a C ⁇ - ⁇ 2 alkyl group, more preferably still, a C ⁇ -6 alkyl group, more preferably a C ⁇ _ 3 alkyl group.
• Particularly preferred alkyl groups include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl and hexyl.
• heteroalkyl includes an alkyl group as defined above which comprises one or more heteroatoms.
• cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic alkyl group which may be substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. . Suitable substituents include, for example, halo, CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, NH 2 , COOH, CONH 2 and alkoxy.
• cycloheteroalkyl refers to a cyclic heteroalkyl group which may be substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted. Suitable substituents include, for example, halo, CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, NH 2 , COOH, CONH 2 and alkoxy. Preferred cycloheteroalkyl groups include morpholino, piperazinyl and piperidinyl groups.
• aryl refers to a C 6-1 o aromatic, substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted group, and includes, for example, phenyl, naphthyl etc.
• suitable substituents include, for example, halo, CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, NH 2 , COOH, CONH 2 and alkoxy.
• heteroaryl refers to a C 4- ⁇ 0 aromatic, substituted (mono- or poly-) or unsubstituted group, which comprises one or more heteroatoms.
• Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyrrole, pyrazole, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridine, quinoline, thiophene and furan.
• suitable substituents include, for example, halo, CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, NH 2 , COOH, CONH 2 and alkoxy.
• each R is independently a C 1-30 hydrocarbyl group, optionally containing up to twelve heteroatoms selected from N, S, and O, and optionally bearing up to six substituents each independently selected from halo, NO 2 , CN, CF 3 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, OH, NH 2 , COOH, and CONH 2 .
• each R 8 is independently an alkyl group, an aryl group or a cycloheteroalkyl group.
• the cycloheteroalkyl group is morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl.
• the cycloheteroalkyl group is N-morpholinyl, N-pyrrolidinyl or N- piperidinyl.
• each R 9 is independently halo, NO 2 , alkoxy, CN, CF 3 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, OH, NH 2 , (CH 2 ) a COOR 15 , (CH 2 ) d OH, CONH 2 or COR 18 .
• each R 9 is independently halo, NO 2 , alkoxy, CF 3 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, OH, NH 2 , (CH 2 ) a COOR 15 , (CH 2 ) d OH, CONH 2 or COR 18 .
• each R 9 is independently halo, NO 2 , OMe, CF 3 , SO 3 H, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 2 Me, OH, NH 2 , CH 2 COOMe, COOMe, COOEt, (CH 2 ) 2 OH, CONH 2 or COMe.
• R 5 and R 6 are both H and R 1"4 and R 7 are each independently H, R 8 or R 9 .
• At least one of R 3 , R 4 and R 7 is other than OMe.
• R 1 is H, alkyl, aryl, (CH 2 ) a COOR 15 or OH;
• R 2 is H, (CH 2 ) d OH, (CH 2 ) a COOR 15 , COR 18 or alkyl;
• R 3 is halo, H, alkoxy, cycloheteroalkyl, alkyl or OH;
• R 4 is H, NH 2 , OH, alkyl, CF 3 or NO 2 ;
• R 5 and R 6 are both H.
• R 1 is H, Me, Ph, CH 2 COOMe or OH
• R 2 is H, (CH 2 ) 2 OH, COOEt , COMe or Me
• R 3 is Cl, H, OMe, N-morpholinyl, N-pyrrolidinyl, Me or OH;
• R 4 is H, NH 2 , OH, Me, CF 3 or NO 2 ; and R b and R° are both H.
• R 1 is H, alkyl, aryl, (CH 2 ) a COOR 15 or OH;
• R 2 is H, COOR 15 , COR 18 or alkyl;
• R 3 is halo, H, alkoxy, morpholino, alkyl or OH;
• R 4 is H, NH 2 , OH, CF 3 or NO 2 ; and
• R 5 and R 6 are both H.
• R 1 is H, Me, Ph, CH 2 CO 2 Me or OH
• R 2 is H, CO 2 Et, COMe or Me
• R 3 is Cl, H, OMe, morpholino, Me or OH.
• One preferred embodiment of the invention relates to a compound of formula I wherein Z 1 is CH and Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently N or CR 7 .
• Z and Z are each independently CR .
• Z 1 is CH
• Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently CR 7 .
• Z 1 is CH and Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently CR 7 , R 1 is alkyl or OH; R 2 is alkyl or COR 18 ; R 3 is OH or halo; and Z 2 and Z 3 are both CH.
• R 1 is Me or OH
• R 2 is COMe or Me
• R 3 is OH or Cl.
• Z 1 is CH and Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently R 1 is alkyl; R 2 is COR 18 ; R 3 is OH; and Z 2 and Z 3 are both CH.
• R 1 is Me and R 2 is COMe.
• Another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of formula I wherein Z 1 is N and Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently N or CR 7 .
• Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently CR 7 .
• Z 1 is N
• Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently CR 7 .
• Z 1 is N and Z 2 and Z 3 are each independently CR 7 ,
• R 1 is alkyl, aryl, OH or (CH 2 ) a COOR 15 ;
• R 2 is COR 18 , H, COOR 15 or alkyl
• R 3 is halo, H, OH, alkyl or morpholino
• R 4 is H, NH 2 , OH, CF 3 or NO 2 ; and Z 2 and Z 3 are both CH.
• R 1 is Me, Ph, OH or CH 2 COOMe
• R 2 is COMe, H, COOEt or Me
• R 3 is halo, H, OH, alkyl or morpholino.
• Yet another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of formula I wherein Z 2 is N and Z 3 is CR 7 .
• Z 1 is N
• Z 2 is N
• Z 3 is CR 7
• R 1 is H, OH or alkyl
• R 2 is H, (CH 2 ) d OH, alkyl, (CH 2 ) a COOR 15 , COR 18
• R 3 is halo, alkoxy or heterocycloalkyl
• RR 4 iiss HH oorr alkyl
• Z 3 is CH.
• R 1 is H, OH or Me
• R 2 is H, (CH 2 ) 2 OH, Me, COOEt, COMe; R 3 is halo, OMe or N-pyrrolidinyl; R 4 is H or Me; and Z 3 is CH.
• R 1 is H or alkyl
• R 2 is H or COR 18
• R 3 is halo or alkoxy
• Z 3 is CH.
• R 1 is H or Me
• R 2 is H or COMe
• R 3 is halo or OMe.
• the compound of formula I is selected from the following:
• the compound is selected from the following:
• the compound of formula I is selected from the following:
• the compound is selected from the following:
• the compound of formula I is selected from the following: 2-[2-(4-Chloro-phenylamino)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-4-hydroxy-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester;
• the compound is selected from the following: 2-[2-(4-Chloro-phenylamino)-pyrimidin-4-yl]-4-hydroxy-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester; (6-Methoxy-pyridn-3-yl)-(4-tWazol-2-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-amine; (6-CUoro-pyridin-3-yl)-(4-thiazol-2-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-amine
• the compound is 2-[2-(6-Chloro-pyridin-3-ylamino)-pyrimidin-4- yl]-4-hydroxy-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester or 2-[2-(6-Chloro-pyridin-3- ylamino)-pyrirnidin-4-yl]-5-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-thiazol-4-ol.
• the compound of formula I is (6- Chloro-pyridin-3-yl)-(4-thiazol-2-yl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-amine.
• the compound of the invention is capable of inhibiting one or more kinases selected from those set forth in Tables 5 or 6.
• the compound of the invention is capable of inhibiting one or more kinases selected from a cyclin dependent kinase or GSK. More preferably, the compound is capable of inhibiting one or more of GSK3, CDK2/E, CDK2/A, CDK1/B, CDK4/D1, CDK7/H and/or CDK9/T1.
• the compound of the invention has an IC 50 value for inhibition of one of the above-mentioned kinases of less than 10 ⁇ M, more preferably, less than 5 ⁇ M, more preferably still, less than 1 ⁇ M, even more preferably less than 0.1 ⁇ M, more preferably still less than 0.01 ⁇ M, as measured by the appropriate kinase assay. Details of suitable assays are outlined in the accompanying examples section.
• the compound of the invention is capable of selectively inhibiting GSK (preferably GSK3) over one or more cyclin dependent kinases selected from CDK2/E, CDK2/A, CDK1/B, CDK4/D1, CDK7/H and CDK9/T1.
• GSK preferably GSK3
• the compound exhibits at least a 5 -fold selectivity for GSK over CDK, more preferably at least a 10-fold selectivity, more preferably still at least a 100- fold selectivity for GSK.
• the compound exhibits at least a 1000-fold selectivity for GSK over CDK, more preferably at least 5000-fold selectivity.
• the compound exhibits at least a 10-fold selectivity for GSK3 over a CDK selected from CDK2/cyclin E, CDKl/cyclin B, CDK7/cyclin H, CDK4/cyclin Dl, CDK2/cyclin A and CDK9/cyclin TI.
• the compound exhibits at least a 100-fold selectivity for GSK3 over a CDK selected from CDK2/cyclin E, CDKl/cyclin B, CDK7/cyclin H, CDK4/cyclin Dl and CDK2/cyclin A.
• the compound exhibits at least a 1000-fold selectivity for GSK3 over a CDK selected from CDKl/cyclin B, CDK7/cyclin H, CDK4/cyclin Dl and CDK2/cyclin A.
• the compound of the invention is capable of activating cellular glycogen synthase activity.
• the compound is capable of activating cellular glycogen synthase activity as measured by monitoring the fold induction of GS activity in HEK293, mouse myocyte or mouse adipocyte cells.
• GS activity is activated by at least 1.5 -fold, more preferably at least 2-fold, more preferably still at least 3-fold, 4-fold or 5-fold.
• the compound of formula I is administered in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered alone, they will generally be administered in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent, particularly for human therapy.
• a pharmaceutical carrier excipient or diluent
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be for human or animal usage in human and veterinary medicine. Examples of such suitable excipients for the various different forms of pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be found in the "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2 nd Edition, (1994), Edited by A Wade and PJ Weller.
• Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985).
• suitable carriers include lactose, starch, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like.
• suitable diluents include ethanol, glycerol and water.
• compositions may comprise as, or in addition to, the carrier, excipient or diluent any suitable binder(s), lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), solubilising agent(s).
• Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose, anhydrous lactose, free-flow lactose, beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol.
• Suitable lubricants include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
• Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavoring agents may be provided in the pharmaceutical composition.
• preservatives include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
• Antioxidants and suspending agents may be also used.
• SALTS/ESTERS sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
• Antioxidants and suspending agents may be also used.
• the compounds of formula I can be present as salts or esters, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable salts or esters.
• salts of the compounds of the invention include suitable acid addition or base salts thereof.
• suitable pharmaceutical salts may be found in Berge et al, J Pharm Sci, 66, 1-19 (1977). Salts are formed, for example with strong inorganic acids such as mineral acids, e.g.
• sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid or hydrohalic acids with strong organic carboxylic acids, such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 4 carbon atoms which are unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., by halogen), such as acetic acid; with saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or tetraphthalic; with hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid; with a inoacids, for example aspartic or glutamic acid; with benzoic acid; or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (d-C 4 )-alkyl- or aryl-sulfonic acids which are unsubstituted or substituted (for example, by a halogen) such as methane- or p-toluene sulfonic acid.
• Esters are formed either using organic acids or alcohols/hydroxides, depending on the functional group being esterified.
• Organic acids include carboxylic acids, such as alkanecarboxylic acids of 1 to 12 carbon atoms which are unsubstituted or substituted (e.g., by halogen), such as acetic acid; with saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acid, for example oxalic, malonic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, phthalic or tetraphthalic; with hydroxycarboxylic acids, for example ascorbic, glycolic, lactic, malic, tartaric or citric acid; with aminoacids, for example aspartic or glutamic acid; with benzoic acid; or with organic sulfonic acids, such as (C ⁇ -C 4 )-alkyl- or aryl-sulfonic acids which are unsubstituted or substituted (for example, by a halogen) such as methane- or p-tol
• Suitable hydroxides include inorganic hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide.
• Alcohols include alkanealcohols of 1-12 carbon atoms which may be unsubstituted or substituted, e.g. by a halogen).
• the invention includes, where appropriate all enantiomers and tautomers of compounds of formula I.
• the man skilled in the art will recognise compounds that possess an optical properties (one or more chiral carbon atoms) or tautomeric characteristics.
• the corresponding enantiomers and/or tautomers may be isolated/prepared by methods known in the art.
• Some of the specific compounds of formula I may exist as stereoisomers and or geometric isomers - e.g. they may possess one or more asymmetric and or geometric centres and so may exist in two or more stereoisomeric and/or geometric forms.
• the present invention contemplates the use of all the individual stereoisomers and geometric isomers of those inhibitor agents, and mixtures thereof.
• the terms used in the claims encompass these forms, provided said forms retain the appropriate functional activity (though not necessarily to the same degree).
• the present invention also includes all suitable isotopic variations of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• An isotopic variation of an agent of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is defined as one in which at least one atom is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number but an atomic mass different from the atomic mass usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into the agent and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulphur, fluorine and chlorine such as 2 H, 1H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 17 0, 18 0, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F and 36 C1, respectively.
• isotopic variations of the agent and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful in drug and or substrate tissue distribution studies. Tritiated, i.e., 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e., 14 C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopic variations of the agent of the present invention and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of this invention can generally be prepared by conventional procedures using appropriate isotopic variations of suitable reagents.
• the present invention also includes the use of solvate forms of the compounds of the present invention.
• the terms used in the claims encompass these forais.
• POLYMORPHS The invention furthermore relates to the compounds of the present invention in their various crystalline forms, polymorphic forms and (an)hydrous forms. It is well established within the pharmaceutical industry that chemical compounds may be isolated in any of such forais by slightly varying the method of purification and or isolation form the solvents used in the synthetic preparation of such compounds.
• the invention further includes the compounds of the present invention in prodrug form.
• prodrugs are generally compounds of formula I wherein one or more appropriate groups have been modified such that the modification may be reversed upon administration to a human or mammalian subject.
• Such reversion is usually performed by an enzyme naturally present in such subject, though it is possible for a second agent to be administered together with such a prodrug in order to perform the reversion in vivo.
• Examples of such modifications include ester (for example, any of those described above), wherein the reversion may be carried out be an esterase etc.
• Other such systems will be well known to those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of formula I have been found to possess anti-proliferative activity and are therefore believed to be of use in the treatment of proliferative disorders such as cancers, leukaemias and other disorders associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation such as psoriasis and restenosis.
• proliferative disorders such as cancers, leukaemias and other disorders associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation such as psoriasis and restenosis.
• an anti-proliferative effect within the scope of the present invention may be demonstrated by the ability to inhibit cell proliferation in an in vitro whole cell assay, for example using any of the cell lines A549, HT29 or Saos-2 Using such assays it may be determined whether a compound is anti-proliferative in the context of the present invention.
• On preferred embodiment of the present invention therefore relates to the use of one or more compounds of formula I in the preparation of a medicament for treating a proliferative disorder.
• preparation of a medicament includes the use of a compound of formula I directly as the medicament in addition to its use in a screening programme for further therapeutic agents or in any stage of the manufacture of such a medicament.
• the proliferative disorder is a cancer or leukaemia.
• the term proliferative disorder is used herein in a broad sense to include any disorder that requires control of the cell cycle, for example cardiovascular disorders such as restenosis, cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction, auto-immune disorders such as glomerulonephritis and rheumatoid arthritis, dermatological disorders such as psoriasis, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, antiparasitic disorders such as malaria, emphysema, alopecia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.
• the compounds of the present invention may induce apoptosis or maintain stasis within the desired cells as required.
• the compounds of the invention may inhibit any of the steps or stages in the cell cycle, for example, formation of the nuclear envelope, exit from the quiescent phase of the cell cycle (GO), Gl progression, chromosome decondensation, nuclear envelope breakdown, START, initiation of DNA replication, progression of DNA replication, termination of DNA replication, centrosome duplication, G2 progression, activation of mitotic or meiotic functions, chromosome condensation, centrosome separation, microtubule nucleation, spindle formation and function, interactions with microtubule motor proteins, chromatid separation and segregation, inactivation of mitotic functions, formation of contractile ring, and cytokinesis functions.
• the compounds of the invention may influence certain gene functions such as chromatin binding, formation of replication complexes, replication licensing, phosphorylation or other secondary modification activity, proteolytic degradation, microtubule binding, actin binding, septin binding, microtubule organising centre nucleation activity and binding to components of cell cycle signalling pathways.
• the compound of formula I is administered in an amount sufficient to inhibit at least one CDK enzyme.
• the compound of formula I is admimstered in an amount sufficient to inhibit at least one of CDK2 and/or CDK4.
• HCMN human cytomegalovirus
• HSM-1 he ⁇ es simplex virus type 1
• HIN-1 human immunodeficiency virus type 1
• NZN varicella zoster virus
• the compound of formula I is admimstered in an amount sufficient to inhibit one or more of the host cell CDKs involved in viral replication, i.e. CDK2, CDK7, CDK8, and CDK9 [39].
• an anti- viral effect within the scope of the present invention may be demonstrated by the ability to inhibit CDK2, CDK7, CDK8 or CDK9.
• the invention relates to the use of one or more compounds of formula I in the treatment of a viral disorder which is CDK dependent or sensitive.
• CDK dependent disorders are associated with an above normal level of activity of one or more CDK enzymes.
• Such disorders preferably associated with an abnormal level of activity of CDK2, CDK7, CDK8 and/or CDK9.
• a CDK sensitive disorder is a disorder in which an aberration in the CDK level is not the primary cause, but is downstream of the primary metabolic aberration.
• CDK2, CDK7, CDK8 and/or CDK9 can be said to be part of the sensitive metabolic pathway and CDK inhibitors may therefore be active in treating such disorders.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of compounds of formula I, or pharmaceutically accetable salts thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating diabetes.
• the diabetes is type II diabetes.
• Glycogen synthase kinase 3 is a Ser/Thr protein kinase composed of two isoforms ( ⁇ and ⁇ ), which are highly homologous within the catalytic domain.
• GSK3 is one of several protein kinases that phosphorylate glycogen synthase (GS). The stimulation of glycogen synthesis by insulin in skeletal muscle results from the dephosphorylation and activation of GS. The action of GSK3 on GS thus results in the deactivation of the latter, thereby suppressing the conversion of glucose into glycogen in muscles.
• Type II diabetes non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
• Hyperglycaemia is due to insulin resistance in the liver, muscles, and other tissues, coupled with impaired secretion of insulin.
• Skeletal muscle is the main site for insulin- stimulated glucose uptake, there it is either removed from circulation or converted to glycogen.
• Muscle glycogen deposition is the main determinant in glucose homeostasis and type II diabetics have defective muscle glycogen storage.
• GSK3 activity is important in type II diabetes [1].
• GSK3 is over-expressed in muscle cells of type II diabetics and that an inverse correlation exists between skeletal muscle GSK3 activity and insulin action [2].
• GSK3 inhibition may therefore be of therapeutic relevance in the treatment of diabetes, particularly type II, and diabetic neuropathy.
• GSK3 is known to phosphorylate many substrates other than GS and is thus involved in the regulation of multiple biochemical pathways.
• GSK-3 substrates include: CREB (also known as cAMP response element-binding protein 1), which is involved in mediating gene transcription subsequent to increased cAMP levels and cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activation.
• the response element to which CREB binds is found in a number of genes, including those that are of proposed importance to T cell function (and dysfunction - for example T cell lymphoma and leukemia).
• EIF2B eukaryotic initiation factor-2B
• HSF-1 heat-shock factor-1
• C/EBPa also known as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein a
• Mice homozygous for the targeted deletion of the C E7Pa gene do not store hepatic glycogen, express low levels of GS and fail to store lipid.
• NF-ATc nuclear factor of activated T cells
• calcineurin a Ca 2+ -dependent phosphatase.
• NF-AT proteins play varied roles in non-immune processes, particularly those related to adaptive responses such as cardiac hypertrophy and altered metabolic balance.
• c-Jun, c- myc and c-myb each of which are protooncogenes.
• j3-Catenin which is a protein found in the adherens junction and is therefore critical for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial layers. Junctions mediate adhesion between cells, facilitate cell-cell signalling, and anchor the actin cytoskeleton.
• IVS-1 Insulin receptor substrate-1
• IRS-1 has been proposed to play a role in the development of insulin resistance. It is notable that GSK3 is known to phosphorylate many substrates other than GS, and is thus involved in the regulation of multiple biochemical pathways. For example, GSK is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and biomedical rationales for therapy through GSK inhibition in neurodegenerative diseases have been proposed.
• Another aspect of the invention therefore relates to the use of compounds of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating a CNS disorders, for example neurodegenerative disorders.
• the CNS disorder is Alzheimer's disease.
• Tau is a GSK-3 substrate which has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. In healthy nerve cells, Tau co-assembles with tubulin into microtubules. However, in Alzheimer's disease, tau forms large tangles of filaments, which disrupt the microtubule structures in the nerve cell, thereby impairing the transport of nutrients as well as the transmission of neuronal messages.
• GSK3 inhibitors may be able to prevent and/or reverse the abnormal hype ⁇ hosphorylation of the microtubule- associated protein tau that is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease and a number of other neurodegenerative diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and Pick's disease. Mutations in the tau gene cause inherited forms of fronto-temporal dementia, further underscoring the relevance of tau protein dysfunction for the neurodegenerative process [40].
• GSK3 as a pro- apoptotic factor in neuronal cells makes this protein kinase an attractive therapeutic target for the design of inhibitory drugs to treat these diseases.
• GSK3 inhibitors may be able to prevent and/or reverse the abnormal hype ⁇ hosphorylation of the microtubule- associated protein tau that is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease and a number of other neurodegenerative diseases, such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and Pick's disease. Mutations in the tau gene cause inherited forms of fronto-temporal dementia, further underscoring the relevance of tau protein dysfunction for the neurodegenerative process [5].
• Yet another aspect of the invention relates to the use of compounds of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, in the preparation of a medicament for treating alopecia.
• a further aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a GSK3 -dependent disorder, said method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined above in an amount sufficient to inhibit GSK3.
• the compound of formula I, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in an amount sufficient to inhibit GSK3/3.
• the compound of formula I is administered in an amount sufficient to inhibit at least one PLK enzyme.
• the polo-like kinases constitute a family of serine/threonine protein kinases. Mitotic Drosophila melanogaster mutants at the polo locus display spindle abnormalities [41] and polo was found to encode a mitotic kinase [42]. In humans, there exist three closely related PLKs [43]. They contain a highly homologous amino- terminal catalytic kinase domain and their carboxyl termini contain two or three conserved regions, the polo boxes.
• polo boxes The function of the polo boxes remains incompletely understood but they are implicated in the targeting of PLKs to subcellular compartments [44,45], mediation of interactions with other proteins [46], or may constitute part of an autoregulatory domain [47]. Furthermore, the polo box-dependent PLKl activity is required for proper metaphase/anaphase transition and cytokinesis [48,49].
• PLKs regulate some fundamental aspects of mitosis [50,51].
• PLKl activity is believed to be necessary for the functional maturation of centrosomes in late G2/early prophase and subsequent establishment of a bipolar spindle.
• Depletion of cellular PLKl through the small interfering RNA (siRNA) technique has also confirmed that this protein is required for multiple mitotic processes and completion of cytokinesis [52].
• the compound of formula I is admimstered in an amount sufficient to inhibit PLKl .
• PLKl is the best characterized; it regulates a number of cell division cycle effects, including the onset of mitosis [53,54], DNA-damage checkpoint activation [55,56], regulation of the anaphase promoting complex [57-59], phosphorylation of the proteasome [60], and centrosome duplication and maturation [61].
• M-phase promoting factor the complex between the cyclin dependent kinase CDK1 and B-type cyclins [62].
• MPF M-phase promoting factor
• the latter accumulate during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle and promote the inhibitory phosphorylation of the MPF complex by WEE1, MIK1, and MYT1 kinases.
• WEE1, MIK1, and MYT1 kinases At the end of the G2 phase, corresponding dephosphorylation by the dual- specificity phosphatase CDC25C triggers the activation of MPF [63].
• cyclin B localizes to the cytoplasm [64], it then becomes phosphorylated during prophase and this event causes nuclear translocation [65,66].
• the compounds of formula I are ATP- antagonistic inhibitors of PLKl.
• ATP antagonism refers to the ability of an inhibitor compound to diminish or prevent PLK catalytic activity, i.e. phosphotransfer from ATP to a macromolecular PLK substrate, by virtue of reversibly or irreversibly binding at the enzyme's active site in such a manner as to impair or abolish ATP binding.
• the compound of formula I is admimstered in an amount sufficient to inhibit PLK2 and/or PLK3.
• Mammalian PLK2 also known as SNK
• PLK3 also known as PRK and FNK
• PLK3 kinase activity appears to peak during late S and G2 phase. It is also activated during DNA damage checkpoint activation and severe oxidative stress.
• PLK3 also plays an important role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and centrosome function in the cell and deregulated PLK3 expression results in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [73].
• PLK2 is the least well understood homologue of the three PLKs. Both PLK2 and PLK3 may have additional important post-mitotic functions [46].
• compositions of the present invention may be adapted for oral, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraarterial, intrathecal, intrabronchial, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, nasal, buccal or sublingual routes of administration.
• compositions For oral administration, particular use is made of compressed tablets, pills, tablets, gellules, drops, and capsules. Preferably, these compositions contain from 1 to 250 mg and more preferably from 10-100 mg, of active ingredient per dose.
• compositions of the present invention may also be in form of suppositories, pessaries, suspensions, emulsions, lotions, ointments, creams, gels, sprays, solutions or dusting powders.
• transdermal administration is by use of a skin patch.
• the active ingredient can be inco ⁇ orated into a cream consisting of an aqueous emulsion of polyethylene glycols or liquid paraffin.
• the active ingredient can also be inco ⁇ orated, at a concentration of between 1 and 10% by weight, into an ointment consisting of a white wax or white soft paraffin base together with such stabilisers and preservatives as may be required.
• frijectable forms may contain between 10 - 1000 mg, preferably between 10 - 250 mg, of active ingredient per dose.
• compositions may be formulated in unit dosage form, i.e., in the form of discrete portions containing a unit dose, or a multiple or sub-unit of a unit dose.
• a person of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine an appropriate dose of one of the instant compositions to administer to a subject without undue experimentation.
• a physician will determine the actual dosage which will be most suitable for an individual patient and it will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the individual undergoing therapy.
• the dosages disclosed herein are exemplary of the average case. There can of course be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention.
• the agent may be administered at a dose of from 0.01 to 30 mg/kg body weight, such as from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight.
• one or more doses of 10 to 150 mg/day will be administered to the patient for the treatment of malignancy.
• the one or more compounds of formula I are administered in combination with one or more other active agents, for example, existing drugs available on the market.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered consecutively, simultaneously or sequentially with the one or more other active agents.
• Anticancer drugs in general are more effective when used in combination.
• combination therapy is desirable in order to avoid an overlap of major toxicities, mechanism of action and resistance mechanism(s).
• the major advantages of combining chemotherapeutic drugs are that it may promote additive or possible synergistic effects through biochemical interactions and also may decrease the emergence of resistance in early tumor cells which would have been otherwise responsive to initial chemotherapy with a single agent.
• An example of the use of biochemical interactions in selecting drug combinations is demonstrated by the administration of leucovorin to increase the binding of an active intracellular metabolite of 5-fluorouracil to its target, thymidylate synthase, thus increasing its cytotoxic effects.
• Beneficial combinations may be suggested by studying the growth inhibitory activity of the test compounds with agents known or suspected of being valuable in the treatment of a particular cancer initially or cell lines derived from that cancer. This procedure can also be used to determine the order of administration of the agents, i.e. before, simultaneously, or after delivery. Such scheduling may be a feature of all the cycle acting agents identified herein.
• ASSAYS ASSAYS
• Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as defined hereinabove in an assay for identifying further candidate compounds that influence the activity of a kinase selected from a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK and a polo-like kinase.
• a kinase selected from a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK and a polo-like kinase.
• the assay is capable of identifying candidate compounds that are capable of inhibiting a kinase selected from a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK and a polo-like kinase.
• a kinase selected from a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK and a polo-like kinase.
• the assay is a competitive binding assay.
• the term “candidate compound” includes, but is not limited to, a compound which may be obtainable from or produced by any suitable source, whether natural or not.
• the candidate compound may be designed or obtained from a library of compounds, which may comprise peptides, as well as other compounds, such as small organic molecules and particularly new lead compounds.
• the candidate compound may be a natural substance, a biological macromolecule, or an extract made from biological materials - such as bacteria, fungi, or animal (particularly mammalian) cells or tissues, an organic or an inorganic molecule, a synthetic candidate compound, a semi-synthetic candidate compound, a structural or functional mimetic, a peptide, a peptidomimetic, a derivatised candidate compound, a peptide cleaved from a whole protein, or a peptide synthesised synthetically, for example, either using a peptide synthesiser or by recombinant techniques or combinations thereof, a recombinant candidate compound, a natural or a non-natural candidate compound, a fusion protein or equivalent thereof and mutants, derivatives or combinations thereof.
• the candidate compound may even be a compound that is a modulator of a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK or a polo-like kinase, such as a known inhibitor that has been modified in some way eg. by recombinant DNA techniques or chemical synthesis techniques.
• the candidate compound will be prepared by recombinant DNA techniques and/or chemical synthesis techniques.
• a candidate compound capable of interacting with a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK or a polo-like kinase has been identified, further steps may be carried out to select and/or to modify the candidate compounds and/or to modify existing compounds, such that they are able to modulate a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK or a polo-like kinase,.
• the candidate compound is generated by conventional SAR modification of a compound of the invention.
• conventional SAR modification refers to standard methods known in the art for varying a given compound by way of chemical derivatisation.
• the identified compound may act as a model (for example, a template) for the development of other compounds.
• the compounds employed in such a test may be free in solution, affixed to a solid support, borne on a cell surface, or located intracellularly. The abolition of activity or the formation of binding complexes between the compound and the agent being tested may be measured.
• the assay of the present invention may be a screen, whereby a number of agents are tested.
• the assay method of the present invention is a high through-put screen.
• This invention also contemplates the use of competitive drug screening assays in which neutralising antibodies capable of binding a compound specifically compete with a candidate compound for binding to a compound.
• Another technique for screening provides for high throughput screening (HTS) of agents having suitable binding affinity to the substances and is based upon the method described in detail in WO 84/03564.
• One aspect of the invention relates to a process comprising the steps of:
• Another aspect of the invention provides a process comprising the steps of: (a) performing an assay method described hereinabove;
• Another aspect of the invention provides a process comprising the steps of:
• the invention also relates to candidate compounds identified by the method described hereinabove.
• Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a candidate compound identified by the method described hereinabove.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of a candidate compound identified by the method described hereinabove in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of proliferative disorders.
• the above methods may be used to screen for a candidate compound useful as an inhibitor of a cyclin dependent kinase, aurora kinase, GSK or a polo-like kinase.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for preparing compounds of formula I, said process comprising reacting a compound of formula 9 with a compound of formula 10 to form a compound of formula I, wherein R 1"6 are as defined above.
• Yet another aspect of the invention relates to an alternative process for preparing compounds of formula I, said process comprising reacting a compound of formula 15 with a compound of formula 3 to form a compound of formula I, wherein R 1"6 are as defined above. 15 I
• formylation of 5 will furnish co ⁇ esponding keto- aldehydes 8.
• Dicarbonyl compounds 8 can then be converted to enaminones 9 with appropriate bases HNR 2 . If both R 5 and R 6 are H, then enaminones 9 can be obtained from acylthiazoles 5 directly with the aid of formamidines, amide acetals (e.g. dimethylformamide dimethylacetal), or aminal esters (e.g. tert- butoxybis(dimethylamino)methane) [13].
• 2-Acylthiazoles 5 can be prepared by litbiation of C2 in thiazoles 6, followed by reaction of the lithiated intermediates with aldehydes R 5 CH 2 CHO and oxidation of the resulting alcohols to the acylthiazoles 5.
• the lithiated thiazoles can be acylated with appropriate esters R 5 CH 2 COOR, acid chlorides R 5 CH 2 COCl, or acid anhydrides (R 5 CH 2 CO) 2 O to afford 2-acylthiazoles 5 [14,15].
• thioamides 2 can then be condensed with ⁇ -haloketones 3 according to the Hantzsch thiazole synthesis [8], followed by removal of the protecting group, to afford 1-thiazol- 2-yl-ethanols 4. These are subsequently oxidized, e.g. with the aid of potassium dichromate in glacial acetic acid, to the ketones 5.
• the product pyrimidine esters 14 can readily be converted to the co ⁇ esponding primary carboxamides, e.g. with ethanolic ammonia solution [20,21].
• the carboxamide function is then converted to the thiocarboxamide, e.g. using Lawesson's reagent [22-24], phosphorus pentasulphide [18,20,21], or ammonium sulphide [25].
• the same conversion can also be achieved by activation of the amide as a pyridyl triflate, followed by thiolysis with ammonium sulphide [26].
• the halogen group (X) in 18 can then be substituted with arylamines 11 to afford intermediates 19 [32].
• the nitrile function in 19 is then oxidized to the thiocarboxamide 15, e.g. by using a refluxing methanol solution containing ammonium sulphide.
• thiazole ring formation is carried out, e.g. by heating a methanolic solution of 15 and suitable ⁇ -haloketones 3 in the presence of an organic base such as pyridine.
• Figure 1 shows the lack of ⁇ -catenin accumulation in ⁇ EK293 cells in response to exposure to compound XIV (test compound) ⁇ -catenin.
• Figure 2 shows the effect of compound XIV on oral glucose tolerance in ZDF fa/fa rats.
• Test compound was administrated in 10-11 weeks old ZDF rats at 5 mg/kg i.v. at -270 and -30 min. At 0 min 2g/kg oral glucose load was given and blood samples were collected at 15 min intervals to determine the blood glucose levels.
• NMR spectra were recorded using a Narian ESTONA-500 instrument. Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million relative to internal tetramethylsilane standard. Mass spectra were obtained using a Waters ZQ2000 single quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI). Analytical and preparative RP-HPLC was performed using Nydac 218TP54 (250 x 4.6 mm) and 218TP1022 (250 x 22 mm) columns, respectively. Linear gradient elution using H 2 O/MeC ⁇ systems (containing 0.1 % CF 3 COOH) at flow rates of 1 mL/min (analytical) and 9 mL/min (preparative) was performed.
• Example compounds VIII-XIII, XVI, XVII-XX, XXIII, and XXVII listed in Table 1 were prepared similarly by condensation of the appropriate 3-dimethyl-amino-l- thiazol-2-yl-propenone and phenyl- or pyridyl-guanidine.
• Example compounds III-VII, XV, XXII, and XXTV-XXVI listed in Table 1 were prepared similarly by reaction of 2-(4-chloro-phenylamino)-pyrimidine-4-carbothioic acid amide or 2-(6-chloro-pyridm-3-ylamino)-pyrimidine-4-carbothioic acid amide with the appropriate haloacyl compound (l-chloro-propan-2-one, 2-bromo-l-phenyl- ethanone, 2-chloro-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester, 4-chloro-3-oxo-butyric acid methyl ester, 2-bromo-malonic acid diethyl ester, 2-bromo-propionic acid ethyl ester, or 2- bromo-4-hydroxy-butyric acid ethyl ester).
• the appropriate haloacyl compound l-chloro-propan-2-one, 2-
• CDK4/cyclin Dl, CDKl/cyclin B, CDK2/cyclin E, CDK2/cyclin A, CDK9/cyclin TI and CDK7/cyclin H, all with a His 6 tag on the N-terminus were expressed in Sf9 insect cells using an appropriate baculovirus construct.
• Sf9 culture 1.6 x 10 6 cells/mL was infected (MOI of 3) for two days. The cells were harvested by low speed centrifugation and the protein was purified from the insect cell pellet by metal affinity chromatography.
• the insect cell pellet was lysed in Buffer A (10 inM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02 % NP-40, 5 mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 20 inM NaF, 1 mM Na 3 NO 4 , and Sigma Protease Inhibitor Cocktail) by sonication.
• Buffer A 10 inM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02 % NP-40, 5 mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 20 inM NaF, 1 mM Na 3 NO 4 , and Sigma Protease Inhibitor Cocktail
• the soluble fraction was cleared by centrifugation and loaded onto ⁇ i- ⁇ TA-Agarose (Qiagen).
• ⁇ on-bound protein was washed off with 300 mM ⁇ aCl, 5 - 15 mM imidazole in buffer A and the bound protein was eluted with buffer A supplemented with 250 mM imidazole.
• the purified proteins were extensively dialyzed against storage buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 50 mM ⁇ aCl, 2 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.02 % ⁇ P-40, 10 % v/v glycerol) and stored at -70 °C.
• GSK-3 was obtained from New England Biolabs (UK) Ltd., Hitchin, Herts.
• the recombinant enzyme was isolated from a strain of E. coli that carries a clone expressing GSK-3/3 derived from a rabbit skeletal muscle cDNA library [34]. Inhibition of GSK-3 function was assessed by measurement of phosphorylation of CREB phosphopeptide KRREE SRRPpSYR in the presence of test compounds.
• GSK3 (7.5 U) was incubated for 30 min at 30 °C in a total volume of 25 ⁇ L in 20 mM MOPS pH 7.2, 25 mM ,S-glycerophosphate, 5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM Na 3 VO 3 , 40 JLIM CREB peptide, 15 mM MgCl 2 and 100 ⁇ M ATP (containing 0.25 ⁇ Ci [ ⁇ - 32 P]- ATP) in the presence of varying concentrations of test compound.
• CDK/cyclin kinase assays Compounds were investigated for their CDK2/cyclin E, CDK2/cyclin A, CDKl/cyclin B, and CDK4/cyclin Dl inhibitory activity. His 6 -tagged recombinant human cyclin- dependent kinases CDKl/cyclin Bl, CDK2/cyclin E, CDK2/cyclin A, and CDK4 were expressed in sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. Recombinant cyclin Dl was expressed in E. coli. Proteins were purified by metal chelate affinity chromatography to greater than 90 % homogeneity. Kinase assays were performed in 96-well plates using recombinant CDK/cyclins.
• Assays were performed in assay buffer (25 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 20 mM MOPS, 5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM Na 3 NO 3 , pH 7.4), into which were added 2 - 4 ⁇ g of active enzyme with appropriate substrates (purified histone HI for CDK1 and CDK2, recombinant GST-retinoblastoma protein (residues 773-928) for CDK4).
• substrates purified histone HI for CDK1 and CDK2, recombinant GST-retinoblastoma protein (residues 773-928) for CDK4
• reaction was initiated by addition of Mg/ATP mix (15 mM MgCl 2 + 100 ⁇ M ATP with 30-50 kBq per well of [ ⁇ - 32 P]-ATP) and mixtures incubated for 10 - 45 min, as required, at 30 °C. Reactions were stopped on ice, followed by filtration through p81 or GF/C filte ⁇ lates (for CDK4) (Whatman Polyfiltronics, Kent, UK). After washing 3 times with 75 mM aq orthophosphoric acid, plates were dried, scintillant added and inco ⁇ orated radioactivity measured in a scintillation counter (TopCount, Packard Instruments, Pangbou ne, Berks, UK).
• Rat skeletal muscle myoblasts L6/G8.C5 were seeded at 2.4 x 10 5 cells per 10 cm dish in DMEM 10 % foetal calf serum (FCS), containing penicillin/streptomycin. When 90 % confluence was reached the medium was exchanged with a MEM, supplemented with 2 %
• FCS and penicillin/streptomycin were refreshed every 48 hours and 4 - 7 days later the myocytes were formed.
• Mouse pre-adipocytes 3T3-F442A were seeded at 9 x 10 5 cells per 10 cm dish in DMEM 10 % FCS, containing penicillin/streptomycin. When 90 % confluent, the same medium was supplemented with 1 ⁇ g/mL insulin. After 3 - 5 days (when most cells were differentiated) insulin was removed and 4 days later the cells were ready to use.
• Glycogen synthase (GS) assay Cells on 10 cm dishes (Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells, L6 rat myocytes, or 3T3 mouse adipocytes) were treated with different concentrations of GSK3- inhibitors or DMSO vehicle for 90 min. Incubation medium was removed and cells were washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior to lysis on ice in 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 10 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaF, 5 mM DTT, protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma).
• PBS ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline
• Table 2 summarizes the biological activity of the exemplified compounds.
• Example compound XIV increased the activity of glycogen synthase in HEK293, rat myocyte, and mouse adipocyte cells, measured by the fractional velocity of the enzyme (the ratio between the activity at 0.1 and 10 mM glucose-6-phosphate).
• An example of the activation in HEK293 cells and adipocyte is shown in Table 4.
• Example compound XIV increased GS activity in HEK293 cells and 3T3 adipocytes. 5 ⁇ M XIV induced activation of GS in HEK293 cells comparable to that induced by 40 mM LiCl. hi 3T3 adipocytes the activation induced by 5 ⁇ M XIV was approximately 2-fold higher that that induced by 40 mM LiCl.
• Protein kinase panel selectivity screen of compound XIV The names of the 29 kinases comprising the selectivity screen, as well as the ATP concentrations used in each kinase case, are given in Table 5. The kinase assays were carried out as described previously [35,36].
• Compound XIV was highly selective for GSK3. At the concentration used only two other kinases were slightly inhibited (about 40 %) - JNK and SAPK4.
• HEK293 cells were transfected with either ⁇ -catenin-LEF/TCF-sensitive or ⁇ -catenin- LEF/TCF-insensitive reporter vector (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc.) using
• Lipofectamine Plus reagent (GibcoBRL) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

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