EP1745260A1 - Lead-free projectile - Google Patents

Lead-free projectile

Info

Publication number
EP1745260A1
EP1745260A1 EP05735953A EP05735953A EP1745260A1 EP 1745260 A1 EP1745260 A1 EP 1745260A1 EP 05735953 A EP05735953 A EP 05735953A EP 05735953 A EP05735953 A EP 05735953A EP 1745260 A1 EP1745260 A1 EP 1745260A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
cavity
jacket
small caliber
projectile
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP05735953A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1745260B1 (en
Inventor
Peter Spatz
Hans Baumgartner
Fritz Schaer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RUAG Ammotec AG
Original Assignee
RUAG Ammotec AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by RUAG Ammotec AG filed Critical RUAG Ammotec AG
Priority to SI200530866T priority Critical patent/SI1745260T1/en
Priority to PL05735953T priority patent/PL1745260T3/en
Publication of EP1745260A1 publication Critical patent/EP1745260A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1745260B1 publication Critical patent/EP1745260B1/en
Priority to CY20091101209T priority patent/CY1109632T1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/06—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with hard or heavy core; Kinetic energy penetrators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/34—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect expanding before or on impact, i.e. of dumdum or mushroom type

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a lead-free small-caliber sheath bullet.
  • Such ammunition is known in various embodiments. It can be divided into those with hard cores made of steel, those with hard cores made of dense sintered material and those with an additional medium to the hard core such as lead, aluminum and / or air. Common to this commercial ammunition is usually a full-coat trained
  • Steel jacket d.i. a clad steel cladding or a copper / zinc alloy cladding (Tombak cladding).
  • the jacket takes on one or more cores and other media and encloses them at least liquid-tight.
  • EP-A2-0 106 411 a small-caliber ammunition and its manufacturing method are known.
  • the correspondingly optimized projectiles serve mainly as infantry combat ammunition and already have good aerodynamic properties.
  • this ammunition does not have the required by snipers high ballistic final energy, which is necessary for penetrating armor.
  • Another disadvantage is the large proportion of hard lead (98% Pb. + 2% Sn) in the core, which is toxic in both the exercise ammunition and combat munitions in the environment and therefore today is undesirable or even prohibited in some countries.
  • a cladding projectile (WO 99/10703) of increased penetration power and accuracy has a hard core of tungsten carbide and as an additional medium a soft core of lead (Pb / Sn 60/40), which are frictionally and tightly held over a brass disc in the jacket. This prevents the escape of heavy metals and / or vapors at launch; however, a toxic effect is still present in the target area. In addition, the production of such a projectile is expensive and too expensive for mass use (infantry ammunition).
  • Another bullet bullet for pistols with a caliber of 9 mm is under the name SWISS P SELF 9mm Luger commercially (RUAG Ammotec, Thun / Switzerland, formerly RUAG ammunition Thun / Switzerland).
  • the projectile consists of two telescoping sleeves, with the inner sleeve closed at the rear and open at the top, with the outer sleeve enclosing a large volume of air.
  • This bullet is designed only for soft targets and allows smooth shots there; it can be produced without lead.
  • It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a small caliber bullet (small caliber caliber up to 0.5 ”) suitable for hard targets, which is economical to produce, has a high penetration power and accuracy and releases heavy metals neither at launch nor in the target area bullet to be created should contain no lead, especially at the core.
  • the projectile according to claim 1 is easy to manufacture and transmits in a hard target (sheet metal) etc. almost all the kinetic energy to the hard core which penetrates the target. The mass remains 100% preserved; At the bullet hole forms from the Tombak coat a mushroom-like collar, which the original weight of the coat This is to prove that no heavy metals and / or metal vapors are released.
  • Ballistic particularly favorable is a projectile with an ogive-like outer shape and an air space according to claim 3. It has been shown that the necessary pressing of the hard core can be done precisely and with relatively low forces. In addition, the pulse transmission of the core, after a short displacement, allows penetration of the shell with lower energy losses.
  • the embodiment according to claim 4 is very advantageous for the central pulse output from the jacket core to the hard core.
  • the flight behavior of the projectile is largely determined by the position of the center of mass, claim 5 given.
  • Focus can be optimized by the structural design and dimensioning of the hard core and in particular the cavity (hole) in the shell core.
  • Alloyed tool steels are well suited for the hard core and can be processed and surface treated by conventional means. Claim 6. As very economical and at the same time in terms of density, assembly and thermal expansion, identical materials for the outer jacket and the jacket core according to claim 7 have been found.
  • a constriction according to claim 8 improves the connection with the cartridge case and allows easy assembly.
  • the thickening of the jacket in its front area which is specified in claim 9, reduces rebounds in the case of oblique angle bombardment against hard targets and likewise serves to determine the center of gravity of the mass.
  • FIG. 1 shows a projectile according to the invention, installed in a known per se cartridge case
  • 2 is a sectional view through a preferred embodiment of the projectile Fig. 1,
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of an alternative solution of a lead-free projectile
  • Fig. 4a is a conventional projectile (according to the prior art) at impact in the target
  • Fig. 4b a projectile according to Fig. 2 at impact in the target
  • Fig. 4c is a projectile according to Fig. 3 at impact in the target.
  • the tip of a projectile 100 is designated 1.
  • a flange 21 is pressed, which is part of a known cartridge 20.
  • a conventional explosive 24 which acts as a propellant charge for the projectile 100.
  • a percussion fuze 23 (SINTOX, trademark of the company RUAG Ammotec GmbH, Erasmusth, DE) is used.
  • the preferred rotationally symmetrical projectile 100 is shown in FIG. 2 in an enlarged sectional view:
  • the actual tip 1 is fictitious; in fact, it is a tip in the form of a spherical cap 2.
  • a small air space 3 which is formed due to different radii between a hard core 4 and an outer shell 5.
  • a jacket core 8 which has a central blind hole-shaped cavity 10.
  • the center of mass 7 of the projectile In its upper part is the center of mass 7 of the projectile.
  • the end of the shell 5 is conically tapered and ends in a gradation of an angle ⁇ of 30 °, which gradation merges into an end flange 9 and the two cores 4 and 8 holds together non-positively.
  • the diameter K of the projectile 100, the caliber, in the present case is 5.56 mm and is of the type SS 109.
  • the diameter 6 of the constriction is 5.45 mm.
  • the surface hardness is 570 HV1.
  • the hard core 4 has a lower conical tip of 90 °, which rests positively in a corresponding countersinking (countersinking) in the upper part of the jacket core 8.
  • This configuration can be varied as desired; but advantageous is an analogous form of central centering effect, which facilitates the insertion or pressing of the cores and ensures the rotational symmetry of the Ge-lap.
  • the hard core can also be made of other materials, for example of sintered materials such as
  • Tungsten carbide Other bullet jackets are conceivable, which have a similar ductility as Tombak.
  • the sheath core can also be made of other materials which have an analog or higher density. For all alloys, however, it is important to ensure heavy metal elimination during launch and in the target.
  • Fig. 3 a variant of the projectile described above is shown, while the same functional parts are provided with the same reference numerals.
  • the hard core was dispensed with here.
  • a single jacket core 8 ' also fills the space of the hard core 4, Fig. 2, from.
  • the associated cavity 10 ' is shortened relative to the cavity 10 and has a smaller diameter.
  • the mass of the entire projectile 100 ' has been increased, so that approximately the same end ballistic performance and effect is achieved in the target.
  • the cavity 10 On the front side, the cavity 10 'is tapered and at least almost closed so that, together with the front part of the outer jacket 5, a compact tip results when impacted at the target.
  • the cavity 10 or 10 allows a transverse contraction in the projectile barrel (rifle), which compared to solid projectiles leads to a reduction of wear (abrasion), especially in the trains.
  • the launching speed of the projectiles 100 or 100 'at the mouth is higher than in projectiles without a cavity 10 or 10'.
  • the low drag coefficient c w of a 5.56 mm bullet (SS109 type) according to the invention led after 570 m flight distance (NATO target) to an impact velocity of 470 m / s;
  • the used steel plate Stanag 4172 of 3.5 mm thickness HRB 55-70 (400 N / mm 2 ) and was shot through smoothly.
  • FIG. 4a shows a conventional hard core projectile 200 (Prior Art) before and during the impact at the target Z (steel).
  • the steel shell 50 shatters at the target Z, a tungsten or steel hard core 40 penetrates the target Z, while due to the high kinetic energy of the following lead core 30 is partially liquefied on impact and partially sublimiertverdampft. This can be recognized by a cloud of vapor 30 ', which leaves traces of lead after condensation at the destination.
  • projectile 200 In projectile 200, a combination of elastic and plastic impact with high deformation work (material separation on all sides) takes place.
  • the material of the projectile 200 which is fragmented at the target Z and can still be detected, no longer corresponds to its initial weight at the muzzle.
  • FIG. 4b shows the identical mass at the target Z.
  • the hard core 4 (steel or tombac) penetrates the target Z as well.
  • the outer jacket 5 deforms mushroom-shaped at the target Z into a deformed jacket 5 'and transmits almost 100% of the kinetic energy via its, likewise ductile jacket core 8 onto the hard core 4; There is no material decomposition, neither on the jacket 5 nor on the jacket core 8 instead.
  • the pulse direction is retained. 4c shows the same: FIG. 4b modified bullet 100 'is compressed at target Z and penetrates with a now flattened tip 1'. The pulse direction is also maintained, the sheath core 8 'shifts in the impact in the air space 3, compressed and upsetting, which is here designated by 8 ".
  • Tip fictitious

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Walking Sticks, Umbrellas, And Fans (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Led Device Packages (AREA)
  • Vibration Dampers (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
  • Fixed Capacitors And Capacitor Manufacturing Machines (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed is a small-bore projectile (100) comprising an outer jacket (5) made of tombac, a hard core (4) made of hardened steel, and a hollow jacket core (8) that is also made of tombac. The kinetic energy is substantially transmitted to the hard core (4) when a target (Z) is hit such that said hard core (4) penetrates the target (Z). The ductile jacket (5) is supported by the jacket core (8) that is located on the inside and mushrooms up into a deformed jacket (5') without fragmenting. The inventive projectile (100) is provided with a good flying behavior and a great final ballistic performance and can be produced in an entirely lead-free manner.

Description

Bleifreies Geschoss Lead-free bullet
Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein bleifreies Kleinkaliber-Mantelgeschoss .The present invention relates to a lead-free small-caliber sheath bullet.
Derartige Munition ist in diverser Ausführung bekannt. Sie lässt sich in solche mit Hartkernen aus Stahl, in solche mit Hartkernen aus dichtem Sintermaterial und solche mit einem Zusatz-Medium zum Hartkern wie Blei, Aluminium und/oder Luft einteilen. Gemeinsam ist dieser handelsübli- chen Munition ein meist als Voll-Mantel ausgebildeterSuch ammunition is known in various embodiments. It can be divided into those with hard cores made of steel, those with hard cores made of dense sintered material and those with an additional medium to the hard core such as lead, aluminum and / or air. Common to this commercial ammunition is usually a full-coat trained
Stahlmantel, d.i. ein plattierter Stahlmantel oder ein Mantel aus einer Kupfer/Zinklegierung (Tombakmantel) . Dabei nimmt der Mantel einen oder mehrere Kerne und weitere Medien auf und umschliesst diese zumindest flüssigkeitsdicht.Steel jacket, d.i. a clad steel cladding or a copper / zinc alloy cladding (Tombak cladding). The jacket takes on one or more cores and other media and encloses them at least liquid-tight.
Aus der EP -A2- 0 106 411 sind eine Kleinkalibermunition und deren Herstellverfahren bekannt. Die entsprechend optimierten Geschosse dienen hauptsächlich als Infanteriekampfmunition und weisen bereits gute aerodynamische Eigenschaften auf. Diese Munition besitzt aber nicht die von Scharfschützen geforderte hohe ballistische Endenergie, welche zum Durchdringen von Panzerungen nötig ist. Ebenfalls nachteilig ist der grosse Anteil an Hartblei (98% Pb . + 2% Sn) im Kern, welches sowohl in einer Übungsmunition als auch als Kampfmunition in der Umwelt toxisch wirkt und daher heute unerwünscht oder in einzelnen Ländern sogar verboten ist.From EP-A2-0 106 411 a small-caliber ammunition and its manufacturing method are known. The correspondingly optimized projectiles serve mainly as infantry combat ammunition and already have good aerodynamic properties. However, this ammunition does not have the required by snipers high ballistic final energy, which is necessary for penetrating armor. Another disadvantage is the large proportion of hard lead (98% Pb. + 2% Sn) in the core, which is toxic in both the exercise ammunition and combat munitions in the environment and therefore today is undesirable or even prohibited in some countries.
Ein Mantelgeschoss (WO 99/10703) erhöhter Durchschlagsleistung und Zielgenauigkeit weist einen Hartkern aus Wolfram- carbid und als Zusatzmedium einen Weichkern aus Blei (Pb/Sn 60/40) auf, welche kraftschlüssig und dicht über eine Messingscheibe im Mantel gehalten sind. Damit wird das Austreten von Schwermetallen und/oder Dämpfen beim Abschuss verhindert; eine toxische Wirkung ist aber im Zielraum immer noch vorhanden. Zudem ist die Herstellung eines solchen Geschosses aufwendig und für einen Masseneinsatz (Infantrie- munition) zu teuer.A cladding projectile (WO 99/10703) of increased penetration power and accuracy has a hard core of tungsten carbide and as an additional medium a soft core of lead (Pb / Sn 60/40), which are frictionally and tightly held over a brass disc in the jacket. This prevents the escape of heavy metals and / or vapors at launch; however, a toxic effect is still present in the target area. In addition, the production of such a projectile is expensive and too expensive for mass use (infantry ammunition).
Ein weiteres Mantelgeschoss für Pistolen mit einem Kaliber von 9 mm ist unter der Bezeichnung SWISS P SELF 9mm Luger im Handel (RUAG Ammotec, Thun/Schweiz, ehemals RUAG Munition Thun/Schweiz) . Hier besteht das Geschoss aus zwei ineinander geschobenen Hülsen, wobei die innere Hülse heck- seitig abgeschlossen und nach oben offen, mit der äusseren Hülse einen grossen Luftraum einschliesst . Dieses Geschoss ist aber nur für weiche Ziele konzipiert und erlaubt dort glatte Durchschüsse; es lässt sich bleifrei herstellen.Another bullet bullet for pistols with a caliber of 9 mm is under the name SWISS P SELF 9mm Luger commercially (RUAG Ammotec, Thun / Switzerland, formerly RUAG ammunition Thun / Switzerland). Here, the projectile consists of two telescoping sleeves, with the inner sleeve closed at the rear and open at the top, with the outer sleeve enclosing a large volume of air. This bullet is designed only for soft targets and allows smooth shots there; it can be produced without lead.
Es ist daher Aufgabe der Erfindung ein Kleinkaliber-Ge- schoss (Kleinkaliber = Kaliber bis 0.5") geeignet für harte Ziele, zu schaffen, welches wirtschaftlich herstellbar ist, eine hohe Durchschlagsleistung und Zielgenauigkeit aufweist und weder beim Abschuss noch im Zielraum Schwermetalle freisetzt. Das zu schaffende Geschoss soll insbesondere im Kern kein Blei enthalten.It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a small caliber bullet (small caliber = caliber up to 0.5 ") suitable for hard targets, which is economical to produce, has a high penetration power and accuracy and releases heavy metals neither at launch nor in the target area bullet to be created should contain no lead, especially at the core.
Das Geschoss nach dem Anspruch 1 lässt sich leicht herstel- len und überträgt in einem harten Ziel (Blech) etc. nahezu die gesamte kinetische Energie auf den Hartkern welcher das Ziel durchschlägt. Dabei bleibt die Masse zu 100% erhalten; am Einschussloch bildet sich aus dem Tombak-Mantel ein pilzartiger Kragen, welcher dem Originalgewicht des Mantels entspricht.- Damit ist erwiesen, dass keine Schwermetalle und/oder Metalldämpfe freigesetzt werden.The projectile according to claim 1 is easy to manufacture and transmits in a hard target (sheet metal) etc. almost all the kinetic energy to the hard core which penetrates the target. The mass remains 100% preserved; At the bullet hole forms from the Tombak coat a mushroom-like collar, which the original weight of the coat This is to prove that no heavy metals and / or metal vapors are released.
Gleiches lässt sich zum Erfindungsgegenstand nach Anspruch 2 feststellen. Dieser weist, obwohl kein im Querschnitt vollflächiger Hartkern vorhanden ist, eine hohe endballistische Leistung auf; ebenfalls wurde in praktischen Versuchen keine Zerlegung im Ziel festgestellt.The same can be stated for the subject of the invention according to claim 2. This has, although there is no solid core in the cross-section hard core, a high end ballistic performance; likewise, in practical experiments no decomposition at the target was found.
In abhängigen Ansprüchen sind vorteilhafte Weiterentwicklungen des Erfindungsgegenstands beschrieben.In dependent claims advantageous developments of the subject invention are described.
Ballistisch besonders günstig ist ein Geschoss mit einer ogivenartigen Aussenform und einem Luftraum gemäss Anspruch 3. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass das notwendige Einpressen des Hartkerns präzise und mit relativ geringen Kräften erfolgen kann. Zudem ermöglicht die Impulsübertragung des Kerns, nach einem kurzen Verschiebeweg, ein Durchschlagen des Mantels mit geringeren Energieverlusten.Ballistic particularly favorable is a projectile with an ogive-like outer shape and an air space according to claim 3. It has been shown that the necessary pressing of the hard core can be done precisely and with relatively low forces. In addition, the pulse transmission of the core, after a short displacement, allows penetration of the shell with lower energy losses.
Die Ausgestaltung nach Anspruch 4 ist sehr vorteilhaft zur zentralen Impulsabgabe vom Mantelkern zum Hartkern.The embodiment according to claim 4 is very advantageous for the central pulse output from the jacket core to the hard core.
Das Flugverhalten des Geschosses ist massgeblich durch die Lage des Massenschwerpunktes, Anspruch 5, gegeben. DerThe flight behavior of the projectile is largely determined by the position of the center of mass, claim 5 given. Of the
Schwerpunkt lässt sich durch die konstruktive Ausgestaltung und Dimensionierung des Hartkerns und insbesondere des Hohlraums (Bohrung) im Mantelkern optimieren.Focus can be optimized by the structural design and dimensioning of the hard core and in particular the cavity (hole) in the shell core.
Legierte Werkzeugstähle sind für den Hartkern gut geeignet und lassen sich mit konventionellen Mitteln bearbeiten und oberflächenbehandeln. Anspruch 6. Als sehr wirtschaftlich und gleichzeitig in Bezug auf die Dichte, das Zusammenfügen und die Wärmedehnung haben sich identische Materialien für den äusseren Mantel und den Mantelkern nach Anspruch 7 erwiesen.Alloyed tool steels are well suited for the hard core and can be processed and surface treated by conventional means. Claim 6. As very economical and at the same time in terms of density, assembly and thermal expansion, identical materials for the outer jacket and the jacket core according to claim 7 have been found.
Eine Einschnürung nach Anspruch 8 verbessert die Verbindung mit der Patronenhülse und gestattet deren einfache Montage.A constriction according to claim 8 improves the connection with the cartridge case and allows easy assembly.
Die in Anspruch 9 aufgeführte Verdickung des Mantels in seinem vorderen Bereich verringert Abpraller bei schiefwinkligem Beschuss an harten Zielen und dient ebenfalls der Festlegung des Massenschwerpunkts.The thickening of the jacket in its front area, which is specified in claim 9, reduces rebounds in the case of oblique angle bombardment against hard targets and likewise serves to determine the center of gravity of the mass.
Die vorgängig beschriebenen Ausgestaltungen des Geschosses erscheinen für die in Anspruch 10 genannten Kaliber und Geschosstypen als besonders geeignet.The previously described embodiments of the projectile appear to be particularly suitable for the calibers and bullet types mentioned in claim 10.
Die aktuelle Forderung nach bleifreien Geschossen ist bei der in den Patentansprüchen angegebenen Materialwahl gewährleistet; vgl. Anspruch 11. Es kann auch auf das in konventionellen Geschossen übliche Füllmaterial aus Schwermetall verzichtet werden, da sich die Schwerpunktlage durch die Dimensionierung der einzelnen Komponenten und Hohlräume optimal einstellen lässt.The current requirement for lead-free projectiles is ensured in the choice of material specified in the claims; see. Claim 11. It can also be dispensed with the conventional conventional projectiles filler metal heavy metal, since the center of gravity can be optimally adjusted by the dimensioning of the individual components and cavities.
Die Erfindung ist nachfolgend an Hand von Zeichnungen und Ausführungsbeispielen offenbart.The invention is disclosed below with reference to drawings and exemplary embodiments.
Es zeigen:Show it:
Fig. 1 ein erfindungsgemässes Geschoss, eingebaut in eine an sich bekannte Patronenhülse, Fig. 2 eine Schnittdarstellung durch eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform des Geschosses Fig. 1,1 shows a projectile according to the invention, installed in a known per se cartridge case, 2 is a sectional view through a preferred embodiment of the projectile Fig. 1,
Fig. 3 eine Schnittdarstellung einer alternativen Lösung eines bleifreien Geschosses,3 is a sectional view of an alternative solution of a lead-free projectile,
Fig. 4a ein konventionelles Geschoss (nach dem Stand der Technik) beim Aufschlag im ZielFig. 4a is a conventional projectile (according to the prior art) at impact in the target
Fig. 4b ein Geschoss nach Fig. 2 beim Aufschlag im Ziel, undFig. 4b a projectile according to Fig. 2 at impact in the target, and
Fig. 4c ein Geschoss nach Fig. 3 beim Aufschlag im Ziel.Fig. 4c is a projectile according to Fig. 3 at impact in the target.
In Figur 1 ist die Spitze eines Geschosses 100 mit 1 bezeichnet. In den reduzierten Durchmesser einer peripheren Einschnürung 6 ist eine Bördelung 21 eingedrückt, welche Bestandteil einer an sich bekannten Patrone 20 ist. In der Patrone 20 befindet sich ein üblicher Sprengstoff 24, der als Treibladung für das Geschoss 100 wirkt. In einem Boden 22 der Patrone 20 ist ein Perkussionszünder 23 (SINTOX, Handelsmarke der Firma RUAG Ammotec GmbH, Fürth, DE) eingesetzt .In FIG. 1, the tip of a projectile 100 is designated 1. In the reduced diameter of a peripheral constriction 6, a flange 21 is pressed, which is part of a known cartridge 20. In the cartridge 20 is a conventional explosive 24, which acts as a propellant charge for the projectile 100. In a bottom 22 of the cartridge 20, a percussion fuze 23 (SINTOX, trademark of the company RUAG Ammotec GmbH, Fürth, DE) is used.
Das bevorzugte rotationssymmetrische Geschoss 100 ist in Fig. 2 in einer vergrösserten Schnittdarstellung ersichtlich:The preferred rotationally symmetrical projectile 100 is shown in FIG. 2 in an enlarged sectional view:
Die eigentliche Spitze 1 ist fiktiv; tatsächlich handelt es sich um eine Spitze in Form einer Kugelkalotte 2. Im Innern des Geschosses 100 befindet sich ein kleiner Luftraum 3, der auf Grund unterschiedlicher Radien zwischen einem Hartkern 4 und einem äusseren Mantel 5 gebildet ist. An den Hartkern 4 schliesst formschlüssig ein Mantelkern 8 an, welcher einen zentralen sacklochförmigen Hohlraum 10 aufweist. In dessen oberen Teil befindet sich der Massenschwerpunkt 7 des Geschosses. Darüber liegt eine äussere, umlaufende Ringnut 6, die hier als Durchmesser charakterisiert eingezeichnet ist; vgl. Fig. 1.The actual tip 1 is fictitious; in fact, it is a tip in the form of a spherical cap 2. Inside the projectile 100 is a small air space 3, which is formed due to different radii between a hard core 4 and an outer shell 5. To the Hard core 4 encloses positively a jacket core 8, which has a central blind hole-shaped cavity 10. In its upper part is the center of mass 7 of the projectile. Above this there is an outer, circumferential annular groove 6, which is here characterized as a diameter; see. Fig. 1.
Heckseitig ist das Ende des Mantels 5 konisch verjüngt und endet in einer Abstufung von einem Winkel α von 30°, welche Abstufung in eine endseitige Bördelung 9 übergeht und die beiden Kerne 4 und 8 kraftschlüssig zusammenhält.Rear side, the end of the shell 5 is conically tapered and ends in a gradation of an angle α of 30 °, which gradation merges into an end flange 9 and the two cores 4 and 8 holds together non-positively.
Der mit K bezeichnete Durchmesser des Geschosses 100, das Kaliber, beträgt im vorliegenden Fall 5.56 mm und ist vom Typ SS 109. Der Durchmesser 6 der Einschnürung beträgt 5.45 mm. Der Hartkern 4 wiegt 4 g und ist aus gehärtetem Werk- zeugstahl (Werkstoff nach DIN 1.5511) und wurde nach dem Einsatzhärten (Eindringtiefe = 0.3 - 0.5 mm) phosphatiert . Die Oberflächenhärte beträgt 570 HV1.The diameter K of the projectile 100, the caliber, in the present case is 5.56 mm and is of the type SS 109. The diameter 6 of the constriction is 5.45 mm. The hard core 4 weighs 4 g and is made of hardened tool steel (material according to DIN 1.5511) and was phosphated after case hardening (penetration depth = 0.3 - 0.5 mm). The surface hardness is 570 HV1.
In diesem Ausführungsbeipiel hat der Hartkern 4 eine untere kegelförmige Spitze von 90°, welche in einer entsprechenden Versenkung (Ansenkung) im oberen Teil des Mantelkerns 8 formschlüssig anliegt. Diese Konfiguration ist beliebig variierbar; vorteilhaft ist aber eine analoge Form von zentraler Zentrierwirkung, was das Einschieben oder Einpressen der Kerne erleichtert und die Rotationssymmetrie des Ge- Schosses gewährleistet.In this exemplary embodiment, the hard core 4 has a lower conical tip of 90 °, which rests positively in a corresponding countersinking (countersinking) in the upper part of the jacket core 8. This configuration can be varied as desired; but advantageous is an analogous form of central centering effect, which facilitates the insertion or pressing of the cores and ensures the rotational symmetry of the Ge-lap.
Ebenfalls bewährt hat sich eine Hartkern 4 aus Tombak; dieser bewirkt erstaunlicherweise eine analoge endballistische Leistung . Die Geschosse lassen sich mit üblichen Fabrikationseinrichtungen kostengünstig und weitgehend durch Tiefziehen und Pressen herstellen.Also proven has a hard core 4 Tombak; this surprisingly produces an analogous end ballistic performance. The projectiles can be produced inexpensively and largely by deep drawing and pressing with conventional fabrication equipment.
Ebenfalls lässt sich der Hartkern auch aus anderen Materia- lien fertigen, beispielsweise aus Sintermaterialien wieThe hard core can also be made of other materials, for example of sintered materials such as
Wolframcarbid. Auch sind andere Geschossmäntel denkbar, die eine ähnliche Duktilität wie Tombak aufweisen. Der Mantelkern kann ebenfalls aus anderen Materialien bestehen, welche eine analoge oder höhere Dichte besitzen. Bei allen Le- gierungen ist aber auf eine Schwermetallausscheidung beim Abschuss und im Ziel zu achten.Tungsten carbide. Other bullet jackets are conceivable, which have a similar ductility as Tombak. The sheath core can also be made of other materials which have an analog or higher density. For all alloys, however, it is important to ensure heavy metal elimination during launch and in the target.
In Fig. 3 ist eine Variante des vorstehend beschriebenen Geschosses dargestellt, dabei sind gleiche Funktionsteile mit gleichen Bezugsziffern versehen.In Fig. 3 a variant of the projectile described above is shown, while the same functional parts are provided with the same reference numerals.
Im Gegensatz zum Gegenstand nach Fig. 2 wurde hier auf den Hartkern verzichtet. Ein einziger Mantelkern 8' füllt ebenfalls den Raum des Hartkerns 4, Fig. 2, aus. Der zugehörige Hohlraum 10' ist gegenüber dem Hohlraum 10 verkürzt und weist einen kleineren Durchmesser auf. Dadurch wurde die Masse des gesamten Geschosses 100' erhöht, so dass annähernd die gleiche endballistische Leistung und Wirkung im Ziel erreicht wird.In contrast to the object according to FIG. 2, the hard core was dispensed with here. A single jacket core 8 'also fills the space of the hard core 4, Fig. 2, from. The associated cavity 10 'is shortened relative to the cavity 10 and has a smaller diameter. As a result, the mass of the entire projectile 100 'has been increased, so that approximately the same end ballistic performance and effect is achieved in the target.
Frontseitig ist der Hohlraum 10' verjüngt und zumindest beinahe geschlossen, so dass sich zusammen mit der Front- partie des äusseren Mantels 5 beim Aufprall im Ziel eine kompakte Spitze ergibt. Messergebnisse, theoretische Überlegungen und Vergleiche zu anderen Geschossen (Stand der Technik) zeigen bei beiden Varianten erstaunlich gute Ergebnisse:On the front side, the cavity 10 'is tapered and at least almost closed so that, together with the front part of the outer jacket 5, a compact tip results when impacted at the target. Measurement results, theoretical considerations and comparisons to other projectiles (prior art) show surprisingly good results in both variants:
Der Hohlraum 10 bzw. 10' lässt im Geschosslauf (Gewehr) eine Querkontraktion zu, welcher gegenüber massiven Geschossen zu einer Verringerung des Verschleisses (Abriebs), insbesondere in den Zügen führt. Gleichzeitig ist die Abschussgeschwindigkeit vo der Geschosse 100 bzw. 100' an der Mündung höher als bei Geschossen ohne Hohlraum 10 bzw. 10'.The cavity 10 or 10 'allows a transverse contraction in the projectile barrel (rifle), which compared to solid projectiles leads to a reduction of wear (abrasion), especially in the trains. At the same time, the launching speed of the projectiles 100 or 100 'at the mouth is higher than in projectiles without a cavity 10 or 10'.
Der geringe Widerstandsbeiwert cw eines erfindungsgemässen 5.56 mm Geschosses (SS109-Typ) führte nach 570 m Flugdistanz (NATO-Ziel) zu einer Auftreffgeschwindigkeit von noch 470 m/s; die verwendete Stahlplatte Stanag 4172 von 3.5 mm Dicke HRB 55-70 (400 N/mm2) und wurde glatt durchschossen.The low drag coefficient c w of a 5.56 mm bullet (SS109 type) according to the invention led after 570 m flight distance (NATO target) to an impact velocity of 470 m / s; The used steel plate Stanag 4172 of 3.5 mm thickness HRB 55-70 (400 N / mm 2 ) and was shot through smoothly.
Die präzise Drallstabilisierung wirkt sich auf die Stabilität und Reproduzierbarkeit der Flugbahn, auch bei Seitenwind positiv aus. Die kinetische Energie ist als Folge der Materialwahl und der hohen Abschussgeschwindigkeit höher als bei vergleichbaren Geschossen, wie Versuche ebenfalls zeigten. Die Präzision einer üblichen Waffe lässt sich mit dem Erfindungsgegenstand steigern. So lagen beispielsweise alle abgefeuerten Schüsse (Serienfeuer) auf einer Zieldistanz von 25 m in einem Dispersionskreis von < 50 mm Durchmesser. Auf 300 m Schussdistanz konnte eine Standartabwei- chung sA < 35 mm festgestellt werden. In der Praxis bedeutet dies, dass von 20 abgefeuerten Schüssen deren 18 in ei¬ ner Kreisfläche von 110 mm Durchmesser liegen; nur zwei Ge¬ schosse trafen ca. 80 mm zum Zentrum (Zielpunkt) versetzt. Ebenfalls sind, wie Versuche im Beschuss von Seife zeigten, die Anforderungen des CICR (Comite International de la Croix-Rouge) in Bezug auf die Wundballistik vollumfänglich erfüllt, dies im Gegensatz zu zahlreichen anderen Geschos- sen nach dem Stand der Technik.The precise swirl stabilization has a positive effect on the stability and reproducibility of the trajectory, even in crosswinds. The kinetic energy is higher as a result of the choice of material and the high launch speed than comparable bullets, as experiments also showed. The precision of a conventional weapon can be increased with the subject invention. For example, all fired shots (series fire) were at a target distance of 25 m in a dispersion circle of <50 mm diameter. At 300 m firing distance a standard deviation s A <35 mm could be determined. In practice, this means that of 20 firing shots whose 18 are in egg ¬ ner circular area of 110 mm in diameter; only two storeys Ge ¬ met about 80 mm to the center (destination) added. Also, as demonstrated by soap bombardment tests, the CICR (Comite International de la Croix-Rouge) requirements for wound ballistics are fully met, unlike many other prior art bullets.
Fig. 4a zeigt ein konventionelles Hartkerngeschoss 200 (Prior Art) vor und beim Aufprall im Ziel Z (Stahl) . Der Stahlmantel 50 zerspringt am Ziel Z, ein aus Wolfram oder Stahl bestehender Hartkern 40 durchdringt das Ziel Z, wäh- rend auf Grund der hohen kinetischen Energie der nachfolgende Bleikern 30 beim Aufprall sich teilweise verflüssigt und teilweise sogar sublimierverdampft . Dies lässt sich durch eine Dampfwolke 30' erkennen, die auch nach deren Kondensation am Ziel Bleispuren hinterlässt.FIG. 4a shows a conventional hard core projectile 200 (Prior Art) before and during the impact at the target Z (steel). The steel shell 50 shatters at the target Z, a tungsten or steel hard core 40 penetrates the target Z, while due to the high kinetic energy of the following lead core 30 is partially liquefied on impact and partially sublimiertverdampft. This can be recognized by a cloud of vapor 30 ', which leaves traces of lead after condensation at the destination.
Es findet im Geschoss 200 eine Kombination von elastischem und plastischem Stoss mit hoher Verformarbeit (Materialzerlegung nach allen Seiten) statt. Das am Ziel Z zersplitterte und noch feststellbare Material des Geschosses 200 entspricht nicht mehr seinem Ausgangsgewicht an der Lauf- mündung.In projectile 200, a combination of elastic and plastic impact with high deformation work (material separation on all sides) takes place. The material of the projectile 200, which is fragmented at the target Z and can still be detected, no longer corresponds to its initial weight at the muzzle.
Demgegenüber lässt sich an einem Geschoss 100, Fig. 4b, die identische Masse auch am Ziel Z feststellen. Dabei durchdringt der Hartkern 4 (Stahl oder Tombak) das Ziel Z ebenfalls. Der äussere Mantel 5 verformt sich am Ziel Z pilz- förmig zu einem deformierten Mantel 5' und überträgt nahezu 100% der kinetischen Energie über seinen, ebenfalls duktilen Mantelkern 8 auf den Hartkern 4; es findet keine Materialzerlegung, weder am Mantel 5 noch am Mantelkern 8 statt. Die Impulsrichtung bleibt erhalten. Ähnliches zeigt Fig. 4c: Das gegenüber Fig. 4b modifizierte Geschoss 100' wird am Ziel Z gestaucht und dringt mit einer nun abgeplatteten Spitze 1' ein. Die Impulsrichtung bleibt ebenfalls erhalten, der Mantelkern 8' verschiebt sich beim Aufprall in den Luftraum 3, verdichtet und staucht sich, was hier mit 8" bezeichnet ist. On the other hand, on a projectile 100, FIG. 4b, the identical mass can also be determined at the target Z. The hard core 4 (steel or tombac) penetrates the target Z as well. The outer jacket 5 deforms mushroom-shaped at the target Z into a deformed jacket 5 'and transmits almost 100% of the kinetic energy via its, likewise ductile jacket core 8 onto the hard core 4; There is no material decomposition, neither on the jacket 5 nor on the jacket core 8 instead. The pulse direction is retained. 4c shows the same: FIG. 4b modified bullet 100 'is compressed at target Z and penetrates with a now flattened tip 1'. The pulse direction is also maintained, the sheath core 8 'shifts in the impact in the air space 3, compressed and upsetting, which is here designated by 8 ".
B e z e i c h n u n g s l i s t eC o n s e c tio n s s e c tio n s
Spitze (fiktive) ' abgeplattete, gestauchte Spitze Kugelkalotte Luftraum (Hohlraum) Hartkern (Stahl gehärtet; Tombak) äusserer Mantel (Tombak) ' deformierter Mantel 5 Einschnürung / Durchmesser Massenschwerpunkt Mantelkern ' Mantelkern " gestauchter Mantelkern 8' Bördelung an 50 Hohlraum in 80' Hohlraum in 8'Tip (fictitious) 'flattened, upset tip spherical calotte air space (core) hard core (tombac) outer shell (tombak)' deformed sheath 5 neck / center of mass center of mass sheath core 'sheath core' compressed sheath core 8 'crimp at 50 cavity in 80' cavity in 8 '
0 Patronenhülse1 Bördelung an 202 Boden von 203 Perkussionszünder4 Sprengstoff / Treibladung0 cartridge case1 flanging on 202 bottom of 203 percussion detonator4 explosive / propellant charge
0 Bleikern 30' Dampfwolke aus Pb0 lead core 30 'cloud of steam from Pb
40 Hartkern (Wolfram; Stahl)40 hard core (tungsten, steel)
40' Bleidämpfe (sublimiertes Pb)40 'lead fume (sublimated Pb)
50 Stahlmantel50 steel jacket
100, 100' Geschosse100, 100 'storeys
200 konventionelle Hartkernmunition (Geschoss)200 conventional hard-core ammunition (projectile)
K KaliberK caliber
Z Ziel (Stahlplatte)Z target (steel plate)
α Winkel (Basiswinkel) α angle (base angle)

Claims

P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e Patent claims
1. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss (100) mit einem ogiven oder kegelförmigen vorderen Bereich, einem zylindrischen Mittelteil und einem kegelförmig auslaufenden Heckbereich, bestehend aus einem äusseren Mantel (5) aus einer Kupfer/Zinklegierung, wobei der Mantel (5) einen annähernd zylinderartigen Hohlraum einschliesst , - einem in den zur Spitze des Hohlraums eingeschobenen Hartkern (4) aus Stahl oder einem Sintermaterial, einem an den Hartkern (4) formschlüssig an- schliessenden Mantelkern (8) aus einer Kupfer/- Zinklegierung, wobei der Hohlraum (10) des Mantelkerns (8) sich im Zentrum befindet und einseitig offen ist, die offene Seite des Hohlraums (10) am Hartkern (4) anliegt und diesen abschliesst, das Heckteil des Mantelkerns (8) zumindest peri- pher vom Heckbereich des Mantels (5) kraftschlüssig gehalten ist.A small caliber projectile (100) having an ogive or conical front portion, a cylindrical center portion and a tapered tail portion, comprising an outer shell (5) of a copper / zinc alloy, the shell (5) enclosing an approximately cylinder-like cavity , - one in the inserted into the tip of the cavity hard core (4) made of steel or a sintered material, a form-fitting to the hard core (4) sheath core (8) made of a copper / - zinc alloy, wherein the cavity (10) of the shell core (8) is located in the center and is unilaterally open, the open side of the cavity (10) on the hard core (4) abuts and this, the rear part of the jacket core (8) at least peri pher from the rear of the shell (5) held non-positively is.
2. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss (100') mit einem ogiven oder kegelförmigen vorderen Bereich, einem zylindrischen Mittelteil und einem kegelförmig auslaufenden Heckbe¬ reich, bestehend aus einem äusseren Mantel (5) aus einer Kupfer/Zinklegierung, wobei der Mantel (5) einen annähernd zylinderartigen Hohlraum einschliesst, der Hohlraum des Mantels (5) einzig einen Mantel- kern (8') mit einem Hohlraum (10') und einen Luftraum (3) enthält, wobei der Hohlraum (10') eine sich frontseitig verjüngende Öffnung aufweist, deren innere Randbereiche sich zumindest partiell berühren, das Heckteil des Mantelkerns (8') zumindest peri- pher vom Heckbereich des Mantel (5) kraftschlüssig gehalten ist.2. Small caliber projectile (100 ') with an ogiven or conical front portion, a cylindrical central portion and a conically tapering Heckbe ¬ empire, consisting of an outer sheath (5) made of a copper / zinc alloy, the sheath (5) enclosing an approximately cylinder-like cavity, the cavity of the sheath (5) only a jacket core (8 ') with a cavity (10') and an air space (3), wherein the cavity (10 ') has a frontally tapered opening, the inner edge regions at least partially touch, the rear part of the jacket core (8') at least peri pher from the rear region of the jacket (5) is frictionally held.
3. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach Anspruch 1, mit einem ogi- venartigen vorderen Bereich, dessen Spitze wenigstens annähernd in Form einer Kugelkalotte ausgebildet ist, wobei der zylinderartige Hohlraum im vorderen Innenbereich in Form einer Kugelkalotte begrenzt ist, - der Hartkern (4) an seiner Spitze ebenfalls die Form einer Kugelkalotte aufweist, der Radius der Kugelkalotte des Hohlraums grösser ist als der Radius der Spitze des Hartkerns, so dass im Hohlraum des Mantels, in dessen Spitze ein Luftraum (3) verbleibt.3. The small-caliber projectile according to claim 1, having an ogive-like front region whose tip is at least approximately in the form of a spherical cap, the cylindrical cavity being delimited in the front inner region in the form of a spherical cap, the hard core (4) at its tip Tip also has the shape of a spherical cap, the radius of the spherical cap of the cavity is greater than the radius of the tip of the hard core, so that in the cavity of the shell, in the top of an air space (3) remains.
4. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach Anspruch 3, wobei der Heckbereich des Hartkerns (4) kegelförmig ausgebildet ist und die Kegelspitze in den Hohlraum (10) des Mantelkerns (8) ragt.4. small caliber bullet according to claim 3, wherein the rear region of the hard core (4) is cone-shaped and the cone tip projects into the cavity (10) of the jacket core (8).
5. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei der Massenschwerpunkt (7) des Geschosses sich in der Längsachse und im Bereich des Hohlraums (10) des Mantelkerns (8) befindet. 5. Small caliber projectile according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the center of gravity (7) of the projectile is in the longitudinal axis and in the region of the cavity (10) of the jacket core (8).
6. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach Anspruch 1 oder 3, wobei der Hartkern (4) aus einem legierten Werkzeugstahl oder Sintermaterial hoher Dichte, wie Wolframearbid besteht.A small caliber bullet according to claim 1 or 3, wherein the hard core (4) is made of an alloyed tool steel or high density sintered material such as tungsten arbid.
7. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei der äussere Mantel (5) und der Mantelkern (8) aus der identischen Kupfer/Zinklegierung bestehen.7. Small caliber projectile according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the outer jacket (5) and the jacket core (8) consist of the identical copper / zinc alloy.
8. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder Anspruch 5, wobei der äussere Mantel (5) eine umlaufende, periphere Einschnürung aufweist, auf welche das vordere Ende (21) einer Patronenhülse (20) eingebördelt ist. A small caliber bullet according to claim 1, 2 or claim 5, wherein the outer shell (5) has a peripheral peripheral constriction on which the front end (21) of a cartridge shell (20) is crimped.
9. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach Anspruch 3, wobei der Mantel (5) in seinem vorderen Bereich, gegenüber seinem zylindrischen und seinem Heckbereich eine Materialverdickung aufweist, die mindestens den Faktor 2 beträgt.9. Small caliber projectile according to claim 3, wherein the casing (5) has in its front region, opposite its cylindrical and its rear region, a material thickening which is at least a factor of 2.
10. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach wenigstens einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei - dieses ein Kaliber von 5.56 mm (0.223" oder 0.224") aufweist.10. The small caliber projectile according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein - this has a caliber of 5.56 mm (0.223 "or 0.224").
11. Kleinkaliber-Geschoss nach wenigstens einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, wobei - dieses bleifrei ist. 11. Small caliber projectile according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein - this is lead-free.
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