EP1540663B1 - Lead-free radiation protection material comprising two layers with different shielding characteristics - Google Patents
Lead-free radiation protection material comprising two layers with different shielding characteristics Download PDFInfo
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- EP1540663B1 EP1540663B1 EP04764811A EP04764811A EP1540663B1 EP 1540663 B1 EP1540663 B1 EP 1540663B1 EP 04764811 A EP04764811 A EP 04764811A EP 04764811 A EP04764811 A EP 04764811A EP 1540663 B1 EP1540663 B1 EP 1540663B1
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- Prior art keywords
- lead
- radiation protection
- material according
- protection material
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims description 122
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 114
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium atom Chemical compound [Gd] UIWYJDYFSGRHKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 232Th Chemical compound [232Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dysprosium atom Chemical compound [Dy] KBQHZAAAGSGFKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N erbium Chemical compound [Er] UYAHIZSMUZPPFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N holmium atom Chemical compound [Ho] KJZYNXUDTRRSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N neodymium atom Chemical compound [Nd] QEFYFXOXNSNQGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N praseodymium atom Chemical compound [Pr] PUDIUYLPXJFUGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium Chemical compound [U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U] DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 118
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Gd+3].[Gd+3] CMIHHWBVHJVIGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001938 gadolinium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940075613 gadolinium oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002710 gonadal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002611 ovarian Effects 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011814 protection agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F1/00—Shielding characterised by the composition of the materials
- G21F1/12—Laminated shielding materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21F—PROTECTION AGAINST X-RADIATION, GAMMA RADIATION, CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OR PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; TREATING RADIOACTIVELY CONTAMINATED MATERIAL; DECONTAMINATION ARRANGEMENTS THEREFOR
- G21F3/00—Shielding characterised by its physical form, e.g. granules, or shape of the material
- G21F3/02—Clothing
- G21F3/03—Aprons
Definitions
- the invention relates to a lead-free radiation protection material in the energy range of an x-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV.
- Conventional radiation protection clothing in X-ray diagnostics usually contains lead or lead oxide as protective material.
- the DE 199 55 192 A1 describes a method for producing a radiation protection material from a polymer as matrix material and the powder of a metal of high atomic number.
- the DE 201 00 267 U1 describes a highly elastic, lightweight, flexible, rubbery radiation protection material wherein additions of chemical elements and their oxides having an atomic number greater than or equal to 50 are added to a specific polymer.
- the DE 102 34 159 A1 describes a lead replacement material for radiation protection purposes in the energy range of an x-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV.
- the degree of attenuation or the lead equivalent (International Standard IEC 61331-1, Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation) of the respective material shows a partially very pronounced dependence on the beam energy, which is a function of the voltage of the X-ray tube.
- Lead-free materials have lead behavior that differs greatly from that of lead, depending on the X-ray energy. Therefore, for simulating the absorption behavior of lead while maximizing weight savings, an advantageous combination of different elements is required.
- Total lead equivalent in a protective-layer-shaped construction of a lead substitute material is understood to be the lead equivalent of the sum of all protective layers.
- the total nominal equivalent value is understood to mean the lead equivalent value specified by the manufacturer of personal protective equipment according to DIN EN 61331-3.
- the dose build-up in the lead-free material should remain as low as possible.
- a secondary radiation is excited in the material, which has a reducing effect on the shielding effect of the material in the case of large radiation fields.
- the excited fluorescence radiation is responsible for the dose structure.
- the dose structure is expressed numerically by the so-called build-up factor according to IEC 61331-1.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a lead-free radiation protection material which has low or only negligible amounts of secondary radiation over the energy range of an x-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV and thus ensures an optimal shielding effect.
- the object of the present invention is achieved with a lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 1.
- the present invention relates to a lead-free radiation protection material in the energy range of X-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV with a layer structure of two layers of different screening properties.
- the invention further relates to a radiation protection clothing made of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention.
- the lead-free radiation protection material has two layers with different shielding properties.
- the composition of the protective material materials in a layer is such that one layer does not reach all the desired properties with respect to the shielding effect, in particular over a larger energy range of 60 to 125 kV. Only both layers together give optimum shielding properties.
- the layer structure of two layers of different shielding properties of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is composed of a secondary radiation layer and a barrier layer.
- the secondary beam layer converts a large portion of the incident X-rays into secondary radiation, i. Fluorescence radiation to.
- the barrier layer blocks the fluorescence radiation generated in the secondary radiation layer and develops only low secondary radiation.
- the secondary radiation layer and the barrier layer as a layer structure have very good shielding properties when the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is processed into protective clothing.
- the secondary radiation layer is then provided as a body-removed layer of the protective clothing Barrier layer, which is arranged as a body-close layer in the protective clothing, effectively blocks the fluorescence radiation which arises in the secondary radiation layer in the direction of the body. This ensures optimal shielding against X-rays.
- the Fig. 1 shows build-up factors of different materials.
- the Fig. 2 shows a sandwich structure of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention.
- the lead-free radiation protection material is particularly suitable for the energy range of an x-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV, preferably, 60 to 100 kV, in particular 60 to 80 kV.
- the secondary radiation layer contains tin or compounds thereof in an amount of 50 to 100% by weight.
- the secondary radiation layer contains tin in an amount of 50 to 90% by weight and at least one further element selected from iodine, cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and compounds thereof in an amount of 10 to 50% by weight.
- the barrier layer of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention comprises at least one element of bismuth, tungsten and compounds thereof.
- bismuth is preferred. It has proved to be advantageous if the barrier layer contains tungsten in an amount of 0 to 30% by weight and / or bismuth in an amount of at least 30% by weight.
- the barrier layer has an even better secondary radiation secondary radiation barrier effect if it further comprises at least one element of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or compounds thereof.
- the element is selected from the group consisting of erbium, holmium, dysprosium, terbium, gadolinium, europium, samarium, lutetium, ytterbium, thulium and compounds thereof. Particularly preferred is the gadolinium or a compound thereof.
- the barrier layer additionally contains at least one element of the group tantalum, hafnium, thorium, uranium and compounds thereof.
- the proportion by weight of the further elements contained in the barrier layer and / or their compounds may be up to 80% by weight.
- the amount of the further element (s) and / or their compounds is preferably in a range from 20 to 70% by weight.
- the two layers of the lead-free material according to the invention contain a matrix material in an amount of 0-12 wt .-%, preferably 2-10 wt .-%, in particular 4-8 wt .-%.
- the matrix material virtually forms a carrier layer for the protective materials in which they are dispersed in powder form.
- a matrix material are rubber, latex, synthetic flexible or solid polymers, and silicone materials.
- YM means the curve of the lead-free material according to the invention and the curves A and B are based on commercially available lead-free materials which constitute a powder mixture without a layer structure. It is readily apparent that the YM curve comes very close to the Pb curve, which means that the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention has similarly good shielding properties as the lead material.
- the secondary radiation layer and / or the barrier layer of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention may preferably comprise at least one material-pure layer.
- pure-material layer is meant a layer which, in addition to matrix material, in each case only one of the aforementioned elements and compounds thereof, i. a protective substance. In a preferred embodiment, these material-pure layers have less than 5 wt .-% matrix material.
- a protective substance or a combination of protective substances which is provided in separate material-pure layers, a much better protective effect, i. E. Shielding effect, has as a material in which all materials, eg. B. as a powder, are mixed.
- the material-pure layers provide a particularly good shielding effect when they are highly compressed, ie when between the particles of Ablematerials As small as possible spaces are present, so that a layer with the highest possible mass density is present.
- the compaction of the layer takes place z. B. on a suitable particle size distribution and / or mechanical compression according to known methods.
- the material-pure layers should be compressed to more than 75 vol .-%. A compression of the material-pure layers to more than 90% by volume is particularly preferred.
- the secondary radiation layer and / or the barrier layer comprise at least one material-pure layer.
- the secondary radiation layer is designed to contain elements of atomic numbers 39 to 60 or their compounds. It is also possible to provide a plurality of material-pure layers of these elements and / or their connections.
- the barrier layer comprises one or more material-pure layers of the elements of atomic numbers greater than 71 and / or compounds thereof.
- the barrier layer may additionally comprise one or more pure-material layers of the elements of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or compounds thereof.
- the elements with atomic numbers 61 to 71 and / or their compounds can also be present in a separate layer as a so-called intermediate layer, which is arranged between the secondary radiation layer and the barrier layer.
- the metal foils usually have a thickness of 0.005 to 0.25 mm.
- the films are usually one above the other without connection. However, if for practical or technical reasons, a connection between the films are made, they can be prepared by conventional methods.
- the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention has very good results with regard to the shielding effect, in particular at 60 kV, in comparison to previously known lead-free radiation protection materials.
- the basis weight was 4.7 kg / m 2 in all cases.
- the layered, lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention exhibits a better shielding effect than the powder mixture of material 1.
- a very good shielding effect is exhibited at 60 kV.
- the stratification of the material-pure layers in the radiation protection material takes place in such a way that the layers are arranged with increasing secondary radiation.
- the layer with the highest secondary beam yield is provided remotely from the body while the layer with the least secondary radiation is located close to the body.
- the at least one material-pure layer of the secondary radiation layer and the barrier layer of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention may be present in a so-called sandwich structure.
- a sandwich structure is to be understood as a structure, wherein further layers are provided between the material-pure layers.
- the at least one material-pure layer has a carrier layer on each side.
- the at least one material-pure layer can each have a carrier layer on both sides.
- the carrier layers are formed from a polymer.
- the polymer may be one which also acts as a matrix material is used.
- the polymer is a latex or elastomeric polymer.
- the one or more carrier layers in the layer structure of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention have a thickness of 0.01 to 0.4 mm.
- the carrier layer or the carrier layers can still contain small amounts of protective substances, as described above. In general, however, they are free of protective substances.
- the carrier layers on one side or on both sides of the material-pure layers contribute to the mechanical stability being increased in the "inner", highly compressed material layer, be it the secondary radiation layer or the barrier layer, while the radiation-shielding effect of the individual protective layers is improved becomes.
- FIG. 2 shows a sandwich structure of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention.
- the highly compressed protective material layer 2 is surrounded on both sides by a carrier layer 1, which increases the mechanical stability of the structure.
- An alternative sandwich construction can also be designed in such a way that each layer with high secondary radiation has a layer with lower secondary radiation on both sides.
- the barrier action of the low secondary radiation barrier layers can contribute to directing high secondary radiation layers, i. on both sides, experienced a blocking effect.
- the radiation protection materials in the individual layers are metal powders with particle sizes of 2 up to 75 ⁇ m before. It is essential that there is as little matrix material as possible in the interstices.
- the mass coverage (basis weight) is 1: 1.
- a basis weight of 2.6 kg / m 2 per layer results for two layers, which in turn can be subdivided into two layers.
- the division of the basis weights in a layer structure of three layers is 1: 1: 1.
- This division is particularly advantageous in the case of a layer structure of secondary radiation layer:
- Intermediate layer barrier layer.
- the intermediate layer predominantly comprises at least one element of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or their compounds.
- the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is suitable for the production of radiation protection clothing such as, for example, a radiation protection apron.
- the material according to the invention can advantageously be used advantageously for example in protective gloves, patient covers, gonadal protection, ovarian protection, dental protection shields, fixed lower-body protection, table attachments, stationary or movable radiation protection walls or radiation protection curtains.
- a lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is produced with a layer (A) which corresponds to the secondary radiation layer and a layer (B) which corresponds to the barrier layer.
- Layer (A) contains 54% by weight of tin, 36% by weight of cerium and 10% by weight of matrix material.
- Layer (B) contains 36% by weight of gadolinium, 36% by weight of bismuth, 18% by weight of tungsten and 10% matrix.
- Layer (A) contains 90 wt% tin and 10 wt% matrix while Layer (B) contains 54 wt% gadolinium, 36 wt% bismuth and 10 wt% matrix material.
- a radiation protection material according to the invention is produced which contains a layer (A) as in Example 1 and a layer (B) as in Example 2.
- a radiation protection material according to the invention is produced, with a layer (A) as in Example 2 and a layer (B) as in Example 1.
- the measurement results for the lead equivalent values (PB-GW) of the radiation protection materials for tube voltages of 60, 80, 100 and 120 kV prepared in Examples 1 to 4 are shown in Table 2 below.
- the weight per unit area of the protective substances is 4.7 kg / m 2 in each case.
- Table 2 Tube voltage (kV) Example 1 mm Pb-GW Example 2 mm Pb-GW Example 3 mm Pb-GW Example 4 mm Pb-GW 60 0.51 0.57 0.58 0.55 80 0.62 0.68 0.71 0.66 100 0.60 0.65 0.66 0.63 125 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.50
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein bleifreies Strahlenschutzmaterial im Energiebereich einer Röntgenröhre mit einer Spannung von 60 bis 125 kV.The invention relates to a lead-free radiation protection material in the energy range of an x-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV.
Herkömmliche Strahlenschutzkleidung in der Röntgendiagnostik enthält meist Blei oder Bleioxid als Schutzmaterial.Conventional radiation protection clothing in X-ray diagnostics usually contains lead or lead oxide as protective material.
Blei und seine. Verarbeitung führt aufgrund seiner Toxizität zu einer hohen Umweltbelastung. Da Blei ein sehr hohes Gewicht besitzt, sind Schutzkleidungen aus Blei ungewöhnlich schwer, was eine starke physische Belastung für den Anwender bedeutet. Beim Tragen von Schutzkleidung, beispielsweise bei medizinischen Operationen, ist das Gewicht für den Tragekomfort und die physische Belastung des medizinischen Personals von großer Bedeutung.Lead and his. Processing leads to a high environmental impact due to its toxicity. Since lead is very heavy, lead protective linings are unusually heavy, which places a lot of physical strain on the user. When wearing protective clothing, for example in medical operations, the weight is of great importance for the wearing comfort and physical stress of the medical staff.
Blei-Ersatzmaterialien zur Anwendung im Strahlenschutz sind bereits bekannt.Lead substitute materials for use in radiation protection are already known.
Die
Die
Zur Gewichtsreduzierung gegenüber herkömmliche Bleischürzen wird in der
Die
Je nach eingesetzten Elementen zeigt der Schwächungsgrad bzw. der Bleigleichwert (International Standard IEC 61331-1, Protective devices against diagnostig medical X-radiation) des jeweiligen Materials eine teilweise sehr ausgeprägte Abhängigkeit von der Strahlenenergie, die eine Funktion der Spannung der Röntgenröhre ist.Depending on the elements used, the degree of attenuation or the lead equivalent (International Standard IEC 61331-1, Protective devices against diagnostic medical X-radiation) of the respective material shows a partially very pronounced dependence on the beam energy, which is a function of the voltage of the X-ray tube.
Bleifreie Materialien haben gegenüber Blei ein zum Teil stark abweichendes Absorptionsverhalten in Abhängigkeit von der Röntgenenergie. Deshalb ist für die Nachbildung des Absorptionsverhaltens von Blei bei gleichzeitiger Maximierung der Gewichtseinsparung eine vorteilhafte Kombination unterschiedlicher Elemente erforderlich.Lead-free materials have lead behavior that differs greatly from that of lead, depending on the X-ray energy. Therefore, for simulating the absorption behavior of lead while maximizing weight savings, an advantageous combination of different elements is required.
Deshalb ist der Anwendungsbereich von handelsüblicher bleifreier Strahlenschutzkleidung in der Regel eingeschränkt. Um Blei für Strahlenschutzzwecke substituieren zu können, ist ein in Bezug auf Blei möglichst gleichartiges Absorptionsverhalten über einen größeren Energiebereich erforderlich, da Strahlenschutzstoffe üblicherweise nach dem Bleigleichwert eingestuft werden und die Strahlenschutzberechnungen häufig auf Bleigleichwerten basieren.Therefore, the scope of commercial lead-free radiation protection clothing is usually limited. In order to substitute lead for radiation protection purposes, an absorption behavior which is as similar as possible to lead is required over a relatively large energy range, since radiation protection agents are usually classified according to the lead equivalent and the radiation protection calculations are often based on lead equivalents.
Unter Gesamtbleigleichwert bei einem schutzschichtenförmigen Aufbau eines Blei-Ersatzmaterials versteht man den Bleigleichwert der Summe aller Schutzschichten. Unter Gesamt-Nennbleigleichwert wird der nach DIN EN 61331-3 vom Hersteller für persönliche Schutzausrüstung anzugebende Bleigleichwert verstanden.Total lead equivalent in a protective-layer-shaped construction of a lead substitute material is understood to be the lead equivalent of the sum of all protective layers. The total nominal equivalent value is understood to mean the lead equivalent value specified by the manufacturer of personal protective equipment according to DIN EN 61331-3.
Es ist bei Messungen der Bleigleichwerte und der Schwächungsfaktoren in Abhängigkeit der Röhrenspannung festgestellt worden, dass die Schutzwirkung von bleifreien Materialien insbesondere bei einer Röntgenröhrenspannung von 60 bis 80 kV im Vergleich zu Blei erheblich geringer ist als im Energiebereich von 80 bis 100 kV.It is in measurements of lead equivalents and attenuation factors as a function of tube voltage It has been found that the protective effect of lead-free materials is considerably lower than in the energy range of 80 to 100 kV, in particular with an x-ray tube voltage of 60 to 80 kV compared to lead.
Dieses hat im Wesentlichen zwei Ursachen. Zum einen ist der Massenschwächungskoeffizient von bleifreien Materialien, wie Zinn, bei der mittleren Energie des 60 kV-Spektrums, d.h. bei rund 25 keV, geringer als von Blei. Zum anderen zeigt sich in diesem niedrigen Energiebereich ein besonders großer Dosisaufbaueffekt. Mit anderen Worten, die Schutzwirkung des Materials wird durch die Entstehung von Sekundärstrahlung auf der Strahlenaustrittsseite herabgesetzt.This has two main causes. First, the mass attenuation coefficient of lead-free materials, such as tin, at the average energy of the 60 kV spectrum, i. at around 25 keV, less than lead. On the other hand, a particularly large dose-building effect is evident in this low energy range. In other words, the protective effect of the material is reduced by the generation of secondary radiation on the radiation exit side.
Zur Erzielung einer hohen Schutzwirkung sollte der Dosisaufbau im bleifreien Material möglichst gering bleiben. Wie bereits ausgeführt, wird im Material eine Sekundärstrahlung angeregt, was sich bei großen Strahlenfeldern mindernd auf die Abschirmwirkung des Materials auswirkt. Meistens ist die angeregte Fluoreszenzstrahlung für den Dosisaufbau verantwortlich.To achieve a high protective effect, the dose build-up in the lead-free material should remain as low as possible. As already stated, a secondary radiation is excited in the material, which has a reducing effect on the shielding effect of the material in the case of large radiation fields. In most cases, the excited fluorescence radiation is responsible for the dose structure.
Der Dosisaufbau wird durch den sog. Build-up-Faktor gemäß IEC 61331-1 zahlenmäßig ausgedrückt.The dose structure is expressed numerically by the so-called build-up factor according to IEC 61331-1.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, ein bleifreies Strahlenschutzmaterial zur Verfügung zu stellen, das über den Energiebereich einer Röntgenröhre mit einer Spannung von 60 bis 125 kV geringe oder nur vernachlässigbare Mengen an Sekundärstrahlung aufweist und somit eine optimale Abschirmwirkung gewährleist.The object of the present invention is to provide a lead-free radiation protection material which has low or only negligible amounts of secondary radiation over the energy range of an x-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV and thus ensures an optimal shielding effect.
Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung wird mit einem bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterial gemäß Patentanspruch 1 gelöst.The object of the present invention is achieved with a lead-free radiation protection material according to
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein bleifreies Strahlenschutzmaterial im Energiebereich einer röntgenröhre mit einer Spannung von 60 bis 125 kV mit einer Schichtstruktur von zwei Schichten unterschiedlicher Abschirmeigenschaften.The present invention relates to a lead-free radiation protection material in the energy range of X-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV with a layer structure of two layers of different screening properties.
Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin eine Strahlenschutzbekleidung aus dem erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterial.The invention further relates to a radiation protection clothing made of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention.
Es ist erfindungsgemäß wesentlich, das das bleifreie Strahlenschutzmaterial zwei Schichten mit unterschiedlichen Abschirmeigenschaften aufweist. Bei dieser Zweischichtstruktur ist die Zusammensetzung der Schutzstoffmaterialien in einer Schicht derart, dass eine Schicht allen nicht die gewünschten Eigenschaften im Hinblick auf die Abschirmwirkung, insbesondere über einen größeren Energiebereich von 60 bis 125 kV, erreicht. Erst beide Schichten zusammen ergeben optimale Abschirmeigenschaften.It is essential according to the invention that the lead-free radiation protection material has two layers with different shielding properties. In this two-layer structure, the composition of the protective material materials in a layer is such that one layer does not reach all the desired properties with respect to the shielding effect, in particular over a larger energy range of 60 to 125 kV. Only both layers together give optimum shielding properties.
Die Schichtstruktur aus zwei Schichten unterschiedlicher Abschirmeigenschaften des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterials ist aus einer Sekundärstrahlenschicht und einer Sperrschicht zusammengesetzt.The layer structure of two layers of different shielding properties of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is composed of a secondary radiation layer and a barrier layer.
Die Sekundärstrahlenschicht wandelt einen großen Teil der auftreffenden Röntgenstrahlen in Sekundärstrahlung, d.h. Fluoreszenzstrahlung, um.The secondary beam layer converts a large portion of the incident X-rays into secondary radiation, i. Fluorescence radiation to.
Die Sperrschicht blockiert die in der Sekundärstrahlenschicht entstehende Fluoreszenzstrahlung und entwickelt selbst nur geringe Sekundärstrahlung.The barrier layer blocks the fluorescence radiation generated in the secondary radiation layer and develops only low secondary radiation.
Die Sekundärstrahlenschicht und die Sperrschicht als Schichtstruktur weisen sehr gute Abschirmeigenschaften auf, wenn das erfindungsgemäße bleifreie Strahlenschutzmaterial zu einer Schutzkleidung verarbeitet wird. Die Sekundärstrahlenschicht wird dann als körperferne Schicht der Schutzkleidung vorgesehene Die Sperrschicht, die als körpernahe Schicht in der Schutzkleidung angeordnet ist, blockiert wirksam die in der Sekundärstrahlenschicht entstehende Fluoreszenzstrahlung in Richtung Körper. Dieses gewährleistet eine optimale Abschirmleistung gegenüber Röntgenstrahlung.The secondary radiation layer and the barrier layer as a layer structure have very good shielding properties when the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is processed into protective clothing. The secondary radiation layer is then provided as a body-removed layer of the protective clothing Barrier layer, which is arranged as a body-close layer in the protective clothing, effectively blocks the fluorescence radiation which arises in the secondary radiation layer in the direction of the body. This ensures optimal shielding against X-rays.
Die Figuren dienen zur weiteren Erläuterung der Erfindung.The figures serve to further explain the invention.
Die
Die
Das bleifreie Strahlenschutzmaterial ist insbesondere für den Energiebereich einer Röntgenröhre mit einer Spannung von 60 bis 125 kV, bevorzugt, 60 bis 100 kV, insbesondere 60 bis 80 kV, geeignet.The lead-free radiation protection material is particularly suitable for the energy range of an x-ray tube with a voltage of 60 to 125 kV, preferably, 60 to 100 kV, in particular 60 to 80 kV.
Die Sekundärstrahlenschicht enthält Zinn oder Verbindungen davon einer Menge von 50 bis 100 Gew.-%. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung enthält die Sekundärstrahlenschicht Zinn in einer Menge von 50 bis 90 Gew.-% und mindestens ein weiteres Element das aus Jod, Cäsium, Barium, Lanthan, Cer, Praseodym, Neodym und Verbindungen davon gewählt ist in einer Menge von 10 bis 50 Gew.-%.The secondary radiation layer contains tin or compounds thereof in an amount of 50 to 100% by weight. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the secondary radiation layer contains tin in an amount of 50 to 90% by weight and at least one further element selected from iodine, cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and compounds thereof in an amount of 10 to 50% by weight.
Die Sperrschicht des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterials umfasst mindestens ein Element , aus Bismut, Wolfram und Verbindungen davon gewählt ist. Die Verwendung von Bismut ist bevorzugt. Es hat sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die Sperrschicht Wolfram in einer Menge von 0 bis 30 Gew.-% und/oder Bismut in einer Menge von mindestens 30 Gew.-% enthält.The barrier layer of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention comprises at least one element of bismuth, tungsten and compounds thereof. The use of bismuth is preferred. It has proved to be advantageous if the barrier layer contains tungsten in an amount of 0 to 30% by weight and / or bismuth in an amount of at least 30% by weight.
Es ist gezeigt worden, dass die Sperrschicht eine noch bessere Sperrwirkung gegenüber Sekundärstrahlung der Sekundärstrahlenschicht aufweist, wenn sie weiterhin mindestens ein Element der Ordnungszahlen 61 bis 71 oder Verbindungen davon umfasst. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Ereindung ist das Element aus der Gruppe Erbium, Holmium, Dysprosium, Terbium, Gadolinium, Europium, Samarium, Lutetium, Ytterbium, Thulium und Verbindungen davon gewählt. Insbesondere bevorzugt ist das Gadolinium bzw. eine Verbindung davon.It has been shown that the barrier layer has an even better secondary radiation secondary radiation barrier effect if it further comprises at least one element of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or compounds thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the element is selected from the group consisting of erbium, holmium, dysprosium, terbium, gadolinium, europium, samarium, lutetium, ytterbium, thulium and compounds thereof. Particularly preferred is the gadolinium or a compound thereof.
Es hat sich weiterhin als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die Sperrschicht zusätzlich noch weiterhin mindestens ein Element der Gruppe Tantal, Hafnium, Thorium, Uran und Verbindungen davon enthält.It has furthermore proven to be advantageous if the barrier layer additionally contains at least one element of the group tantalum, hafnium, thorium, uranium and compounds thereof.
Der Gewichtsanteil der in der Sperrschicht enthaltenden weiteren Elemente und/oder deren Verbindungen kann bis zu 80 Gew.-% betragen. Bevorzugt liegt die Menge des (die) weiteren Element(e) und/oder deren Verbindungen in einem Bereich von 20 bis 70 Gew.-%.The proportion by weight of the further elements contained in the barrier layer and / or their compounds may be up to 80% by weight. The amount of the further element (s) and / or their compounds is preferably in a range from 20 to 70% by weight.
Die zwei Schichten des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Materials enthalten ein Matrixmaterial in einer Menge von 0-12 Gew.-%, bevorzugt 2-10 Gew.-%, insbesondere 4-8 Gew.-%.The two layers of the lead-free material according to the invention contain a matrix material in an amount of 0-12 wt .-%, preferably 2-10 wt .-%, in particular 4-8 wt .-%.
Das Matrixmaterial bildet quasi eine Trägerschicht für die Schutzmaterialien, in der diese in Pulverform dispergiert sind. Beispiele für ein Matrixmaterial sind Gummi, Latex, synthetische flexible oder feste Polymere und Siliconmaterialien.The matrix material virtually forms a carrier layer for the protective materials in which they are dispersed in powder form. Examples of a matrix material are rubber, latex, synthetic flexible or solid polymers, and silicone materials.
Es ist also überraschender Weise festgestellt worden, dass der Dosisaufbau bzw. die Sekundärstrahlenausbeute bei dem erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterial in Folge der Auftrennung in eine Schicht geringer Sekundärstrahlung und eine Schicht mit hoher Sekundärstrahlung erheblich geringer ist als bei marktüblichen bleifreien Materialien. Hierzu wird auf die
Die Sekundärstrahlenschicht und/oder die Sperrschicht des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterials können bevorzugt mindestens eine materialreine Schicht umfasst(en). Mit dem Ausdruck "materialreine Schicht" ist eine Schicht gemeint, die neben Matrixmaterial jeweils nur eines der zuvor genannten Elemente und Verbindungen daraus, d.h. einen Schutzstoff, enthält. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform besitzen diese materialreinen Schichten weniger als 5 Gew.-% Matrixmaterial.The secondary radiation layer and / or the barrier layer of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention may preferably comprise at least one material-pure layer. By the term "pure-material layer" is meant a layer which, in addition to matrix material, in each case only one of the aforementioned elements and compounds thereof, i. a protective substance. In a preferred embodiment, these material-pure layers have less than 5 wt .-% matrix material.
Es hat sich weiterhin in überraschender Weise herausgestellt, dass ein Schutzstoff oder eine Kombination aus Schutzstoffen, das bzw. die in getrennten materialreinen Schichten vorgesehen ist, eine wesentlich bessere Schutzwirkung, d.h. Abschirmwirkung, besitzt als ein Material, in dem alle Materialien, z. B. als Pulver, vermengt sind.It has further surprisingly been found that a protective substance or a combination of protective substances, which is provided in separate material-pure layers, a much better protective effect, i. E. Shielding effect, has as a material in which all materials, eg. B. as a powder, are mixed.
Es hat sich in der Praxis herausgestellt, dass die materialreinen Schichten eine besonders gute Abschirmwirkung erbringen, wenn sie stark verdichtet sind, d.h. wenn zwischen den Teilchen des Abschirmmaterials möglichst geringe Zwischenräume vorliegen, so dass eine Schicht mit möglichst hoher Massendichte vorhanden ist. Die Verdichtung der Schicht erfolgt z. B. über eine geeignete Korngrößenverteilung und/oder mechanische Verdichtung nach bekannten Verfahren.It has been found in practice that the material-pure layers provide a particularly good shielding effect when they are highly compressed, ie when between the particles of Abschirmmaterials As small as possible spaces are present, so that a layer with the highest possible mass density is present. The compaction of the layer takes place z. B. on a suitable particle size distribution and / or mechanical compression according to known methods.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform sollten die materialreinen Schichten zu mehr als 75 Vol.-% verdichtet sein. Eine Verdichtung der materialreinen Schichten zu mehr als 90 Vol.-% ist insbesondere bevorzugt.In a preferred embodiment, the material-pure layers should be compressed to more than 75 vol .-%. A compression of the material-pure layers to more than 90% by volume is particularly preferred.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterials umfassen die Sekundärstrahlenschicht und/oder die Sperrschicht mindestens eine materialreine Schicht. Die Sekundärstrahlenschicht ist derart ausgestaltet, dass sie Elemente der Ordnungszahlen 39 bis 60 oder deren Verbindungen enthält. Es können auch mehrere materialreine Schichten aus diesen Elementen und/oder ihren Verbindungen vorgesehen werden.In a preferred embodiment of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention, the secondary radiation layer and / or the barrier layer comprise at least one material-pure layer. The secondary radiation layer is designed to contain elements of atomic numbers 39 to 60 or their compounds. It is also possible to provide a plurality of material-pure layers of these elements and / or their connections.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterials umfasst die Sperrschicht eine oder mehrere materialreine Schichten aus den Elementen der Ordnungszahlen größer als 71 und/oder Verbindungen davon. Die Sperrschicht kann auch zusätzlich eine oder mehrere materialreine Schichten aus den Elementen der Ordnungszahlen 61 bis 71 oder Verbindungen davon umfassen.In a further preferred embodiment of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention, the barrier layer comprises one or more material-pure layers of the elements of atomic numbers greater than 71 and / or compounds thereof. The barrier layer may additionally comprise one or more pure-material layers of the elements of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or compounds thereof.
Die Elemente mit den Ordnungszahlen 61 bis 71 und/oder deren Verbindungen können auch in einer separaten Schicht als eine sogenannte Zwischenschicht vorliegen, die zwischen der Sekundärstrahlenschicht und der Sperrschicht angeordnet ist.The elements with atomic numbers 61 to 71 and / or their compounds can also be present in a separate layer as a so-called intermediate layer, which is arranged between the secondary radiation layer and the barrier layer.
In einigen Fällen hat die Praxis gezeigt, dass die besten Abschirmergebnisse dann erreicht werden, wenn die stark verdichteten materialreinen Schichten in Form von Metallfolien vorliegen, wie z. B. als Folienstreifen oder Folienplättchen.In some cases, practice has shown that the best shielding results are achieved when the highly compacted pure layers are in the form of Metal foils are present, such as. B. as a foil strip or foil plate.
Die Metallfolien weisen in der Regel eine Dicke von 0,005 bis 0,25 mm auf.The metal foils usually have a thickness of 0.005 to 0.25 mm.
Die Folien liegen normalerweise übereinander ohne Verbindung miteinander. Sollte allerdings aus praktischen oder technischen Gründen eine Verbindung zwischen den folien hergestellt werden, so können diese nach üblichen Verfahren hergestellt werden.The films are usually one above the other without connection. However, if for practical or technical reasons, a connection between the films are made, they can be prepared by conventional methods.
Im Folgenden wird gezeigt, dass das erfindungsgemäße bleifreie Strahlenschutzmaterial im Vergleich zu bereits bekannten bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterialien sehr gute Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf die Abschirmwirkung, insbesondere bei 60 kV, aufweist.In the following, it is shown that the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention has very good results with regard to the shielding effect, in particular at 60 kV, in comparison to previously known lead-free radiation protection materials.
Es wurden folgende Materialien aus den folgenden Bestandteilen hergestellt und untersucht:
- Bestandteile: 40 Gew.-% Zinn, 10 Gew.-% Ceroxid, 20 Gew.-% Gadoliniumoxid, 20 Gew.-% Wismut, 10 Gew.-% Wolfram.
- Die Strahlenschutzmaterialien wurden wie folgt verarbeitet:
- Material 1:
- Die obigen Bestandteile werden in Pulverform gleichmäßig in einer Polymermatrix vermengt;
- Material 2:
- Schichtung der einzelnen Bestandteile in materialreine Schichten in Pulverform;
- Material 3:
- Schichtung der einzelnen obigen Bestandteile in materialreine Folien.
- Ingredients: 40% by weight of tin, 10% by weight of cerium oxide, 20% by weight of gadolinium oxide, 20% by weight of bismuth, 10% by weight of tungsten.
- The radiation protection materials were processed as follows:
- Material 1:
- The above ingredients are uniformly mixed in powder form in a polymer matrix;
- Material 2:
- Stratification of the individual constituents in pure-material layers in powder form;
- Material 3:
- Stratification of the individual above components in pure films.
Das Flächengewicht war in allen Fällen 4,7 kg/m2.The basis weight was 4.7 kg / m 2 in all cases.
Im schmalen Strahlenbündel einer Röntgenröhre ergaben sich nach der folgenden Tabelle 1 folgende Schwächungsfaktoren:
Wie aus den Werten für die Schwächungsfaktoren ersichtlich ist, zeigt das erfindungsgemäße, in Schichten angeordnete, bleifreie Strahlenschutzmaterial (Material 2 und Material 3) eine bessere Abschirmwirkung als das Pulvergemisch von Material 1. Insbesondere zeigt sich eine sehr gute Abschirmwirkung bei 60 kV.As can be seen from the values for the attenuation factors, the layered, lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention (
Es ist wesentlich, dass die Schichtung der materialreinen Schichten im Strahlenschutzmaterial derart erfolgt, dass die Schichten mit steigender Sekundärstrahlung angeordnet sind. Somit wird bei der Verarbeitung zu Strahlenschutzbekleidung die Schicht mit der höchsten Sekundärstrahlenausbeute körperfern vorgesehen, während die Schicht mit der geringsten Sekundärstrahlung körpernah angeordnet wird.It is essential that the stratification of the material-pure layers in the radiation protection material takes place in such a way that the layers are arranged with increasing secondary radiation. Thus, when processed into radiation protective clothing, the layer with the highest secondary beam yield is provided remotely from the body while the layer with the least secondary radiation is located close to the body.
In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform können die mindestens eine materialreine Schicht der Sekundärstrahlenschicht und der, Sperrschicht des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterials in einem sog. Sandwichaufbau vorliegen. Unter Sandwichstruktur ist eine Struktur zu verstehen, wobei zwischen den materialreinen Schichten weitere Schichten vorgesehen sind. In einer besonderen Ausführungsform weist die mindestens eine materialreine Schicht jeweils auf einer Seite eine Trägerschicht auf. Alternativ dazu kann die mindestens eine materialreine Schicht jeweils auf beiden Seiten eine Trägerschicht aufweisen. Bevorzugt sind die Trägerschichten aus einem Polymer gebildet. Das Polymer kann ein solches sein, das auch als Matrixmaterial verwendet wird. Üblicherweise ist das Polymer ein Latex-oder Elastomerpolymer.In a further preferred embodiment, the at least one material-pure layer of the secondary radiation layer and the barrier layer of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention may be present in a so-called sandwich structure. A sandwich structure is to be understood as a structure, wherein further layers are provided between the material-pure layers. In a particular embodiment, the at least one material-pure layer has a carrier layer on each side. Alternatively, the at least one material-pure layer can each have a carrier layer on both sides. Preferably, the carrier layers are formed from a polymer. The polymer may be one which also acts as a matrix material is used. Usually, the polymer is a latex or elastomeric polymer.
In der Praxis hat es sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die eine bzw. die mehreren Trägerschichten in der Schichtstruktur des erfindungsgemäßen bleifreien Strahlenschutzmaterials eine Dicke von 0,01 bis 0,4 mm aufweisen.In practice, it has proved to be advantageous if the one or more carrier layers in the layer structure of the lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention have a thickness of 0.01 to 0.4 mm.
Falls erforderlich, können die Trägerschicht bzw. die Trägerschichten noch geringe Anteile Schutzstoffe, wie oben beschrieben, enthalten. In der Regel sind sie allerdings frei von Schutzstoffen.If necessary, the carrier layer or the carrier layers can still contain small amounts of protective substances, as described above. In general, however, they are free of protective substances.
Die Trägerschichten auf der einen Seite bzw. auf beiden Seiten der materialreinen Schichten tragen dazu bei, dass bei der "innenliegenden", hochverdichteten Materialschicht, sei es die Sekundärstrahlenschicht oder die Sperrschicht, die mechanische Stabilität erhöht wird, während die strahlenabschirmende Wirkung der einzelnen Schutzschichten verbessert wird.The carrier layers on one side or on both sides of the material-pure layers contribute to the mechanical stability being increased in the "inner", highly compressed material layer, be it the secondary radiation layer or the barrier layer, while the radiation-shielding effect of the individual protective layers is improved becomes.
Die
Ein alternativer Sandwichaufbau kann auch in der Weise gestaltet sein, dass jede Schicht mit hoher Sekundärstrahlung auf beiden Seiten eine Schicht mit niedriger Sekundärstrahlung aufweist. Auf diese Weise kann die Sperrschichtwirkung der Sperrschichten mit niedriger Sekundärstrahlung dazu beitragen, dass Schichten hoher Sekundärstrahlung direkt, d.h. auf beiden Seiten, eine Sperrwirkung erfahren.An alternative sandwich construction can also be designed in such a way that each layer with high secondary radiation has a layer with lower secondary radiation on both sides. In this way, the barrier action of the low secondary radiation barrier layers can contribute to directing high secondary radiation layers, i. on both sides, experienced a blocking effect.
In der Regel liegen die Strahlenschutzmaterialien in den einzelnen Schichten als Metallpulver mit Korngrößen von 2 bis 75µm vor. Es ist wesentlich, dass sich in den Zwischenräumen möglichst wenig Matrixmaterial befindet.As a rule, the radiation protection materials in the individual layers are metal powders with particle sizes of 2 up to 75μm before. It is essential that there is as little matrix material as possible in the interstices.
Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass bei einem Schichtensystem mit gerader Schichtzahl die Massenbelegung (Flächengewicht) 1:1 beträgt. Beispielsweise ergibt sich für einen Nenn-Bleigleichwert von 0,5 mm (Pb) ein Flächengewicht von 2,6 kg/m2 pro Schicht bei zwei Schichten, die wiederum in jeweils zwei Schichten unterteilt sein können.It has been found that in a layer system with even number of layers, the mass coverage (basis weight) is 1: 1. For example, for a nominal lead equivalent of 0.5 mm (Pb), a basis weight of 2.6 kg / m 2 per layer results for two layers, which in turn can be subdivided into two layers.
Bei einer Schichtstruktur mit ungerader Anzahl hat sich eine Aufteilung der Flächengewichte von 2:1 (Sekundärstrahlenschicht:Sperrschicht) als vorteilhaft erwiesen.In the case of a layer structure with an odd number, a division of the basis weights of 2: 1 (secondary radiation layer: barrier layer) has proved to be advantageous.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung beträgt die Aufteilung der Flächengewichte bei einer Schichtstruktur aus drei Schichten 1:1:1. Diese Aufteilung ist insbesondere vorteilhaft im Fall einer Schichtstruktur aus Sekundärstrahlenschicht:Zwischenschicht:Sperrschicht. Die Zwischenschicht umfasst überwiegend mindestens ein Element der Ordnungszahlen 61 bis 71 oder deren Verbindungen.In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the division of the basis weights in a layer structure of three layers is 1: 1: 1. This division is particularly advantageous in the case of a layer structure of secondary radiation layer: Intermediate layer: barrier layer. The intermediate layer predominantly comprises at least one element of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or their compounds.
Das erfindungsgemäße bleifreie Strahlenschutzmaterial eignet sich zur Herstellung von Strahlenschutzbekleidungen wie beispielsweise einer Strahlschutzschürze.The lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is suitable for the production of radiation protection clothing such as, for example, a radiation protection apron.
Außerdem kann das erfindungsgemäße Material vorteilhaft beispielsweise bei Schutzhandschuhen, Patientenabdeckungen, Gonadenschutz, Ovarienschutz, Dentalschutzschilde, ortsfestem Unterkörperschutz, Tischaufsätzen, ortsfesten oder ortsbeweglichen Strahlenschutzwänden oder Strahlenschutzvorhängen vorteilhaft angewandt werden.In addition, the material according to the invention can advantageously be used advantageously for example in protective gloves, patient covers, gonadal protection, ovarian protection, dental protection shields, fixed lower-body protection, table attachments, stationary or movable radiation protection walls or radiation protection curtains.
Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Beispielen näher erläutert.In the following the invention will be explained in more detail by means of examples.
Es wird ein erfindungsgemäßes bleifreies Strahlenschutzmaterial hergestellt mit einer Schicht (A), die der Sekundärstrahlenschicht entspricht und einer Schicht (B), die der Sperrschicht entspricht. Schicht (A) enthält 54 Gew.-% Zinn, 36 Gew.-% Cer und 10 Gew.-% Matrixmaterial. Die Schicht (B) enthält 36 Gew.-% Gadolinium, 36 Ges.-% Bismut, 18 Ges.-% Wolfram und 10% Matrix.A lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is produced with a layer (A) which corresponds to the secondary radiation layer and a layer (B) which corresponds to the barrier layer. Layer (A) contains 54% by weight of tin, 36% by weight of cerium and 10% by weight of matrix material. Layer (B) contains 36% by weight of gadolinium, 36% by weight of bismuth, 18% by weight of tungsten and 10% matrix.
Es wird ein erfindungsgemäßes bleifreies Strahlenschutzmaterial hergestellt. Die Schicht (A) enthält 90 Gew.-% Zinn und 10 Gew.-% Matrix, während die Schicht (B) 54 Gew.-% Gadolinium, 36 Gew.-% Bismut und 10 Gew.-% Matrixmaterial enthält.A lead-free radiation protection material according to the invention is produced. Layer (A) contains 90 wt% tin and 10 wt% matrix while Layer (B) contains 54 wt% gadolinium, 36 wt% bismuth and 10 wt% matrix material.
Es wird ein erfindungsgemäßes Strahlenschutzmaterial hergestellt, das eine Schicht (A) wie in Beispiel 1 und eine Schicht (B) wie in Beispiel 2 enthält.A radiation protection material according to the invention is produced which contains a layer (A) as in Example 1 and a layer (B) as in Example 2.
Es wird ein erfindungsgemäßes Strahlenschutzmaterial hergestellt, mit einer Schicht (A) wie in Beispiel 2 und einer Schicht (B) wie in Beispiel 1.A radiation protection material according to the invention is produced, with a layer (A) as in Example 2 and a layer (B) as in Example 1.
Die Messergebnisse für die Bleigleichwerte (PB-GW) der in den Beispielen 1 bis 4 hergestellten Strahlenschutzmaterialien für Röhrenspannungen von 60, 80, 100 und 120 kV sind in der folgenden Tabelle 2 gezeigt. Das Flächengewicht der Schutzstoffe beträgt jeweils 4,7 kg/m2.
Claims (29)
- Lead-free radiation protection material in the energy range of an X-ray tube having a voltage from 60 to 125 kV, having a layer structure of two layers with different shielding properties,
characterized in that
the layer structure is composed of a secondary radiation layer comprising tin or compounds thereof in an amount of 50 to 100% by weight and a barrier layer comprising at least one element selected from bismuth, tungsten and compounds thereof. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the secondary radiation layer comprises tin in an amount of from 50 to 90% by weight and at least one further element selected from iodine, caesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium and compounds thereof in an amount of from 10 to 50% by weight. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 2,
characterized in that
the secondary radiation layer comprises tin and cerium or a compound thereof. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the barrier layer furthermore comprises at least one element of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or compounds thereof. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 4,
characterized in that
the element is selected from the group of erbium, holmium, dysprosium, terbium, gadolinium, europium, samarium, lutetium, ytterbium, and thulium and compounds thereof. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 5,
characterized in that
the element is gadolinium. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 4 to 6,
characterized in that
the at least one element of atomic numbers 61 to 71 or compounds thereof is present in the form of an intermediate layer which is arranged between the secondary radiation layer and the barrier layer. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 1 to 7,
characterized in that
the barrier layer furthermore comprises at least one element from the group tantalum, hafnium, thorium, uranium and compounds thereof. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 1 to 8,
characterized in that
the barrier layer comprises the further elements and/or compounds thereof in an amount of up to 80% by weight. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 9,
characterized in that
the amount is in a range of from 20 to 70% by weight. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 1 to 10,
characterized in that
the barrier layer comprises tungsten or compounds thereof in an amount of from 0 to 30% by weight and/or bismuth or compounds thereof in an amount of at least 30% by weight. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 1 to 11,
characterized in that
the at least two layers comprise a matrix material in an amount of from 0 to 12% by weight. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 1 to 12,
characterized in that
the secondary radiation layer and/or the intermediate layer and/or the barrier layer comprise(s) at least one pure-material layer. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 13,
characterized in that
the pure-material layers are greatly compressed. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 14,
characterized in that
the pure-material layers are compressed to more than 75 vol.%. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 15,
characterized in that
the pure-material layers are compressed to more than 90 vol.%. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 16,
characterized in that
the greatly compressed pure-material layers are present in the form of metal foils. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 17,
characterized in that
the metal foils have a thickness of 0.005 to 0.25 mm. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 18,
characterized in that
the metal foils are foil strips or foil plates. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to at least one of claims 13 to 19,
characterized in that
the at least one pure-material layer has a carrier layer on one side, respectively. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to at least one of claims 13 to 19,
characterized in that
the at least one pure-material layer has a carrier layer on both sides, respectively. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 20 or 21,
characterized in that
the carrier layers are formed by a polymer. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 22,
characterized in that
the polymer is a latex or elastomer polymer. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to claim 22 or 23,
characterized in that
the carrier layers have a thickness of 0.01 to 0.4 mm. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 20 to 24,
characterized in that
the carrier layers comprise small amounts of protective substances. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 13 to 25,
characterized in that
the pure-material layers of the protective foil are so composed that the layers are arranged according to increasing secondary radiation. - Lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 13 to 26,
characterized in that
each layer having high secondary radiation has on both sides a layer having low secondary radiation. - Radiation protection clothing of a lead-free radiation protection material according to any of claims 1 to 27.
- Radiation protection clothing according to claim 28 in the form of an apron.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10340639 | 2003-09-03 | ||
DE10340639 | 2003-09-03 | ||
DE102004001328A DE102004001328A1 (en) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-01-08 | Lightweight radiation protection material for a wide range of energy applications |
DE102004001328 | 2004-01-08 | ||
PCT/EP2004/009859 WO2005024846A1 (en) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Lead-free radiation protection material comprising at least two layers with different shielding characteristics |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1540663A1 EP1540663A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
EP1540663B1 true EP1540663B1 (en) | 2008-11-26 |
Family
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP04764811A Active EP1540663B1 (en) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Lead-free radiation protection material comprising two layers with different shielding characteristics |
EP04764812A Active EP1536732B1 (en) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Light radiation protection material for a large energy application field |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP04764812A Active EP1536732B1 (en) | 2003-09-03 | 2004-09-03 | Light radiation protection material for a large energy application field |
Country Status (6)
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US (3) | US20060049384A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1540663B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2007504451A (en) |
DE (1) | DE502004004129D1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2286663T3 (en) |
WO (2) | WO2005024846A1 (en) |
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-
2004
- 2004-09-03 US US10/533,322 patent/US20060049384A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-09-03 US US10/543,538 patent/US7449705B2/en active Active
- 2004-09-03 WO PCT/EP2004/009859 patent/WO2005024846A1/en active Application Filing
- 2004-09-03 ES ES04764812T patent/ES2286663T3/en active Active
- 2004-09-03 JP JP2006525121A patent/JP2007504451A/en active Pending
- 2004-09-03 WO PCT/EP2004/009860 patent/WO2005023116A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2004-09-03 DE DE502004004129T patent/DE502004004129D1/en active Active
- 2004-09-03 EP EP04764811A patent/EP1540663B1/en active Active
- 2004-09-03 EP EP04764812A patent/EP1536732B1/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-05-28 US US12/473,588 patent/US20090230334A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
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---|---|
US20060151750A1 (en) | 2006-07-13 |
WO2005023116A1 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
JP2007504451A (en) | 2007-03-01 |
US20060049384A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
US7449705B2 (en) | 2008-11-11 |
ES2286663T3 (en) | 2007-12-01 |
US20090230334A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
EP1536732B1 (en) | 2007-06-20 |
WO2005024846A1 (en) | 2005-03-17 |
EP1540663A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
EP1536732A1 (en) | 2005-06-08 |
DE502004004129D1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
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