EP1518644B1 - Method for machining a workpiece surface - Google Patents

Method for machining a workpiece surface Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1518644B1
EP1518644B1 EP04400051A EP04400051A EP1518644B1 EP 1518644 B1 EP1518644 B1 EP 1518644B1 EP 04400051 A EP04400051 A EP 04400051A EP 04400051 A EP04400051 A EP 04400051A EP 1518644 B1 EP1518644 B1 EP 1518644B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
workpiece
auxiliaries
finishing
manufacturing auxiliary
material removal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP04400051A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1518644A1 (en
Inventor
Oliver Hildebrandt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Supfina Grieshaber GmbH and Co KG
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Supfina Grieshaber GmbH and Co KG
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Publication date
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Application filed by Supfina Grieshaber GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Supfina Grieshaber GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1518644A1 publication Critical patent/EP1518644A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B21/00—Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor
    • B24B21/16—Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor for grinding other surfaces of particular shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B21/00—Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor
    • B24B21/02—Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor for grinding rotationally symmetrical surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B21/00—Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor
    • B24B21/04—Machines or devices using grinding or polishing belts; Accessories therefor for grinding plane surfaces

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the machining of workpiece surfaces, wherein with the aid of a finishing tape finishing material is removed, via which the removed material is substantially removed.
  • US 5,371,973 discloses an unspecified lubricant supplied to abrasive belts via nozzles.
  • DE 196 07 778 A1 discloses that for cutting operations with geometrically defined cutting edge cooling and detergent can be used.
  • the invention has the object to improve a generic method such that the problems mentioned can be avoided.
  • This object is achieved in that takes place using the principle of minimum quantity lubrication of the material removal process using minimum amounts of a cooling and / or lubricating-acting production aid.
  • the process according to the invention has the significant advantage that only very small quantities of the production aid must be disposed of. As a result, the environmental impact of the finishing process is significantly improved. In addition, cost advantages can be achieved, since with less effort legal requirements met and only small quantities of the production process aid must be disposed of costly. In addition, the health burden of the staff can be reduced because it is exposed to only minimal amounts of production auxiliaries and no longer, as in the prior art, larger amounts of coolant. Another advantage is that the cleaning effort of the machine, with which the finishing process is performed, can be significantly reduced.
  • Minimal quantity lubrication has hitherto only been used in machining processes using cutting tools with geometrically determined cutting edges. Since heat removal is critical even in these processes in which comparatively few cutting edges are in engagement with the material to be processed, the principle of minimum quantity lubrication has also been used for grinding and / or finishing operations in which the heat removal is due to the large number of geometrically indefinite cutting edges even more critical is to apply, previously rejected. The experts assumed that a minimum quantity lubrication would not be possible during a grinding and / or finishing process. However, it has surprisingly been found that although it comes to the above-mentioned problems in grinding processes, in finishing processes it is possible to use the minimum quantity lubrication and thereby achieve high to highest surface finishes.
  • the finishing belt can be used once per point of action and then be transported away by suitable transport devices, so that a new section of the finishing belt comes into contact with the workpiece.
  • the removed material is essentially transported away via the finishing belt.
  • the removed material and the production aid or components of the production aid form a moist abrasive mass. This takes in comparison to the known from the prior art coolant only a small volume and can be handled accordingly easier.
  • an air-oil mixture can be used, which can be provided by appropriate minimum quantity lubrication systems.
  • compressed air can be supplied to an injector, in which oil droplets are atomized, so that a fine air-oil mixture is formed. This can then be supplied to the site of action.
  • the air-oil mixture further adjuvants can be added, for example, to further improve the lubricating effect.
  • the workpiece can be driven in rotation, preferably at 50 to 150 revolutions per minute.
  • the workpiece may also be driven slower or faster rotating, but the values mentioned have proven to be suitable in experiments proved to achieve a good surface quality with acceptable processing times.
  • the workpiece and / or the finishing belt can also be driven in an oscillating manner additionally or optionally relative to one another.
  • the surface quality can be further improved.
  • oscillation frequencies of 50 to 400, in particular from 100 to 200 per minute have been found to be advantageous.
  • the oscillation frequency may be lower or higher.
  • the production aid and / or other auxiliaries can be applied to the finishing belt before the material removal process is carried out. This has the advantage that a defined entry of the production aid and / or other auxiliaries can take place.
  • the production aid and / or further auxiliaries can additionally or optionally also be applied to the workpiece surfaces before the material removal process is carried out. This also makes it possible to achieve a good dosage of the auxiliaries used.
  • the order on the finishing tape and / or the workpiece surfaces can be done with the help of a soaked pulley and / or by a bath and / or by spraying.
  • the production aid and / or further auxiliaries may additionally or optionally also be introduced directly into a contact region formed between finishing belt and workpiece surface.
  • the material removal process can be carried out at least twice, for example in order to achieve a high material removal with a first removal process and with a second removal process a particularly high surface quality.
  • different production aids and / or other auxiliaries can be used for successive material removal operations, for example oil for a first material removal process and emulsion for a second material removal process.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
  • Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)

Abstract

In a surface finishing process a fine polishing/cooling/lubricating agent is applied to the rotating work piece surface in small quantities. Following the polishing process the polishing agent is lifted from the surface by a finishing tape and removed. The polishing/cooling/lubricating agent is a mixture of air and oil with further additives.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Bearbeitung von Werkstückoberflächen, wobei mit Hilfe eines Finishbands finishend Material abgetragen wird, über das das abgetragene Material im wesentlichen abtransportiert wird.The invention relates to a method for the machining of workpiece surfaces, wherein with the aid of a finishing tape finishing material is removed, via which the removed material is substantially removed.

Aus dem Stand der Technik ist bekannt, Schleif- und/oder Finishbearbeitungen von Werkstückoberflächen nass, d. h. mit einer Schwallspülung durchzuführen, um die erwünschte Kühl-, Schmier- und Spülwirkung zu erzeugen. Nachteilig bei der Anwendung der Schwallspülung ist der hohe Aufwand, der betrieben werden muss, um die verwendeten Kühlschmierstoffe umweltgerecht zu entsorgen. Darüber hinaus sind die verwendeten Kühlschmierstoffe auch gesundheitlich bedenklich und können Hautprobleme sowie Erkrankungen der Atemwege hervorrufen.From the prior art is known, grinding and / or finish machining of workpiece surfaces wet, d. H. with a surge flush to produce the desired cooling, lubricating and rinsing effect. A disadvantage of the use of the surge flush is the high cost that must be operated to dispose of the used cooling lubricants in an environmentally sound manner. In addition, the cooling lubricants used are also harmful to health and can cause skin problems and respiratory diseases.

Aus der US 6,102,783 ist eine gattungsgemäße Vorrichtung bekannt, bei der eine Düse verwendet wird, um Schneidöl auf die Nocken eines Werkstücks aufzusprühen. Das Schneidöl wird einer Fluidversorgung entnommen und dient gleichzeitig dazu, einen Zylinder der Vorrichtung hydraulisch zu betätigen.From US 6,102,783 a generic device is known in which a nozzle is used to spray cutting oil on the cams of a workpiece. The cutting oil is taken from a fluid supply and also serves to hydraulically actuate a cylinder of the device.

Aus der US 6,220,946 B1 sowie aus der US 5,863,239 ist bekannt, mit Hilfe eines Fertigungshilfsstoffs Abriebmaterial wegzuwaschen.It is known from US Pat. No. 6,220,946 B1 and US Pat. No. 5,863,239 to wash away abrasion material with the aid of a production aid.

Die US 5,695,391 und die US 5,586,926 offenbaren, dass als Fertigungshilfsstoff eine wasserbasierte Emulsion eingesetzt werden kann.US 5,695,391 and US 5,586,926 disclose that a water-based emulsion can be used as a production aid.

Die US 6,312,319 B1 und die US 2003/0022598 A1 schlagen den Einsatz von Fertigungshilfsstoffen mit abrasiven Materialien vor.US Pat. No. 6,312,319 B1 and US 2003/0022598 A1 propose the use of production auxiliaries with abrasive materials.

Die US 5,371,973 offenbart ein nicht näher spezifiziertes Schmiermittel, das Schleifbändern über Düsen zugeführt wird.US 5,371,973 discloses an unspecified lubricant supplied to abrasive belts via nozzles.

Schließlich offenbart die DE 196 07 778 A1, dass für Spanvorgänge mit geometrisch bestimmter Schneide Kühl- und Spülmittel verwendet werden können.Finally, DE 196 07 778 A1 discloses that for cutting operations with geometrically defined cutting edge cooling and detergent can be used.

Hiervon ausgehend liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren derart zu verbessern, dass die genannten Probleme vermieden werden können.On this basis, the invention has the object to improve a generic method such that the problems mentioned can be avoided.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass unter Anwendung des Prinzips der Minimalmengenschmierung der Materialabtragvorgang unter Einsatz von Minimalmengen eines kühlend und/oder schmierend wirkenden Fertigungshilfsstoffs erfolgt.This object is achieved in that takes place using the principle of minimum quantity lubrication of the material removal process using minimum amounts of a cooling and / or lubricating-acting production aid.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren hat den wesentlichen Vorteil, dass nur sehr geringe Mengen des Fertigungshilfsstoffs entsorgt werden müssen. Hierdurch wird die Umweltverträglichkeit des Finishvorgangs erheblich verbessert. Darüber hinaus können Kostenvorteile erzielt werden, da mit geringerem Aufwand Gesetzesauflagen erfüllt und nur kleine Mengen des Fertigungshilfsstoffs kostspielig entsorgt werden müssen. Zusätzlich kann die gesundheitliche Belastung des Personals reduziert werden, weil dieses nur noch minimalen Mengen des Fertigungshilfsstoffs ausgesetzt ist und nicht mehr, wie beim Stand der Technik, größeren Mengen von Kühlschmierstoff. Als weiterer Vorteil ergibt sich, dass der Reinigungsaufwand der Maschine, mit der das Finishverfahren durchgeführt wird, deutlich verringert werden kann.The process according to the invention has the significant advantage that only very small quantities of the production aid must be disposed of. As a result, the environmental impact of the finishing process is significantly improved. In addition, cost advantages can be achieved, since with less effort legal requirements met and only small quantities of the production process aid must be disposed of costly. In addition, the health burden of the staff can be reduced because it is exposed to only minimal amounts of production auxiliaries and no longer, as in the prior art, larger amounts of coolant. Another advantage is that the cleaning effort of the machine, with which the finishing process is performed, can be significantly reduced.

Die Minimalmengenschmierung kommt bisher nur bei Zerspanvorgängen unter Verwendung von Zerspanwerkzeugen mit geometrisch bestimmten Schneiden zum Einsatz. Da bereits bei diesen Vorgängen, bei denen vergleichsweise wenig Schneiden im Eingriff mit dem zu bearbeitenden Material stehen, der Wärmeabtrag kritisch ist, wurde das Prinzip der Minimalmengenschmierung auch bei Schleif- und/oder Finishvorgängen, bei denen der Wärmeabtrag aufgrund der Vielzahl der geometrisch unbestimmten Schneiden noch kritischer ist, zur Anwendung zu bringen, bisher abgelehnt. Die Fachwelt ging davon aus, dass bei einem Schleif- und/oder Finishvorgang eine Minimalmengenschmierung nicht möglich ist. Es hat sich jedoch überraschenderweise herausgestellt, dass es, obwohl es bei Schleifprozessen zu den oben genannten Problemen kommt, bei Finishprozessen möglich ist, die Minimalmengenschmierung einzusetzen und dabei hohe bis höchste Oberflächengüten zu erzielen.Minimal quantity lubrication has hitherto only been used in machining processes using cutting tools with geometrically determined cutting edges. Since heat removal is critical even in these processes in which comparatively few cutting edges are in engagement with the material to be processed, the principle of minimum quantity lubrication has also been used for grinding and / or finishing operations in which the heat removal is due to the large number of geometrically indefinite cutting edges even more critical is to apply, previously rejected. The experts assumed that a minimum quantity lubrication would not be possible during a grinding and / or finishing process. However, it has surprisingly been found that although it comes to the above-mentioned problems in grinding processes, in finishing processes it is possible to use the minimum quantity lubrication and thereby achieve high to highest surface finishes.

Das Finishband kann pro Wirkstelle einmal zum Einsatz kommen und dann durch geeignete Transportvorrichtungen abtransportiert werden, so dass ein neuer Abschnitt des Finishbandes mit dem Werkstück in Kontakt kommt.The finishing belt can be used once per point of action and then be transported away by suitable transport devices, so that a new section of the finishing belt comes into contact with the workpiece.

Das abgetragene Material wird im Wesentlichen über das Finishband abtransportiert. Dabei bilden das abgetragene Material und der Fertigungshilfsstoff oder Bestandteile des Fertigungshilfsstoffs eine feuchte Abriebmasse. Diese nimmt im Vergleich zum aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Kühlschmierstoff nur ein geringes Volumen ein und kann entsprechend einfacher gehandhabt werden.The removed material is essentially transported away via the finishing belt. In this case, the removed material and the production aid or components of the production aid form a moist abrasive mass. This takes in comparison to the known from the prior art coolant only a small volume and can be handled accordingly easier.

Als Fertigungshilfsstoff kann ein Luft-Öl-Gemisch verwendet werden, das durch geeignete Minimalmengenschmiersysteme bereitgestellt werden kann. Beispielsweise kann Druckluft einem Injektor zugeführt werden, in dem Öltropfen zerstäubt werden, so dass ein feines Luft-Öl-Gemisch entsteht. Dieses kann dann der Wirkstelle zugeführt werden.As a production aid, an air-oil mixture can be used, which can be provided by appropriate minimum quantity lubrication systems. For example, compressed air can be supplied to an injector, in which oil droplets are atomized, so that a fine air-oil mixture is formed. This can then be supplied to the site of action.

Dem Luft-Öl-Gemisch können weitere Hilfsstoffe zugemischt werden, beispielsweise um die Schmierwirkung weiter zu verbessern.The air-oil mixture further adjuvants can be added, for example, to further improve the lubricating effect.

Das Werkstück kann rotierend angetrieben werden, vorzugsweise mit 50 bis 150 Umdrehungen pro Minute. Das Werkstück kann auch langsamer oder schneller rotierend angetrieben sein, die genannten Werte haben sich jedoch in Versuchen als geeignet erwiesen, um eine gute Oberflächenqualität bei akzeptablen Bearbeitungszeiten zu erzielen.The workpiece can be driven in rotation, preferably at 50 to 150 revolutions per minute. The workpiece may also be driven slower or faster rotating, but the values mentioned have proven to be suitable in experiments proved to achieve a good surface quality with acceptable processing times.

Das Werkstück und/oder das Finishband können auch zusätzlich oder optional relativ zueinander oszillierend angetrieben werden. Hierdurch kann die Oberflächengüte weiter verbessert werden. In Versuchen haben sich Oszillationsfrequenzen von 50 bis 400, insbesondere von 100 bis 200 pro Minute als vorteilhaft herausgestellt. Die Oszillationsfrequenz kann jedoch auch geringer oder höher sein.The workpiece and / or the finishing belt can also be driven in an oscillating manner additionally or optionally relative to one another. As a result, the surface quality can be further improved. In experiments, oscillation frequencies of 50 to 400, in particular from 100 to 200 per minute have been found to be advantageous. However, the oscillation frequency may be lower or higher.

Der Fertigungshilfsstoff und/oder weitere Hilfsstoffe können auf das Finishband aufgetragen werden, bevor der Materialabtragvorgang durchgeführt wird. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass ein definierter Eintrag des Fertigungshilfsstoffs und/oder weiterer Hilfsstoffe erfolgen kann.The production aid and / or other auxiliaries can be applied to the finishing belt before the material removal process is carried out. This has the advantage that a defined entry of the production aid and / or other auxiliaries can take place.

Der Fertigungshilfsstoff und/oder weitere Hilfsstoffe können zusätzlich oder optional auch auf die Werkstückoberflächen aufgetragen werden, bevor der Materialabtragvorgang durchgeführt wird. Auch hierdurch kann eine gute Dosierung der verwendeten Hilfsstoffe erreicht werden.The production aid and / or further auxiliaries can additionally or optionally also be applied to the workpiece surfaces before the material removal process is carried out. This also makes it possible to achieve a good dosage of the auxiliaries used.

Der Auftrag auf das Finishband und/oder die Werkstückoberflächen kann mit Hilfe einer getränkten Umlenkrolle und/oder durch ein Bad und/oder durch Aufsprühen erfolgen. Der Fertigungshilfsstoff und/oder weitere Hilfsstoffe können zusätzlich oder optional aber auch direkt in einen zwischen Finishband und Werkstückoberfläche gebildeten Kontaktbereich eingebracht werden.The order on the finishing tape and / or the workpiece surfaces can be done with the help of a soaked pulley and / or by a bath and / or by spraying. The production aid and / or further auxiliaries may additionally or optionally also be introduced directly into a contact region formed between finishing belt and workpiece surface.

Der Materialabtragvorgang kann mindestens zweimalig durchgeführt werden, beispielsweise um mit einem ersten Abtragvorgang einen hohen Materialabtrag und mit einem zweiten Abtragvorgang eine besonders hohe Oberflächengüte zu erzielen. Dabei können für aufeinander folgende Materialabtragvorgänge verschiedene Fertigungshilfsstoffe und/oder weitere Hilfsstoffe verwendet werden, bspw. Öl für einen ersten Materialabtragvorgang und Emulsion für einen zweiten Materialabtragvorgang.The material removal process can be carried out at least twice, for example in order to achieve a high material removal with a first removal process and with a second removal process a particularly high surface quality. In this case, different production aids and / or other auxiliaries can be used for successive material removal operations, for example oil for a first material removal process and emulsion for a second material removal process.

Claims (11)

  1. Method for machining workpiece surfaces, finishing material being removed by a finishing belt, via which the removed material is substantially taken away, characterised in that the material removal procedure is carried out using minimum quantities of a cooling and/or lubricating manufacturing auxiliary, while applying the principle of minimum quantity lubrication.
  2. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that an air-oil mixture is used as the manufacturing auxiliary.
  3. Method according to claim 2, characterised in that auxiliaries are mixed with the air-oil mixture.
  4. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the workpiece is driven in a rotating manner.
  5. Method according to claim 4, characterised in that the workpiece is driven at a speed of 50 to 150 rpm.
  6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the workpiece and/or the finishing agent is/are driven in an oscillating manner relative to one another.
  7. Method according to claim 6, characterised in that the oscillation frequency is set at 50 to 400, in particular 100 to 200, per minute.
  8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the manufacturing auxiliary and/or other auxiliaries is/are applied to the finishing agent before the material removal procedure is carried out.
  9. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the manufacturing auxiliary and/or other auxiliaries is/are applied to the workpiece surfaces before the material removal procedure is carried out.
  10. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the manufacturing auxiliary and/or other auxiliaries is/are applied using an impregnated deflection roller and/or using a bath and/or by spraying on.
  11. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the manufacturing auxiliary and/or other auxiliaries is/are introduced into a contact region formed between finishing agent and workpiece surface.
EP04400051A 2003-09-25 2004-09-20 Method for machining a workpiece surface Revoked EP1518644B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10346254A DE10346254A1 (en) 2003-09-25 2003-09-25 Method for machining workpiece surfaces
DE10346254 2003-09-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1518644A1 EP1518644A1 (en) 2005-03-30
EP1518644B1 true EP1518644B1 (en) 2006-11-29

Family

ID=34178040

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04400051A Revoked EP1518644B1 (en) 2003-09-25 2004-09-20 Method for machining a workpiece surface

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP1518644B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE346721T1 (en)
DE (2) DE10346254A1 (en)

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4318769A1 (en) * 1992-06-16 1993-12-23 Volkswagen Ag Machining position cooling during chip removing machining - adds defined vol. of cooling lubricant to supplied air stream in front of machining position
US5371973A (en) * 1992-09-30 1994-12-13 Western Atlas Inc. Grinding machine utilizing multiple, parallel, abrasive belts simultaneously grinding surfaces on a workpiece
DE4309134C2 (en) * 1993-03-22 1999-03-04 Wilfried Wahl Process for the lubrication and cooling of cutting edges and / or workpieces in machining processes
US5586926A (en) * 1994-09-06 1996-12-24 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Method for texturing a metallic thin film
US5695391A (en) * 1995-12-28 1997-12-09 Supfina Grieshaber Gmbh & Co. Super finishing machine
US5664991A (en) * 1996-01-11 1997-09-09 Barton, Ii; Kenneth A. Microfinishing and roller burnishing machine
DE19607778C2 (en) * 1996-03-01 2001-10-11 Nagel Masch Werkzeug Device for finishing processing, in particular crankshafts or camshafts
US6312319B1 (en) * 1997-04-04 2001-11-06 Timothy J. Donohue Polishing media magazine for improved polishing
DE19749940C5 (en) * 1997-11-11 2010-05-20 Boehringer Werkzeugmaschinen Gmbh Method of use for finishing crankshafts
DE19800885A1 (en) * 1998-01-13 1999-07-15 Thielenhaus Ernst Gmbh & Co Kg Device for finishing peripheral surfaces on rotating workpieces, in particular for finishing cam discs and cams of a camshaft
US6220946B1 (en) * 1998-02-13 2001-04-24 Philip D. Arnold Active polishing of rotatable article surfaces
JP3244072B2 (en) * 1998-09-09 2002-01-07 豊田工機株式会社 Cooling method in grinding
US20020072296A1 (en) * 2000-11-29 2002-06-13 Muilenburg Michael J. Abrasive article having a window system for polishing wafers, and methods

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE346721T1 (en) 2006-12-15
DE502004002154D1 (en) 2007-01-11
DE10346254A1 (en) 2005-05-12
EP1518644A1 (en) 2005-03-30

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