EP1476586A1 - Steel, solid wheel, and tire for rail vehicles and method for producing parts of this type - Google Patents

Steel, solid wheel, and tire for rail vehicles and method for producing parts of this type

Info

Publication number
EP1476586A1
EP1476586A1 EP03706505A EP03706505A EP1476586A1 EP 1476586 A1 EP1476586 A1 EP 1476586A1 EP 03706505 A EP03706505 A EP 03706505A EP 03706505 A EP03706505 A EP 03706505A EP 1476586 A1 EP1476586 A1 EP 1476586A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
steel
steel according
weight
content
wheel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03706505A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1476586B1 (en
Inventor
Ingo Poschmann
Cornelia Heermant
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bochumer Verein Verkehrstechnik GmbH
Original Assignee
Bochumer Verein Verkehrstechnik GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bochumer Verein Verkehrstechnik GmbH filed Critical Bochumer Verein Verkehrstechnik GmbH
Publication of EP1476586A1 publication Critical patent/EP1476586A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1476586B1 publication Critical patent/EP1476586B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/56General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
    • C21D1/613Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/62Quenching devices
    • C21D1/667Quenching devices for spray quenching
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21DMODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/34Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for tyres; for rims
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a steel for the production of rolling elements in use for rail vehicles, such as solid wheels, wheel tires or shafts or the like, solid wheels and wheel tires made from such steel and a method for their production.
  • Wheels for rail vehicles can be made of solid material or as built wheels in which a wheel tire is mounted on a rim. Regardless of whether it is a full wheel or a built wheel, rail wheels are subject to considerable loads in the area of their running surfaces that come into contact with the rail. These loads are increased due to increased axle loads, higher average speeds and also increased acceleration and braking forces with regard to the economy of rail operations.
  • Unalloyed or low-alloy carbon steels such as those specified in DIN EN 13262, are usually used as the material for the solid wheels and the wheel tires of built wheels. These steels have a maximum carbon content of 0.48% by weight (steel ER6), 0.52% by weight (steel ER7), 0.56% by weight (steel ER8), 0.60% by weight ( Steel ER9).
  • minimum yield strengths R p o, 2 of 500 N / mm 2 , the steel ER7 of 520 N / mm 2 , the steel ER8 of 540 N / mm 2 and the steel ER9 of 580 N / mm 2 must be used for the steel ER6 be guaranteed.
  • the average tensile strengths R m for the steels ER6, ER7, ER8 and ER9 are 780/900 N / mm 2 , 820/900 N / mm 2 , 860/980 N / mm 2 and 900/1050 N, respectively / mm 2 .
  • the materials are subject to complex mechanical and thermal stresses that can occur as constant or changing loads.
  • the strength in particular the heat resistance, the fatigue strength and fatigue strength, the crack initiation and crack growth behavior, the fracture toughness, have a decisive influence on the level up to which the material used or the component made from it can withstand the respective effective stresses.
  • the thermal fatigue behavior in particular the thermal shock behavior and the wear behavior, which manifests itself in particular in the resistance to rolling contact fatigue and adhesive / tribochetic and abrasive wear.
  • the wheels or wheel tires produced from the known steels are generally rim-hardened or, in the case of the production of Wheel tires completely immersed in a liquid medium.
  • the wheels or wheel tires heated to the hardening temperature are sprayed with water in the area of their tread. Due to the forced cooling, the relatively high strengths are achieved.
  • a defined residual stress state is set in the respective workpiece by the targeted quenching.
  • the known rolling bearing steel is said to be (in% by weight) 0.45 to 0.55% C, 1.2 to 1.3% Si, 0.6 to 0.7% Mn, less than 0.5% Cr, less contain than 0.15% Cu, 0.3 to 0.4% Mo, less than 0.2% Ni and 0.11 to 0.16% V.
  • the ratio of Si / Mn must be 1.8 to 2.2 and the ratio V: MO: CR: MO 1: 1.8 to 2.4: 3.2 to 3.8: 4.2 to 4.8 amount in order to obtain the desired high wear resistance with high heat resistance.
  • a low-alloy or unalloyed steel in the manner of the known steel has, if it is processed conventionally and that in DE 198 37 311 C2 has specified mechanical characteristics, a remuneration structure.
  • Such a non-equilibrium structure proves to be more readily transformable than a structure close to equilibrium if it is heated rapidly above the transition temperature.
  • the object of the invention was to provide a steel material that meets the high demands that arise in practice even under high thermal loads.
  • a method should be specified with which rail wheels and similarly loaded components can be produced from steels according to the invention, which have an optimal distribution of properties for the loads occurring in practice.
  • the alloying elements contained in the steel according to the invention are selected such that they have a ferritic-pearlitic structure when using a suitable heat treatment.
  • This structure is distinguished by a particularly good resistance to wear and has a thermodynamic stability which is higher than that of the bainitic or martensitic structures found in the prior art. In this way, steel composed according to the invention is able to react more transiently to brief transgressions of the transformation temperature than a steel with a tempering structure.
  • steel according to the invention proves to be a transformation carrier than the known steels ER6 to ER9, so that the risk of a structural transformation in the steel according to the invention, also due to a short-term heating to high temperatures, resulting in a deterioration in the material properties, of a significantly higher C - Steels with a low content are significantly reduced.
  • Steel according to the invention is therefore particularly suitable for the manufacture of such components that are exposed to extremely high temperature loads during operation, each of which spans a longer time interval, such as occurs in heavy-duty operation, when braking at high speeds from a block or when the wheel and rail slip in the area of the tread.
  • the steel according to the invention has a significantly reduced carbon content compared to steels conventionally used for the production of components that are subjected to rolling loads during operation.
  • the manganese content has also been reduced compared to conventional steels. Both measures serve to delay the formation of austenite which otherwise occurs when heated above the transition temperature. This can be achieved particularly effectively and safely if carbon contents in the range from 0.37% by weight to 0.41% by weight are selected. It is also beneficial to the increased safety of avoiding austenite formation if the Mn contents in steel according to the invention are limited to 0.30% by weight to 0.40% by weight.
  • steel according to the invention has mechanical properties which correspond to or exceed those of the known steels ER7, ER8 and ER9 used for the production of rail wheels.
  • tensile strengths which are in the range from 700 MPa to 950 MPa, with an elastic limit which is in the range from 475 MPa to 625 MPa, an elongation at break which is 27% to 17%, a constriction of fracture which is 60% to 50%, and one Notched impact energy KU reached 40 J to 20 J (notched impact energy KU determined at room temperature on samples that have a U-notch).
  • steel according to the invention contains a higher Si content than conventional steels. This is matched to the manganese content of the steel according to the invention in such a way that the ferrite phase of the pearlitic-ferritic structure is solidified by solid-solution hardening. Martensite, which can form despite the stabilization of the ferrite occurring with the composition according to the invention, is less brittle and is therefore less detrimental to the wear resistance of the steel according to the invention.
  • the desired stabilizing effect of silicon in the steel according to the invention can be achieved particularly reliably if the Si content is 0.90% by weight to 1.00% by weight, it being particularly advantageous if these contents already match the preferred Mn contents mentioned above can be combined.
  • the molybdenum contents provided according to the invention serve the same purpose, forming favorable fine precipitates with regard to hardening.
  • Cr and Mo increase the heat resistance in the steel according to the invention. As a result, they guarantee increased creep resistance that Steel according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in heavy-duty operation.
  • the contents of these two alloy elements are preferably in the range from 0.90% by weight to 1.00% by weight of Cr and 0.15% by weight to 0.20% by weight of Mo.
  • the upper limits within which the iron accompanying elements P and S can still be endured in steel according to the invention are as low as possible in order to largely rule out the formation of sulfides and other undesirable precipitates.
  • the content of P is preferably limited to a maximum of 0.007% by weight and that of S to a maximum of 0.003% by weight.
  • the H content is therefore preferably limited to a maximum of 2.0 pp, in particular a maximum of 1.6 ppm, and that of 0 to a maximum of 40 ppm.
  • steel according to the invention can contain further elements such as V, Nb, B, Ti or Al. Depending on the alloying element used, sufficient quantities of N must be added to produce the desired strength-increasing precipitates. Both a single and a combined addition of these elements to the steel according to the invention is possible, a steel according to the invention, if it is microalloyed, in each case containing at least two of the elements in question.
  • the V content is preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.10% by weight, that of Nb in the range from 0.01% by weight to 0.015% by weight and that of B in the range from 0.0020% by weight to 0.0030% by weight.
  • a steel according to the invention which is optimized with regard to the influences of all elements and which ensures that the desired work result is achieved in a particularly reliable manner is thus composed as follows (in% by weight unless otherwise stated):
  • steel according to the invention is particularly suitable for the production of solid wheels or wheel tires for rail vehicles. It turns out to be particularly favorable that the optimized properties of solid wheels are not only found in the area of the tread directly under rolling load, but also depend on the respective heat and Apply cooling treatment to the entire rim, blade, and hub of the wheel. Likewise, the mechanical properties of wheel tires produced from steel according to the invention are evenly distributed over their thickness.
  • the solid wheel or the wheel built with a tire according to the invention has a distribution of properties in the area of its tread, even after several material-removing reworkings, which distribution is essentially equal to that of the Is new.
  • the occurrence of embrittlement and the associated risk of material breakouts or uneven wear due to structural changes is reduced to a minimum.
  • the object on which the invention is based is achieved in that a blank is produced from a steel according to the invention in such a way that the blank is subjected to controlled heating to a level above the Austenite transformation temperature is subjected to heating temperature and that the blank is cooled in a controlled manner after the controlled heating by applying cooling fluid, in particular an air stream, to the surface of the blank in at least one section in such a way that a cooling rate is obtained which is lower than with quenching a quenching liquid and higher than in still air.
  • cooling fluid in particular an air stream
  • the component produced by the method according to the invention has, despite the use of a low-alloy steel composition which is significantly lower in carbon compared to the known steels and although it has a ferritic-pearlitic structure, an optimized strength, toughness, fracture toughness and an equally optimal fatigue for the intended use - Wear and crack progress behavior. These properties are distributed very evenly over the component.
  • the method according to the invention provides for the blank to be cooled by means of a fluid which, although controlled, cools the workpiece considerably milder than is the case with conventional quenching. According to the invention, there is consequently no quenching of the respective tread with high cooling rates, but rather a comparatively slow cooling takes place which, under the conditions created by the composition of the steel according to the invention, favorably affects the formation of a uniform structure and a low gradient of the mechanical properties affects the cross section of the respective component.
  • cooling fluid corresponds to that of air. It is essential that the cooling speeds achieved with the fluid cooling according to the invention are respectively higher than with cooling in still air, but always lower than the cooling rates that are achieved with liquid cooling.
  • the particular advantage of using a gas for cooling the blank is that such a gas can be easily passed over the surface section of the blank to be cooled. In contrast to the use of quenching liquids, cooling concentrated on a specific area can be carried out without the risk that adjacent areas are also unintentionally caught by the cooling by flowing liquid.
  • cooling from the heating temperature which is above the austenite transformation temperature and is generally 900 ° C. and more, to a temperature below 450 ° C.
  • the cooling is preferably carried out within a time interval which is at least 5 minutes and at most 25 minutes. It has been shown that cooling is particularly safe if these boundary conditions are observed Have products produced that are clearly superior to the products produced in a conventional manner with regard to their resilience in practical use.
  • the mechanical properties of the products produced according to the invention meet all requirements which are made of materials for components according to the applicable regulations, which rotate when used under contact load, as is the case with rail wheels, rail wheel rings or shafts.
  • the rail wheels and wheel tires produced by the method according to the invention have significantly higher residual compressive stresses in the wheel rim than wheels or tires which have been produced from conventional steels in a conventional manner. It has thus been found that the residual compressive stresses in the wheels or wheel tires according to the invention were regularly above those which could be determined for conventionally manufactured wheels and wheel tires. The high residual compressive stresses also contribute to the wear resistance of solid rail wheels and wheel tires produced according to the invention, by generally counteracting the formation of cracks and, in the event that a crack nevertheless occurs, inhibit its progress.
  • the invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment.
  • the single figure shows a section of an axially cut solid wheel for rail vehicles.
  • the rail wheel blank 1 is a rail wheel blank 1 made of solid material.
  • the rail wheel blank 1 which is conventionally designed in its shape, has a running surface 2 which runs around its outer circumference and is formed on the peripheral surface of the wheel rim 3 of the rail wheel blank 1.
  • the tread 2 is delimited by a wheel flange 5 which also runs around the circumference of the rail wheel blank 1 and is raised in the radial direction relative to the tread 2.
  • a groove 2a is formed in the area of the transition from the tread 2 to the flange 5.
  • the wheel rim 3 is integrally connected to the outer circumferential edge of a disc 6, the one opposite Wheel rim 3 has a significantly reduced cross-sectional thickness and is aligned approximately centrally to the wheel rim 3 in the axial direction.
  • the disc 6 is supported by a hub 7, which is also integrally connected to it and is aligned concentrically with the wheel rim 3.
  • the rail wheel blank 1 After the shaping processing, the rail wheel blank 1 has been subjected to an austenitization in which it has been heated to a temperature above 875 ° C. for at least one hour. The still hot rail wheel blank was then placed in a cooling device, not shown in detail here.
  • the cooling device in question has a plurality of individually or jointly orientable nozzles, likewise not shown here, each of which directs an air flow L 1 - L 5 onto the rail wheel blank 1.
  • the first air flow L 1 is, for example, on the running surface 2, the second air flow L 2 on the circumferential surface 5 a of the wheel flange 5, the third air flow L 3 on the front side 4 assigned to the wheel flange 5, the air flow L 4 on the front side 8 of the rail wheel blank opposite the front side 4 1 and the air flow L5 directed into the throat 2a.
  • the ventilation flows L1 to L5 are directed individually, in groups or all at the rail wheel blank 1. It is essential here that the cooling in the areas of the rail wheel blank 1 hit by the respective air flows L1 to L5 advances at cooling rates that are higher than those on the one hand Still air, on the other hand, achieved lower than the cooling speeds that are achieved with liquids in conventional cooling, for example in the case of the well-known tread hardening.
  • the air streams L1 to L5 can be aligned without any problems and, if necessary, removed by suitable suction systems so that, for example, the disk 6 and the hub 7 are not hit by them. Accelerated cooling which is undesirable in these areas can thus be reliably avoided.
  • the rail wheel blank 1 After the end of the air flow cooling, the rail wheel blank 1 has a homogeneously distributed ferritic-pearlitic structure in the area of the wheel rim 3 and wheel flange 5, which is covered by the targeted cooling by the air flows L1 to L5, which is characterized by high strengths and also in the case of high briefly occurring during rail operation Thermal loads prove to be sluggish against undesired structural transformation. At the same time, 3 high residual compressive stresses have arisen in the area of the wheel rim, which ensure that the operational formation and growth of cracks in the tread 2 of the finished wheels are suppressed in the long term. In the area of the disk 6 and the hub 7, on the other hand, the disk blank 1 has a tough structure which ensures that the finished rail wheel can safely absorb the loads occurring in this area.
  • the properties of the products produced in the manner according to the invention were determined on the basis of comparative tests in which the known steels R7 (0.52% by weight C, 0.40% by weight Si, 0.80% by weight Mn, 0.020) %
  • P 0.015% by weight S
  • 0.30% by weight Cr 0.30% by weight Cu
  • 0.08% by weight Mo 0.30% by weight
  • Ni 0 , 06% by weight
  • V sum of the parts by weight of Cr, Mo and Ni 0.5% by weight
  • R8 which, with the same composition as the steel R7, has a higher C content of 0.56% by weight.
  • % has, test pieces manufactured.
  • test pieces were produced from the steel E1 according to the invention mentioned above by way of example and further test pieces were made from a steel E2 which, with the rest of the composition identical to the steel E1 according to the invention, had a C content of 0.45 wt.
  • test pieces produced according to the invention were brought to a heating temperature which was so high that the austenitization started reliably.
  • the specimens were held at this heating temperature for about two hours.
  • the samples were then cooled in a controlled manner in an air stream.
  • Diag. 1 shows the range of temperature / time profiles that led to an optimal work result.
  • the line uK shows the course of the temperature decrease that occurs when, starting from the heating temperature of approx. 900 ° C, within approx. 348 seconds (5.8 minutes) to a final cooling temperature of approx. 400 ° C in the air flow is cooled.
  • the line oK shows the course of the decrease in temperature that occurs when, based on the heating temperature, cooling to the final cooling temperature takes place within approx. 1328 seconds (22.13 minutes).
  • Table 1 are the according to the invention manufactured samples compared properties compared to the properties of the conventionally produced from the known steels R7 and R8. It can be seen that the mechanical properties of the samples produced according to the invention are at least equal or superior to those conventionally produced. Further investigations have shown that the same applies to crack propagation behavior. However, the samples produced according to the invention have a significantly improved wear behavior and an equally significantly improved heat resistance.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a steel material for producing parts, which are stressed while rolling, for rail vehicles. This steel material meets the high demands placed thereon when in use even when subjected to high thermal stress. This steel contains (in wt. %): C: 0.33 - 0.49 %, Si: 0.85 - 1.00 %, Mn: 0.25 - 0.40 %, Cr: 0.85 - 1.00 %, Mo: 0.10 - 0.20 %, Cu: ≤ 0.10 %, Ni: ≤ 0.10 %, P: ≤ 0.009 %, S: ≤ 0.005 % and optionally contains one or more alloy elements selected from the group consisting of: V: 0.06 - 0.10 %, Nb: 0.010 - 0.015 %, B: 0.0015 - 0.0030 %, Ti: ≤ 0.01 %, Al: 0.010 - 0.015 %, N: 0.005 - 0.010 %, whereby the remainder consists of iron and unavoidable impurities. The inventive method enables the production of rail wheels and similarly stressed parts from the inventive steels. These rail wheels and similarly stressed parts have a property distribution that is optimal for the stresses occurring when in use.

Description

Stahl, Vollrad und Radreifen für Schienenfahrzeuge und Verfahren zur Herstellung derartiger Bauelemente Steel, solid wheel and wheel tires for rail vehicles and methods for producing such components
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Stahl zur Herstellung von im Einsatz rollend belasteten Bauelementen für Schienenfahrzeuge, wie Vollräder, Radreifen oder Wellen oder dergleichen, aus einem solchen Stahl hergestellte Vollräder und Radreifen sowie ein Verfahren zu deren Herstellung.The invention relates to a steel for the production of rolling elements in use for rail vehicles, such as solid wheels, wheel tires or shafts or the like, solid wheels and wheel tires made from such steel and a method for their production.
Räder für Schienenfahrzeuge können aus Vollmaterial oder als gebaute Räder hergestellt sein, bei denen ein Radreifen auf eine Felge aufgezogen ist. Unabhängig davon, ob es sich um ein Vollrad oder ein gebautes Rad handelt, unterliegen Schienenräder im Fahrbetrieb im Bereich ihrer mit der Schiene in Kontakt kommenden Laufflächen erheblichen Belastungen. Diese Belastungen werden durch im Hinblick auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Bahnbetriebs erhöhte Achslasten, höhere Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeiten und ebenso erhöhte Beschleunigungs- und Bremskräfte gesteigert.Wheels for rail vehicles can be made of solid material or as built wheels in which a wheel tire is mounted on a rim. Regardless of whether it is a full wheel or a built wheel, rail wheels are subject to considerable loads in the area of their running surfaces that come into contact with the rail. These loads are increased due to increased axle loads, higher average speeds and also increased acceleration and braking forces with regard to the economy of rail operations.
Als Werkstoff für die Vollräder und die Radreifen gebauter Räder werden üblicherweise unlegierte oder niedrig legierte Kohlenstoffstähle eingesetzt, wie sie beispielsweise in der DIN EN 13262 vorgegeben sind. Diese Stähle weisen Kohlenstoffgehalte von maximal 0,48 Gew.-% (Stahl ER6), 0,52 Gew.-% (Stahl ER7) , 0,56 Gew.-% (Stahl ER8), 0,60 Gew.-% (Stahl ER9) auf. Gleichzeitig enthalten sie jeweils 0,40 Gew.-% Si, 0,75 Gew.-% (Stahl ER6) bzw. 0,80 Gew.-% (Stähle ER7 , ER8, ER9) Mn, jeweils maximal 0,30 Gew.-% Cr, Cu und Ni, 0,06 Gew.-% V sowie maximal 0,08 % Gew.-% Mo auf, wobei die Summe der Gehalte an Cr, Mn und Ni höchstens 0,5 Gew.-% betragen soll.Unalloyed or low-alloy carbon steels, such as those specified in DIN EN 13262, are usually used as the material for the solid wheels and the wheel tires of built wheels. These steels have a maximum carbon content of 0.48% by weight (steel ER6), 0.52% by weight (steel ER7), 0.56% by weight (steel ER8), 0.60% by weight ( Steel ER9). Included at the same time each 0.40% by weight Si, 0.75% by weight (steel ER6) or 0.80% by weight (steels ER7, ER8, ER9) Mn, in each case a maximum of 0.30% by weight Cr, Cu and Ni, 0.06% by weight of V and a maximum of 0.08% by weight of Mo, the sum of the contents of Cr, Mn and Ni being at most 0.5% by weight.
Bei dieser Zusammensetzung müssen für den Stahl ER6 Mindestdehngrenzen Rpo,2 von 500 N/mm2, den Stahl ER7 von 520 N/mm2, den Stahl ER8 von 540 N/mm2 und den Stahl ER9 von 580 N/mm2 garantiert werden. Die durchschnittlichen Zugfestigkeiten Rm liegen für die Stähle ER6, ER7, ER8 bzw. ER9 bei 780/900 N/mm2, bei 820/900 N/mm2, bei 860/980 N/mm2 bzw. bei 900/1050 N/mm2.With this composition, minimum yield strengths R p o, 2 of 500 N / mm 2 , the steel ER7 of 520 N / mm 2 , the steel ER8 of 540 N / mm 2 and the steel ER9 of 580 N / mm 2 must be used for the steel ER6 be guaranteed. The average tensile strengths R m for the steels ER6, ER7, ER8 and ER9 are 780/900 N / mm 2 , 820/900 N / mm 2 , 860/980 N / mm 2 and 900/1050 N, respectively / mm 2 .
Im System Rad-Schiene unterliegen die Werkstoffe komplexen mechanischen und thermischen Beanspruchungen, die als konstante oder wechselnde Belastungen auftreten können. Entscheidenden Einfluss auf das Niveau, bis zu dem das jeweils verwendete Material bzw. das daraus hergestellte Bauteil die jeweils wirksamen Beanspruchungen ertragen kann, haben dabei die Festigkeit, insbesondere die Warmfestigkeit, die Dauer- und Zeitfestigkeit, das Rissinitiierungs- und Risswachstumsverhalten, die Bruchzähigkeit, das thermische Ermüdungsverhalten, insbesondere das Thermoschockverhalten sowie das Verschleißverhalten, welches sich insbesondere in der Resistenz gegen Rollkontaktermüdung und adhäsiven/triboche ischen sowie abrasiven Verschleiß äußert.In the wheel-rail system, the materials are subject to complex mechanical and thermal stresses that can occur as constant or changing loads. The strength, in particular the heat resistance, the fatigue strength and fatigue strength, the crack initiation and crack growth behavior, the fracture toughness, have a decisive influence on the level up to which the material used or the component made from it can withstand the respective effective stresses. the thermal fatigue behavior, in particular the thermal shock behavior and the wear behavior, which manifests itself in particular in the resistance to rolling contact fatigue and adhesive / tribochetic and abrasive wear.
Um den sich in der Praxis stellenden Belastungen gerecht zu werden, werden die aus den bekannten Stählen hergestellten Räder oder Radreifen im allgemeinen radkranzgehärtet oder, im Fall der Herstellung von Radreifen, vollständig in ein flüssiges Medium getaucht. Dazu werden die auf Härtetemperatur erwärmten Räder bzw. Radreifen im Bereich ihrer Lauffläche gezielt mit Wasser besprüht. Durch die so erzwungene Abkühlung werden die relativ hohen Festigkeiten erzielt. Gleichzeitig wird durch die gezielte Abschreckung ein definierter Eigenspannungszustand in dem jeweiligen Werkstück eingestellt.In order to cope with the loads that arise in practice, the wheels or wheel tires produced from the known steels are generally rim-hardened or, in the case of the production of Wheel tires completely immersed in a liquid medium. For this purpose, the wheels or wheel tires heated to the hardening temperature are sprayed with water in the area of their tread. Due to the forced cooling, the relatively high strengths are achieved. At the same time, a defined residual stress state is set in the respective workpiece by the targeted quenching.
Aufgrund der immer höher werdenden Belastungen entsteht die Gefahr, dass die Grenzen der Belastbarkeit der aus den bekannten Stählen hergestellten Schienenräder erreicht werden. So zeigt sich schon heute, dass das Betriebsverhalten der konventionell erzeugten Schienenräder bzw. -reifen den seitens der Betreiber in Zukunft bezüglich der Laufleistungen gestellten Anforderungen nicht mehr gewachsen sein wird.Due to the ever increasing loads, there is a risk that the limits of the load capacity of the rail wheels made from the known steels will be reached. It can already be seen today that the operating behavior of the conventionally produced rail wheels or tires will no longer be able to cope with the demands made by operators in future in terms of mileage.
Es ist versucht worden, die Verschleißeigenschaften von Schienenrädern und für Schienenräder bestimmten Radreifen dadurch zu verbessern, dass ein Wälzlagerstahl zu ihrer Herstellung verwendet wird (DE 198 37 311 C2) . Der bekannte Wälzlagerstahl soll (in Gew.-%) 0,45 bis 0,55 % C, 1,2 bis 1,3 % Si, 0,6 bis 0,7 % Mn, weniger als 0,5 % Cr, weniger als 0,15 % Cu, 0,3 bis 0,4 % Mo, weniger als 0,2 % Ni und 0,11 bis 0,16 % V enthalten. Dabei muss das Verhältnis von Si/Mn 1,8 bis 2,2 und das Verhältnis V:MO:CR:MO 1 : 1,8 bis 2,4 : 3,2 bis 3,8 : 4,2 bis 4,8 betragen, um den gewünscht hohen Verschleißwiderstand bei gleichzeitig hoher Warmfestigkeit zu erhalten.Attempts have been made to improve the wear properties of rail wheels and wheel tires intended for rail wheels by using rolling bearing steel for their manufacture (DE 198 37 311 C2). The known rolling bearing steel is said to be (in% by weight) 0.45 to 0.55% C, 1.2 to 1.3% Si, 0.6 to 0.7% Mn, less than 0.5% Cr, less contain than 0.15% Cu, 0.3 to 0.4% Mo, less than 0.2% Ni and 0.11 to 0.16% V. The ratio of Si / Mn must be 1.8 to 2.2 and the ratio V: MO: CR: MO 1: 1.8 to 2.4: 3.2 to 3.8: 4.2 to 4.8 amount in order to obtain the desired high wear resistance with high heat resistance.
Ein nach Art des bekannten Stahles niedriglegierter bzw. unlegierter Stahl besitzt, wenn er konventionell verarbeitet wird und die in der DE 198 37 311 C2 angegebenen mechanischen Kennwerte aufweist, ein Vergütungsgefüge. Ein solches Nicht-Gleichgewichtsgefüge erweist sich bei einer schnellen Erwärmung über die Umwandlungstemperatur hinaus als umwandlungsfreudiger als gleichgewichtsnahe Gefüge.A low-alloy or unalloyed steel in the manner of the known steel has, if it is processed conventionally and that in DE 198 37 311 C2 has specified mechanical characteristics, a remuneration structure. Such a non-equilibrium structure proves to be more readily transformable than a structure close to equilibrium if it is heated rapidly above the transition temperature.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung bestand darin, einen Stahlwerkstoff zu schaffen, der den sich in der Praxis stellenden hohen Anforderungen auch bei hoher thermischer Belastung gerecht wird. Darüber hinaus sollte ein Verfahren angegeben werden, mit dem sich aus erfindungsgemäßen Stählen Schienenräder und vergleichbar belastete Bauelemente herstellen lassen, die eine für die in der Praxis auftretenden Belastungen optimale Eigenschaftsverteilung besitzen.The object of the invention was to provide a steel material that meets the high demands that arise in practice even under high thermal loads. In addition, a method should be specified with which rail wheels and similarly loaded components can be produced from steels according to the invention, which have an optimal distribution of properties for the loads occurring in practice.
Diese Aufgabe wird ausgehend von dem voranstehend erläuterten Stand der Technik in Bezug auf den Werkstoff durch einen Stahl für die Herstellung von Vollrädern, Radreifen, Wellen oder vergleichbar rollend belasteten Bauelementen für Schienenfahrzeuge mit folgender Zusammensetzung (in Gew.-%) gelöst:This problem is solved on the basis of the prior art explained above with regard to the material by means of a steel for the production of solid wheels, wheel tires, shafts or comparable rolling components for rail vehicles with the following composition (in% by weight):
C: 0,33 - 0,49 %,C: 0.33 - 0.49%,
Si: 0,85 - 1,00Si: 0.85-1.00
Mn: 0,25 - 0,40Mn: 0.25-0.40
Cr: 0,85 - 1,00Cr: 0.85-1.00
Mo: 0,10 - 0,20 Cu: < 0,10 Ni: < 0,10 P: < 0,009 %, S: < 0,005 % sowie wahlweise eines oder mehrere Legierungselemente aus der folgenden GruppeMo: 0.10 - 0.20 Cu: <0.10 Ni: <0.10 P: <0.009%, S: <0.005% and optionally one or more alloy elements from the following group
V: 0,06 - 0,10 %,V: 0.06 - 0.10%,
Nb: 0,010 - 0,015 %,Nb: 0.010 - 0.015%,
B: 0,0015 - 0,0030 %,B: 0.0015 - 0.0030%,
Ti: < 0,01 %,Ti: <0.01%,
AI: 0,010 - 0,015 %,AI: 0.010 - 0.015%,
N: 0,005 - 0,010 %,N: 0.005 - 0.010%,
Rest Eisen und unvermeidbare Verunreinigungen.Balance iron and unavoidable impurities.
Die im erfindungsgemäßen Stahl enthaltenen Legierungselemente sind so gewählt, dass er bei Anwendung einer geeigneten Wärmebehandlung eine ferritisch- perlitische Gefügeausprägung besitzt. Dieses Gefüge zeichnet sich durch eine besonders gute Resistenz gegen Verschleiß aus und besitzt eine thermodynamisehe Stabilität, die höher ist als bei den im Stand der Technik vorzufindenden bainitischen oder martensitischen Gefügen. Auf diese Weise ist erfindungsgemäß zusammengesetzter Stahl in der Lage, auf kurzzeitige Überschreitungen der Umwandlungstemperatur umwandlungsträger zu reagieren als ein Stahl mit Vergütungsgefüge. In gleicher Weise erweist sich erfindungsgemäßer Stahl als umwandlungsträger als die bekannten Stähle ER6 bis ER9, so dass die Gefahr einer infolge einer kurzzeitigen Erhitzung auf hohe Temperaturen nachhaltigen, Verschlechterung der Materialeigenschaften mit sich bringenden Gefügeumwandlung bei erfindungsgemäßem Stahl auch gegenüber diesen bekannten, einen deutlich höheren C- Gehalt besitzenden Stählen wesentlich vermindert ist. Erfindungsgemäßer Stahl eignet sich daher insbesondere für die Herstellung solcher Bauelemente, die im Betrieb extrem hohen, sich über jeweils ein längeres Zeitintervall erstreckenden Temperaturbelastungen ausgesetzt sind, wie sie beispielsweise im Schwerlastbetrieb, bei einer Klotzbremsung aus hoher Geschwindigkeit oder bei Schlupf zwischen Rad und Schiene im Bereich der Lauffläche auftreten.The alloying elements contained in the steel according to the invention are selected such that they have a ferritic-pearlitic structure when using a suitable heat treatment. This structure is distinguished by a particularly good resistance to wear and has a thermodynamic stability which is higher than that of the bainitic or martensitic structures found in the prior art. In this way, steel composed according to the invention is able to react more transiently to brief transgressions of the transformation temperature than a steel with a tempering structure. In the same way, steel according to the invention proves to be a transformation carrier than the known steels ER6 to ER9, so that the risk of a structural transformation in the steel according to the invention, also due to a short-term heating to high temperatures, resulting in a deterioration in the material properties, of a significantly higher C - Steels with a low content are significantly reduced. Steel according to the invention is therefore particularly suitable for the manufacture of such components that are exposed to extremely high temperature loads during operation, each of which spans a longer time interval, such as occurs in heavy-duty operation, when braking at high speeds from a block or when the wheel and rail slip in the area of the tread.
Um das gewünscht träge Umwandlungsverhalten zu erreichen, besitzt erfindungsgemäßer Stahl einen gegenüber herkömmlicherweise für die Herstellung von im Betrieb rollend belasteten Bauelementen verwendeten Stählen deutlich herabgesetzten Kohlenstoffgehalt . Ebenso ist der Mangan-Gehalt gegenüber herkömmlichen Stählen reduziert worden. Beide Maßnahmen dienen dazu, die bei Erwärmung über Umwandlungstemperatur andernfalls einsetzende Bildung von Austenit zu verzögern. Besonders wirkungsvoll und sicher lässt sich dies erreichen, wenn Gehalte an Kohlenstoff im Bereich von 0,37 Gew.-% bis 0,41 Gew.-% gewählt werden. Ebenso der erhöhten Sicherheit der Vermeidung von Austenitbildung zuträglich ist es, wenn die Mn-Gehalte in erfindungsgemäßem Stahl auf 0,30 Gew.-% bis 0,40 Gew.-% beschränkt sind.In order to achieve the desired sluggish conversion behavior, the steel according to the invention has a significantly reduced carbon content compared to steels conventionally used for the production of components that are subjected to rolling loads during operation. The manganese content has also been reduced compared to conventional steels. Both measures serve to delay the formation of austenite which otherwise occurs when heated above the transition temperature. This can be achieved particularly effectively and safely if carbon contents in the range from 0.37% by weight to 0.41% by weight are selected. It is also beneficial to the increased safety of avoiding austenite formation if the Mn contents in steel according to the invention are limited to 0.30% by weight to 0.40% by weight.
Trotz der herabgesetzten Gehalte an C und Mn besitzt erfindungsgemäßer Stahl mechanische Eigenschaften, die denen der bekannten, für die Herstellung von Schienenrädern eingesetzten Stählen ER7 , ER8 und ER9 entsprechen oder diese übertreffen. So werden bei erfindungsgemäßem Stahl Zugfestigkeiten, die im Bereich von 700 MPa bis 950 MPa liegen, bei einer Streck- bzw. Dehngrenze, die im Bereich von 475 MPa bis 625 MPa liegt, einer Bruchdehnung, die 27 % bis 17 % beträgt, einer Brucheinschnürung, die 60 % bis 50 % beträgt, und einer Kerbschlagarbeit KU erreicht, die 40 J bis 20 J beträgt (Kerbschlagarbeit KU ermittelt bei Raumtemperatur an Proben, die mit einer U-Kerbe versehen sind) .Despite the reduced contents of C and Mn, steel according to the invention has mechanical properties which correspond to or exceed those of the known steels ER7, ER8 and ER9 used for the production of rail wheels. In the case of steel according to the invention, tensile strengths which are in the range from 700 MPa to 950 MPa, with an elastic limit which is in the range from 475 MPa to 625 MPa, an elongation at break which is 27% to 17%, a constriction of fracture which is 60% to 50%, and one Notched impact energy KU reached 40 J to 20 J (notched impact energy KU determined at room temperature on samples that have a U-notch).
Um dies zu gewährleisten, enthält erfindungsgemäßer Stahl einen gegenüber den konventionellen Stählen höheren Si- Gehalt. Dieser ist so auf den Mangan-Gehalt des erfindungsgemäßen Stahls abgestimmt, dass sich eine Verfestigung der Ferritphase des perlitisch-ferritischen Gefüges durch Mischkristallverfestigung einstellt. Martensit, der sich trotz der bei erfindungsgemäßer Zusammensetzung eintretenden Stabilisierung des Ferrits bilden kann, ist weniger spröde und ist daher der Verschleißbeständigkeit erfindungsgemäßen Stahls weniger abträglich. Die gewünscht stabilisierende Wirkung von Silizium in erfindungsgemäßem Stahl lässt sich besonders sicher dann erzielen, wenn der Gehalt an Si 0,90 Gew.-% bis 1,00 Gew.-% beträgt, wobei es insbesondere günstig ist, wenn diese Gehalte mit den schon erwähnten bevorzugten Gehalten an Mn kombiniert werden.To ensure this, steel according to the invention contains a higher Si content than conventional steels. This is matched to the manganese content of the steel according to the invention in such a way that the ferrite phase of the pearlitic-ferritic structure is solidified by solid-solution hardening. Martensite, which can form despite the stabilization of the ferrite occurring with the composition according to the invention, is less brittle and is therefore less detrimental to the wear resistance of the steel according to the invention. The desired stabilizing effect of silicon in the steel according to the invention can be achieved particularly reliably if the Si content is 0.90% by weight to 1.00% by weight, it being particularly advantageous if these contents already match the preferred Mn contents mentioned above can be combined.
Mit den Zugaben an Chrom und Molybdän wird in erfindungsgemäßem Stahl der Festigkeitsverlust ausgeglichen, den die Verminderung desWith the additions of chromium and molybdenum in steel according to the invention the loss of strength is compensated for by the reduction in
Kohlenstoffgehaltes andernfalls mit sich bringen würde. Insbesondere Chrom als Sonderkarbidbildner und Mischkristallhärter wirkt sich festigkeitssteigernd aus. Dem gleichen Zweck dienen die erfindungsgemäß vorgesehenen Gehalte an Molybdän, die im Hinblick auf die Durchhärtung günstige feine Ausscheidungen bilden. Neben ihren vorteilhaften Auswirkungen auf die Festigkeit des erfindungsgemäßen Stahls steigern Cr und Mo im erfindungsgemäßen Stahl die Warmfestigkeit. Im Ergebnis garantieren sie so eine erhöhte Zeitstandfestigkeit, die erfindungsgemäßen Stahl insbesondere für den Einsatz im Schwerlastbetrieb geeignet macht. Dabei liegen die Gehalte an diesen beiden Legierungselementen bevorzugt im Bereich von 0,90 Gew.-% bis 1,00 Gew.-% Cr und 0,15 Gew.-% bis 0,20 Gew.-% Mo.Otherwise would bring carbon content. Chromium in particular, as a special carbide former and mixed crystal hardener, increases strength. The molybdenum contents provided according to the invention serve the same purpose, forming favorable fine precipitates with regard to hardening. In addition to their advantageous effects on the strength of the steel according to the invention, Cr and Mo increase the heat resistance in the steel according to the invention. As a result, they guarantee increased creep resistance that Steel according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in heavy-duty operation. The contents of these two alloy elements are preferably in the range from 0.90% by weight to 1.00% by weight of Cr and 0.15% by weight to 0.20% by weight of Mo.
Die Obergrenzen, innerhalb der die Eisenbegleitelemente P und S in erfindungsgemäßem Stahl noch ertragen werden, sind möglichst niedrig, um die Entstehung von Sulfiden und anderen unerwünschten Ausscheidungen weitgehend auszuschließen. Bevorzugt ist der Gehalt an P auf maximal 0,007 Gew.-% und der an S auf maximal 0,003 Gew.-% beschränkt.The upper limits within which the iron accompanying elements P and S can still be endured in steel according to the invention are as low as possible in order to largely rule out the formation of sulfides and other undesirable precipitates. The content of P is preferably limited to a maximum of 0.007% by weight and that of S to a maximum of 0.003% by weight.
Um Versprödungen infolge der Anwesenheit von Wasserstoff zu vermeiden und die Entstehung von Oxiden zu unterdrücken, ist es darüber hinaus günstig, die Gehalte an H und 0 in erfindungsgemäßem Stahl so gering wie möglich zu halten. Bevorzugt ist daher der Gehalt an H auf höchstens 2,0 pp , insbesondere höchstens 1,6 ppm, und der an 0 auf höchstens 40 ppm beschränkt.In order to avoid embrittlement due to the presence of hydrogen and to suppress the formation of oxides, it is also advantageous to keep the H and O contents in the steel according to the invention as low as possible. The H content is therefore preferably limited to a maximum of 2.0 pp, in particular a maximum of 1.6 ppm, and that of 0 to a maximum of 40 ppm.
Zur Steigerung der Festigkeit kann erfindungsgemäßer Stahl weitere Elemente wie V, Nb, B, Ti oder AI enthalten. Dabei sind abhängig vom jeweils eingesetzten Legierungselement ausreichende Mengen an N zuzugeben, um die jeweils gewünschten festigkeitssteigernden Ausscheidungen zu erzeugen. Es ist sowohl eine einzelne als auch eine kombinierte Zugabe dieser Elemente zu erfindungsgemäßem Stahl möglich, wobei ein erfindungsgemäßer Stahl, wenn er mikrolegiert ist, jeweils mindestens zwei der in Frage kommenden Elemente enthält. Bevorzugt liegt dabei der Gehalt an V im Bereich von 0,08 Gew.-% bis 0,10 Gew.-%, der von Nb im Bereich von 0,01 Gew.-% bis 0,015 Gew.-% und der von B im Bereich von 0,0020 Gew.-% bis 0,0030 Gew.-%.To increase the strength, steel according to the invention can contain further elements such as V, Nb, B, Ti or Al. Depending on the alloying element used, sufficient quantities of N must be added to produce the desired strength-increasing precipitates. Both a single and a combined addition of these elements to the steel according to the invention is possible, a steel according to the invention, if it is microalloyed, in each case containing at least two of the elements in question. The V content is preferably in the range from 0.08% by weight to 0.10% by weight, that of Nb in the range from 0.01% by weight to 0.015% by weight and that of B in the range from 0.0020% by weight to 0.0030% by weight.
Ein hinsichtlich der Einflüsse aller Elemente optimierter erfindungsgemäßer Stahl, der das Erreichen des gewünschten Arbeitsergebnisses besonders sicher gewährleistet, ist somit wie folgt zusammengesetzt (in Gew.-% sofern nicht anders angegeben):A steel according to the invention which is optimized with regard to the influences of all elements and which ensures that the desired work result is achieved in a particularly reliable manner is thus composed as follows (in% by weight unless otherwise stated):
Aufgrund der hohen Gleichmäßigkeit und geringen Streuung seiner mechanischen Eigenschaften eignet sich erfindungsgemäßer Stahl in besonderer Weise für die Herstellung von Vollrädern oder Radreifen für Schienenfahrzeuge. Besonders günstig erweist es sich dabei, dass bei Vollrädern die optimierten Eigenschaften nicht nur im Bereich der unmittelbar unter Rollbelastung stehenden Lauffläche anzutreffen sind, sondern sich abhängig von der jeweiligen Wärme- und Abkühlungsbehandlung auf den gesamten Radkranz, das Blatt und die Nabe des Rades erstrecken. Ebenso sind die mechanischen Eigenschaften bei aus erfindungsgemäßem Stahl erzeugten Radreifen gleichmäßig über deren Dicke verteilt. So ist bei Verwendung von erfindungsgemäßem Stahl zu ihrer Herstellung sowohl beim Vollrad als auch beim Radreifen sichergestellt, dass das Vollrad bzw. das mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Radreifen gebaute Rad im Bereich seiner Lauffläche auch nach mehreren materialabtragenden Nachbearbeitungen eine Eigenschaftsverteilung besitzt, die im wesentlichen gleich der des Neuzustands ist. Das Auftreten von Versprödungen und die damit einhergehende Gefahr von Materialausbrüchen oder ungleichmäßigem Verschleiß infolge von Gefügeumwandlungen ist so auf ein Minimum reduziert .Because of the high uniformity and low dispersion of its mechanical properties, steel according to the invention is particularly suitable for the production of solid wheels or wheel tires for rail vehicles. It turns out to be particularly favorable that the optimized properties of solid wheels are not only found in the area of the tread directly under rolling load, but also depend on the respective heat and Apply cooling treatment to the entire rim, blade, and hub of the wheel. Likewise, the mechanical properties of wheel tires produced from steel according to the invention are evenly distributed over their thickness. Thus, when using steel according to the invention for its production both for the solid wheel and the wheel tire, it is ensured that the solid wheel or the wheel built with a tire according to the invention has a distribution of properties in the area of its tread, even after several material-removing reworkings, which distribution is essentially equal to that of the Is new. The occurrence of embrittlement and the associated risk of material breakouts or uneven wear due to structural changes is reduced to a minimum.
In Bezug auf das Verfahren zur Herstellung von Vollrädern, Radreifen oder Wellen und anderen rollend belasteten Bauelementen für Schienenfahrzeuge wird die der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass aus einem erfindungsgemäßen Stahl ein Rohling erzeugt wird, dass der Rohling einer gesteuerten Erwärmung auf eine über der Austenitumwandlungstemperatur liegenden Erwärmungstemperaturunterzogen wird und dass der Rohling nach der gesteuerten Erwärmung kontrolliert abgekühlt wird, indem die Oberfläche des Rohlings mindestens in einem Abschnitt mit einem Kühlfluid, insbesondere einem Luftstrom, derart beaufschlagt wird, dass sich eine Abkühlgeschwindigkeit ergibt, die niedriger ist als beim Abschrecken mit einer Abschreckflüssigkeit und höher als an ruhender Luft. Das nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren erzeugte Bauteil weist trotz der Verwendung eines niedrig legierten und gegenüber den bekannten Stählen in ihrem Kohlenstoff stark abgesenkten Stahlzusammensetzung und obwohl es ein ferritisch-perlitisches Gefüge besitzt, eine für den Einsatzzweck optimierte Festigkeit, Zähigkeit, Bruchzähigkeit sowie ein ebenso optimales Ermüdungs- Verschleiß- und Rissfortschrittsverhalten. Dabei sind diese Eigenschaften sehr gleichmäßig über das Bauteil verteilt.With regard to the method for the production of solid wheels, wheel tires or shafts and other components subject to rolling loads for rail vehicles, the object on which the invention is based is achieved in that a blank is produced from a steel according to the invention in such a way that the blank is subjected to controlled heating to a level above the Austenite transformation temperature is subjected to heating temperature and that the blank is cooled in a controlled manner after the controlled heating by applying cooling fluid, in particular an air stream, to the surface of the blank in at least one section in such a way that a cooling rate is obtained which is lower than with quenching a quenching liquid and higher than in still air. The component produced by the method according to the invention has, despite the use of a low-alloy steel composition which is significantly lower in carbon compared to the known steels and although it has a ferritic-pearlitic structure, an optimized strength, toughness, fracture toughness and an equally optimal fatigue for the intended use - Wear and crack progress behavior. These properties are distributed very evenly over the component.
Praktische Versuche haben bestätigt, dass Werkstücke, die in erfindungsgemäßer Weise hergestellt sind, solchen Bauteilen überlegen sind, die aus den konventionellen Stählen ER 6 bis ER9 hergestellt sind.Practical tests have confirmed that workpieces which are produced in the manner according to the invention are superior to components which are produced from the conventional steels ER 6 to ER9.
Anders als beim Stand der Technik sieht das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren vor, die Abkühlung des Rohlings mittels eines Fluides durchzuführen, welches das Werkstück zwar gesteuert, jedoch wesentlich milder abkühlt als dies beim konventionellen Abschrecken der Falls ist. Gemäß der Erfindung wird folglich keine Abschreckung der jeweiligen Lauffläche mit hohen Abkühlraten vorgenommen, sondern es findet eine vergleichsweise langsame Abkühlung statt, die sich unter den durch die Zusammensetzung des erfindungsgemäßen Stahls geschaffenen Voraussetzungen günstig auf die Ausbildung eines gleichmäßigen Gefüges und eines geringen Gradienten der mechanischen Eigenschaften über den Querschnitt des jeweiligen Bauteils auswirkt.In contrast to the prior art, the method according to the invention provides for the blank to be cooled by means of a fluid which, although controlled, cools the workpiece considerably milder than is the case with conventional quenching. According to the invention, there is consequently no quenching of the respective tread with high cooling rates, but rather a comparatively slow cooling takes place which, under the conditions created by the composition of the steel according to the invention, favorably affects the formation of a uniform structure and a low gradient of the mechanical properties affects the cross section of the respective component.
Bei der Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens kommen als Kühlfluid grundsätzlich sämtliche Flüssigkeiten und Gase in Frage, deren Kühlverhalten etwa dem von Luft entspricht. Wesentlich ist, dass die bei erfindungsgemäßer Fluidkühlung erzielten Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten jeweils höher sind als bei einer Abkühlung an ruhender Luft, jedoch immer niedriger als die Abkühlraten, die bei einer Flüssigkeitskühlung erzielt werden. Dabei besteht der besondere Vorteil der Verwendung eines Gases für die Kühlung des Rohlings darin, dass ein solches Gas problemlos gezielt über den jeweils zu kühlenden Flächenabschnitt des Rohlings streichen kann. Anders als bei Verwendung von Abschreckflüssigkeiten lässt sich so eine auf einen bestimmten Bereich konzentrierte Kühlung ohne die Gefahr durchführen, dass benachbarte Bereiche durch abfließende Flüssigkeit unbeabsichtigt ebenfalls von der Kühlung erfasst werden. Demzufolge ist es bei erfindungsgemäßer Vorgehensweise möglich, eine umfassende Kühlung des Radkranzes durchzuführen, die nicht nur die Lauffläche, sondern auch die beiden Stirnseiten des Stirnkranzes erfasst, und gleichzeitig die Scheibe und die Nabe des Rades an ruhender Luft abzukühlen. Auf diese Weise wird eine Eigenschaftsverteilung in den einzelnen Abschnitten des Vollrades erreicht, die an die auf diese Abschnitte im Betrieb jeweils wirkenden Belastungen optimal angepasst ist.When carrying out the method according to the invention, all liquids and gases, their cooling behavior, are basically possible as cooling fluid corresponds to that of air. It is essential that the cooling speeds achieved with the fluid cooling according to the invention are respectively higher than with cooling in still air, but always lower than the cooling rates that are achieved with liquid cooling. The particular advantage of using a gas for cooling the blank is that such a gas can be easily passed over the surface section of the blank to be cooled. In contrast to the use of quenching liquids, cooling concentrated on a specific area can be carried out without the risk that adjacent areas are also unintentionally caught by the cooling by flowing liquid. Accordingly, with the procedure according to the invention, it is possible to carry out a comprehensive cooling of the wheel rim, which not only covers the tread, but also the two end faces of the front rim, and at the same time cool the disc and the hub of the wheel in still air. In this way, a distribution of properties is achieved in the individual sections of the full wheel, which is optimally adapted to the loads acting on these sections during operation.
Bevorzugt wird bei der erfindungsgemäß kontrollierten Abkühlung von der Erwärmungstemperatur, die oberhalb der Austenitumwandlungstemperatur liegt und in der Regel 900 °C und mehr beträgt bis zu einer unterhalb von 450 °C liegenden Temperatur abgekühlt. Dabei wird die Abkühlung bevorzugt innerhalb eines Zeitintervalls durchgeführt, welches mindestens 5 Minuten und höchstens 25 Minuten beträgt. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass sich bei Einhaltung dieser Randbedingungen der Abkühlung besonders sicher Produkte erzeugen lassen, die hinsichtlich ihrer Belastbarkeit im praktischen Einsatz deutlich den in konventioneller Weise erzeugten Produkten überlegen sind. Gleichzeitig erfüllen die erfindungsgemäß erzeugten Produkte hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen Eigenschaften alle Anforderungen, die nach den geltenden Vorschriften an Werkstoffe für Bauteile gestellt werden, die im Einsatz unter Kontaktbelastung rotieren, wie es bei Schienenrädern, Schienenradringen oder Wellen der Fall ist.In the case of the cooling controlled according to the invention, preference is given to cooling from the heating temperature, which is above the austenite transformation temperature and is generally 900 ° C. and more, to a temperature below 450 ° C. The cooling is preferably carried out within a time interval which is at least 5 minutes and at most 25 minutes. It has been shown that cooling is particularly safe if these boundary conditions are observed Have products produced that are clearly superior to the products produced in a conventional manner with regard to their resilience in practical use. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the products produced according to the invention meet all requirements which are made of materials for components according to the applicable regulations, which rotate when used under contact load, as is the case with rail wheels, rail wheel rings or shafts.
Die nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Schienenräder und Radreifen weisen deutlich höhere Druckeigenspannungen im Radkranz auf als Räder bzw. Reifen, die aus konventionellen Stählen in konventioneller Weise hergestellt worden sind. So ist festgestellt worden, dass die Druckeigenspannungen bei erfindungsgemäßen Rädern bzw. Radreifen regelmäßig über denen lagen, die für konventionell hergestellte Räder und Radreifen ermittelt werden konnten. Die hohen Druckeigenspannungen tragen zusätzlich zur Verschleißbeständigkeit erfindungsgemäß erzeugter Schienenvollräder und Radreifen bei, indem sie grundsätzlich der Entstehung von Rissen entgegenwirkt und in dem Fall, dass es dennoch zu einem Riss kommt, dessen Fortschreiten hemmen.The rail wheels and wheel tires produced by the method according to the invention have significantly higher residual compressive stresses in the wheel rim than wheels or tires which have been produced from conventional steels in a conventional manner. It has thus been found that the residual compressive stresses in the wheels or wheel tires according to the invention were regularly above those which could be determined for conventionally manufactured wheels and wheel tires. The high residual compressive stresses also contribute to the wear resistance of solid rail wheels and wheel tires produced according to the invention, by generally counteracting the formation of cracks and, in the event that a crack nevertheless occurs, inhibit its progress.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Die einzige Figur zeigt einen Ausschnitt eines axial geschnittenen Vollrades für Schienenfahrzeuge.The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. The single figure shows a section of an axially cut solid wheel for rail vehicles.
Aus einem erfindungsgemäßen Stahl El mit (in Gew.-%) C: 0,39 %,From a steel El according to the invention with (in% by weight) C: 0.39%,
Si: 0,95 %,Si: 0.95%,
Mn: 0,35 %Mn: 0.35%
P: < 0,007 %P: <0.007%
S: < 0,003 %S: <0.003%
Cr: 0, 95 % CrCr: 0.95% Cr
Mo: 0,18 %,Mo: 0.18%,
V: 0,09 %,V: 0.09%,
Nb: 0,013 %Nb: 0.013%
B: 0,0025 %B: 0.0025%
Ti: 0,005 %Ti: 0.005%
AI: 0,013 %AI: 0.013%
Cu: 0,05 %Cu: 0.05%
Ni: 0,05 %Ni: 0.05%
N: 0,008 %,N: 0.008%,
H: < 1,6 Gew. -ppmH: <1.6 ppm by weight
0: < 40 Gew. -ppm0: <40 ppm by weight
Rest Eisen und unvermeidbare VerunreinigungenBalance iron and unavoidable impurities
ist ein Schienenradrohling 1 aus Vollmaterial gefertigt worden. Der in seiner Formgebung konventionell ausgestaltete Schienenradrohling 1 weist eine um seinen äußeren Umfang umlaufende Lauffläche 2 auf, die an der Umfangsfläche des Radkranzes 3 des Schienenradrohlings 1 ausgebildet ist. An ihrem einen an eine Stirnseite 4 des Radkranzes 3 angrenzenden Rand ist die Lauffläche 2 durch einen ebenfalls um den Umfang des Schienenradrohlings 1 umlaufenden, in radialer Richtung gegenüber der Lauffläche 2 erhöhten Spurkranz 5 begrenzt. Im Bereich des Übergangs von der Lauffläche 2 zum Spurkranz 5 ist eine Kehle 2a ausgebildet.is a rail wheel blank 1 made of solid material. The rail wheel blank 1, which is conventionally designed in its shape, has a running surface 2 which runs around its outer circumference and is formed on the peripheral surface of the wheel rim 3 of the rail wheel blank 1. At its one edge adjoining an end face 4 of the wheel rim 3, the tread 2 is delimited by a wheel flange 5 which also runs around the circumference of the rail wheel blank 1 and is raised in the radial direction relative to the tread 2. In the area of the transition from the tread 2 to the flange 5, a groove 2a is formed.
Der Radkranz 3 ist einstückig mit dem äußeren Umfangsrand einer Scheibe 6 verbunden, die eine gegenüber dem Radkranz 3 deutlich verminderte Querschnittsdicke aufweist und in Achsrichtung etwa mittig zum Radkranz 3 ausgerichtet ist. Die Scheibe 6 wird von einer ebenfalls einstückig mit ihr verbundenen Nabe 7 getragen, die konzentrisch zum Radkranz 3 ausgerichtet ist.The wheel rim 3 is integrally connected to the outer circumferential edge of a disc 6, the one opposite Wheel rim 3 has a significantly reduced cross-sectional thickness and is aligned approximately centrally to the wheel rim 3 in the axial direction. The disc 6 is supported by a hub 7, which is also integrally connected to it and is aligned concentrically with the wheel rim 3.
Nach der formgebenden Verarbeitung ist der Schienenradrohling 1 einer Austenitisierung unterzogen worden, bei der er für mindestens eine Stunde auf eine oberhalb von 875 °C liegende Temperatur erwärmt worden ist. Anschließend ist der noch heiße Schienenradrohling in eine hier im einzelnen nicht dargestellte Kühlvorrichtung gesetzt worden.After the shaping processing, the rail wheel blank 1 has been subjected to an austenitization in which it has been heated to a temperature above 875 ° C. for at least one hour. The still hot rail wheel blank was then placed in a cooling device, not shown in detail here.
Die betreffende Kühlvorrichtung weist eine Vielzahl von einzeln oder gemeinsam ausrichtbaren, hier ebenfalls nicht dargestellten Düsen auf, die jeweils ein Luftstrom Ll - L5 auf den Schienenradrohling 1 richten. Der erste Luftstrom Ll ist dabei beispielsweise auf die Lauffläche 2, der zweite Luftström L2 auf die Umfangsfläche 5a des Spurkranzes 5, der dritte Luftstrom L3 auf die dem Spurkranz 5 zugeordnete Stirnseite 4, der Luftstrom L4 auf die der Stirnseite 4 gegenüberliegende Stirnseite 8 des Schienenradrohlings 1 und der Luftstrom L5 in die Kehle 2a gerichtet.The cooling device in question has a plurality of individually or jointly orientable nozzles, likewise not shown here, each of which directs an air flow L 1 - L 5 onto the rail wheel blank 1. The first air flow L 1 is, for example, on the running surface 2, the second air flow L 2 on the circumferential surface 5 a of the wheel flange 5, the third air flow L 3 on the front side 4 assigned to the wheel flange 5, the air flow L 4 on the front side 8 of the rail wheel blank opposite the front side 4 1 and the air flow L5 directed into the throat 2a.
Abhängig von der Konstruktion des Schienenradrohlings 1 oder den Anforderungen an die Gefügeausbildung werden die Lüftströme Ll bis L5 einzeln, in Gruppen oder alle gemeinsam auf den Schienenradrohling 1 gerichtet. Wesentlich ist dabei, dass die Abkühlung in den von den jeweiligen Luftströmen Ll bis L5 getroffenen Bereichen des Schienenradrohlings 1 zwar mit Abkühlraten fortschreitet, die einerseits höher sind als die an ruhender Luft erzielten andererseits jedoch niedriger als die Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten, die bei einer konventionellen Kühlung, beispielsweise beim bekannten Laufkranzhärten, mit Flüssigkeiten erzielt werden. Dabei können die Luftströme Ll bis L5 problemlos so ausgerichtet und erforderlichenfalls durch geeignete Absauganlagen abgeführt werden, dass beispielsweise die Scheibe 6 und die Nabe 7 von ihnen nicht getroffen werden. Eine in diesen Bereichen unerwünschte beschleunigte Abkühlung kann so sicher vermieden werden.Depending on the construction of the rail wheel blank 1 or the requirements for the structure, the ventilation flows L1 to L5 are directed individually, in groups or all at the rail wheel blank 1. It is essential here that the cooling in the areas of the rail wheel blank 1 hit by the respective air flows L1 to L5 advances at cooling rates that are higher than those on the one hand Still air, on the other hand, achieved lower than the cooling speeds that are achieved with liquids in conventional cooling, for example in the case of the well-known tread hardening. The air streams L1 to L5 can be aligned without any problems and, if necessary, removed by suitable suction systems so that, for example, the disk 6 and the hub 7 are not hit by them. Accelerated cooling which is undesirable in these areas can thus be reliably avoided.
Nach Beendigung der Luftstromkühlung weist der Schienenradrohling 1 im Bereich der von der gezielten Kühlung durch die Luftströme Ll bis L5 erfassten Radkranz 3 und Spurkranz 5 ein homogen verteiltes ferritisch- perlitisches Gefüge auf, dass sich durch hohe Festigkeiten auszeichnet und auch bei im Schienenfahrbetrieb kurzzeitig auftretenden hohen Temperaturbelastungen als träge gegen eine unerwünschte Gefügeumwandlung erweist. Gleichzeitig sind im Bereich des Radkranzes 3 hohe Druckeigenspannungen entstanden, durch die sichergestellt ist, dass die betriebsbedingte Bildung und das Wachstum von Rissen in der Lauffläche 2 der fertigen Räder nachhaltig unterdrückt werden. Im Bereich der Scheibe 6 und der Nabe 7 weist der Scheibenrohling 1 dagegen ein zähes Gefüge auf, durch welches sichergestellt ist, dass das fertige Schienenrad die in diesem Bereich auftretenden Belastungen sicher aufnehmen kann.After the end of the air flow cooling, the rail wheel blank 1 has a homogeneously distributed ferritic-pearlitic structure in the area of the wheel rim 3 and wheel flange 5, which is covered by the targeted cooling by the air flows L1 to L5, which is characterized by high strengths and also in the case of high briefly occurring during rail operation Thermal loads prove to be sluggish against undesired structural transformation. At the same time, 3 high residual compressive stresses have arisen in the area of the wheel rim, which ensure that the operational formation and growth of cracks in the tread 2 of the finished wheels are suppressed in the long term. In the area of the disk 6 and the hub 7, on the other hand, the disk blank 1 has a tough structure which ensures that the finished rail wheel can safely absorb the loads occurring in this area.
Die Eigenschaften der in erfindungsgemäßer Weise erzeugten Produkte wurden anhand von Vergleichsversuchen ermittelt, bei denen aus den bekannten Stählen R7 (0,52 Gew.-% C, 0,40 Gew.-% Si, 0,80 Gew.-% Mn, 0,020 Gew.-% P, 0,015 Gew.-% S, 0,30 Gew.-% Cr, 0,30 Gew.-% Cu, 0,08 Gew.-% Mo, 0,30 Gew.-% Ni, 0,06 Gew.-% V, Summe der Gewichtsanteile von Cr, Mo und Ni 0,5 Gew.-%) und R8, der bei im übrigen gleicher Zusammensetzung wie der Stahl R7 einen höheren C-Gehalt von 0,56 Gew.-% aufweist, Probestücke gefertigt. Ebenso wurden Probestücke aus dem voranstehend beispielhaft genannten erfindungsgemäßen Stahl El und weitere Probestücke aus einem Stahl E2 gefertigt, der bei im übrigen mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Stahl El identischer Zusammensetzung einen C-Gehalt von 0,45 Gew.-% besaß.The properties of the products produced in the manner according to the invention were determined on the basis of comparative tests in which the known steels R7 (0.52% by weight C, 0.40% by weight Si, 0.80% by weight Mn, 0.020) % By weight P, 0.015% by weight S, 0.30% by weight Cr, 0.30% by weight Cu, 0.08% by weight Mo, 0.30% by weight Ni, 0 , 06% by weight V, sum of the parts by weight of Cr, Mo and Ni 0.5% by weight) and R8, which, with the same composition as the steel R7, has a higher C content of 0.56% by weight. % has, test pieces manufactured. Likewise, test pieces were produced from the steel E1 according to the invention mentioned above by way of example and further test pieces were made from a steel E2 which, with the rest of the composition identical to the steel E1 according to the invention, had a C content of 0.45 wt.
Die erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Probestücke wurden auf eine Erwärmungstemperatur gebracht, die so hoch war, dass die Austenitisierung sicher einsetzte. Bei dieser Erwärmungstemperatur wurden die Probestücke für ca. zwei Stunden gehalten. Dann wurden die Proben im Luftstrom gesteuert abgekühlt.The test pieces produced according to the invention were brought to a heating temperature which was so high that the austenitization started reliably. The specimens were held at this heating temperature for about two hours. The samples were then cooled in a controlled manner in an air stream.
Diag. 1 zeigt den Bereich der Temperatur- / Zeitverläufe, die zu einem optimalen Arbeitsergebnis führten. Dabei ist durch die Linie uK derjenige Verlauf der Temperaturabnahme dargestellt, der sich einstellt, wenn ausgehend von der ca. 900 °C betragenden Erwärmungstemperatur innerhalb von ca. 348 Sekunden (5,8 Minuten) auf eine Abkühlungsendtemperatur von ca. 400 °C im Luftstrom abgekühlt wird. Die Linie oK gibt dagegen denjenigen Verlauf der Temperaturabnahme wieder, der sich einstellt, wenn ausgehend von der Erwärmungstemperatur innerhalb von ca. 1328 Sekunden (22,13 Minuten) auf die Abkühlungsendtemperatur abgekühlt wird.Diag. 1 shows the range of temperature / time profiles that led to an optimal work result. The line uK shows the course of the temperature decrease that occurs when, starting from the heating temperature of approx. 900 ° C, within approx. 348 seconds (5.8 minutes) to a final cooling temperature of approx. 400 ° C in the air flow is cooled. The line oK, on the other hand, shows the course of the decrease in temperature that occurs when, based on the heating temperature, cooling to the final cooling temperature takes place within approx. 1328 seconds (22.13 minutes).
In Tabelle 1 sind die an den erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Proben festgestellten Eigenschaften den Eigenschaften von den aus den bekannten Stählen R7 und R8 konventionell erzeugten Proben gegenübergestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Proben hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen Eigenschaften den konventionell erzeugten mindestens ebenbürtig bzw. überlegen sind. Weitergehende Untersuchungen haben nachgewiesen, dass gleiches für das Rissfortschrittsverhalten gilt. Dabei weisen die erfindungsgemäß erzeugten Proben jedoch ein deutlich verbessertes Verschleißverhalten und eine ebenso deutlich verbesserte Warmfestigkeit auf. In Table 1 are the according to the invention manufactured samples compared properties compared to the properties of the conventionally produced from the known steels R7 and R8. It can be seen that the mechanical properties of the samples produced according to the invention are at least equal or superior to those conventionally produced. Further investigations have shown that the same applies to crack propagation behavior. However, the samples produced according to the invention have a significantly improved wear behavior and an equally significantly improved heat resistance.
Tabelle 1 Table 1
BEZUGSZEICHENREFERENCE NUMBERS
1 Schienenradrohling1 rail wheel blank
2 Lauffläche 2a Kehle2 tread 2a throat
3 Radkranz3 wheel rim
4 dem Spurkranz 5 zugeordnete Stirnseite4 front end assigned to the wheel flange 5
5 Spurkranz5 wheel flange
5a Umfangsfläche des Spurkranzes 55a circumferential surface of the wheel flange 5
6 Scheibe6 disc
7 Nabe7 hub
8 zur Stirnseite 4 gegenüberliegende Stirnseite L1-L5 Luftströme 8 Air flows to the front side 4 opposite front side L1-L5

Claims

P AT E N TAN S P RU C H EP AT E N TAN S P RU C H E
Stahl für die Herstellung von im Einsatz rollend belasteten Bauelementen für Schienenfahrzeuge, wie Vollräder, Radreifen oder Wellen, mit folgender Zusammensetzung (in Gew.-%):Steel for the production of rolling components for rail vehicles, such as solid wheels, wheel tires or shafts, with the following composition (in% by weight):
C: 0,33 - 0,49 %,C: 0.33 - 0.49%,
Si: 0,85 - 1,00 %,Si: 0.85 - 1.00%,
Mn: 0,25 - 0,40 %,Mn: 0.25 - 0.40%,
Cr: 0,85 - 1,00 %,Cr: 0.85 - 1.00%,
Mo: 0,10 - 0,20 %,Mo: 0.10 - 0.20%,
Cu: < 0,10 %,Cu: <0.10%,
Ni: < 0,10 %,Ni: <0.10%,
P: < 0,009 %,P: <0.009%,
S: < 0,005 %S: <0.005%
sowie wahlweise eines oder mehrere Legierungselemente aus der folgenden Gruppe:and optionally one or more alloy elements from the following group:
V: 0,06 - 0,10 %,V: 0.06 - 0.10%,
Nb: 0,010 - 0,015 %,Nb: 0.010 - 0.015%,
B: 0,0015 - 0,0030 %,B: 0.0015 - 0.0030%,
Ti: < 0,01 %,Ti: <0.01%,
AI: 0,010 - 0,015 %,AI: 0.010 - 0.015%,
N: 0,005 - 0,010 %,N: 0.005 - 0.010%,
Rest Eisen und unvermeidbare Verunreinigungen, Rest of iron and unavoidable impurities,
2. Stahl nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gehalt an C 0,37 bis 0,41 Gew.-% beträgt.2. Steel according to claim 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the C content is 0.37 to 0.41 wt .-%.
3. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gehalt an Si 0,90 bis 1,00 Gew.-% beträgt.3. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the Si content is 0.90 to 1.00 wt .-%.
4. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gehalt an Mn 0,30 bis 0,40 Gew.-% beträgt.4. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the Mn content is 0.30 to 0.40% by weight.
5. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gehalt an Cr 0,90 bis 1,00 Gew.-% beträgt.5. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the Cr content is 0.90 to 1.00 wt .-%.
6. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gehalt an Mo 0,15 bis 0,20 Gew.-% beträgt.6. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the Mo content is 0.15 to 0.20 wt .-%.
7. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gehalt an P auf maximal 0,007 Gew.-% beschränkt ist.7. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t that the P content is limited to a maximum of 0.007% by weight.
Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gehalt an S auf maximal 0,003 Gew.-% beschränkt ist. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the S content is limited to a maximum of 0.003% by weight.
9. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s er 0,08 bis 0,10 Gew.-% V enthält.9. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, which contains 0.08 to 0.10% by weight of V.
10. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s er 0,01- bis 0,015 Gew.-% Nb enthält.10. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that he contains 0.01 to 0.015 wt .-% Nb.
11. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s er 0,0020 bis 0,0030 Gew.-% B enthält.11. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, which contains 0.0020 to 0.0030% by weight B.
12. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s sein H-Gehalt auf höchstens 2,0 ppm, insbesondere höchstens 1,6 ppm beschränkt ist.12. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that his H content is limited to at most 2.0 ppm, in particular at most 1.6 ppm.
13. Stahl nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s sein O-Gehalt auf höchstens 40 ppm beschränkt ist.13. Steel according to one of the preceding claims, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that his O content is limited to a maximum of 40 ppm.
14. Vollrad für Schienenfahrzeuge hergestellt aus einem gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13 zusammengesetzten Stahl.14. Full wheel for rail vehicles made of a steel according to one of claims 1 to 13 assembled.
15. Radreifen für Schienenfahrzeuge hergestellt aus einem gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13 zusammengesetzten Stahl. 15. Wheel tire for rail vehicles made of a steel composed according to one of claims 1 to 13.
16. Verfahren zur Herstellung von im Einsatz rollend belasteten Bauelementen für Schienenfahrzeuge, wie Vollräder, Radreifen oder Wellen, bei dem aus einem gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13 zusammengesetzten Stahl ein Rohling erzeugt wird, bei dem der Rohling (1) einer gesteuerten Erwärmung auf eine über der16. A method for the production of rolling components in use for rail vehicles, such as solid wheels, wheel tires or shafts, in which a blank is produced from a steel composed according to one of claims 1 to 13, in which the blank (1) is subject to controlled heating one over the
Austenitumwandlungstemperatur liegenden Erwärmungstemperaturunterzogen wird und bei dem der Rohling nach der Erwärmung kontrolliert abgekühlt wird, indem die Oberfläche des Rohlings mindestens in einem Abschnitt mit einem Kühlfluid, insbesondere einem Luftstrom (L1-L5) , derart beaufschlagt wird, dass sich eine Abkühlgeschwindigkeit ergibt, die niedriger ist als beim Abschrecken mit einer Abschreckflüssigkeit und höher als an ruhender Luft.Austenite transformation temperature is subjected to heating temperature and in which the blank is cooled in a controlled manner after the heating, by applying cooling fluid, in particular an air stream (L1-L5), to the surface of the blank in at least one section in such a way that a cooling rate is obtained which is lower than when quenching with a quenching liquid and higher than in still air.
17. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s der Gasstrom ein Luftstrom (L1-L5) ist.17. The method of claim 16, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the gas flow is an air flow (L1-L5).
18. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16 oder 17, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s die kontrollierte Abkühlung ausgehend von der Erwärmungstemperatur bis zu einer unterhalb von 450 °C liegenden Temperatur durchgeführt wird.18. The method of claim 16 or 17, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the controlled cooling is carried out starting from the heating temperature to a temperature below 450 ° C.
19. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 16 bis 18, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, d a s s die Zeit, innerhalb der die Abkühlung durchgeführt wird, mindestens 5 min und höchstens 25 min dauert. 19. The method according to any one of claims 16 to 18, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, that the time within which the cooling is carried out takes at least 5 min and at most 25 min.
EP03706505A 2002-02-20 2003-02-14 Steel, solid wheel, and tire for rail vehicles and method for producing parts of this type Expired - Lifetime EP1476586B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10208186A DE10208186C2 (en) 2002-02-20 2002-02-20 Steel, solid wheel and wheel tires for rail vehicles and methods for producing such components
DE10208186 2002-02-20
PCT/EP2003/001471 WO2003070995A1 (en) 2002-02-20 2003-02-14 Steel, solid wheel, and tire for rail vehicles and method for producing parts of this type

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1476586A1 true EP1476586A1 (en) 2004-11-17
EP1476586B1 EP1476586B1 (en) 2005-08-03

Family

ID=27740419

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03706505A Expired - Lifetime EP1476586B1 (en) 2002-02-20 2003-02-14 Steel, solid wheel, and tire for rail vehicles and method for producing parts of this type

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1476586B1 (en)
AU (1) AU2003208852A1 (en)
DE (2) DE10208186C2 (en)
ES (1) ES2247519T3 (en)
UA (1) UA80110C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2003070995A1 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3342896A4 (en) * 2015-08-24 2018-07-04 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Railway axle
CN110777238A (en) * 2019-12-10 2020-02-11 中国兵器工业新技术推广研究所 Torsion shaft and heat treatment process and preparation method thereof
CN112322979A (en) * 2020-11-05 2021-02-05 宝武集团马钢轨交材料科技有限公司 Steel for subway wheels and wheel production method

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2564789C1 (en) * 2014-06-04 2015-10-10 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Иркутский государственный университет путей сообщения (ФГБОУ ВПО ИрГУПС) Prevention of railway vehicle speed mode violations
RU2580764C1 (en) * 2014-12-30 2016-04-10 Акционерное общество "Научно-исследовательский институт железнодорожного транспорта" Steel for manufacture of railway bands
RU2618033C1 (en) * 2016-05-19 2017-05-02 РЕЙЛ 1520 АйПи ЛТД Steel for production of rail roadwheels
CN111893377B (en) * 2020-07-13 2021-10-26 首钢集团有限公司 Aluminum-silicon plated steel plate for 1900 MPa-grade high-strength and high-toughness hot stamping and preparation method thereof

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS52101624A (en) * 1976-02-23 1977-08-25 Nippon Steel Corp Rail whose tumbling fatigue life is prolonged
DE4444426A1 (en) * 1994-12-14 1996-06-27 Gft Gleistechnik Gmbh Wheel tire steel
DE19837311C2 (en) * 1998-08-18 2001-09-20 Fag Oem & Handel Ag Wheel tires or solid wheels for wheel sets of rail vehicles
JP3522613B2 (en) * 1999-11-26 2004-04-26 新日本製鐵株式会社 Bainitic rails with excellent rolling fatigue damage resistance, internal fatigue damage resistance, and welded joint characteristics, and manufacturing methods thereof
ES2239998T3 (en) * 2000-12-15 2005-10-16 Aft Advanced Forging Technologies Gmbh PROCEDURE TO REFRIGERATE AND TREAT BODIES WARMED WITH ROTATION SYMMETRY, FROM METAL MATERIALS AS STEEL OR STEEL ALLOYS AND DEVICE TO EXECUTE THE PROCEDURE.

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO03070995A1 *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3342896A4 (en) * 2015-08-24 2018-07-04 Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation Railway axle
CN110777238A (en) * 2019-12-10 2020-02-11 中国兵器工业新技术推广研究所 Torsion shaft and heat treatment process and preparation method thereof
CN112322979A (en) * 2020-11-05 2021-02-05 宝武集团马钢轨交材料科技有限公司 Steel for subway wheels and wheel production method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2003208852A1 (en) 2003-09-09
DE10208186A1 (en) 2003-09-11
DE50300911D1 (en) 2005-09-08
ES2247519T3 (en) 2006-03-01
EP1476586B1 (en) 2005-08-03
DE10208186C2 (en) 2003-12-24
WO2003070995A1 (en) 2003-08-28
UA80110C2 (en) 2007-08-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE69433512T2 (en) High-strength bainitic steel rails with improved resistance to fatigue damage due to rolling contact
EP2664684B1 (en) Use of chromium steel with high hardness and corrosion resistance for coating of metallic substrates
EP3168312B1 (en) Engineering steel with bainitic structure, forged part produced therefrom and method for making a forged part
DE19712020A1 (en) Fully martensitic steel alloy
DE60300561T3 (en) Process for producing a hot-rolled steel strip
EP3323902B1 (en) Steel material containing hard particles prepared by powder metallurgy, method for producing a component from such a steel material and component produced from the steel material
EP1274872B1 (en) Method for the production of nitrogen alloyed steel, spray compacted steel
DE2800444C2 (en) Use of a Cr-Mo steel
DE60037575T2 (en) LARGE BEARINGS IN STEEL
EP1476586B1 (en) Steel, solid wheel, and tire for rail vehicles and method for producing parts of this type
DE112015005347T5 (en) Bearing component formed from a steel alloy
DE60003553T3 (en) ROLLER BEARING STEEL WITH A SUB-FINISHED SURFACE
DE102008032024A1 (en) Ultra-high carbon steel, useful for production of IC engine and transmission components for vehicles, comprises specified ranges of carbon, aluminum, chromium, silicon, stabilizing alloying elements and iron
WO2016020519A1 (en) High-strength and at the same time tough semifinished products and components of high-alloy steel, method for the production thereof and use
WO2021032893A1 (en) Tool steel for cold-working and high-speed applications
DE19531260C5 (en) Process for producing a hot-work tool steel
DE60126646T2 (en) STEEL ALLOY, HOLDER AND BRACKET PARTS FOR PLASTIC TOOLS AND GUARANTEED COVERS FOR HOLDER AND HOLDER PARTS
EP3323903B1 (en) Steel material prepared by powder metallurgy, method for producing a component from such a steel material and component produced from the steel material
DE112014007041T5 (en) steel alloy
DE60204449T2 (en) STEEL SUBJECT
EP3225702B1 (en) Steel with reduced density and method for producing a steel flat or long product made from such steel
DE102012017143B3 (en) Manufacturing component with bainitic microstructure, comprises preparing component blank comprising steel having manganese, cooling component blank at cooling rate to suppress ferrite and/or perlite formation, and bainite hardening
EP4000762A1 (en) Steel powder, use of a steel for producing a steel powder and method of manufacturing a component from a steel powder
DE4101220C2 (en) Process for the production of a semi-finished product or workpiece
EP3061838A1 (en) Blank bainite long product and method for producing the same

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20040809

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE SI SK TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: AL LT LV MK RO

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

GRAS Grant fee paid

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): CZ DE ES FR IT SE

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: RO

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 50300911

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 20050908

Kind code of ref document: P

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: SE

Ref legal event code: TRGR

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2247519

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

ET Fr: translation filed
PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed

Effective date: 20060504

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CZ

Payment date: 20100126

Year of fee payment: 8

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CZ

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20110214

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R082

Ref document number: 50300911

Country of ref document: DE

Representative=s name: BECKER UND KOLLEGEN, DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R082

Ref document number: 50300911

Country of ref document: DE

Representative=s name: BECKER UND KOLLEGEN, DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R082

Ref document number: 50300911

Country of ref document: DE

Representative=s name: PATENTANWAELTE BECKER & MUELLER, DE

Effective date: 20120126

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R081

Ref document number: 50300911

Country of ref document: DE

Owner name: ANDRITZ MAERZ GMBH, DE

Free format text: FORMER OWNER: BOCHUMER VEREIN VERKEHRSTECHNIK GMBH, 44793 BOCHUM, DE

Effective date: 20120214

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R082

Ref document number: 50300911

Country of ref document: DE

Representative=s name: PATENTANWAELTE BECKER & MUELLER, DE

Effective date: 20120214

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: PC2A

Owner name: ANDRITZ MAERZ GMBH

Effective date: 20120626

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: TP

Owner name: ANDRITZ MAERZ GMBH, DE

Effective date: 20120724

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 14

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 15

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: PLFP

Year of fee payment: 16

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20220217

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 20220216

Year of fee payment: 20

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20220218

Year of fee payment: 20

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20220216

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20220426

Year of fee payment: 20

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 50300911

Country of ref document: DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: SE

Ref legal event code: EUG

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 20230427

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION

Effective date: 20230215