EP1403435A1 - Method for improving the quality of roadway surfaces and device for carrying out the method - Google Patents

Method for improving the quality of roadway surfaces and device for carrying out the method Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1403435A1
EP1403435A1 EP03292394A EP03292394A EP1403435A1 EP 1403435 A1 EP1403435 A1 EP 1403435A1 EP 03292394 A EP03292394 A EP 03292394A EP 03292394 A EP03292394 A EP 03292394A EP 1403435 A1 EP1403435 A1 EP 1403435A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
wearing course
spreading
granular material
installation according
dispersion
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Granted
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EP03292394A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1403435B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Luc Aubert
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Colas SA
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Colas SA
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/12—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for distributing granular or liquid materials
    • E01C19/20—Apparatus for distributing, e.g. spreading, granular or pulverulent materials, e.g. sand, gravel, salt, dry binders
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/48—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for laying-down the materials and consolidating them, or finishing the surface, e.g. slip forms therefor, forming kerbs or gutters in a continuous operation in situ

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for improving the surface qualities of the wearing course of a road and to a device for implementing this method.
  • the roads are carried out, usually, by spreading, on a platform, a wearing course made up of aggregates coated in a bituminous binder which can be cold or hot, natural or synthetic, depending on the process used.
  • the equipment used for this purpose is mounted on a tractor which carries a reserve bucket periodically filled with coated aggregates and which opens into a coating spreading member forming a layer of regular thickness and over a working width which depends on the device used and can be 4 to 8 meters.
  • the tractor advances continuously and a strip-like surface course of constant width is thus produced, centered on a longitudinal axis. This asphalt layer is then compacted by known means in order to produce the running surface.
  • the binder which coats the aggregates forms a relatively smooth external film, which completely covers the upper face of the wearing course.
  • the passage of vehicles gradually eliminates this external film by showing the aggregates, but it is only after a certain period, of the order of six months, that the running surface becomes sufficiently rough.
  • the invention makes it possible to solve such problems by means of a particularly simple method and installation, making it possible to spread the desired quantity of fine elements very evenly over the rolling surface, this operation being able, moreover, to be carried out in one only passes over a relatively large width, of the order of several meters, corresponding to the width covered by the asphalt spreading means for the establishment of the wearing course.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore a method of improving the surface qualities of a traffic lane produced by spreading, on a platform, a layer of aggregates coated in a bituminous binder, by means of a device for spreading moving at a forward speed along a longitudinal axis of the platform and transversely covering a certain working width.
  • a controlled quantity of fine-grained solid material is dispersed above it, which is deposited in a substantially homogeneous distribution, which is deposited on the binder film covering the upper face. of the asphalt layer, and the compaction is then carried out, the dispersion of the granular material being carried out with advancement, at a speed substantially equal to the longitudinal speed of advancement of the spreading device and at a distance low enough downstream of it so that the temperature of the binder remains high enough to allow the bonding of the dispersed grains upon contact with the binder film, said grains then being embedded in said binder film by the compaction carried out downstream, for the formation of a rough rolling surface.
  • the expression "traffic lane” applies to any platform covered with a wearing course made up of coated and compacted aggregates, the invention allowing the realization, not only roads or highways of all sizes, but also parking, taxiing, take-off / landing areas at airports, etc.
  • the dispersion of the granular material is carried out at a fairly short distance from the spreading means, above an area of the wearing course where the temperature of the binder is still at least 100 ° C. and , preferably of the order of 120 ° C to 140 °.
  • the granular material is slightly heated in order to avoid any risk of cooling of the binder film in contact with cold grains.
  • the dispersed granular material is a fine or very fine sand having, a particle size comprised between 100 and 500 ⁇ m, and the quantity of fine dispersed sand can range from 300 to 500 g / m 2 depending on the nature of the mix.
  • the granular material is dispersed, in a substantially homogeneous manner, in a closed space at least on its sides and extending downwards to a lower edge placed at a short distance from the wearing course and delimiting a rectangular orifice allowing the material dispersed in said space to be deposited regularly, as and when the wearing course is produced, over a width corresponding to the working width of the spreading device.
  • the invention also covers an installation for producing a wearing course comprising successively, in a direction of advance along a platform, means for spreading on it a layer of aggregates coated with a bituminous binder, a device for substantially homogeneous dispersion of a fine-grained solid material above the wearing course and compacting means, the device for dispersion moving substantially at the same speed as the spreading device and being kept downstream of it at a distance small enough to avoid a significant lowering of the temperature of the binder film covering the mixes and thus allow the bonding of the grains dispersed over the whole of the upper face of the wearing course then their embedding in said film by compaction.
  • the dispersing device comprises at least one member for projecting the granular material with a homogeneous distribution, in at least one dispersion sector widely open from at least one orifice supplied with granular material with a controlled flow. .
  • the sector for dispersing the material opens about 180 ° towards the rear of the spreading means relative to the direction of advance, the flow of grains projected per unit of time in the sector dispersion being adjusted as a function of the speed of advance of the asphalt spreading device.
  • the dispersing device comprises at least one reserve enclosure associated with supply means with a controlled flow opening at the center of at least one rotary hearth driven in rotation about a substantially vertical axis to the projection by centrifugal effect of the granular material, and the speed of rotation of which is adjusted so that, taking into account its density, the granular material is distributed homogeneously in a dispersion sector covering at least part of the width of the wearing course made in one pass by the spreading device.
  • each rotating sole disperses the granular material over part of the width of the wearing course, the dispersing device comprising a sufficient number of sole rotating spaced apart from each other, in order to cover the entire width of the wearing course produced in one pass by the spreading device.
  • each rotary sole is associated with means for limiting the extent of the dispersion sector inside a dihedral opening towards the rear from the axis of rotation of the rotary sole and on an angle of around 180 °.
  • the dispersing device is associated with means for limiting a substantially rectangular space covering at least part of the wearing course and extending above this over a height of protection against external disturbances, so that the dispersed material remains confined in this space.
  • the installation comprises, in known manner, a tractor movable on the platform and carrying a reserve of coated aggregates opening into spreading means extending transversely to the longitudinal axis over a working width.
  • the device for dispersing the granular material is integral, in displacement, with the tractor in order to maintain a short distance, behind the spreading means.
  • the dispersing device can advantageously be mounted on a support frame fixed to a rear part of the tractor and extending in a cantilevered manner towards the rear thereof, above the wearing course which comes from 'be carried out by the spreading device.
  • the support frame of the dispersing device is associated with a frame-shaped part having two lateral sides extending on either side of the dispersing device, parallel to the longitudinal axis and carrying each a light partition extending vertically from the level of the wearing course over a protective height.
  • the dispersing device is supplied with a controlled flow rate from a buffer tank, the latter itself being able to be supplied from bags which are opened as required to pour into the buffer tank.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown schematically, respectively in side view and in plan view, the whole of an installation for producing a wearing course A on a platform B, comprising a spreading machine 1 of the conventional type, preferably mounted on a self-propelled tractor 10 which can move along a longitudinal axis x'x of the platform B.
  • the tractor 10 can be provided, as usual, with a receiving hopper 11 of a mass 2 of aggregates coated with a bituminous binder and it is provided, at its rear, with means 12 for spreading, on platform B, coated aggregates 2, so as to form a centered wearing course 21 on the longitudinal axis x'x and whose width and thickness are regulated by a finishing table 13 carried by the rear part of the tractor 10.
  • Such spreading means are well known and can be of different types making it possible, in general, to produce on the platform B a wearing course of desired thickness which is then compacted, for example by means of a vibrating roller.
  • bituminous binder which completely coats each element of the aggregate forms, after the spreading of the wearing course 21, a substantially continuous film which completely covers the upper face 22 of said layer 21, constituting the running surface.
  • This external and smooth binder film is gradually eliminated by the rolling of the vehicles but, however, decreases the adhesion at the start of commissioning.
  • this fine sand must, however, be dispersed in a very homogeneous way and avoiding, not only the excess thicknesses, but also the losses of sand outside the running surface.
  • the dispersion of fine sand is carried out as soon as the wearing course is produced and over its entire width, before any compaction. Therefore, the external binder film is at a temperature high enough to determine an immediate bonding of the dispersed sand as soon as it comes into contact with the upper face 22 of the asphalt layer 21 and the compaction carried out then causes the incrustation in the binder film of grains of sand thus stuck on it.
  • a dispersing device is used which is placed as close as possible to the spreading machine and moves at substantially the same speed as the latter. In this way, the external binder film covering the asphalt layer 21 does not have the time to cool down substantially before depositing the sandy material.
  • the dispersing device is preferably mounted directly on the rear part of the spreading machine and carries out the dispersion of the sand over the entire working width (L) thereof.
  • the dispersed sand immediately sticks to the whole of the upper face 22 of the wearing course 21 as and when it is produced.
  • the compaction carrying out the incrustation of the sand can be carried out at a certain distance from the spreading machine and, possibly, by successive bands because, in the event of wind, for example, the fine dispersed sand remains stuck on the surface 22 until the moment of compaction allowing its incorporation into the binder.
  • the dispersing device 4 is mounted on a support frame 5 carried by a bracket 52 fixed directly to the rear part of the tractor 11.
  • the dispersing device 4 advantageously comprises a reserve enclosure such as a small silo 41 having a hopper-shaped bottom 42 which opens, via a conduit 43, onto a rotating floor 44 consisting of a plate provided with blades and driven in rotation at a sufficient speed about a vertical axis 40 by a motor 45 preferably located below the rotary hearth 44 and connected to the silo 41 by support means not shown.
  • a reserve enclosure such as a small silo 41 having a hopper-shaped bottom 42 which opens, via a conduit 43, onto a rotating floor 44 consisting of a plate provided with blades and driven in rotation at a sufficient speed about a vertical axis 40 by a motor 45 preferably located below the rotary hearth 44 and connected to the silo 41 by support means not shown.
  • the silo 41 is filled with fine sand and, preferably, permanently supplied from a buffer tank 51 placed on the tractor 1 above the silo 41 which is fed by gravity.
  • the delivery of sand to silo 41 can also be done using a conveyor screw.
  • the sand can also be fed in the form of bags which are open above the buffer tank 5, the outlet of which is provided with a grid preventing accidental passage of paper.
  • the sand thus introduced into the silo 41 is poured through the conduit 43 onto the rotary hearth 44 driven in rotation at high speed and is therefore dispersed by centrifugal effect above the upper face 22 of the wearing course 21.
  • the supply channel 43 is provided with an adjustable shutter 46 with timed electronic control 47 making it possible to adjust the flow of sand falling on the floor 44 as a function of the speed of advance of the machine 1.
  • the material thus sprayed disperses, by contrifying effect, in a circular sector 61 centered on the vertical axis of the rotary hearth 44.
  • the dispersion sector 61 To bring the dispersion axis as close as possible to the finishing table 13, it is preferable for the dispersion sector 61 to open only towards the rear, at an angle of approximately 180 °.
  • the dispersing device 4 is advantageously provided with a deflector 48 placed at the level of the rotating hearth 44 and comprising two arms provided with orientable blades whose opening can be adjusted according to the speed and the dosage, in order to limit the projection of the sand onto a sector 61 of variable opening, of the order of 180 °.
  • the sand thus dispersed in a circular sector which moves longitudinally, is deposited on the surface 22 by forming a strip parallel to the axis x'x and the width of which depends on the centrifugal effect of the rotating hearth and can be, for example. example, 4 meters, which corresponds to a normal working width of a spreading machine.
  • Each rotating sole 44 must imperatively be designed to adapt to the relatively small mass of the very fine granular material which must be sprayed.
  • the dispersing means are placed in an enclosed space, sheltered from external disturbances.
  • the chassis 5 for supporting the dispersing means 4 comprises a platform 51 fixed on the bracket 52 and on which are mounted, on the one hand, the dispersing devices 4 and, on the other hand, a rectangular frame 54 extending horizontally towards the rear and carrying a light partition such as a tarpaulin 53 which extends vertically over a protective height h, substantially up to the upper face 22 of the wearing course 21.
  • the rectangular frame 54 can be covered with a tarpaulin or horizontal partition 55.
  • a closed space 50 which entirely covers a rectangular area of the upper face 22 of the wearing course extending over the entire width (L) produced in one pass by the device. spreading 12, 13 and over a length L 'corresponding to the maximum distance of projection of the grains of sand, taking into account their density and the centrifugal effect of the rotary hearth 44.
  • the sprayed grains therefore remain confined inside this closed space 50 which moves at the same speed as the spreading means 50.
  • Part of the sprayed grains is immediately deposited on the rolling surface 22 and another part can strike the longitudinal or transverse sides of the vertical wall 53 and is randomly returned towards the interior of the space 50 by dividing substantially homogeneously.
  • the dispersed material thus forms, inside the space 50, a cloud of grains in suspension which advances with the tractor 10 at the speed of spreading of the wearing course and whose lower part is denser and tends to stick to the upper face 22 covered with a binder film which has not had time to cool and is still at a temperature between 120 ° and 140 ° C.
  • Another advantage of the invention lies in the fact that this thin layer of fine sand encrusted in the binder film covering the wearing course reduces the brightness of the latter and thus the risk of dazzling motorists.
  • the binder film with the grains of sand incorporated therein, is gradually eliminated by the movement of vehicles, but by revealing the upper, irregular face, of the aggregates of the wearing course.
  • the invention therefore makes it possible to give the coating, as soon as it is produced and put into circulation, very clearly improved adhesion properties, in particular at moderate speed.
  • the spreading device 5 could bear directly, by wheels, on the asphalt layer 21 and be coupled to the rear of the tractor 11 or else constitute an independent self-propelled vehicle following the tractor 11 and placed a little behind the finisher 13, but at a distance small enough that the binder film covering the wearing course has not had time to cool down significantly.
  • the device for dispersing fine sand could consist of a hopper fixed to the rear of the tractor 10 and extending transversely over the entire width (L) of the asphalt layer produced by the spreading means. 12, 13, the bottom of this hopper being equipped with a screw making it possible to regularly distribute the fine sand poured into the hopper, above an elongated slot allowing a sand flow rate adjusted as a function of the forward speed tractor 10.
  • bituminous mixes can be obtained either hot or cold.
  • the proportion of fine dispersed sand must be adapted to the nature of the mix and can range, for example, from 300 +/- 50g / m 2 for a draining mix up to 500 +/- 50g / m 2 for a mix not draining.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Machines (AREA)
  • Road Repair (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Strip Materials And Filament Materials (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
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  • Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The road surface is formed with a layer (21) of gravel coated in bitumen (2), and after this layer has been laid disperses (4) over it a controlled quantity of fine grains of a solid material (50) which adheres to the bitumen covering the top (22) of the surface layer. The roller (3) follows close behind, before the bitumen has time to cool, so the roller forces the surface grains into the bitumen.

Description

L'invention concerne un procédé d'amélioration des qualités de surface de la couche de roulement d'une route ainsi qu'un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé.The invention relates to a method for improving the surface qualities of the wearing course of a road and to a device for implementing this method.

Les routes sont réalisées, habituellement, en répandant, sur une plateforme, une couche de roulement constituée de granulats enrobés dans un liant bitumineux qui peut être froid ou chaud, naturel ou synthétique, selon le procédé utilisé. L'appareillage utilisé à cet effet est monté sur un tracteur qui porte une benne de réserve remplie périodiquement de granulats enrobés et qui débouche dans un organe d'épandage de l'enrobé formant une couche d'épaisseur régulière et sur une largeur de travail qui dépend de l'appareil utilisé et peut être de 4 à 8 mètres. Le tracteur avance de façon continue et l'on réalise ainsi une couche de roulement en forme de bande de largeur constante, centrée sur un axe longitudinal. Cette couche d'enrobés est ensuite compactée par des moyens connus afin de réaliser la surface de roulement.The roads are carried out, usually, by spreading, on a platform, a wearing course made up of aggregates coated in a bituminous binder which can be cold or hot, natural or synthetic, depending on the process used. The equipment used for this purpose is mounted on a tractor which carries a reserve bucket periodically filled with coated aggregates and which opens into a coating spreading member forming a layer of regular thickness and over a working width which depends on the device used and can be 4 to 8 meters. The tractor advances continuously and a strip-like surface course of constant width is thus produced, centered on a longitudinal axis. This asphalt layer is then compacted by known means in order to produce the running surface.

Or, on a remarqué que, immédiatement après la réalisation d'une telle couche de roulement et pendant un certain temps, la route ainsi réalisée ne présente pas une adhérence satisfaisante. En effet, le liant qui enrobe les granulats forme un film externe relativement lisse, qui recouvre entièrement la face supérieure de la couche de roulement. Le passage des véhicules élimine progressivement ce film externe en faisant apparaître les granulats, mais c'est seulement après une certaine période, de l'ordre de six mois, que la surface de roulement devient suffisamment rugueuse.However, it has been noted that, immediately after the completion of such a wearing course and for a certain time, the road thus produced does not have satisfactory adhesion. In fact, the binder which coats the aggregates forms a relatively smooth external film, which completely covers the upper face of the wearing course. The passage of vehicles gradually eliminates this external film by showing the aggregates, but it is only after a certain period, of the order of six months, that the running surface becomes sufficiently rough.

Pour résoudre ce problème, on peut envisager d'incorporer des éléments solides tels que du sable fin dans le film externe de liant qui recouvre la surface de roulement afin de rendre celle-ci plus rugueuse, pendant le temps nécessaire à l'élimination de ce film, jusqu'à ce que les granulats soient découverts.To solve this problem, it is possible to envisage incorporating solid elements such as fine sand into the external binder film which covers the rolling surface in order to make it rougher, for the time necessary for the elimination of this. film, until the aggregates are discovered.

Cependant, ces éléments fins ne sont utiles que pendant cette courte période et sont éliminés avec le film externe de liant. Or, un tel sable fin présente un coût non négligeable. Pour en limiter, autant que possible, la consommation, il faut que le sable utilisé soit répandu uniquement sur la surface de roulement, et en une couche assez fine pour éviter un rejet, en dehors de la voie, dès la mise en service de celle-ci, d'une partie des éléments fins répandus.However, these fine elements are only useful during this short period and are removed with the external binder film. However, such fine sand has a significant cost. To limit consumption as much as possible, it is necessary that the sand used is spread only on the running surface, and in a layer thin enough to avoid rejection, outside the track, as soon as it is put into service, of part of the fine elements spread.

D'autre part, il faut également éviter les irrégularités d'épaisseur qui entraîneraient une variation de l'effet d'amélioration de l'adhérence obtenu par l'incorporation d'éléments fins dans le film externe du liant.On the other hand, it is also necessary to avoid irregularities in thickness which would cause a variation in the effect of improving the adhesion obtained by the incorporation of fine elements in the external film of the binder.

Enfin, cette opération doit être réalisée rapidement et avec des moyens assez simples pour ne pas augmenter exagérément le coût de réalisation de la couche de roulement.Finally, this operation must be carried out quickly and with fairly simple means so as not to excessively increase the cost of producing the wearing course.

L'invention permet de résoudre de tels problèmes grâce à un procédé et une installation particulièrement simple, permettant de répandre de façon très homogène la quantité souhaité d'éléments fins sur la surface de roulement, cette opération pouvant, en outre, être effectuée en une seule passe sur une largeur relativement importante, de l'ordre de plusieurs mètres, correspondant à la largeur couverte par les moyens d'épandage des enrobés pour la mise en place de la couche de roulement.The invention makes it possible to solve such problems by means of a particularly simple method and installation, making it possible to spread the desired quantity of fine elements very evenly over the rolling surface, this operation being able, moreover, to be carried out in one only passes over a relatively large width, of the order of several meters, corresponding to the width covered by the asphalt spreading means for the establishment of the wearing course.

L'invention a donc pour objet un procédé d'amélioration des qualités de surface d'une voie de circulation réalisée par épandage, sur une plateforme, d'une couche de granulats enrobés dans un liant bitumineux, au moyen d'un dispositif d'épandage se déplaçant à une vitesse d'avancement suivant un axe longitudinal de la plateforme et couvrant transversalement une certaine largeur de travail.The subject of the invention is therefore a method of improving the surface qualities of a traffic lane produced by spreading, on a platform, a layer of aggregates coated in a bituminous binder, by means of a device for spreading moving at a forward speed along a longitudinal axis of the platform and transversely covering a certain working width.

Conformément à l'invention après épandage de la couche d'enrobés, on disperse au-dessus de celle-ci une quantité réglée de matière solide à grains fins répartie de façon sensiblement homogène, qui se dépose sur le film de liant recouvrant la face supérieure de la couche d'enrobés, et l'on procède ensuite au compactage de celle-ci, la dispersion de la matière granuleuse étant réalisée à l'avancement, à une vitesse sensiblement égale à la vitesse longitudinale d'avancement du dispositif d'épandage et à une distance assez faible en aval de celui-ci pour que la température du liant reste suffisamment élevée pour permettre le collage des grains dispersés dès le contact avec le film de liant, lesdits grains étant ensuite incrustés dans ledit film de liant par le compactage réalisé en aval, pour la formation d'une surface de roulement rugueuse.In accordance with the invention, after spreading the coating layer, a controlled quantity of fine-grained solid material is dispersed above it, which is deposited in a substantially homogeneous distribution, which is deposited on the binder film covering the upper face. of the asphalt layer, and the compaction is then carried out, the dispersion of the granular material being carried out with advancement, at a speed substantially equal to the longitudinal speed of advancement of the spreading device and at a distance low enough downstream of it so that the temperature of the binder remains high enough to allow the bonding of the dispersed grains upon contact with the binder film, said grains then being embedded in said binder film by the compaction carried out downstream, for the formation of a rough rolling surface.

D'une façon générale, dans le cadre de la présente invention, l'expression "voie de circulation" s'applique à toute plateforme recouverte d'une couche de roulement constituée de granulats enrobés et compactés, l'invention permettant la réalisation, non seulement de routes ou autoroutes de toutes tailles, mais aussi d'aires de stationnement, de roulage, de décollage/atterrissage dans les aéroports, etc...In general, in the context of the present invention, the expression "traffic lane" applies to any platform covered with a wearing course made up of coated and compacted aggregates, the invention allowing the realization, not only roads or highways of all sizes, but also parking, taxiing, take-off / landing areas at airports, etc.

De façon particulièrement avantageuse, la dispersion de la matière granuleuse est réalisée à une distance assez faible des moyens d'épandage, au dessus d'une zone de la couche de roulement où la température du liant est encore d'au moins 100°C et, de préférence de l'ordre de 120°C à 140°.In a particularly advantageous manner, the dispersion of the granular material is carried out at a fairly short distance from the spreading means, above an area of the wearing course where the temperature of the binder is still at least 100 ° C. and , preferably of the order of 120 ° C to 140 °.

Selon une variante du procédé de l'invention, la matière granuleuse est légèrement chauffée afin d'éviter tout risque de refroidissement du film de liant au contact de grains froids.According to a variant of the process of the invention, the granular material is slightly heated in order to avoid any risk of cooling of the binder film in contact with cold grains.

De préférence, la matière granuleuse dispersée est un sable fin ou très fin ayant, une granulométrie comprise entre 100 et 500 µm, et la quantité de sable fin dispersé peut aller de 300 à 500 g/m2 selon la nature de l'enrobé.Preferably, the dispersed granular material is a fine or very fine sand having, a particle size comprised between 100 and 500 μm, and the quantity of fine dispersed sand can range from 300 to 500 g / m 2 depending on the nature of the mix.

Selon une autre caractéristique préférentielle, la matière granuleuse est dispersée, de façon sensiblement homogène, dans un espace fermé au moins sur ses côtés et s'étendant vers le bas jusqu'à un bord inférieur placé à une faible distance de la couche de roulement et délimitant un orifice rectangulaire permettant à la matière dispersée dans ledit espace de se déposer régulièrement, au fur et à mesure de la réalisation de la couche de roulement, sur une largeur correspondant à la largeur de travail du dispositif d'épandage.According to another preferred characteristic, the granular material is dispersed, in a substantially homogeneous manner, in a closed space at least on its sides and extending downwards to a lower edge placed at a short distance from the wearing course and delimiting a rectangular orifice allowing the material dispersed in said space to be deposited regularly, as and when the wearing course is produced, over a width corresponding to the working width of the spreading device.

L'invention couvre également une installation de réalisation d'une couche de roulement comprenant successivement, dans un sens d'avancement le long d'une plateforme, des moyens d'épandage sur celle-ci d'une couche de granulats enrobés d'un liant bitumineux, un dispositif de dispersion sensiblement homogène d'une matière solide à grains fins au dessus de la couche de roulement et des moyen de compactage, le dispositif de dispersion se déplaçant sensiblement à la même vitesse que le dispositif d'épandage et étant maintenu en aval de celui-ci à une distance assez faible pour éviter un abaissement sensible de la température du film de liant recouvrant les enrobés et permettre ainsi le collage des grains dispersés sur l'ensemble de la face supérieure de la couche de roulement puis leur incrustation dans ledit film par compactage.The invention also covers an installation for producing a wearing course comprising successively, in a direction of advance along a platform, means for spreading on it a layer of aggregates coated with a bituminous binder, a device for substantially homogeneous dispersion of a fine-grained solid material above the wearing course and compacting means, the device for dispersion moving substantially at the same speed as the spreading device and being kept downstream of it at a distance small enough to avoid a significant lowering of the temperature of the binder film covering the mixes and thus allow the bonding of the grains dispersed over the whole of the upper face of the wearing course then their embedding in said film by compaction.

De façon particulièrement avantageuse, le dispositif de dispersion comprend au moins un organe de projection de la matière granulaire avec une répartition homogène, dans au moins un secteur de dispersion largement ouvert à partir d'au moins un orifice alimenté en matière granuleuse avec un débit contrôlé.In a particularly advantageous manner, the dispersing device comprises at least one member for projecting the granular material with a homogeneous distribution, in at least one dispersion sector widely open from at least one orifice supplied with granular material with a controlled flow. .

Dans un mode de réalisation préférentiel, le secteur de dispersion de la matière s'ouvre sur environ 180° vers l'arrière des moyens d'épandage par rapport au sens d'avancement, le débit de grains projetés par unité de temps dans le secteur de dispersion étant réglé en fonction de la vitesse d'avancement du dispositif d'épandage des enrobés.In a preferred embodiment, the sector for dispersing the material opens about 180 ° towards the rear of the spreading means relative to the direction of advance, the flow of grains projected per unit of time in the sector dispersion being adjusted as a function of the speed of advance of the asphalt spreading device.

Dans un mode de réalisation préférentiel, le dispositif de dispersion comprend au moins une enceinte de réserve associée à des moyens d'alimentation avec un débit contrôlé débouchant au centre d'au moins une sole tournante entraînée en rotation autour d'un axe sensiblement vertical pour la projection par effet centrifuge de la matière granuleuse, et dont la vitesse de rotation est réglée de façon que, compte tenu de sa densité, la matière granuleuse se répartisse de façon homogène dans un secteur de dispersion couvrant au moins une partie de la largeur de la couche de roulement réalisée en une passe par le dispositif d'épandage. Ainsi, chaque sole tournante réalise la dispersion de la matière granuleuse sur une partie de la largeur de la couche de roulement, le dispositif de dispersion comprenant un nombre suffisant de soles tournantes écartées l'une de l'autre, afin de couvrir toute la largeur de la couche de roulement réalisée en une passe par le dispositif d'épandage.In a preferred embodiment, the dispersing device comprises at least one reserve enclosure associated with supply means with a controlled flow opening at the center of at least one rotary hearth driven in rotation about a substantially vertical axis to the projection by centrifugal effect of the granular material, and the speed of rotation of which is adjusted so that, taking into account its density, the granular material is distributed homogeneously in a dispersion sector covering at least part of the width of the wearing course made in one pass by the spreading device. Thus, each rotating sole disperses the granular material over part of the width of the wearing course, the dispersing device comprising a sufficient number of sole rotating spaced apart from each other, in order to cover the entire width of the wearing course produced in one pass by the spreading device.

De préférence, chaque sole tournante est associée à des moyens de limitation de l'étendue du secteur de dispersion à l'intérieur d'un dièdre s'ouvrant vers l'arrière à partir de l'axe de rotation de la sole tournante et sur un angle de l'ordre de 180°.Preferably, each rotary sole is associated with means for limiting the extent of the dispersion sector inside a dihedral opening towards the rear from the axis of rotation of the rotary sole and on an angle of around 180 °.

Il n'est pas indispensable que les rayons d'action des soles tournantes se chevauchent, car il en résulte seulement un sous-dosage en sable à la limite des deux voies, c'est-à-dire dans la zone couverte par le marquage axial au sol.It is not essential that the action radii of the rotating floors overlap, as this only results in an under-dosage of sand at the limit of the two tracks, that is to say in the area covered by the marking. axial to the ground.

Il est à noter que, en raison de la très grande finesse de la matière granuleuse, une grande partie des grains projetés ne retombent pas immédiatement sur la couche de roulement, mais risquent d'être entraînés par un mouvement d'air à l'extérieur de la zone qui vient d'être réalisée. C'est pourquoi, selon une autre caractéristique particulièrement avantageuse de l'invention, le dispositif de dispersion est associé à des moyens de limitation d'un espace sensiblement rectangulaire couvrant au moins une partie de la couche de roulement et s'étendant au dessus de celle-ci sur une hauteur de protection contre les perturbations extérieures, afin que la matière dispersée reste confinée dans cet espace.It should be noted that, due to the very fine fineness of the granular material, a large proportion of the projected grains do not immediately fall on the wearing course, but risk being entrained by a movement of air outside. of the area that has just been completed. This is why, according to another particularly advantageous characteristic of the invention, the dispersing device is associated with means for limiting a substantially rectangular space covering at least part of the wearing course and extending above this over a height of protection against external disturbances, so that the dispersed material remains confined in this space.

L'installation comprend, de façon connue, un tracteur déplaçable sur la plateforme et portant une enceinte de réserve des granulats enrobés débouchant dans des moyens d'épandage s'étendant transversalement à l'axe longitudinal sur une largeur de travail. Selon l'invention, le dispositif de dispersion de la matière granuleuse est solidaire, en déplacement, du tracteur afin de se maintenir à une faible distance, en arrière des moyens d'épandage. En particulier, le dispositif de dispersion peut avantageusement être monté sur un châssis de support fixé sur une partie arrière du tracteur et s'étendant en porte à faux vers l'arrière de celui-ci, au dessus de la couche de roulement qui vient d'être réalisée par le dispositif d'épandage.The installation comprises, in known manner, a tractor movable on the platform and carrying a reserve of coated aggregates opening into spreading means extending transversely to the longitudinal axis over a working width. According to the invention, the device for dispersing the granular material is integral, in displacement, with the tractor in order to maintain a short distance, behind the spreading means. In particular, the dispersing device can advantageously be mounted on a support frame fixed to a rear part of the tractor and extending in a cantilevered manner towards the rear thereof, above the wearing course which comes from 'be carried out by the spreading device.

Dans un mode de réalisation préférentiel, le châssis de support du dispositif de dispersion est associé à une partie en forme de cadre ayant deux côtés latéraux s'étendant de part et d'autre du dispositif de dispersion, parallèlement à l'axe longitudinal et portant chacun une cloison légère s'étendant verticalement à partir du niveau de la couche de roulement sur une hauteur de protection.In a preferred embodiment, the support frame of the dispersing device is associated with a frame-shaped part having two lateral sides extending on either side of the dispersing device, parallel to the longitudinal axis and carrying each a light partition extending vertically from the level of the wearing course over a protective height.

Avantageusement, le dispositif de dispersion est alimenté avec un débit contrôlé à partir d'un réservoir tampon, ce dernier pouvant lui-même être alimenté à partir de sacs qui sont ouverts en fonction des besoins pour se déverser dans le réservoir tampon.Advantageously, the dispersing device is supplied with a controlled flow rate from a buffer tank, the latter itself being able to be supplied from bags which are opened as required to pour into the buffer tank.

Mais l'invention couvre également d'autres caractéristiques avantageuses qui font l'objet de revendications dépendantes et qui ressortiront de la description suivante, donnée à titre d'exemple, d'un mode de réalisation de l'installation selon l'invention et du procédé mis en oeuvre, en se référant aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :

  • La figure 1 est une vue de côté de l'ensemble d'une installation selon l'invention.
  • La figure 2 est une vue de dessus de l'installation.
  • La figure 3 est une vue schématique, en élévation, du dispositif de dispersion.
However, the invention also covers other advantageous features which are the subject of dependent claims and which will emerge from the following description, given by way of example, of an embodiment of the installation according to the invention and of the process implemented, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • Figure 1 is a side view of the assembly of an installation according to the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a top view of the installation.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic view, in elevation, of the dispersing device.

Sur les figures 1 et 2 on a représenté schématiquement, respectivement en vue de côté et en vue de dessus, l'ensemble d'une installation de réalisation d'une couche de roulement A sur une plateforme B, comprenant une machine d'épandage 1 de type classique, montée, de préférence, sur un tracteur automoteur 10 qui peut se déplacer le long d'un axe longitudinal x'x de la plateforme B. Le tracteur 10 peut être muni, comme habituellement, d'une trémie 11 de réception d'une masse 2 de granulats enrobés d'un liant bitumineux et il est muni, à sa partie arrière, de moyens 12 d'épandage, sur la plateforme B, des granulats enrobés 2, de façon à former une couche de roulement 21 centrée sur l'axe longitudinal x'x et dont la largeur et l'épaisseur sont réglées par une table de finissage 13 portée par la partie arrière du tracteur 10.In FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown schematically, respectively in side view and in plan view, the whole of an installation for producing a wearing course A on a platform B, comprising a spreading machine 1 of the conventional type, preferably mounted on a self-propelled tractor 10 which can move along a longitudinal axis x'x of the platform B. The tractor 10 can be provided, as usual, with a receiving hopper 11 of a mass 2 of aggregates coated with a bituminous binder and it is provided, at its rear, with means 12 for spreading, on platform B, coated aggregates 2, so as to form a centered wearing course 21 on the longitudinal axis x'x and whose width and thickness are regulated by a finishing table 13 carried by the rear part of the tractor 10.

De tels moyens d'épandage sont bien connus et peuvent être de différents types permettant, d'une façon générale, de réaliser sur la plateforme B une couche de roulement d'épaisseur voulue qui est, ensuite, compactée, par exemple au moyen d'un rouleau vibrant.Such spreading means are well known and can be of different types making it possible, in general, to produce on the platform B a wearing course of desired thickness which is then compacted, for example by means of a vibrating roller.

Comme on l'a indiqué plus haut, le liant bitumineux qui enrobe complètement chaque élément du granulat forme, après l'épandage de la couche de roulement 21, un film sensiblement continu qui recouvre entièrement la face supérieure 22 de ladite couche 21, constituant la surface de roulement.As indicated above, the bituminous binder which completely coats each element of the aggregate forms, after the spreading of the wearing course 21, a substantially continuous film which completely covers the upper face 22 of said layer 21, constituting the running surface.

Ce film externe et lisse de liant est éliminé progressivement par le roulement des véhicules mais diminue, cependant, l'adhérence au début de la mise en service.This external and smooth binder film is gradually eliminated by the rolling of the vehicles but, however, decreases the adhesion at the start of commissioning.

Pour éviter cet inconvénient, on répand sur la face supérieure 22 de la couche de roulement, une matière granuleuse telle qu'un sable fin, qui s'incorpore au film externe de liant et est ensuite éliminé avec celui-ci, mais augmente, cependant, l'adhérence pendant le temps nécessaire à cette élimination.To avoid this drawback, a granular material such as fine sand is spread over the upper face 22 of the wearing course, which is incorporated into the external binder film and is then removed with it, but increases, however. , adhesion for the time necessary for this elimination.

Pour obtenir un bon résultat, ce sable fin doit, cependant, être dispersé de façon très homogène et en évitant, non seulement les surépaisseurs, mais également les pertes de sable à l'extérieur de la surface de roulement.To obtain a good result, this fine sand must, however, be dispersed in a very homogeneous way and avoiding, not only the excess thicknesses, but also the losses of sand outside the running surface.

A cet effet, selon une première caractéristique de l'invention, la dispersion du sable fin est réalisée dès la réalisation de la couche de roulement et sur tout sa largeur, avant tout compactage. De ce fait, le film externe de liant se trouve à une température assez élevée pour déterminer un collage immédiat du sable dispersé dès que celui-ci vient au contact de la face supérieure 22 de la couche d'enrobés 21 et le compactage réalisé ensuite provoque l'incrustation dans le film de liant des grains de sable ainsi collés sur celui-ci.To this end, according to a first characteristic of the invention, the dispersion of fine sand is carried out as soon as the wearing course is produced and over its entire width, before any compaction. Therefore, the external binder film is at a temperature high enough to determine an immediate bonding of the dispersed sand as soon as it comes into contact with the upper face 22 of the asphalt layer 21 and the compaction carried out then causes the incrustation in the binder film of grains of sand thus stuck on it.

A cet effet, on utilise un dispositif de dispersion qui est placé aussi près que possible de la machine d'épandage et se déplace sensiblement à la même vitesse que celle-ci. De la sorte, le film externe de liant recouvrant la couche d'enrobés 21 n'a pas le temps de refroidir sensiblement avant le dépôt de la matière sableuse.For this purpose, a dispersing device is used which is placed as close as possible to the spreading machine and moves at substantially the same speed as the latter. In this way, the external binder film covering the asphalt layer 21 does not have the time to cool down substantially before depositing the sandy material.

Pour cela, le dispositif de dispersion est, de préférence, monté directement sur la partie arrière de la machine d'épandage et réalise la dispersion du sable sur toute la largeur de travail (L) de celle-ci. Ainsi, le sable dispersé se colle immédiatement sur l'ensemble de la face supérieure 22 de la couche de roulement 21 au fur et à mesure de la réalisation de celle-ci.For this, the dispersing device is preferably mounted directly on the rear part of the spreading machine and carries out the dispersion of the sand over the entire working width (L) thereof. Thus, the dispersed sand immediately sticks to the whole of the upper face 22 of the wearing course 21 as and when it is produced.

En revanche, le compactage réalisant l'incrustation du sable peut être effectuée à une certaine distance de la machine d'épandage et, éventuellement, par bandes successives car, en cas de vent, par exemple, le sable fin dispersé reste collé sur la surface 22 jusqu'au moment du compactage permettant son incorporation au liant.On the other hand, the compaction carrying out the incrustation of the sand can be carried out at a certain distance from the spreading machine and, possibly, by successive bands because, in the event of wind, for example, the fine dispersed sand remains stuck on the surface 22 until the moment of compaction allowing its incorporation into the binder.

Dans le mode de réalisation préférentiel représenté sur les figures, le dispositif de dispersion 4 est monté sur un châssis de support 5 porté par une potence 52 fixée directement sur la partie arrière du tracteur 11.In the preferred embodiment shown in the figures, the dispersing device 4 is mounted on a support frame 5 carried by a bracket 52 fixed directly to the rear part of the tractor 11.

Comme le montre schématiquement la figure 3, le dispositif de dispersion 4 comprend avantageusement une enceinte de réserve telle qu'un petit silo 41 ayant un fond en forme de trémie 42 qui débouche, par un conduit 43, sur une sole tournante 44 constituée d'un plateau muni de pales et entraîné en rotation à une vitesse suffisante autour d'un axe vertical 40 par un moteur 45 situé, de préférence, au dessous de la sole tournante 44 et relié au silo 41 par des moyens de support non représentés.As shown schematically in Figure 3, the dispersing device 4 advantageously comprises a reserve enclosure such as a small silo 41 having a hopper-shaped bottom 42 which opens, via a conduit 43, onto a rotating floor 44 consisting of a plate provided with blades and driven in rotation at a sufficient speed about a vertical axis 40 by a motor 45 preferably located below the rotary hearth 44 and connected to the silo 41 by support means not shown.

Le silo 41 est rempli de sable fin et, de préférence, alimenté en permanence à partir d'un réservoir tampon 51 placé sur le tracteur 1 au dessus du silo 41 qui est alimenté par gravité.The silo 41 is filled with fine sand and, preferably, permanently supplied from a buffer tank 51 placed on the tractor 1 above the silo 41 which is fed by gravity.

L'acheminement du sable vers le silo 41 peut aussi se faire au moyen d'une vis transporteuse.The delivery of sand to silo 41 can also be done using a conveyor screw.

Selon une variante, le sable peut aussi être alimenté sous forme de sacs qui sont ouverts au dessus du réservoir tampon 5 dont la sortie est munie d'une grille évitant le passage accidentel de papier.Alternatively, the sand can also be fed in the form of bags which are open above the buffer tank 5, the outlet of which is provided with a grid preventing accidental passage of paper.

Le sable introduit ainsi dans le silo 41 se déverse par le conduit 43 sur la sole tournante 44 entraînée en rotation à grande vitesse et est donc dispersé par effet centrifuge au dessus de la face supérieure 22 de la couche de roulement 21.The sand thus introduced into the silo 41 is poured through the conduit 43 onto the rotary hearth 44 driven in rotation at high speed and is therefore dispersed by centrifugal effect above the upper face 22 of the wearing course 21.

Le canal d'alimentation 43 est muni d'un obturateur réglable 46 à commande électronique temporisée 47 permettant de régler le débit de sable tombant sur la sole 44 en fonction de la vitesse d'avancement de la machine 1.The supply channel 43 is provided with an adjustable shutter 46 with timed electronic control 47 making it possible to adjust the flow of sand falling on the floor 44 as a function of the speed of advance of the machine 1.

La matière ainsi projetée se disperse, par effet contrifuge, dans un secteur circulaire 61 centré sur l'axe vertical de la sole tournante 44.The material thus sprayed disperses, by contrifying effect, in a circular sector 61 centered on the vertical axis of the rotary hearth 44.

Pour rapprocher autant que possible l'axe de dispersion de la table de finissage 13, il est préférable que le secteur de dispersion 61 s'ouvre seulement vers l'arrière, sur un angle d'environ 180°.To bring the dispersion axis as close as possible to the finishing table 13, it is preferable for the dispersion sector 61 to open only towards the rear, at an angle of approximately 180 °.

A cet effet, comme le montre la figure 3, le dispositif de dispersion 4 est avantageusement muni d'un déflecteur 48 placé au niveau de la sole tournante 44 et comprenant deux bras munis de pales orientables dont l'ouverture peut être réglée en fonction de la vitesse et du dosage, afin de limiter la projection du sable sur un secteur 61 d'ouverture variable, de l'ordre de 180°.To this end, as shown in FIG. 3, the dispersing device 4 is advantageously provided with a deflector 48 placed at the level of the rotating hearth 44 and comprising two arms provided with orientable blades whose opening can be adjusted according to the speed and the dosage, in order to limit the projection of the sand onto a sector 61 of variable opening, of the order of 180 °.

Le sable ainsi dispersé dans un secteur circulaire qui se déplace longitudinalement, se dépose sur la surface 22 en formant une bande parallèle à l'axe x'x et dont la largeur dépend de l'effet centrifuge de la sole tournante et peut être, par exemple, de 4 mètres, ce qui correspond à une largeur de travail normale d'une machine d'épandage.The sand thus dispersed in a circular sector which moves longitudinally, is deposited on the surface 22 by forming a strip parallel to the axis x'x and the width of which depends on the centrifugal effect of the rotating hearth and can be, for example. example, 4 meters, which corresponds to a normal working width of a spreading machine.

Grâce à cette disposition, il est possible de répandre régulièrement sur la surface 22 de la couche d'enrobé 21, une quantité de sable fin de l'ordre de 250 à 300 g/m2.Thanks to this arrangement, it is possible to regularly spread on the surface 22 of the coated layer 21, an amount of fine sand of the order of 250 to 300 g / m 2 .

Si l'on utilise une machine réalisant en une passe une plus grande largeur, par exemple de 8 m, il est possible de placer sur le châssis 5 deux dispositifs de dispersion écartés l'un de l'autre, et ayant chacun un secteur d'action de largeur 1 de l'ordre de 4 m. Comme le montre la figure 2, les secteurs d'action peuvent se chevaucher légèrement, mais ce n'est pas indispensable car la zone centrale placée entre les deux secteurs d'action peut être sous-dosée, dans la mesure où elle correspond à un marquage axial, à la limite de deux voies.If a machine is used which achieves a greater width in one pass, for example 8 m, it is possible to place on the frame 5 two dispersing devices spaced from one another, and each having a sector d action of width 1 of the order of 4 m. As Figure 2 shows, the policy areas may overlap slightly, but this is not essential as the central zone placed between the two action sectors can be under-dosed, insofar as it corresponds to an axial marking, at the limit of two paths.

Il est aussi possible de limiter la largeur 1 du secteur couvert par une sole 44 et l'augmenter le nombre de dispositifs de dispersion de façon à couvrir en même temps toute la largeur de travail (L) du dispositif d'épandage 13 de la couche de roulement 21.It is also possible to limit the width 1 of the sector covered by a hearth 44 and increase the number of dispersing devices so as to cover at the same time the entire working width (L) of the spreading device 13 of the layer. bearing 21.

Chaque sole tournante 44 doit impérativement être conçue pour s'adapter à la masse relativement faible du matériau granulaire très fin qui doit être projeté.Each rotating sole 44 must imperatively be designed to adapt to the relatively small mass of the very fine granular material which must be sprayed.

A cet égard, on a observé qu'en raison de la très grande finesse de la matière projetée, une forte proportion de celle-ci ne se dépose pas immédiatement sur la surface 22 mais reste un certain temps en suspension et peut donc être entraînée par un mouvement d'air.In this regard, it has been observed that due to the very great fineness of the sprayed material, a large proportion of it does not deposit immediately on the surface 22 but remains for a certain time in suspension and can therefore be entrained by air movement.

Pour éviter une perte de matière, selon une autre caractéristique particulièrement avantageuse de l'invention, les moyens de dispersion sont placés dans un espace clos, à l'abri des perturbations extérieures.To avoid loss of material, according to another particularly advantageous characteristic of the invention, the dispersing means are placed in an enclosed space, sheltered from external disturbances.

Ainsi, dans le mode de réalisation préférentiel représenté sur la figure 1, le châssis 5 de support des moyens de dispersion 4 comprend une plate-forme 51 fixée sur la potence 52 et sur laquelle sont montés, d'une part les dispositifs de dispersion 4 et, d'autre part, un cadre rectangulaire 54 s'étendant horizontalement vers l'arrière et portant une cloison légère telle qu'une bâche 53 qui s'étend verticalement sur une hauteur de protection h, sensiblement jusqu'à la face supérieure 22 de la couche de roulement 21.Thus, in the preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the chassis 5 for supporting the dispersing means 4 comprises a platform 51 fixed on the bracket 52 and on which are mounted, on the one hand, the dispersing devices 4 and, on the other hand, a rectangular frame 54 extending horizontally towards the rear and carrying a light partition such as a tarpaulin 53 which extends vertically over a protective height h, substantially up to the upper face 22 of the wearing course 21.

En outre, le cadre rectangulaire 54 peut être recouvert d'une bâche ou cloison horizontale 55.In addition, the rectangular frame 54 can be covered with a tarpaulin or horizontal partition 55.

On délimite ainsi, autour des organes de dispersion 4, un espace fermé 50 qui recouvre entièrement une zone rectangulaire de la face supérieure 22 de la couche de roulement s'étendant sur toute la largeur (L) réalisée en une passe par le dispositif d'épandage 12, 13 et sur une longueur L' correspondant à la distance maximale de projection des grains de sable, compte tenu de leur densité et de l'effet centrifuge de la sole tournante 44.There is thus delimited, around the dispersing members 4, a closed space 50 which entirely covers a rectangular area of the upper face 22 of the wearing course extending over the entire width (L) produced in one pass by the device. spreading 12, 13 and over a length L 'corresponding to the maximum distance of projection of the grains of sand, taking into account their density and the centrifugal effect of the rotary hearth 44.

Les grains projetés restent donc confinés à l'intérieur de cet espace fermé 50 qui se déplace à la même vitesse que les moyens d'épandage 50.The sprayed grains therefore remain confined inside this closed space 50 which moves at the same speed as the spreading means 50.

Une partie des grains projetés se dépose immédiatement sur la surface de roulement 22 et une autre partie peut heurter les, côtés longitudinaux ou transversaux de la paroi verticale 53 et est renvoyée de façon aléatoire vers l'intérieur de l'espace 50 en se répartissant de façon sensiblement homogène. La matière dispersée forme ainsi, à l'intérieur de l'espace 50, un nuage de grains en suspension qui s'avance avec le tracteur 10 à la vitesse d'épandage de la couche de roulement et dont la partie inférieure est plus dense et a tendance à se coller sur la face supérieure 22 recouverte d'un film de liant qui n'a pas eu le temps de se refroidir et se trouve encore à une température comprise entre 120° et 140°C.Part of the sprayed grains is immediately deposited on the rolling surface 22 and another part can strike the longitudinal or transverse sides of the vertical wall 53 and is randomly returned towards the interior of the space 50 by dividing substantially homogeneously. The dispersed material thus forms, inside the space 50, a cloud of grains in suspension which advances with the tractor 10 at the speed of spreading of the wearing course and whose lower part is denser and tends to stick to the upper face 22 covered with a binder film which has not had time to cool and is still at a temperature between 120 ° and 140 ° C.

Les grains de sable fin ainsi collés sur le film recouvrant la couche de roulement 21, s'incrustent ensuite dans ce film au passage du compacteur 3.The grains of fine sand thus glued to the film covering the wearing course 21 then become encrusted in this film when the compactor 3 passes.

On réalise ainsi, sur la face supérieure 22 de la couche de roulement 21, immédiatement après la réalisation de celle-ci, une surface rugueuse qui améliore considérablement l'adhérence.There is thus produced, on the upper face 22 of the wearing course 21, immediately after the production thereof, a rough surface which considerably improves the adhesion.

Un autre avantage de l'invention réside dans le fait que cette mince couche de sable fin incrustée dans le film de liant recouvrant la couche de roulement diminue la brillance de celle-ci et ainsi le risque d'éblouissement des automobilistes.Another advantage of the invention lies in the fact that this thin layer of fine sand encrusted in the binder film covering the wearing course reduces the brightness of the latter and thus the risk of dazzling motorists.

Par la suite, le film de liant, avec les grains de sable qui y sont incorporés, est progressivement éliminé par la circulation des véhicules, mais en faisant apparaître la face supérieure, irrégulière, des granulats de la couche de roulement.Subsequently, the binder film, with the grains of sand incorporated therein, is gradually eliminated by the movement of vehicles, but by revealing the upper, irregular face, of the aggregates of the wearing course.

L'invention permet donc de conférer au revêtement, dès sa réalisation et la mise en circulation, des propriétés d'adhérence très nettement améliorées, en particulier à vitesse modérée.The invention therefore makes it possible to give the coating, as soon as it is produced and put into circulation, very clearly improved adhesion properties, in particular at moderate speed.

Bien entendu, l'invention ne se limite pas aux détails du mode de réalisation qui vient d'être décrit à titre de simple exemple, les dispositions utilisées pouvant être modifiées en restant dans le cadre de protection défini par les revendications.Of course, the invention is not limited to the details of the embodiment which has just been described by way of simple example, the arrangements used being able to be modified while remaining within the protective framework defined by the claims.

Par exemple, le dispositif d'épandage 5 pourrait prendre appui directement, par des roues, sur la couche d'enrobé 21 et être attelé à l'arrière du tracteur 11 ou bien constituer un véhicule indépendant automoteur suivant le tracteur 11 et placé un peu en arrière du finisseur 13, mais à une distance assez faible pour que le film de liant recouvrant la couche de roulement n'ait pas eu le temps de se refroidir sensiblement.For example, the spreading device 5 could bear directly, by wheels, on the asphalt layer 21 and be coupled to the rear of the tractor 11 or else constitute an independent self-propelled vehicle following the tractor 11 and placed a little behind the finisher 13, but at a distance small enough that the binder film covering the wearing course has not had time to cool down significantly.

D'autre part, on pourrait utiliser pour la dispersion du sable tous moyens permettant de déposer des particules légères sur une assez grande surface et de façon homogène.On the other hand, it would be possible to use any means for dispersing the sand which makes it possible to deposit light particles over a fairly large area and in a uniform manner.

Par exemple, le dispositif de dispersion du sable fin pourrait être constitué d'une trémie fixée sur l'arrière du tracteur 10 et s'étendant transversalement sur toute la largeur (L) de la couche d'enrobés réalisée par les moyens d'épandage 12, 13, le fond de cette trémie étant équipé d'une vis permettant de repartir régulièrement le sable fin déversé dans la trémie, au-dessus d'une fente allongée laissant passer un débit de sable réglé en fonction de la vitesse d'avancement du tracteur 10.For example, the device for dispersing fine sand could consist of a hopper fixed to the rear of the tractor 10 and extending transversely over the entire width (L) of the asphalt layer produced by the spreading means. 12, 13, the bottom of this hopper being equipped with a screw making it possible to regularly distribute the fine sand poured into the hopper, above an elongated slot allowing a sand flow rate adjusted as a function of the forward speed tractor 10.

La nature de la couche de roulement sur laquelle le matériau granulaire très fin est appliqué, est sans influence sur la mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention. Ainsi, les enrobés bitumineux peuvent être obtenus indifféremment à chaud ou à froid.The nature of the wearing course on which the very fine granular material is applied has no influence on the implementation of the method of the invention. Thus, bituminous mixes can be obtained either hot or cold.

La proportion de sable fin dispersé doit être adaptée à la nature de l'enrobé et peut aller, par exemple, de 300 +/- 50g/m2 pour un enrobé drainant jusqu'à 500 +/- 50g/m2 pour un enrobé non drainant.The proportion of fine dispersed sand must be adapted to the nature of the mix and can range, for example, from 300 +/- 50g / m 2 for a draining mix up to 500 +/- 50g / m 2 for a mix not draining.

Claims (22)

Procédé d'amélioration des qualités de surface d'une voie de circulation (A) réalisée par épandage, sur une plateforme (B), d'une couche (21) de granulats enrobés (2) dans un liant bitumineux, au moyen d'un dispositif d'épandage (12, 13) se déplaçant à une vitesse d'avancement (v) suivant un axe longitudinal de la plateforme (B) et couvrant transversalement une largeur de travail (L), ladite couche (21) ayant une face supérieure (22) recouverte d'un film de liant, procédé dans lequel, après épandage de la couche d'enrobés (21), on disperse au-dessus de celle-ci une quantité réglée de matière solide à grains fins (2) répartie de façon sensiblement homogène, qui se dépose sur le film de liant recouvrant la face supérieure (22) de la couche d'enrobés (21), et l'on procède ensuite au compactage de celle-ci, la dispersion de la matière granuleuse (2) étant réalisée à l'avancement, à une vitesse sensiblement égale à la vitesse longitudinale (v) d'avancement du dispositif d'épandage (12, 13) et à une distance assez faible en aval de celui-ci pour que la température du liant reste suffisamment élevée pour permettre le collage des grains dispersés dès le contact avec le film de liant, lesdits grains étant ensuite incrustés dans ledit film de liant par le compactage réalisé en aval, pour la formation d'une surface de roulement (22) rugueuse.Method for improving the surface qualities of a traffic lane (A) produced by spreading, on a platform (B), a layer (21) of aggregates coated (2) in a bituminous binder, using a spreading device (12, 13) moving at a forward speed (v) along a longitudinal axis of the platform (B) and transversely covering a working width (L), said layer (21) having a face upper (22) covered with a binder film, process in which, after spreading the asphalt layer (21), a regulated quantity of fine-grained solid material (2) is dispersed above it substantially homogeneously, which is deposited on the binder film covering the upper face (22) of the asphalt layer (21), and the compaction of the latter is then carried out, the dispersion of the granular material ( 2) being carried out at advancement, at a speed substantially equal to the longitudinal speed (v) of advancement ent of the spreading device (12, 13) and at a sufficiently short distance downstream of it so that the temperature of the binder remains sufficiently high to allow the bonding of the dispersed grains from the contact with the binder film, said grains then being embedded in said binder film by the compaction carried out downstream, for the formation of a rough rolling surface (22). Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que la matière granuleuse (2) est dispersée au dessus d'une zone de la couche de roulement où la température du liant est d'au moins 100°C et, de préférence, de l'ordre de 140°C.Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the granular material (2) is dispersed over an area of the wearing course where the temperature of the binder is at least 100 ° C and preferably l 'around 140 ° C. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé par le fait que la matière granuleuse dispersée (6) est un sable fin ou très fin.Method according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the dispersed granular material (6) is fine or very fine sand. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3, caractérisé par le fait que la matière granuleuse (6) présente une granulométrie comprise entre 100 et 500 µm.Method according to one of claims 1, 2, 3, characterized in that the granular material (6) has a particle size between 100 and 500 µm. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par le fait que, avant la dispersion, la matière granuleuse est chauffée de façon à éviter tout refroidissement, à son contact, du film de liant sur lequel elle est répandue.Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that , before dispersion, the material granular is heated so as to avoid any cooling, on contact, of the binder film on which it is spread. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par le fait que la matière granuleuse est dispersée de façon sensiblement homogène dans un espace fermé au moins sur ses côtés et s'étendant vers le bas jusqu'à un bord inférieur placé à une faible distance de la couche de roulement et délimitant un orifice rectangulaire permettant à la matière dispersée dans ledit espace de se déposer régulièrement, au fur et à mesure de la réalisation de la couche de roulement (21), sur une largeur correspondant à la largeur de travail (L) réalisée en une passe par le dispositif (12, 13) d'épandage des granulats enrobés.Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the granular material is dispersed in a substantially homogeneous manner in a space closed at least on its sides and extending downwards to a lower edge placed at a short distance of the wearing course and delimiting a rectangular orifice allowing the material dispersed in said space to be deposited regularly, as and when the wearing course (21) is produced, over a width corresponding to the working width ( L) produced in one pass by the device (12, 13) for spreading the coated aggregates. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé par le fait que la matière granuleuse (6) est projetée au dessus de la surface de roulement (22) par effet centrifuge, de façon à se répartir régulièrement dans au moins un secteur circulaire.Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the granular material (6) is projected above the rolling surface (22) by centrifugal effect, so as to be distributed regularly in at least one circular sector. Installation de réalisation sur une plateforme (B) de la couche de roulement (21) d'une voie de circulation (A) déplaçable en continu le long d'un axe longitudinal caractérisé par le fait qu'elle comprend successivement, dans un sens d'avancement, un dispositif (12, 13) d'épandage sur la plateforme (B), de granulats (2) enrobés d'un liant bitumineux, déplaçable en continu, à une vitesse d'avancement (v), le long de l'axe longitudinal de la plateforme (B), pour la formation d'une couche de roulement (21) ayant une face supérieure (22) recouverte d'un film de liant, un dispositif (4) de dispersion sensiblement homogène d'une matière solide à grains fins (6) au dessus de la couche de roulement (21), et des moyens (3) de compactage, et que le dispositif de dispersion (4) se déplace sensiblement à la même vitesse que le dispositif d'épandage (12, 13) et est maintenu en aval de celui-ci, à une distance assez faible pour éviter un abaissement sensible de la température du film de liant recouvrant les enrobés, de façon que les grains fins (6) ainsi dispersés se collent sur l'ensemble de la face supérieure (22) de la couche de roulement (21) puis s'incrustent dans ledit film par compactage.Installation for producing on a platform (B) the wearing course (21) of a traffic lane (A) continuously movable along a longitudinal axis characterized in that it successively comprises, in a direction d advancement, a device (12, 13) for spreading on the platform (B), aggregates (2) coated with a bituminous binder, continuously movable, at a forward speed (v), along the longitudinal axis of the platform (B), for the formation of a wearing course (21) having an upper face (22) covered with a binder film, a device (4) for substantially homogeneous dispersion of a material fine-grained solid (6) above the wearing course (21), and means (3) for compacting, and the dispersing device (4) moves at substantially the same speed as the spreading device ( 12, 13) and is kept downstream of it, at a distance small enough to avoid a significant lowering of the temperature d u binder film covering the coated materials, so that the fine grains (6) thus dispersed stick to the whole of the upper face (22) of the wearing course (21) then become embedded in said film by compaction. Installation selon la revendication 8, caractérisée par le fait que le dispositif de dispersion (4) comprend au moins un organe (44) de projection de la matière granulaire avec une répartition homogène, dans au moins une zone de dispersion (61) s'étendant horizontalement dans toutes les directions sur au moins un secteur angulaire largement ouvert à partir d'au moins un orifice alimenté en matière granuleuse avec un débit contrôlé.Installation according to claim 8, characterized in that the dispersing device (4) comprises at least one member (44) for projecting the granular material with a homogeneous distribution, in at least one dispersing zone (61) extending horizontally in all directions over at least one angular sector which is widely open from at least one orifice supplied with granular material with a controlled flow. Installation selon la revendication 9, caractérisée par le fait que la zone (61) de dispersion de la matière (6) s'étend vers l'arrière des moyens d'épandage (41, 13) par rapport au sens d'avancement, avec une répartition homogène de la matière (6) dans un secteur angulaire de l'ordre de 180°.Installation according to claim 9, characterized in that the area (61) for dispersing the material (6) extends towards the rear of the spreading means (41, 13) relative to the direction of advance, with a homogeneous distribution of the material (6) in an angular sector of the order of 180 °. Installation selon l'une des revendications 9 et 10, caractérisée par le fait que l'organe de projection (44) est associé à des moyens (46, 47) de réglage en fonction de la vitesse d'avancement de l'installation, du débit de grains projetés par unité de temps dans la zone de dispersion (61).Installation according to one of claims 9 and 10, characterized in that the projection member (44) is associated with means (46, 47) for adjusting according to the speed of advance of the installation, the flow rate of grains projected per unit time in the dispersion zone (61). Installation selon l'une des revendications 8 à 11, pour la réalisation d'une couche de roulement (21) s'étendant sur une largeur de travail (L) de part et d'autre d'un axe longitudinal (x'x), caractérisée par le fait que le dispositif de dispersion (4) comprend au moins une enceinte de réserve (41) associée à des moyens (43, 45) d'alimentation avec un débit contrôlé débouchant au centre d'au moins une sole tournante (44) entraînée en rotation autour d'un axe (40) sensiblement vertical pour la projection par effet centrifuge de la matière granuleuse (6), et dont la vitesse de rotation est réglée de façon que, compte tenu de sa densité, la matière granuleuse se répartisse de façon homogène dans une zone de dispersion (61) couvrant au moins une partie (I) de la largeur (L) de la couche de roulement (21) réalisée en une passe par le dispositif d'épandage (12, 13).Installation according to one of claims 8 to 11, for producing a wearing course (21) extending over a working width (L) on either side of a longitudinal axis (x'x) , characterized in that the dispersing device (4) comprises at least one reserve enclosure (41) associated with means (43, 45) for supplying with a controlled flow opening into the center of at least one rotating hearth ( 44) driven in rotation about a substantially vertical axis (40) for the projection by centrifugal effect of the granular material (6), and the speed of rotation of which is adjusted so that, taking into account its density, the granular material is distributed homogeneously in a dispersion zone (61) covering at least part (I) of the width (L) of the wearing course (21) produced in one pass by the spreading device (12, 13) . Installation selon la revendication 12, caractérisée par le fait que chaque sole tournante (44) réalise la dispersion de la matière granuleuse sur une largeur (1) et que le dispositif de dispersion (4) comprend au moins deux soles tournantes (44, 44') dont les axes de rotation sont écartés l'un de l'autre afin de couvrir toute la largeur (L) de la couche de roulement (21) réalisée en une passe par le dispositif d'épandage (12, 13).Installation according to claim 12, characterized in that each rotating floor (44) disperses the granular material over a width (1) and that the dispersing device (4) comprises at least two rotating plates (44, 44 ') whose axes of rotation are spaced apart from one another in order to cover the entire width ( L) of the wearing course (21) made in one pass by the spreading device (12, 13). Installation selon l'une des revendications 12 et 13, caractérisée par le fait que chaque sole (44) tournante est associée à des moyens (48) de limitation de l'étendue de la zone de dispersion (61) à l'intérieur d'un dièdre s'ouvrant vers l'arrière à partir de l'axe de rotation (40) de la sole tournante (44) et sur un angle de l'ordre de 180°.Installation according to one of claims 12 and 13, characterized in that each rotating hearth (44) is associated with means (48) for limiting the extent of the dispersion zone (61) inside a dihedral opening towards the rear from the axis of rotation (40) of the rotary hearth (44) and at an angle of the order of 180 °. Installation selon l'une des revendications 8 à 14, caractérisée par le fait que le dispositif de dispersion (4) est associé à des moyens (53) de limitation d'un espace de dispersion (50) couvrant au moins une partie de la couche de roulement (21) et s'étendant au-dessus de celle-ci sur une hauteur de protection contre les perturbations extérieures.Installation according to one of claims 8 to 14, characterized in that the dispersion device (4) is associated with means (53) for limiting a dispersion space (50) covering at least part of the layer bearing (21) and extending above it over a height of protection against external disturbances. Installation selon l'une des revendications 8 à 15, caractérisée par le fait que le dispositif de dispersion (4) comprend au moins un silo (41) alimenté à partir d'un réservoir tampon (51).Installation according to one of claims 8 to 15, characterized in that the dispersion device (4) comprises at least one silo (41) supplied from a buffer tank (51). Installation selon la revendication 16, caractérisée par le fait que le réservoir tampon (51) est alimenté à partir de sacs de matière granuleuse qui sont ouverts en fonction des besoins pour se déverser dans le réservoir tampon (51).Installation according to claim 16, characterized in that the buffer tank (51) is supplied from bags of granular material which are opened as required to pour into the buffer tank (51). Installation selon l'une des revendications 8 à 17, caractérisée par le fait qu'elle comprend un tracteur (10) déplaçable sur une plateforme (B) suivant un axe longitudinal (x'x) et portant une enceinte (11) de réserve des granulats enrobés (2) débouchant dans des moyens d'épandage (12, 13) du granulat s'étendant transversalement à l'axe longitudinal pour la formation d'une couche de roulement (21) sur une largeur de travail (L) et que le dispositif (4) de dispersion de la matière granuleuse est relié au tracteur (10) de façon à être maintenu à une faible distance en arrière des moyens d'épandage (12, 13).Installation according to one of claims 8 to 17, characterized in that it comprises a tractor (10) movable on a platform (B) along a longitudinal axis (x'x) and carrying an enclosure (11) for storing coated aggregates (2) opening into spreading means (12, 13) of the aggregate extending transversely to the longitudinal axis for the formation of a wearing course (21) over a working width (L) and that the device (4) for dispersing the granular material is connected to the tractor (10) so as to be kept a short distance behind the spreading means (12, 13). Installation selon la revendication 8, caractérisée par le fait que le dispositif (4) de dispersion est monté sur un châssis de support (5) fixé sur une partie arrière du tracteur (10) et s'étendant vers l'arrière de celui-ci, au dessus de la couche de roulement (21) réalisée.Installation according to claim 8, characterized in that the dispersing device (4) is mounted on a support frame (5) fixed on a rear part of the tractor (10) and extending towards the rear of the latter , above the surface layer (21) produced. Installation selon la revendication 19, caractérisée par le fait que le châssis (5) de support du dispositif de dispersion (4) est associé à une partie en forme de cadre (54) ayant deux côtés latéraux s'étendant de part et d'autre du dispositif de dispersion (4), parallèlement à l'axe longitudinal et portant chacun une cloison légère (53) s'étendant verticalement à partir du niveau de la couche de roulement (21) sur une hauteur de protection (h).Installation according to claim 19, characterized in that the chassis (5) for supporting the dispersing device (4) is associated with a frame-shaped part (54) having two lateral sides extending on either side of the dispersing device (4), parallel to the longitudinal axis and each carrying a light partition (53) extending vertically from the level of the wearing course (21) over a protective height (h). Installation selon la revendication 20, caractérisée par le fait que le châssis (5) et le cadre (54) s'étendent en porte-à-faux vers l'arrière du tracteur (10).Installation according to claim 20, characterized in that the chassis (5) and the frame (54) extend in overhang towards the rear of the tractor (10). Installation selon la revendication 20, caractérisée par le fait que le châssis (5) prend appui sur la couche de roulement (21) par un organe de roulement et est relié par une remorque au tracteur (10).Installation according to claim 20, characterized in that the chassis (5) bears on the wearing course (21) by a rolling member and is connected by a trailer to the tractor (10).
EP03292394A 2002-09-30 2003-09-29 Method for improving the quality of roadway surfaces and device for carrying out the method Expired - Lifetime EP1403435B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0212092A FR2845100B1 (en) 2002-09-30 2002-09-30 METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE SURFACE QUALITIES OF A TRAFFIC LANE AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING SAME
FR0212092 2002-09-30

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EP1403435B1 EP1403435B1 (en) 2008-08-27

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AT (1) ATE406480T1 (en)
DE (1) DE60323193D1 (en)
DK (1) DK1403435T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2845100B1 (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103790096A (en) * 2014-01-17 2014-05-14 青岛林川工程技术咨询有限公司 Dispensing method of road construction materials
CN109989324A (en) * 2019-04-23 2019-07-09 嘉兴劲境电子商务有限公司 A kind of pitch, which pours, rolls all-in-one machine

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1409840A1 (en) * 1961-11-01 1969-01-30 Anton Scheuerer Process for the application of gritting material on bituminous road surfaces
DE2027297A1 (en) * 1970-06-03 1971-12-16 Deutsche Asphalt GmbH, 6000 Frank fürt Mastic asphalt installation device
DE2740667A1 (en) * 1977-09-09 1979-03-15 Voegele Ag J Asphalt road surface renewal method - involves loosening with elastic rake after heating to working temp. following lower temp. preheating
DE3834313A1 (en) * 1988-10-08 1990-04-12 Hermann Kirchner Gmbh & Co Kg Method and apparatus for producing a track-ballast formation

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1409840A1 (en) * 1961-11-01 1969-01-30 Anton Scheuerer Process for the application of gritting material on bituminous road surfaces
DE2027297A1 (en) * 1970-06-03 1971-12-16 Deutsche Asphalt GmbH, 6000 Frank fürt Mastic asphalt installation device
DE2740667A1 (en) * 1977-09-09 1979-03-15 Voegele Ag J Asphalt road surface renewal method - involves loosening with elastic rake after heating to working temp. following lower temp. preheating
DE3834313A1 (en) * 1988-10-08 1990-04-12 Hermann Kirchner Gmbh & Co Kg Method and apparatus for producing a track-ballast formation

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103790096A (en) * 2014-01-17 2014-05-14 青岛林川工程技术咨询有限公司 Dispensing method of road construction materials
CN109989324A (en) * 2019-04-23 2019-07-09 嘉兴劲境电子商务有限公司 A kind of pitch, which pours, rolls all-in-one machine

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Publication number Publication date
FR2845100A1 (en) 2004-04-02
DE60323193D1 (en) 2008-10-09
FR2845100B1 (en) 2004-12-17
EP1403435B1 (en) 2008-08-27
DK1403435T3 (en) 2008-12-15
ATE406480T1 (en) 2008-09-15

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