EP1386062A1 - Liquid-cooled valve seat ring - Google Patents

Liquid-cooled valve seat ring

Info

Publication number
EP1386062A1
EP1386062A1 EP20020735342 EP02735342A EP1386062A1 EP 1386062 A1 EP1386062 A1 EP 1386062A1 EP 20020735342 EP20020735342 EP 20020735342 EP 02735342 A EP02735342 A EP 02735342A EP 1386062 A1 EP1386062 A1 EP 1386062A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
valve seat
seat ring
sheet metal
metal cooling
cooling channel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP20020735342
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1386062B1 (en
Inventor
Torsten Schellhase
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mahle Ventiltrieb GmbH
Original Assignee
Mahle Ventiltrieb GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mahle Ventiltrieb GmbH filed Critical Mahle Ventiltrieb GmbH
Publication of EP1386062A1 publication Critical patent/EP1386062A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1386062B1 publication Critical patent/EP1386062B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/20—Shapes or constructions of valve members, not provided for in preceding subgroups of this group
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/12—Cooling of valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/12—Arrangements for cooling other engine or machine parts
    • F01P3/14—Arrangements for cooling other engine or machine parts for cooling intake or exhaust valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L2303/00—Manufacturing of components used in valve arrangements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cooled valve seat ring according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Valve seat rings of this type are known from DE 3829339, DD 287078 or DE 4328904.
  • a cooling channel which is closed toward the cylinder head is provided in the valve seat ring. 5 of DE 3829339, the cooling channel consists of two solid components welded together, into which the valve seat part is pressed.
  • the cooled valve seat ring is cast in the cylinder head.
  • the production of the chilled Valve seat ring made of solid components is complex and leads to a relatively high weight disadvantage and, as a result of the valve seat part being pressed into the cooling duct part, to internal stresses.
  • the invention is therefore concerned with the problem of creating a cooling channel in generic valve seat rings which is simple to produce and light.
  • the sheet cooling channel made of thin sheet steel can save a lot of weight compared to the production from solid material.
  • the sheet metal cooling duct is preferably produced by bending, possibly also deep drawing, a flat sheet. Another advantage of the sheet metal cooling channel compared to the known cooled valve seat rings is that a freely selectable channel cross section can be set regardless of the cross section of the valve seat part.
  • the thickness of the thin steel sheet is preferably less than 1.2 mm and is advantageously between 0.3 and 0.7 mm.
  • Fig. 1 shows a cylinder head with a cooled valve seat ring according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 shows a valve seat ring with a centering collar
  • a cooled valve seat ring 2 consisting of a valve seat part 3 and a sheet metal cooling duct 4 welded to the valve seat part, is connected to a cylinder head 1 by a composite casting process.
  • the annular space 5 formed by the sheet metal cooling channel is connected to a coolant circuit via bores 6 and 7.
  • the valve seat part 3 has a chamfer, which is characterized by a cone angle beta.
  • the sheet metal cooling duct 4 covers the valve seat part 3 in the region of this chamfer.
  • valve seat part 3 has centering lugs 9, which fix the sheet metal cooling channel 4 on the valve seat part 3 during welding.
  • Figure 3 shows a section of a valve seat ring with welded cooling channel in cross section, with a sheet metal channel, which is designed as a tubular component with an open side facing the seat ring, the sheet metal channel with its two free legs is attached to the valve seat ring in a gas-tight manner.
  • FIG. 4 shows a similar valve seat ring with an angle alpha ⁇ 45 corresponding to a cone angle beta of o ⁇ 90.
  • the cone angle or cone angle beta formed by the chamfer running around the valve seat ring will usually be between 70 ° and 110 °.
  • the selection of the cone angle depends on the geometric boundary conditions, in particular on the minimum wall thicknesses to be observed.
  • the sheet metal cooling duct is closed in a tubular shape with an annular cross section and the seat ring has a recess adapted to the cooling duct diameter, into which the sheet metal cooling duct is inserted.
  • at least one weld seam can be omitted.
  • the welding process advantageously takes place under partial vacuum so that the welding process is not made more difficult by escaping air when the seam is closed.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a valve seat ring, which is easy to produce (2). The cooled valve seat ring comprises a cooling channel (4) which consists of a thin sheet of steel.

Description

FLUSSIGKEITSGEKUHLTER VENTILSITZRING LIQUID-COOLED VALVE SEAT RING
Die Erfindung betrifft einen gekühlten Ventilsitzring nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a cooled valve seat ring according to the preamble of claim 1.
Im Bereich der Auslaßventile von Verbrennungsmotoren wird versucht, den Kühlwassermantel so nah wie möglich an die Ventilsitzringe heranzuführen, um eine gute Wärmeabfuhr zu erzielen. Bei den aktuellen Mehrventilzylinderköpfen von Motoren mit Diesel-Direkteinspritzung und zentral angeordneter Einspritzdüse gestatten die beengten Platzverhältnisse oft keine zufriedenstellende Darstellung des Kühlwassermantels . Besonders der Auslaßventilstegbereich und der Steg zwischen den Auslaßkanälen und der Einspritzdüse muß dann so filigran ausgeführt werden, daß ein serientauglicher Wassermantelkern kaum zu realisieren ist. Es wurden daher schon Ventilsitzringe mit eigenem Kühlkanal vorgeschlagen, wobei der Kühlkanal entweder zum Zylinderkopf hin offen oder geschlossen ausgeführt ist.In the area of the exhaust valves of internal combustion engines, attempts are made to bring the cooling water jacket as close as possible to the valve seat rings in order to achieve good heat dissipation. With the current multi-valve cylinder heads of engines with diesel direct injection and a centrally arranged injection nozzle, the limited space often does not allow a satisfactory representation of the cooling water jacket. In particular, the outlet valve web area and the web between the outlet channels and the injection nozzle must then be made so delicate that a water jacket core suitable for series production can hardly be realized. Valve seat rings with their own cooling duct have therefore already been proposed, the cooling duct being either open or closed towards the cylinder head.
Derartige Ventilsitzringe sind bekannt aus der DE 3829339, DD 287078 oder der DE 4328904. Dabei ist bei den erstgenannten Veröffentlichungen jeweils ein zum Zylinderkopf hin geschlossener Kühlkanal im Ventilsitzring vorgesehen. Gemäß Fig. 5 der DE 3829339 besteht der Kühlkanal aus zwei miteinander verschweißten massiven Bauteilen, in die das Ventilsitzteil eingepreßt ist. Der gekühlte Ventilsitzring ist im Zylinderkopf eingegossen. Die Herstellung des gekühlten Ventilsitzrings aus massiven Bauteilen ist aufwendig und führt zu einem relativ hohen Gewichtsnachteil und infolge des Einpressens des Ventilsitzteils in den Kühlkanalteil zu inneren Spannungen.Valve seat rings of this type are known from DE 3829339, DD 287078 or DE 4328904. In the former publications, a cooling channel which is closed toward the cylinder head is provided in the valve seat ring. 5 of DE 3829339, the cooling channel consists of two solid components welded together, into which the valve seat part is pressed. The cooled valve seat ring is cast in the cylinder head. The production of the chilled Valve seat ring made of solid components is complex and leads to a relatively high weight disadvantage and, as a result of the valve seat part being pressed into the cooling duct part, to internal stresses.
Die Erfindung beschäftigt sich daher mit dem Problem, bei gattungsgemäßen Ventilsitzringen einen Kühlkanal zu schaffen, der einfach herstellbar und leicht ist.The invention is therefore concerned with the problem of creating a cooling channel in generic valve seat rings which is simple to produce and light.
Dieses Problem wird gelöst durch einen gekühlten Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 1. Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche. Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist der aus dünnem Stahlblech bestehende einseitig offene Kühlkanal direkt mit dem Ventilsitzteil verschweißt.This problem is solved by a cooled valve seat ring according to claim 1. Advantageous further developments are the subject of the dependent claims. In the solution according to the invention, the cooling channel, which is made of thin sheet steel and is open on one side, is welded directly to the valve seat part.
Durch den Blechkühlkanal aus dünnem Stahlblech kann verglichen mit der Herstellung aus Vollmaterial deutlich Gewicht eingespart werden. Vorzugsweise wird der Blechkühlkanal durch Biegen, evtl. auch Tiefziehen eines ebenen Blechs hergestellt. Ein weiterer Vorteil des Blechkühlkanals verglichen mit den bekannten gekühlten Ventilsitzringen besteht darin, daß unabhängig vom Querschnitt des Ventilsitzteils ein frei wählbarer Kanalquerschnitt eingestellt werden kann.The sheet cooling channel made of thin sheet steel can save a lot of weight compared to the production from solid material. The sheet metal cooling duct is preferably produced by bending, possibly also deep drawing, a flat sheet. Another advantage of the sheet metal cooling channel compared to the known cooled valve seat rings is that a freely selectable channel cross section can be set regardless of the cross section of the valve seat part.
Die Stärke des dünnen Stahlblechs ist vorzugsweise kleiner 1,2 mm und liegt vorteilhaft zwischen 0,3 und 0,7 mm.The thickness of the thin steel sheet is preferably less than 1.2 mm and is advantageously between 0.3 and 0.7 mm.
Die Erfindung wird im folgenden anhand eines Ausführungs- beispiels näher erläutert. Es zeigt:The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of an exemplary embodiment. It shows:
Fig. 1 einen Zylinderkopf mit einem erfindungsgemäßen gekühlten Ventilsitzring Fig. 2 einen Ventilsitzring mit ZentrierbundFig. 1 shows a cylinder head with a cooled valve seat ring according to the invention Fig. 2 shows a valve seat ring with a centering collar
Fig. 3 - 5 verschiedene weitere Varianten.Fig. 3-5 different other variants.
Ein gekühlter Ventilsitzring 2, bestehend aus einem Ventilsitzteil 3 und einem an das Ventilsitzteil angeschweißten Blechkühlkanal 4, ist durch ein Verbundgießverfahren mit einem Zylinderkopf 1 verbunden.A cooled valve seat ring 2, consisting of a valve seat part 3 and a sheet metal cooling duct 4 welded to the valve seat part, is connected to a cylinder head 1 by a composite casting process.
Über Bohrungen 6 und 7 ist der vom Blechkühlkanal gebildete Ringraum 5 mit einem Kühlmittelkreislauf verbunden.The annular space 5 formed by the sheet metal cooling channel is connected to a coolant circuit via bores 6 and 7.
Das Ventilsitzteil 3 weist eine Fase auf, die durch einen Konuswinkel beta gekennzeichnet ist. Der Blechkühlkanal 4 überdeckt das Ventilsitzteil 3 im Bereich dieser Anfasung.The valve seat part 3 has a chamfer, which is characterized by a cone angle beta. The sheet metal cooling duct 4 covers the valve seat part 3 in the region of this chamfer.
Gemäß Fig. 2 weist das Ventilsitzteil 3 Zentrieransätze 9 auf, die beim Schweißen den Blechkühlkanal 4 auf dem Ventilsitzteil 3 fixieren.2, the valve seat part 3 has centering lugs 9, which fix the sheet metal cooling channel 4 on the valve seat part 3 during welding.
Figur 3 zeigt einen Ausschnitt aus einem Ventilsitzring mit angeschweißtem Kühlkanal im Querschnitt, mit einem Blechkanal, der als rohrförmiges Bauteil mit einer dem Sitzring zugewandten offenen Seite ausgeführt ist, wobei der Blechkanal mit seinen beiden freien Schenkeln an den Ventilsitzring gasdicht angefügt ist. Der Sitzring hat eine Fase un- o ter einem Winkel von alpha = 45 , damit die freie Querschnittsfläche für die Kühlmittelströmung so groß wie möglich ist. Die Fase begrenzt den Kühlmittelkanal sitz- ringseitig.Figure 3 shows a section of a valve seat ring with welded cooling channel in cross section, with a sheet metal channel, which is designed as a tubular component with an open side facing the seat ring, the sheet metal channel with its two free legs is attached to the valve seat ring in a gas-tight manner. The seat ring has a chamfer at an angle of alpha = 45 so that the free cross-sectional area for the coolant flow is as large as possible. The chamfer limits the coolant channel on the seat ring side.
Fig. 4 zeigt einen ähnlichen Ventilsitzring mit einem Win- o kel alpha < 45 entsprechend einem Konuswinkel beta von o < 90 . Der durch die am Ventilsitzring umlaufende Fase gebildete o Konuswinkel bzw. Kegelwinkel beta wird meist zwischen 70 o und 110 liegen.FIG. 4 shows a similar valve seat ring with an angle alpha <45 corresponding to a cone angle beta of o <90. The cone angle or cone angle beta formed by the chamfer running around the valve seat ring will usually be between 70 ° and 110 °.
Die Auswahl des Konuswinkels hängt ab von den geometrischen Randbedingungen, insbesondere von den einzuhaltenden Mindestwandstärken .The selection of the cone angle depends on the geometric boundary conditions, in particular on the minimum wall thicknesses to be observed.
Gemäß Fig. 5 ist der Blechkühlkanal rohrförmig geschlossen mit kreisringförmigem Querschnitt ausgeführt und der Sitzring weist eine an den Kühlkanaldurchmesser angepaßte Ausnehmung auf, in die der Blechkühlkanal eingelegt ist. Im Vergleich zu den oben dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen kann zumindest eine Schweißnaht entfallen.According to FIG. 5, the sheet metal cooling duct is closed in a tubular shape with an annular cross section and the seat ring has a recess adapted to the cooling duct diameter, into which the sheet metal cooling duct is inserted. In comparison to the exemplary embodiments shown above, at least one weld seam can be omitted.
Vorteilhaft findet der Schweißvorgang unter Teilvakuum statt, um den Schweißvorgang beim Schließen der Naht nicht durch austretende Luft zu erschweren. The welding process advantageously takes place under partial vacuum so that the welding process is not made more difficult by escaping air when the seam is closed.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring (2) für einen Zylinderkopf (1) eines Verbrennungsmotors mit einem Ventilsitzteil (3), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der gekühlte Ventilsitzring (2) einen Blechkühlkanal (4) bestehend aus dünnem Stahlblech aufweist.1. Cooled valve seat ring (2) for a cylinder head (1) of an internal combustion engine with a valve seat part (3), characterized in that the cooled valve seat ring (2) has a sheet metal cooling channel (4) consisting of thin sheet steel.
2. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Blechkühlkanal an das Ventilsitzteil (3) angeschweißt oder mit ihm verlötet ist.2. Cooled valve seat ring according to claim 1, characterized in that the sheet metal cooling channel is welded to the valve seat part (3) or soldered to it.
3. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Blechkühlkanal (4) gasdicht mit dem Ventilsitzteil (3) verbunden ist.3. Cooled valve seat ring according to claim 2, characterized in that the sheet metal cooling channel (4) is gastightly connected to the valve seat part (3).
4. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 1 - 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der gekühlte Ventilsitzring (2) gießtechnisch mit dem Zylinderkopfmaterial verbunden ist.4. Cooled valve seat ring according to claim 1-3, characterized in that the cooled valve seat ring (2) is connected by casting with the cylinder head material.
5. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring (2) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der gekühlte Ventilsitzring (2) eine Alfinschicht zur Verbindung mit dem Zylinderkopfmaterial aufweist. 5. Cooled valve seat ring (2) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cooled valve seat ring (2) has an alfin layer for connection to the cylinder head material.
6. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring (2) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ventilsitzteil (3) ein mit Kupfer infiltriertes Sinterteil ist und die Verbindung zwischen Blechkühlkanal (4) und Ventilsitzteil (3) durch Infiltrieren des Ventilsitzteils mit Kupfer bei gleichzeitiger Benetzung des Blechkühlkanals hergestellt ist.6. Cooled valve seat ring (2) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the valve seat part (3) is a copper infiltrated sintered part and the connection between the sheet metal cooling channel (4) and valve seat part (3) by infiltrating the valve seat part with copper with simultaneous wetting of the sheet metal cooling duct is made.
7. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring (2) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Blechkühlkanal (4) U-förmig geformt ist und mit seiner offenen Seite dem Ventilsitzteil zugewandt ist.7. Cooled valve seat ring (2) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sheet metal cooling channel (4) is U-shaped and with its open side facing the valve seat part.
8. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring (2) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ventilsitzteil (3) Ansätze (9) aufweist, mit denen der Blechkühlkanal (4) auf dem Ventilsitzteil zentriert ist, sodaß beim Schweißen bzw. Löten keine zusätzlichen Spannvorrichtungen erforderlich sind.8. Cooled valve seat ring (2) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the valve seat part (3) has lugs (9) with which the sheet metal cooling channel (4) is centered on the valve seat part, so that no additional clamping devices during welding or soldering required are.
9. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring (2) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ventilsitzteil (3) an seinen zum Blechkühlkanal9. Cooled valve seat ring (2) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the valve seat part (3) at its to the sheet metal cooling channel
(4) hin weisenden Flächen angefast ist.(4) pointing surfaces are chamfered.
10. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der durch die Fase am Ventilsitzring gebildete Ko- o o nuswinkel beta zwischen 70 und 110 liegt. 10. Cooled valve seat ring according to claim 8, characterized in that the Ko formed by the chamfer on the valve seat ring Ko oo nuswinkel beta between 70 and 110.
11. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Blechkühlkanal (4) als röhr- oder torusförmi- ges, geschlossenes Bauteil ausgeführt ist und das Ventilsitzteil (3) eine dem Blechkühlkanal (4) angepaßte umlaufende, im Querschnitt kreissegmentförmige Ausnehmung aufweist, in die der Blechkühlkanal (4) eingelegt ist .11. Cooled valve seat ring according to claim 1, characterized in that the sheet metal cooling channel (4) is designed as a tubular or toroidal, closed component and the valve seat part (3) has a sheet metal cooling channel (4) adapted circumferential, circular segment-shaped recess in cross section, in which the sheet metal cooling duct (4) is inserted.
12. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Blechkühlkanal (4) durch ein Widerstandspreßverfahren oder ein Reibschweißverfahren oder durch Löten mit dem Ventilsitzteil (3) verbunden ist.12. Cooled valve seat ring according to claim 11, characterized in that the sheet metal cooling channel (4) is connected by a resistance pressing process or a friction welding process or by soldering to the valve seat part (3).
13. Gekühlter Ventilsitzring nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Blechkühlkanal (4) im Querschnitt kreissegment- o förmig ist mit einem Segmentwinkel von bis zu 300 und daß das Ventilsitzteil an seiner zur umlaufenden Öffnung des Blechkühlkanals hin weisenden Fläche angefast ist . 13. Cooled valve seat ring according to claim 1, characterized in that the sheet metal cooling channel (4) is circular segment-o-shaped in cross section with a segment angle of up to 300 and that the valve seat part is chamfered on its surface facing the circumferential opening of the sheet metal cooling channel.
EP02735342A 2001-05-10 2002-05-07 Cylinder head with liquid-cooled valve seat Expired - Lifetime EP1386062B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10122581 2001-05-10
DE10122581A DE10122581A1 (en) 2001-05-10 2001-05-10 Cooled valve seat ring
PCT/EP2002/004997 WO2002097245A1 (en) 2001-05-10 2002-05-07 Liquid-cooled valve seat ring

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1386062A1 true EP1386062A1 (en) 2004-02-04
EP1386062B1 EP1386062B1 (en) 2005-07-20

Family

ID=7684195

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02735342A Expired - Lifetime EP1386062B1 (en) 2001-05-10 2002-05-07 Cylinder head with liquid-cooled valve seat

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US7063051B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1386062B1 (en)
DE (2) DE10122581A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2002097245A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20040182332A1 (en) 2004-09-23
DE10122581A1 (en) 2003-01-09
EP1386062B1 (en) 2005-07-20
WO2002097245A1 (en) 2002-12-05
DE50203681D1 (en) 2005-08-25
US7063051B2 (en) 2006-06-20

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