EP1375803A1 - Charnière de porte notamment pour véhicules automobile - Google Patents

Charnière de porte notamment pour véhicules automobile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1375803A1
EP1375803A1 EP03011830A EP03011830A EP1375803A1 EP 1375803 A1 EP1375803 A1 EP 1375803A1 EP 03011830 A EP03011830 A EP 03011830A EP 03011830 A EP03011830 A EP 03011830A EP 1375803 A1 EP1375803 A1 EP 1375803A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pin
door hinge
fixing unit
housing
hinge pin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03011830A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1375803B1 (fr
Inventor
Jakob Löwen
Viktor Siegert
Johann Olfert
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ISE Innomotive Systems Europe GmbH
Original Assignee
ISE Innomotive Systems Europe GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ISE Innomotive Systems Europe GmbH filed Critical ISE Innomotive Systems Europe GmbH
Publication of EP1375803A1 publication Critical patent/EP1375803A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1375803B1 publication Critical patent/EP1375803B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D5/00—Construction of single parts, e.g. the parts for attachment
    • E05D5/10—Pins, sockets or sleeves; Removable pins
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D11/00—Additional features or accessories of hinges
    • E05D11/08—Friction devices between relatively-movable hinge parts
    • E05D11/081—Friction devices between relatively-movable hinge parts with both radial and axial friction, e.g. conical friction surfaces
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D11/00—Additional features or accessories of hinges
    • E05D11/10—Devices for preventing movement between relatively-movable hinge parts
    • E05D11/1028—Devices for preventing movement between relatively-movable hinge parts for maintaining the hinge in two or more positions, e.g. intermediate or fully open
    • E05D11/1078—Devices for preventing movement between relatively-movable hinge parts for maintaining the hinge in two or more positions, e.g. intermediate or fully open the maintaining means acting parallel to the pivot
    • E05D11/1085—Devices for preventing movement between relatively-movable hinge parts for maintaining the hinge in two or more positions, e.g. intermediate or fully open the maintaining means acting parallel to the pivot specially adapted for vehicles
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D5/00—Construction of single parts, e.g. the parts for attachment
    • E05D5/10—Pins, sockets or sleeves; Removable pins
    • E05D2005/102—Pins
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
    • E05D5/00—Construction of single parts, e.g. the parts for attachment
    • E05D5/02—Parts for attachment, e.g. flaps
    • E05D5/06—Bent flaps
    • E05D5/062—Bent flaps specially adapted for vehicles
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/20—Brakes; Disengaging means; Holders; Stops; Valves; Accessories therefor
    • E05Y2201/21—Brakes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
    • E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
    • E05Y2900/50—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for vehicles
    • E05Y2900/53—Type of wing
    • E05Y2900/531—Doors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a door hinge, in particular for motor vehicles.
  • Door hinges are known with which the doors of motor vehicles pivot when pivoted the same at least in the fully open position by means of locking devices Have them fixed so that they do not accidentally strike again or theirs Change opening angle.
  • Today door hinges are preferably used with which Have the doors locked in intermediate positions when opening or closing, from which loosened them again by hand with relatively little effort and pivoted them further can be.
  • Door hinges are also known which allow a door in any desired Position between the closing and the maximum opening position of the door and from this position by overcoming the mechanical holding force of the door hinge again to solve and pivot in the desired direction.
  • a door hinge of this kind is known from WO oo / 42280, in which a door hinge part by means of a hinge pin is arranged relatively rotatable to a column hinge part and a braking device Comprehensive locking unit holds the door when opening or closing as soon as the pivoting of the door is stopped and the door releases again as soon as the holding force is overcome by hand by swiveling the door.
  • This effect of Door hinge is based on the principle that the braking device of the fixing unit in Depending on the movement situation - pivoting or stopping - off and on is switched on. This principle is reliably based on the known door hinge mechanical way, but realized with a relatively complex construction.
  • the invention does not apply to door hinges for motor vehicles is limited, but an application as a swivel joint for others Purposes such as B. flaps, lids and the like, as well as windows, doors, etc. of buildings of all kinds can be used.
  • the invention also includes modifications which are self-evident for the expert and are therefore not separate here be set out such.
  • B. door hinges in which the hinge pin on the pillar hinge part, So attached to the frame of the vehicle and the door with the door hinge part is rotatably mounted around the hinge pin.
  • the fixing unit is corresponding and adapt the actuator.
  • the door hinge according to the invention is characterized by a clear structural structure of the components that allow a stepless locking of the door in any position of its maximum Swivel angle in a reliable manner with a relatively simple structure in particular the fixing unit, the printing unit and the actuating unit.
  • the door to which the hinge pin is attached is attached to the Locking unit held.
  • the operating unit activates the printing unit so that the Fixing unit resumes its coupling state, in which the braking elements are brought into engagement with one another and so the hinge pin and the door hinge part are fixed with the door. From this rest position, in which the door through the fixing unit is held securely, the door can easily be pivoted again at any time from every intermediate position both in the direction of the closed position of the door and towards their maximum opening position.
  • the actuating unit preferably has a control element which is connected to the hinge pin is firmly connected and in engagement with a trained on the fixing unit
  • Control profile means that a rotary movement of the hinge pin is a relative movement of the control element along the control profile and thereby the braking elements be separated from each other and so the printing unit from the activated position to the deactivated Position is shifted while the locking unit from the coupling state in the Disconnected state.
  • the fixing unit goes from the coupling state to the disconnected state over because the printing unit is deactivated and the brake elements are separated from each other become.
  • the control returns in one Sliding or rolling movement along the control profile back to the starting position, in which the actuating unit reactivates the printing unit, which in turn activates the fixing unit from the disconnected state to the coupling state, so that the braking elements are engaged again and the hinge pin and thus the Door hinge part and the door itself are fixed again.
  • Control profile arises when the control is a pen that turns extends across the hinge pin and from which at least one of the end portions protrudes laterally out of the hinge pin and engages with the control profile, which is preferably formed on the first brake element of the locking unit, the axially slidably and rotatably with respect to the second fixed brake element is.
  • This constructive solution is characterized by a particularly simple manufacture and through special reliability, because the hinge pin immediately attached pin and its end portions protruding laterally from the hinge pin results in a secure engagement with the control profile under the action of the printing unit.
  • the control profile is the link between the fixing unit and the actuating unit preferably arched directly on the first braking element, that the coupling state of the fixing unit is reached when the pin is in the middle of the arc stands, with both brake elements engaged with each other, and the disconnected state the fixing unit is brought about when the respective projecting end section the pin is moved from the middle of the sheet along one of the two sides of the sheet and thus axially displaced the first brake element and released it from the second brake element becomes.
  • the arch shape of the control profile relates in particular to the center of the arch, with which the pin, which is preferably circular in cross section, acts as a control element in Intervention is when the locking unit assumes the coupling state, as well as on the rounded ends of the two sides of the arch on both sides of the center of the arch. Because on At the end of the sheet side towards which the pen is moved, the pen is located in the Disconnected state of the fixing unit, namely when the pin as a control element of the actuating unit the brake elements released from each other and thus the printing unit deactivated Has.
  • the curved sides can start from a rounded center of the arch up to their rounded ends - based on the position of the door hinge - straight sloping or inclined.
  • control profile is based on the the position of use of the door hinge - upper section of a radial opening in one Upper part of the first braking element is formed at the level of the control element or the pin, which extends across the hinge pin.
  • a pen can be used as Control element also a cam attached to the hinge pin or a cam roller use that engages with the control profile.
  • the control profile can also be used a slide acting on the printing unit, which with the first braking element is connected, be formed.
  • control profile since there is a particularly simple construction results if the control profile does not require a separate component, the control profile is on upper section or on the top - based on the position of the door hinge - A radial opening in an upper part of the first braking element, which according to Art an extension of the first braking element can be produced. To this This results in a direct influence of the control element directly on the Hinge pin attached pin as part of the actuator on the first brake element as part of the fixing unit.
  • the pin preferably stands on both sides of the hinge pin with one end section to be transferred from the actuator to the printing unit Distribute forces as evenly as possible. This results in an immediate intervention of the two end sections with corresponding radially opposite one another in the upper part Openings and the tax profiles trained there.
  • the proportions of the control element and the control profile depend essentially on the forces to be transmitted by the printing unit and the required path, which is required to separate the two brake elements.
  • the width of the openings about 1.5 to 3 times the diameter corresponds to the pin and which is useful in the case of the choice of an arcuate control profile variable height of the openings is dimensioned so that the pin freely along the length of the arc of the control profile can slide.
  • the lower section of the radial opening which is opposite the control profile, is essentially only on it to ensure that the pin jams in every possible position of the pin is to avoid.
  • the printing unit and the fixing unit - in the housing - based on the position of the door hinge - Are arranged one above the other, so that the printing unit directly on the fixing unit acts.
  • the hinge pin preferably extends in a coaxial position through the printing unit and the fixing unit, so that the hinge pin simultaneously as a centering element for the Assignment of the two units is used.
  • the fixing unit - based on the position of use of the door hinge - located in the lower part of the housing, where the second brake element is fixed to the housing and the first brake element with the Hinge pin is connected, which acts on the printing unit.
  • the first brake element relative to the hinge pin axially and radially is displaceable or movable to the extent that the relative movement between the Control and the control profile specifies.
  • the printing unit is essentially only subject to short, resilient axial movements
  • the appropriately immediately adjacent fixing unit preferably also Subject to rotary movements, it is useful between the printing unit and the fixing unit a warehouse, e.g. a ball bearing or a plain bearing or the like is arranged. A thrust washer would also be sufficient.
  • the braking elements of the fixing unit are preferred for increasing the braking force equipped with conical braking surfaces.
  • the printing unit as Spring e.g. B. is designed as a leaf or plate spring assembly, which can be preloaded is supported between the fixing unit and a cover or closure of the housing.
  • the hinge pin which extends coaxially through the cylindrical housing extends in the lower section - based on the position of use of the door hinge - the housing is rotatably supported and axially supported while a second radial bearing for the hinge pin on that of the lower section distant upper end or cover of the housing is located.
  • the housing is at the top end, based on the position of the door hinge open so that the internal components can be easily installed.
  • the upper end of the housing preferably consists of a nut or from an insert that can be screwed into the housing, in which the radial bearing for the hinge pin is located.
  • a very essential development of the invention is that the first with the Hinge pin connected brake element and the second housing-fixed brake element each have a conical braking surface, but arranged at a distance from each other are and between these two braking elements a loose one-part or multi-part ring-shaped Brake segment with conical braking surfaces to reinforce the Braking effect is interposed.
  • the first embodiment shown in Fig. 1 intended for motor vehicles Door hinge has a to be attached to the motor vehicle door, not shown Door hinge part 1 and on the motor vehicle frame, also not shown attaching column hinge part 2, which is rotatable by means of a hinge pin 3 are interconnected.
  • the hinge pin 3 can be seen in the drawing Way with its upper portion releasably attached to the door hinge part 1. Therefor engages the upper end of the hinge pin 3 in a bore 1a of the door hinge part 1 and is tightened there by means of a screw 4, which with its threaded section in a Threaded hole 5 at the end of the hinge pin 3 engages.
  • the hinge pin 3 extends in a coaxial position through a housing 6, which on the Column hinge part 2 is attached.
  • a housing 6 which on the Column hinge part 2 is attached.
  • Fig. 4-6 where from a second embodiment, several views can be seen, in which a Similar cylindrical housing is used, which is attached to the column hinge part 2 is.
  • the housing 6 has an upper opening 7, which has a thread for receiving a nut 8, with which the housing 6 is closed at the top.
  • a radial bearing 9 for the section of the hinge pin 3 located there intended.
  • the housing 6 has a central bore 10, which in passes a paragraph 12 on which in connection with the bore 10 an axial and Radial bearing 11 for the lower end of the hinge pin 3 in the one shown in the drawing Is trained.
  • a fixing unit F which is essentially from a first through a bearing surface 15 centrally and rotatably on the hinge pin 3 mounted and conical in the lower part of the braking element 13 and one second braking element 14, which is a conical seat for the braking element 13 in the lower Part of the housing 6 is formed, as shown in the drawing.
  • the conical lower part of the first brake element 13 essentially follows cylindrical upper part 18, over which a ball bearing 17 and one essentially a plate spring assembly 16 existing pressure unit D is arranged.
  • a pin 19 serving as a control element of the actuation unit B is transverse attached to the longitudinal axis of the hinge pin 3 in this, right and left respectively End portions 19a of the pin 19 of the hinge pin 3 in the from the drawing apparent manner. These extend into each other and opposite Openings 21 in the upper part 18 of the first braking element which are identical in mirror image 13.
  • At the top of each opening 21 extends a substantially arcuate designed control profile 22, with the pin 19 as a control under the action the axial force emanating from the printing unit D is constantly engaged. How 3, the control profile 22 has an arc center in each opening 21 23 and sloping sides 24 on both sides.
  • the fixing unit F is in the in Figures 1 and 2 as well as the coupling state shown on the left in FIG. 3, in which the two brake elements 13, 14 are held in engagement by the action of the printing unit D.
  • the end sections 19a of the pin 19 each abut the arc center 23 of the control profile 22.
  • the actuating unit B is the fixing unit F from Coupling state (left in FIG. 3) changed to the disconnected state (right in FIG. 3), so that the hinge pin 3 while taking the first braking element 13 when further pivoting of the door can continue to rotate freely.
  • the first brake element 13 rotates relative to the hinge pin 3 and Pin 19 back so far that the end portions 19a back to their position on the Take center of arc 13 of control profile 23.
  • This restoration of the coupling state the fixing unit F is based on the action of the printing unit D, its axial Exerts a corresponding rotational component via the arcuate control profile 22, through which the end portions 19a of the pin 19 the arc center 23 of the control profile 22nd to reach.
  • the axial movement of the first brake element 13 of the fixing unit F is one Comparison of the left and the right representation of Fig. 3 clearly shows where that of the coupling state up to the disconnected state of the fixing unit F or from the first braking element 13 covered axial path is marked with H.
  • the second exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 4-8 has the same principle Structure like the first embodiment. No significant differences between the two exemplary embodiments are therefore not described separately, but can be seen in the drawings. The same applies to the fundamentally matching structure, which is also due to the use of the same reference numerals is made clear. The description therefore focuses on the following essential difference of the second compared to the first embodiment.
  • Form and arrangement of the Brake shells 26 result in particular from FIG. 7.
  • the upper conical surfaces then stand 27 of the brake cups with the corresponding cone or braking surfaces of the first Brake element 13 in engagement (coupling state), while the lower conical surfaces 27 the brake cups 26 with the corresponding cone or braking surface of the second Brake element 14 cooperate.
  • a bearing or thrust washer which is useful between the Upper part 18 of the braking element 13 and the plate spring assembly 16 of the printing unit D is inserted in order to minimize the friction occurring when the door is pivoted to keep.
  • the function and effect of the door hinge correspond to the first Embodiment, so that a repetition of the description of this becomes.
  • Both of the examples shown and described enable continuous braking and locking the door of an automobile or the like in any desired Position of the maximum opening angle of the door and no more effort is required than with conventional door locks, to move the door from the respective intermediate position to pivot again in the desired direction.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Hinge Accessories (AREA)
  • Hinges (AREA)
  • Pivots And Pivotal Connections (AREA)
EP03011830A 2002-06-26 2003-05-26 Charnière de porte notamment pour véhicules automobile Expired - Lifetime EP1375803B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10228435A DE10228435C1 (de) 2002-06-26 2002-06-26 Türscharnier insbesondere für Kraftfahrzeuge
DE10228435 2002-06-26

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1375803A1 true EP1375803A1 (fr) 2004-01-02
EP1375803B1 EP1375803B1 (fr) 2005-10-19

Family

ID=29432733

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03011830A Expired - Lifetime EP1375803B1 (fr) 2002-06-26 2003-05-26 Charnière de porte notamment pour véhicules automobile

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1375803B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE307259T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10228435C1 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2011942A1 (fr) * 2007-07-03 2009-01-07 Wagon Automotive GmbH Vérification de porte à réglage continu
WO2009007400A1 (fr) * 2007-07-10 2009-01-15 Brose Fahrzeugteile Gmbh & Co. Kg, Coburg Dispositif de fixation d'un véhicule automobile pour bloquer une pièce de véhicule automobile déplaçable
WO2009010437A2 (fr) * 2007-07-19 2009-01-22 Brose Fahrzeugteile Gmbh & Co. Kg, Coburg Dispositif d'arrêt
EP2180122A1 (fr) * 2008-10-24 2010-04-28 Weber GmbH & Co. KG Kunststofftechnik und Formenbau Dispositif de freinage, notamment pour l'utilisation dans le domaine automobile
US10626646B1 (en) 2019-05-21 2020-04-21 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Self-contained door hinge release

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7059016B2 (en) * 2004-02-19 2006-06-13 Illinois Tool Works Inc Automotive door check assemblies
DE102009059881A1 (de) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-22 Kiekert AG, 42579 Türeinheit
DE202010015552U1 (de) * 2010-11-16 2012-02-29 Kiekert Ag Türeinheit
DE102011119738B4 (de) 2011-11-30 2023-10-26 Kiekert Aktiengesellschaft Türeinheit mit Bewegungsübertragungsglied
CN109236077A (zh) * 2017-07-11 2019-01-18 上海汽车集团股份有限公司 汽车及其车门开度限位装置

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4212181A1 (de) * 1992-04-10 1993-10-14 Audi Ag Scharnier mit Arretierung, insbesondere für eine Kraftfahrzeug-Seitentür
WO2000042280A1 (fr) * 1999-01-15 2000-07-20 Lunke Ventra Automotive Gmbh Joint d'articulation, notamment une charniere de porte, muni d'un dispositif permettant de fixer un premier element de mouvement

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19854493A1 (de) * 1998-11-25 2000-06-08 Kermi Gmbh Vorgespanntes Doppelkulissenscharnier
DE20004524U1 (de) * 2000-03-10 2001-07-26 Friedr. Fingscheidt GmbH, 42551 Velbert Stufenloser Türfeststeller

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4212181A1 (de) * 1992-04-10 1993-10-14 Audi Ag Scharnier mit Arretierung, insbesondere für eine Kraftfahrzeug-Seitentür
WO2000042280A1 (fr) * 1999-01-15 2000-07-20 Lunke Ventra Automotive Gmbh Joint d'articulation, notamment une charniere de porte, muni d'un dispositif permettant de fixer un premier element de mouvement

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2011942A1 (fr) * 2007-07-03 2009-01-07 Wagon Automotive GmbH Vérification de porte à réglage continu
WO2009007400A1 (fr) * 2007-07-10 2009-01-15 Brose Fahrzeugteile Gmbh & Co. Kg, Coburg Dispositif de fixation d'un véhicule automobile pour bloquer une pièce de véhicule automobile déplaçable
JP2010533092A (ja) * 2007-07-10 2010-10-21 ブローズ ファールツォイクタイレ ゲーエムベーハー ウント シーオー． カーゲー， コブルク 変位可能な自動車構成品を固定するための自動車用ロック装置
CN101743372B (zh) * 2007-07-10 2014-03-05 布罗泽汽车部件制造科堡有限公司 用于锁定可移位的机动车部件的机动车锁紧装置
US8806717B2 (en) 2007-07-10 2014-08-19 Brose Fahrzeugteile Gmbh & Co. Kg Locking device of a motor vehicle for securing a displaceable motor vehicle component
WO2009010437A2 (fr) * 2007-07-19 2009-01-22 Brose Fahrzeugteile Gmbh & Co. Kg, Coburg Dispositif d'arrêt
WO2009010437A3 (fr) * 2007-07-19 2009-04-09 Brose Fahrzeugteile Dispositif d'arrêt
EP2180122A1 (fr) * 2008-10-24 2010-04-28 Weber GmbH & Co. KG Kunststofftechnik und Formenbau Dispositif de freinage, notamment pour l'utilisation dans le domaine automobile
US10626646B1 (en) 2019-05-21 2020-04-21 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Self-contained door hinge release

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1375803B1 (fr) 2005-10-19
DE50301391D1 (de) 2006-03-02
DE10228435C1 (de) 2003-12-11
ATE307259T1 (de) 2005-11-15

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