EP1329993B1 - Manufacturing method for sliding contact for medium and high current - Google Patents

Manufacturing method for sliding contact for medium and high current Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1329993B1
EP1329993B1 EP02026559A EP02026559A EP1329993B1 EP 1329993 B1 EP1329993 B1 EP 1329993B1 EP 02026559 A EP02026559 A EP 02026559A EP 02026559 A EP02026559 A EP 02026559A EP 1329993 B1 EP1329993 B1 EP 1329993B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sliding contact
copper
zinc
temperature
sintering
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02026559A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1329993A2 (en
EP1329993A3 (en
Inventor
Wilhelm Latz
Jürgen Spangenberg
Arwed Dr. Uecker
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Deutsche Carbone AG
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Deutsche Carbone AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1329993A2 publication Critical patent/EP1329993A2/en
Publication of EP1329993A3 publication Critical patent/EP1329993A3/en
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Publication of EP1329993B1 publication Critical patent/EP1329993B1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/18—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
    • H01R39/20—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush characterised by the material thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/12—Manufacture of brushes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49009—Dynamoelectric machine
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49119—Brush
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
    • Y10T29/5313—Means to assemble electrical device
    • Y10T29/53143—Motor or generator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12146—Nonmetal particles in a component

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a sliding contact piece for medium to high current densities according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the sliding contact pieces produced thereafter are in particular carbon brushes for electrical machines, in particular in motor vehicles, where high current densities occur, especially in starters.
  • various metal powders such as copper and zinc, or copper and tin, or copper, zinc and tin, and the like, may be intimately mixed with coal, molded, and heated in an indifferent or, more preferably, reducing atmosphere alloy individual metal powder and form a homogeneous mass with the trapped carbon.
  • the present invention has for its object to provide a method for the production of sliding contact pieces, which then contain no environmentally harmful additives lead or antimony and nevertheless have the favorable operating characteristics of Gleitturi foundeden with these environmentally harmful substances as possible in an increased extent.
  • This object is achieved according to the principle that in the manufacturing process either in the premixing of a copper-free matrix or subsequently in the mixing of a copper-containing matrix as the main mixture as a substitute a basic carbonate of a metal from the group zinc.
  • Tin, bismuth or their alloys is added, with basic zinc carbonate is particularly preferred according to claim 2, because it results in particularly favorable properties of the sliding contact piece, in particular the stability.
  • the basic carbonates added in fine form promote the alloy formation in the sintering process following the preparation of the main mixture or in the temperature treatment, resulting in a particularly long service life of the sliding contact pieces.
  • the addition of about 2 to 5 weight percent zinc hydroxide carbonate to about 30 to 70 weight percent copper matrix in the main mixture forms the above-mentioned advantageous brass islands in the subsequent temperature treatment.
  • the sintering and heat treatment of the pressed sliding contact pieces is advantageously carried out with the steps according to claim 4, wherein in a first step the sliding contact pieces are sintered at a temperature in the range 150 to 250 ° C in nitrogen atmosphere, in a second step, the sintering is continued at elevated temperature of 300 to 450 ° C, in a third step, the sintering with the addition of hydrogen to the sintering atmosphere at a temperature over 450 ° C is continued and finally an alloy formation takes place time-dependent at a temperature above 300 ° C.
  • the sliding contact piece with its advantageous properties, in particular stability, produced by one of the inventive method is provided.
  • the main mixture is added to the zinc carbonate in a very fine grain, which as a first step 5 ZnO 2 CO2 4 H2O shown.
  • the third stage occurs: 5 ZNO.
  • the sintering atmosphere is added molecular hydrogen at a temperature of at least 450 ° C to a final temperature of 600 ° C, wherein in a fourth stage, a decomposition of the zinc oxide to Zn entry.
  • a decomposition of the zinc oxide to Zn entry is added to a brass alloy by the fusion, ie without melting phase.
  • the addition of zinc oxide is possible if stages 2 and 3 are to be produced.
  • the addition of zinc can be done if the stage 4 is to be generated.
  • the addition of the basic zinc carbonate in a modification of the above example can also be carried out to a copper-free matrix in the premix, the same operations as described above, but without final alloying, are performed.
  • the alloying is particularly advantageous for achieving the high durability of the sliding contact pieces as mentioned above. Otherwise, however, the desired, lead- and antimony-replacing effects of the additive can be achieved in all the states described above, including alloying.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Current Collectors (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The process involves warm premixing graphite and plastic binder and cold mixing the resulting premixture with copper. The resulting main mixture is pressed into a sliding contact piece and sintered. During the premixing of graphite and plastic binder, a metal is selected from the group consisting of zinc, tin, and bismuth to add an alloy of the combination. An Independent claim is also included for a sliding contact piece.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gleitkontaktstücks für mittlere bis hohe Stromdichten nach dem Oberbegriff Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method for producing a sliding contact piece for medium to high current densities according to the preamble of claim 1.

Die danach hergestellten Gleitkontaktstücke sind insbesondere Kohlebürsten für elektrische Maschinen, insbesondere in Kraftfahrzeugen, wobei hohe Stromdichten vor allem bei Startern auftreten.The sliding contact pieces produced thereafter are in particular carbon brushes for electrical machines, in particular in motor vehicles, where high current densities occur, especially in starters.

In dem Bestreben, derartigen Gleitkontaktstücken günstige Eigenschaften sowohl von reinen Kohlekontaktstücken als auch von Metallkontaktstücken mitzuteilen, wurden diese Werkstoffe bei der Herstellung seit langem kombiniert, wobei insbesondere eine innige Verbindung von Kohleteilen mit dem Metall angestrebt wurde ( DE 154 287 C ).In an effort to communicate such sliding contact pieces favorable properties of both pure carbon contact pieces and metal contact pieces, these materials have long been combined in the production, in particular an intimate connection of coal parts was sought with the metal ( DE 154 287 C ).

Bei einem bekannten Verfahren zur Herstellung von Schleif- und Druckkontakten, die aus Metalllegierungen und Kohle bestehen, werden Mischungen von Metall und Kohle in der Weise hergestellt, dass die Mischungen mit einem Bindemittel, z.B. Teer, vermengt werden, alsdann gepresst, in Kohlepulver eingebettet und gebrannt werden ( DE 182 445 C ). Um größere Leitfähigkeit und Festigkeit sowie den gewünschten Härtegrad zu erreichen, können Kohleteilchen zunächst verkupfert, alsdann verzinnt werden, wonach dieses vorbereitete Ausgangsmaterial durch Pressen und Erhitzen geformt werden kann. Ohne die voranstehende umständliche Vorbereitung können verschiedene Metallpulver, z.B. Kupfer und Zink, oder Kupfer und Zinn, oder Kupfer, Zink und Zinn und dergleichen mehr, innig mit Kohle vermengt, geformt und in einer indifferenten oder besser in einer reduzierenden Atmosphäre erhitzt werden, wobei die einzelnen Metallpulver legieren und mit dem eingeschlossenen Kohlenstoff eine homogene Masse bilden.In a known method for producing grinding and pressure contacts, which consist of metal alloys and carbon, mixtures of metal and carbon are prepared in such a way that the mixtures with a binder, such as tar, are mixed, then pressed, embedded in carbon powder and be burned ( DE 182 445 C ). To achieve greater conductivity and strength as well as the desired degree of hardness, carbon particles can first be copper-plated, then tin-plated, after which this prepared starting material is shaped by pressing and heating can be. Without the foregoing cumbersome preparation, various metal powders such as copper and zinc, or copper and tin, or copper, zinc and tin, and the like, may be intimately mixed with coal, molded, and heated in an indifferent or, more preferably, reducing atmosphere alloy individual metal powder and form a homogeneous mass with the trapped carbon.

Weiterhin gehört es zum Stand der Technik, Zusätze von Blei oder Antimon, den übliche Gleitkontaktstücke enthalten und die eine gute Putzwirkung, eine Kühlung des Gleitkontaktstücks im Betrieb und eine gute Gleitfähigkeit an einem Gegenkontaktstück ergeben, jedoch giftig bzw. umweltschädlich sind, zu vermeiden ( EP 0 525 222 A1 ). Hierzu wurde eine die obigen Zusätze ersetzende Beimengung von dem Kupfer durch eine deren Legierung verhindernde Schicht getrennt, wozu besondere Fertigungsmaßnahmen zu treffen waren. Als Bleiersatzstoffe bzw. Beimengung dienen insbesondere Zinn und/oder Zink oder deren Legierungen. Die umweltunschädlichen Beimengungen, vorzugsweise Zinn oder Zink, sollten den Grundbestandteilen (Kupfer, Graphit) nicht einfach beigemischt werden, weil sich dann eine Legierung ergäbe, die für den gewünschten Zweck zu hart wäre und keinen ausreichend niedrigen Schmelzpunkt hätte.Furthermore, it belongs to the prior art, additions of lead or antimony, the usual sliding contact pieces contain and give a good cleaning effect, cooling of the sliding contact in operation and good lubricity of a mating contact, but toxic or harmful to the environment are to be avoided ( EP 0 525 222 A1 ). For this purpose, an admixture replacing the above additives was separated from the copper by a layer preventing its alloy, for which purpose special production measures had to be taken. In particular, tin and / or zinc or their alloys are used as lead substitutes or admixture. The environmentally harmless admixtures, preferably tin or zinc, should not simply be added to the base components (copper, graphite), because then an alloy would result that would be too hard for the desired purpose and would not have a sufficiently low melting point.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gleitkontaktstücken vorzuschlagen, welche danach keine umweltschädlichen Zusätze an Blei oder Antimon enthalten und gleichwohl die günstigen Betriebseigenschaften von Gleitkontaktstücken mit diesen umweltschädlichen Stoffen möglichst noch in gesteigertem Maße aufweisen.The present invention has for its object to provide a method for the production of sliding contact pieces, which then contain no environmentally harmful additives lead or antimony and nevertheless have the favorable operating characteristics of Gleitkontaktstücken with these environmentally harmful substances as possible in an increased extent.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß nach dem Prinzip gelöst, daß bei dem Herstellungsverfahren entweder bei dem Vormischen einer kupferfreien Matrix oder anschließend bei dem Mischen einer kupferhaltigen Matrix als Hauptmischung als Ersatzstoff ein basisches Carbonat eines Metalls aus der Gruppe Zink. Zinn, Wismut oder deren Legierungen zugesetzt wird, wobei basisches Zinkcarbonat nach Anspruch 2 besonders bevorzugt ist, weil sich daraus besonders günstige Eigenschaften des Gleitkontaktstücks, insbesondere der Standfestigkeit ergeben. Die in feiner Form zugesetzten basischen Carbonate fördern die Legierungsbildung bei dem sich an die Herstellung der Hauptmischung anschließenden Sinterungsprozess bzw. bei der Temperaturbehandlung mit dem Ergebnis einer besonders langen Einsatzdauer der Gleitkontaktstücke.This object is achieved according to the principle that in the manufacturing process either in the premixing of a copper-free matrix or subsequently in the mixing of a copper-containing matrix as the main mixture as a substitute a basic carbonate of a metal from the group zinc. Tin, bismuth or their alloys is added, with basic zinc carbonate is particularly preferred according to claim 2, because it results in particularly favorable properties of the sliding contact piece, in particular the stability. The basic carbonates added in fine form promote the alloy formation in the sintering process following the preparation of the main mixture or in the temperature treatment, resulting in a particularly long service life of the sliding contact pieces.

Im einzelnen werden gemäß Anspruch 3 durch die Zugabe von ca. 2 bis 5 Gewichtsprozenten Zinkhydroxidcarbonat zu ca. 30 bis 70 Gewichtsprozenten Kupfermatrix in der Hauptmischung die weiter oben genannten vorteilhaften Messinginseln bei der anschließenden Temperaturbehandlung gebildet.Specifically, according to claim 3, the addition of about 2 to 5 weight percent zinc hydroxide carbonate to about 30 to 70 weight percent copper matrix in the main mixture forms the above-mentioned advantageous brass islands in the subsequent temperature treatment.

Zur Legierungsbildung mit dem in Form des basischen Carbonats zugesetzten Ersatzstoff erfolgt die Sinterung und Temperaturbehandlung der gepressten Gleitkontaktstücke vorteilhaft mit den Schritten gemäß Anspruch 4, wobei in einem ersten Schritt die Gleitkontaktstücke bei einer Temperatur in dem Bereich 150 bis 250 °C in Stickstoffatmosphäre gesintert werden, in einem zweiten Schritt die Sinterung weiter bei erhöhter Temperatur von 300 bis 450 °C fortgesetzt wird, in einem dritten Schritt die Sinterung unter Zugabe von Wasserstoff zur Sinteratmosphäre bei einer Temperatur über 450 °C fortgesetzt wird und schließlich eine Legierungsbildung zeitabhängig bei einer Temperatur über 300 °C erfolgt.For alloy formation with the substitute added in the form of the basic carbonate, the sintering and heat treatment of the pressed sliding contact pieces is advantageously carried out with the steps according to claim 4, wherein in a first step the sliding contact pieces are sintered at a temperature in the range 150 to 250 ° C in nitrogen atmosphere, in a second step, the sintering is continued at elevated temperature of 300 to 450 ° C, in a third step, the sintering with the addition of hydrogen to the sintering atmosphere at a temperature over 450 ° C is continued and finally an alloy formation takes place time-dependent at a temperature above 300 ° C.

Gemäß Anspruch 5 ist das Gleitkontaktstück mit seinen vorteilhaften Eigenschaften, insbesondere Standfestigkeit, nach einem der erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellt.According to claim 5, the sliding contact piece with its advantageous properties, in particular stability, produced by one of the inventive method.

Im nachfolgenden wird als bevorzugtes Beispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens die Zugabe von basischem Zinkcarbonat zu einer Hauptmischung mit Kupferanteilen in der Matrix dargestellt.In the following, as a preferred example of the process according to the invention, the addition of basic zinc carbonate to a main mixture with copper contents in the matrix is shown.

Der Hauptmischung wird das Zinkcarbonat in einer sehr feinen Körnung zugemischt, welches als erste Stufe

        5 ZnO 2 CO2 4 H2O

dargestellt.The main mixture is added to the zinc carbonate in a very fine grain, which as a first step

5 ZnO 2 CO2 4 H2O

shown.

Nach Verpressung des Gleitkontaktstücks erfolgt bei dessen Sinterung in Stickstoffatmosphäre und in einem Temperaturbereich von 150 bis 250 °C, insbesondere 180 °C, als erstes eine Umwandlung zu einer zweiten Stufe

        2 ZN CO3 3 ZNO.

After pressing the Gleitkontaktstücks takes place when sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere and in a temperature range of 150 to 250 ° C, in particular 180 ° C, first to a conversion to a second stage

2 ZN CO3 3 ZNO.

Bei weiterer Temperaturerhöhung in dem Bereich von 300 bis 450 °C tritt die dritte Stufe ein:

        5 ZNO.

Upon further temperature increase in the range of 300 to 450 ° C, the third stage occurs:

5 ZNO.

Anschließend wird der Sinteratmosphäre molekularer Wasserstoff bei einer Temperatur von mindestens 450 °C bis zu einer Endtemperatur von 600 °C beigegeben, wobei in einer vierten Stufe eine Zersetzung des Zinkoxids zu

        Zn

eintritt. Danach bildet sich abhängig von Zeit und Temperatur ab 300 °C aus dem Zink mit dem Kupferanteil eine Messinglegierung durch die Fusion, d.h. ohne Schmelzphase.Subsequently, the sintering atmosphere is added molecular hydrogen at a temperature of at least 450 ° C to a final temperature of 600 ° C, wherein in a fourth stage, a decomposition of the zinc oxide to

Zn

entry. Thereafter, depending on time and temperature from 300 ° C from the zinc with the copper content forms a brass alloy by the fusion, ie without melting phase.

In einer Variante ist der Zusatz von Zinkoxid möglich, wenn die Stufen 2 und 3 erzeugt werden sollen.In one variant, the addition of zinc oxide is possible if stages 2 and 3 are to be produced.

Als weitere Variante kann auch der Zusatz von Zink erfolgen, wenn die Stufe 4 erzeugt werden soll.As a further variant, the addition of zinc can be done if the stage 4 is to be generated.

Grundsätzlich kann die Zugabe des basischen Zinkcarbonats in Abwandlung des obigen Beispiels auch zu einer kupferfreien Matrix in der Vormischung erfolgen, wobei die gleichen Vorgänge wie oben beschrieben, jedoch ohne abschließende Legierungsbildung, durchlaufen werden. Die Legierungsbildung ist allerdings zum Erzielen der hohen Standfestigkeit der Gleitkontaktstücke, wie oben erwähnt, besonders vorteilhaft. Im übrigen können jedoch die angestrebten, blei- und antimonersetzenden Wirkungen des Zusatzstoffes in allen oben beschriebenen Zuständen einschließlich einer Legierungsbildung erreicht werden.In principle, the addition of the basic zinc carbonate in a modification of the above example can also be carried out to a copper-free matrix in the premix, the same operations as described above, but without final alloying, are performed. However, the alloying is particularly advantageous for achieving the high durability of the sliding contact pieces as mentioned above. Otherwise, however, the desired, lead- and antimony-replacing effects of the additive can be achieved in all the states described above, including alloying.

Claims (5)

  1. Manufacturing method for sliding contact for medium and high current densities, wherein graphite is hot-preblended with a plastic binder, the preblend so obtained is subsequently cold-blended with copper, the bulk blend so produced is then pressed to obtain a sliding contact piece which is finally sintered,
    characterized in
    that when preblending said graphite and said plastic binder or when blending said preblend so obtained with the copper, a basic carbonate of a metal from the group consisting of zinc, tin, bismuth or the alloys thereof is added.
  2. Method according to claim 1
    characterized by
    zinc carbonate as the basic carbonate.
  3. Method according to claim 2,
    characterized in
    that about 2 to 5 per cent by weight of zinc hydroxide carbonate is added to about 30 to 70 per cent by weight of copper matrix in the bulk blend.
  4. Method according to one of the foregoing claims,
    characterized in
    that, in a first step, said sliding contacts are sintered within the temperature range of from 150 to 250°C in nitrogen atmosphere, that, in a second step, sintering is continued at an increased temperature of from 300 to 450°C, that, in a third step, sintering is continued while adding hydrogen to the sintering atmosphere at a temperature above 450°C up to a final temperature of 600°C, and finally, as a fourth step, time-dependently at a temperature above 300°C, an alloy formation is obtained.
  5. Sliding contact for medium and high current densities on copper or carbon base, respectively, with an addition of a metal,
    characterized in
    that it has been produced in accordance with a method according to at least one of claims 1 to 4.
EP02026559A 2002-01-19 2002-11-28 Manufacturing method for sliding contact for medium and high current Expired - Lifetime EP1329993B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10201923 2002-01-19
DE10201923A DE10201923B4 (en) 2002-01-19 2002-01-19 Method for producing a sliding contact piece for medium to high current densities

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1329993A2 EP1329993A2 (en) 2003-07-23
EP1329993A3 EP1329993A3 (en) 2005-12-21
EP1329993B1 true EP1329993B1 (en) 2008-01-02

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US (2) US7449144B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1329993B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4073319B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE382969T1 (en)
DE (2) DE10201923B4 (en)

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DE4343736A1 (en) * 1993-12-21 1995-06-22 Mando Machine Co Ltd Copper graphite brush prodn, useful in small motor for small car
EP0769562A4 (en) * 1994-04-28 1997-08-06 Nippon Steel Corp High-strength self-lubricating composite material for high-temperature use and process for producing the same
US6222298B1 (en) * 1997-06-08 2001-04-24 Mitsuba Corporation Carbon commutator and method for producing the same
US6132487A (en) * 1998-11-11 2000-10-17 Nikko Materials Company, Limited Mixed powder for powder metallurgy, sintered compact of powder metallurgy, and methods for the manufacturing thereof
AUPP773998A0 (en) * 1998-12-16 1999-01-21 Public Transport Corporation of Victoria Low resistivity materials with improved wear performance for electrical current transfer and methods for preparing same

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DE10201923B4 (en) 2006-05-24
US20030135993A1 (en) 2003-07-24
ATE382969T1 (en) 2008-01-15
US7449144B2 (en) 2008-11-11
DE50211452D1 (en) 2008-02-14
US20090029184A1 (en) 2009-01-29
DE10201923A1 (en) 2003-08-07
EP1329993A2 (en) 2003-07-23
JP2003272795A (en) 2003-09-26
JP4073319B2 (en) 2008-04-09
EP1329993A3 (en) 2005-12-21

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