EP1276355B1 - Circuit ballast pour determiner la puissance de préchauffage - Google Patents
Circuit ballast pour determiner la puissance de préchauffage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1276355B1 EP1276355B1 EP02010871A EP02010871A EP1276355B1 EP 1276355 B1 EP1276355 B1 EP 1276355B1 EP 02010871 A EP02010871 A EP 02010871A EP 02010871 A EP02010871 A EP 02010871A EP 1276355 B1 EP1276355 B1 EP 1276355B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- preheating
- power
- fluorescent lamp
- circuit
- circuit arrangement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/295—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps with preheating electrodes, e.g. for fluorescent lamps
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S315/00—Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems
- Y10S315/05—Starting and operating circuit for fluorescent lamp
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S315/00—Electric lamp and discharge devices: systems
- Y10S315/07—Starting and control circuits for gas discharge lamp using transistors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a circuit arrangement for operating a fluorescent lamp comprising a half-bridge arrangement, the output signal is fed to a load circuit, to the load circuit a fluorescent lamp with helical electrodes is connectable, a preheating device for preheating the filament electrodes of the fluorescent lamp and a power determining device for determining a Vormel orientalakushongs, the Represents the measure of the power that is converted during preheating in the helical electrodes. It also relates to a corresponding method for operating a fluorescent lamp.
- the present invention addresses the problem that fluorescent lamps are produced which have different electrical data for the same dimensions or the same versions.
- one type is optimized for the converted electrical power, and thus the luminous flux emitted by the lamp, while another type is designed for high efficiency and thereby converts substantially less electrical power.
- operating devices Since in terms of their dimensions corresponding lamp types can be exchanged in a given lamp against each other, operating devices have been developed that automatically recognize the lamp type used in each case and set the correct operating parameters. From the company Energy Savings is known such a circuit arrangement for automatic detection of the lamp type used; of which the essential part is shown in Fig. 1.
- a half-bridge arrangement comprising the two switches S1 and S2 is driven by an intermediate circuit voltage, which is usually a DC voltage of the order of 400V.
- a load circuit comprises, in addition to the already mentioned lamp inductor L S, a resonance capacitor C R. They serve to generate the voltage necessary to ignite the lamp.
- the lamp LA comprises two helical electrodes W1, W2, which are preheated as follows:
- the lamp inductor L S forms a transformer together with an inductance L1 of a preheating circuit VK.
- the preheating circuit VK can be supplied with energy via the lamp choke in this way.
- a switch S3 is further arranged, which is closed for the purpose of switching on the preheating. With the switch S3 closed and the lamp LA not lit, a current is driven through the inductor L1 through the preheating circuit VK. This flows through an inductance L2, which forms a transformer as a primary inductance with two other inductors L21, L22.
- the magnitude of the currents I 21 , I 22 depends on the impedance of the helical electrodes W1, W2.
- the currents I 21 , I 22 are in a fixed ratio to the current I 1 of the preheating VK. By measuring the voltage drop U R1 at a measuring resistor R 1 , the current I 1 can be determined and thus determine which lamp type is used in the circuit arrangement.
- the voltage U R1 dropping across the resistor R 1 is supplied to a processor which adjusts the operating parameters in accordance with the determined lamp type.
- the lamp is so much increased by driving the switches S1, S2 of the half-bridge arrangement with a suitable frequency, the voltage applied to the lamp due to the resonant circuit formed by the lamp inductor L S and the resonant capacitor C R that it to a Ignition of the lamp LA is coming.
- the switches S1, S2 of the half-bridge arrangement are operated at a frequency which corresponds to the normal operation of the lamp.
- the circuitry shown in Figure 1 employs an actively switched preheat circuit VK.
- the object of the present invention is to develop a circuit arrangement of the type mentioned in such a way that an automatic detection of the lamp used in the circuit arrangement is also possible in circuit arrangements with inactive switched preheating. Furthermore, a corresponding method for operating a fluorescent lamp is to be made available.
- the object of the invention is achieved by a method in which first a fluorescent lamp is preheated by supplying energy from a half-bridge arrangement in a load circuit, wherein the fluorescent lamp having helical electrodes, connected to a load circuit is.
- a preheating power value is determined which represents a measure of the power flowing into the load circuit during preheating.
- one of at least two sequences is selected for operating the circuit arrangement.
- the solutions according to the invention are based on the recognition that, in circuit arrangements with inactive preheating circuit, the power flowing into the load circuit is correlated with the lamp type used in the circuit arrangement as long as the lamp is not ignited.
- the components converted in the load circuit can be eliminated because the values of the components are known and constant.
- the power flowing into the load circuit depends essentially on the impedance of the helical electrodes, so that it can be concluded in conclusion, due to the power flowing into the load circuit, which lamp type was used. Depending on the detected lamp type then the appropriate operating parameters can be set.
- preheating in circuit arrangements according to the invention can be carried out not only with preheating inductances but also with preheating resistors or by forming a resonant circuit.
- the range of possibilities for preheating is significantly expanded.
- preheating, ignition and normal operation of the lamp via one and the same circuit arrangement only by varying the frequency with which the switches of the half-bridge arrangement is opened and closed.
- the power-determining device evaluates the current flowing in a half-bridge branch. For example, by using a measuring resistor or an inductance, the power flowing into the load circuit can thereby be determined in a particularly simple manner.
- the circuit arrangement further comprises a sequence controller which selects one of at least two sequences for operating the circuit arrangement as a function of the preheating power value.
- a sequence controller which selects one of at least two sequences for operating the circuit arrangement as a function of the preheating power value.
- the at least two sequences for operating the circuit arrangement may include operating modes of the circuit arrangement for preheating and / or igniting and / or normal operation of the fluorescent lamp or measures for a defective or unused fluorescent lamp.
- the lamp is suitably preheated, ignited or operated normally when the type of fluorescent lamp is detected, ie. without damaging the circuit arrangement or the fluorescent lamp. Furthermore, it can thereby be detected whether the lamp filaments are intact or whether a fluorescent lamp is used at all.
- the Wendeldetetation is relatively time consuming and expensive, so that in the circuit arrangement according to the invention, in which the active power is detected in the load circuit anyway, a significant material savings and an electrically favorable configuration of the load circuit is possible.
- a particularly preferred embodiment of the circuit arrangement according to the invention further comprises a control or regulating device, wherein the power flowing into the load circuit power can be determined with the power determination device in the normal operation of the fluorescent lamp, and the control or regulating device is designed, depending on this determined power parameters for to change the normal operation of the circuit arrangement.
- Control or regulation of the power flowing into the load circuit during normal operation is therefore necessary because the fluorescent lamp is operated at different operating points depending on the temperature, ie that in particular shortly after switching on the operating point other current and voltage values than at operating temperature. In this respect, the lamp is not a constant load.
- This existing power detection can be used with a suitable design for solving the problem of the invention.
- the control device may be configured to compare the detected preheat power value against a setpoint value to change the parameters for normal operation depending on the result of that comparison.
- the sequence control particularly preferably comprises a bistable stage for selecting one of two operating modes of the circuit arrangement as a function of the determined preheating power value.
- This variant is particularly suitable for circuit arrangements in which only two lamp types can be used, which correspond in terms of their dimensions. In this case, this simple solution is sufficient to automatically detect the type of lamp used and set the associated operating parameters.
- Fig. 2 shows a circuit arrangement according to the invention, wherein elements and sizes corresponding to those of Fig. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals.
- the circuit arrangement shown in Fig. 2 also comprises a half-bridge arrangement with two switches S1, S2, which are fed by a voltage Uz.
- the center of the half-bridge arrangement is connected to a lamp inductor Ls whose other end is connected to a first filament electrode W1 of the lamp LA.
- the lamp inductor Ls forms a resonance circuit for igniting the lamp LA with a resonance capacitor C R connected between the filament electrode W1 and a second filament electrode W2.
- Two capacitors C K1 , C K2 in turn serve as coupling capacitors.
- the power flowing into the load circuit LK is correlated with a current I RM flowing through a measuring resistor R M arranged in a half-bridge branch of the half-bridge arrangement.
- the voltage U RM dropping across the measuring resistor R M is preferably evaluated in order to determine the power flowing into the load circuit LK.
- no actively switched preheating circuit is used for preheating the filament electrodes W1, W2 of the fluorescent lamp LA.
- the operating states of the fluorescent lamp LA such as preheating, ignition and normal operation, are effected by suitable adjustment of the frequency with which the switches S1, S2 of the half-bridge arrangement are opened and closed.
- FIG. 3 shows in block diagram representation an operating device on which a preferred embodiment of a circuit arrangement according to the invention is shown.
- the operating device shown in Fig. 3 is used in particular for setting suitable operating parameters of a first and a second Lamp type.
- the first lamp type is assigned a power P1 during the preheating, while the second lamp type during preheating is assigned a power P2.
- the operating device shown in FIG. 3 has an input E for connecting a mains voltage U N to a component 10.
- Component 10 comprises an RF filter, a rectifier and a circuit for limiting the mains current harmonics.
- the output signal of the component 10 is typically a stabilized DC voltage of approximately 400 V, the so-called intermediate circuit voltage, which feeds a half-bridge arrangement 12.
- the intermediate circuit voltage U Z is converted by the half-bridge arrangement 12 into a square-wave voltage signal U R whose frequency can be determined by an oscillator 14.
- the square-wave voltage U R is conducted to a load circuit 16, which comprises a resonant circuit for igniting a lamp LA connected to it.
- the load circuit 16 also serves to limit the lamp current during normal operation of the lamp LA.
- the oscillator 14 is driven by a sequence control 18, by means of which the necessary for preheating, ignition and normal operation of the lamp LA frequencies and / or duty cycles of the square wave voltage U R are adjustable.
- Sequencer 18, oscillator 14 and half-bridge arrangement 12 are not necessarily separate circuits, but may form a unit as in a free-running inverter.
- the voltage U RM dropping across a measuring resistor R M, which is not shown , which is arranged in a half-bridge branch of the half-bridge arrangement, is fed to a power-determining device 20. From the voltage U RM and in knowledge of the components of the load circuit 16, the power flowing into the load circuit P can be determined. From a threshold value switch 22, the power P is compared to a threshold value P threshold , which is chosen so that the power P is certainly less than P threshold when the first lamp type is connected during the entire preheating phase , while the connection of a second lamp type results in that while preheating the threshold P threshold is at least temporarily exceeded.
- a threshold value P threshold which is chosen so that the power P is certainly less than P threshold when the first lamp type is connected during the entire preheating phase , while the connection of a second lamp type results in that while preheating the threshold P threshold is at least temporarily exceeded.
- threshold value P threshold is not exceeded, then the output of the threshold switch remains in state L; otherwise, the output of threshold switch 22 transitions to state H at least temporarily. Only during the preheat phase does the sequencer 18 generate a signal whereby the electrical switch 24 is closed. As a result, the output signal of the threshold value switch 22 is conducted to a bistable stage 26 and accepted.
- the bistable stage 26 provides at its output in the idle state, a signal corresponding to the state L of the threshold value switch 22. If this output signal is provided at the output of the bistable stage 26, a switch 28 switches to the position shown in FIG. 3, so that a control amplifier 30 is supplied with a nominal value which corresponds to a power P1. As the variable to be controlled, the power amplifier P is supplied to the variable gain amplifier 30.
- the bistable stage 26 causes the switch 28 to switch over and transmit a signal to the control amplifier 30, which is correlated with the power P2. Even a brief occurrence of the H state at the output of the threshold switch 22 is sufficient to bring the switch 28 in the P2 position. In state P2, the switch 28 remains until the operating device is switched off.
- the power supplied to the lamp LA during preheating is regulated.
- the power supplied to the lamp LA during preheating is controlled according to a target power.
- the sequencer 18 provides suitable signals for operating the lamp not only during the preheat phase but also for ignition and normal operation, in particular by varying the amplitude, frequency and duty cycle of the voltage U R.
- the preheating of the helical electrodes can be realized by means of preheating inductances.
Landscapes
- Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
Claims (7)
- Montage pour faire fonctionner une lampe (LA) fluorescente comprenant- un montage (12) en demi-pont, dont le signal de sortie peut être envoyé à un circuit (LK ; 16) de charge, une lampe (LA) fluorescente ayant des électrodes (W1, W2) de filament pouvant être raccordée au circuit (LK ; 16) de charge,- un dispositif (L21, L22, CR) de préchauffage pour préchauffer les électrodes (W1, W2) de filament de la lampe (LA) fluorescente et- un dispositif (20) de détermination de la puissance pour déterminer la puissance de préchauffage qui est transformée dans les électrodes (W1, W2) de filament pendant le préchauffage,- une commande (18) de régime qui sélectionne l'un d'au moins deux régimes (P1, P2) de fonctionnement du montage en fonction de la puissance (Pist) absorbée par le circuit (LK ; 16) de charge pendant le préchauffage,caractérisé en ce que le dispositif (20) de détermination de la puissance exploite le courant (IRM) passant dans une branche du montage (12) en demi-pont, et ainsi la puissance absorbée par le circuit (LK ; 16) de charge pendant le préchauffage et la puissance absorbée par la lampe (LA) fluorescente en fonctionnement normal peuvent être déterminées.
- Montage suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les au moins deux régimes (P1, P2) de fonctionnement du montage comprennent des types de fonctionnement du montage pour le préchauffage et/ou l'amorçage et/ou le fonctionnement normal de la lampe (LA) fluorescente ou des mesures à prendre lorsque la lampe (LA) fluorescente est défectueuse ou n'est pas utilisée.
- Montage suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend, en outre, un dispositif (22, 26, 28, 30) de commande ou de régulation, qui est conçu pour modifier des paramètres du fonctionnement normal du montage, en fonction de la puissance (Pist) passant dans le circuit de charge en fonctionnement normal de la lampe (LA) fluorescente.
- Montage suivant la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif (22, 26, 28, 30) de commande et de régulation est conçu pour comparer la valeur déterminée de puissance de préchauffage à une valeur (Pschwell) de consigne pour modifier les paramètres du fonctionnement normal en fonction du résultat de cette comparaison.
- Montage suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la commande (18) de régime comprend un étage (26) bistable pour sélectionner l'un de deux types (P1, P2) de fonctionnement du montage en fonction de la valeur (Pist) de puissance de préchauffage déterminée.
- Procédé pour faire fonctionner une lampe (LA) fluorescente comprenant les stades suivants :a) on préchauffe la lampe (LA) fluorescente par un dispositif de préchauffage en apportant de l'énergie d'un montage (12) en demi-pont à un circuit (16 ; LK) de charge, auquel la lampe (LA) fluorescente qui a des électrodes (W1, W2) de filament est raccordée ;b) on détermine une valeur (Pist) de puissance de préchauffage à l'aide d'un dispositif (20) de détermination de puissance, qui représente une mesure de la puissance passant dans le circuit (16 ; LK) de charge pendant le préchauffage ;c) on sélectionne l'un d'au moins deux régimes (P1, P2) de fonctionnement du montage en fonction de la valeur (Pist) de puissance de préchauffage déterminée,caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de détermination de puissance exploite le courant (IRM) passant dans une branche du montage (12) en demi-pont, et détermine ainsi la puissance absorbée par le circuit (LK ; 16) de charge pendant le préchauffage et la puissance absorbée par la lampe (LA) fluorescente en fonctionnement normal.
- Procédé suivant la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce qu'au stade b) de détermination de la valeur (Pist) de la puissance de préchauffage, on détermine le courant (IRM) passant dans le montage (12) en demi-pont pendant le préchauffage.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10133515A DE10133515A1 (de) | 2001-07-10 | 2001-07-10 | Schaltungsanordnung zum Betreiben einer Leuchtstofflampe |
DE10133515 | 2001-07-10 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1276355A2 EP1276355A2 (fr) | 2003-01-15 |
EP1276355A3 EP1276355A3 (fr) | 2003-02-12 |
EP1276355B1 true EP1276355B1 (fr) | 2007-04-18 |
Family
ID=7691295
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02010871A Expired - Fee Related EP1276355B1 (fr) | 2001-07-10 | 2002-05-15 | Circuit ballast pour determiner la puissance de préchauffage |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6657403B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1276355B1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2392978A1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE10133515A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7592753B2 (en) * | 1999-06-21 | 2009-09-22 | Access Business Group International Llc | Inductively-powered gas discharge lamp circuit |
DE202005013754U1 (de) * | 2005-08-31 | 2005-11-17 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH | Vorschaltgerät für eine Entladungslampe mit adaptiver Vorheizung |
US7821208B2 (en) * | 2007-01-08 | 2010-10-26 | Access Business Group International Llc | Inductively-powered gas discharge lamp circuit |
DE102008012454A1 (de) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-10 | Tridonicatco Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Bestimmen von Betriebsparametern einer mit einem elektronischen Vorschaltgerät zu betreibenden Gasentladungslampe sowie ein entsprechendes Vorschaltgerät |
DE102008022198A1 (de) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-10 | Tridonicatco Gmbh & Co. Kg | Typerkennung einer mit einem elektronischen Vorschaltgerät zu betreibenden Gasentladungslampe |
DE102008012453A1 (de) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-10 | Tridonicatco Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Prüfen, ob mindestens zwei mit einem elektronischen Vorschaltgerät zu betreibende Gasentladungslampen vom gleichen Typ sind |
DE102008031409A1 (de) * | 2008-07-02 | 2010-01-07 | Tridonicatco Gmbh & Co. Kg | Erkennung des Typs einer an einem Betriebsgerät angeschlossenen Gasentladungslampe |
DE102009019625B4 (de) * | 2009-04-30 | 2014-05-15 | Osram Gmbh | Verfahren zum Ermitteln eines Typs einer Gasentladungslampe und elektronisches Vorschaltgerät zum Betreiben von mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen Typen von Gasentladungslampen |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3608362A1 (de) * | 1985-05-14 | 1987-09-17 | Trilux Lenze Gmbh & Co Kg | Vorschaltgeraet fuer entladungslampen |
US4954749A (en) * | 1988-11-15 | 1990-09-04 | North American Philips Corporation | Fluorescent lamp electrode disconnect method and arrangement for practicing the method |
JPH0766864B2 (ja) * | 1989-07-28 | 1995-07-19 | 東芝ライテック株式会社 | 放電灯点灯装置 |
US5175470A (en) * | 1990-12-19 | 1992-12-29 | North American Philips Corporation | Fluorescent lamp electrode disconnect arrangement |
DE4119775A1 (de) * | 1991-06-15 | 1992-12-17 | Vossloh Schwabe Gmbh | Vorschaltgeraet mit gesteuerter heizzeit |
US5600211A (en) * | 1994-09-16 | 1997-02-04 | Tridonic Bauelemente Gmbh | Electronic ballast for gas discharge lamps |
DE19546588A1 (de) * | 1995-12-13 | 1997-06-19 | Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh | Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zum Betrieb einer Entladungslampe |
US6160361A (en) * | 1998-07-29 | 2000-12-12 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | For improvements in a lamp type recognition scheme |
US6169375B1 (en) * | 1998-10-16 | 2001-01-02 | Electro-Mag International, Inc. | Lamp adaptable ballast circuit |
DE19850441A1 (de) * | 1998-10-27 | 2000-05-11 | Trilux Lenze Gmbh & Co Kg | Verfahren und Vorschaltgerät zum Betrieb einer mit einer Leuchtstofflampe versehenen Leuchte |
US6359387B1 (en) * | 2000-08-31 | 2002-03-19 | Philips Electronics North America Corporation | Gas-discharge lamp type recognition based on built-in lamp electrical properties |
-
2001
- 2001-07-10 DE DE10133515A patent/DE10133515A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2002
- 2002-05-15 EP EP02010871A patent/EP1276355B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-05-15 DE DE50209956T patent/DE50209956D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-26 US US10/179,206 patent/US6657403B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-07-09 CA CA002392978A patent/CA2392978A1/fr not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE10133515A1 (de) | 2003-01-30 |
DE50209956D1 (de) | 2007-05-31 |
US6657403B2 (en) | 2003-12-02 |
CA2392978A1 (fr) | 2003-01-10 |
EP1276355A2 (fr) | 2003-01-15 |
US20030011328A1 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
EP1276355A3 (fr) | 2003-02-12 |
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