EP1129803B1 - Material prepared by powder metallurgy with improved isotropy of the mechanical properties - Google Patents

Material prepared by powder metallurgy with improved isotropy of the mechanical properties Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1129803B1
EP1129803B1 EP01890047A EP01890047A EP1129803B1 EP 1129803 B1 EP1129803 B1 EP 1129803B1 EP 01890047 A EP01890047 A EP 01890047A EP 01890047 A EP01890047 A EP 01890047A EP 1129803 B1 EP1129803 B1 EP 1129803B1
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Prior art keywords
powder
deformation
capsule
subjected
flat
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EP01890047A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1129803A3 (en
EP1129803A2 (en
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Siegfried Dipl.-Ing. Wilmes
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Voestalpine Edelstahl GmbH
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Voestalpine Edelstahl GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
    • C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/18—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by using pressure rollers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/006—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of flat products, e.g. sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the powder metallurgical production of improved isotropy of the mechanical properties broadbread material from ledeburitic steel with rectangular or flachellipticianm cross-section, in particular starting material for the production of cutting, punching and forming tools, in which process with nitrogen atomized powder an alloy is placed in a capsule, compacted and optionally sealed after evacuation, followed by heating and isostatic pressing (HIP-en) of the powder capsule and the hot isostatically pressed blank thus prepared is subjected to deformation by forging and / or rolling.
  • HIP-en heating and isostatic pressing
  • coarse primary carbides and a carbide network may be present in cast condition ledeburitic tool steels conventionally produced by block casting.
  • these castings or blocks are subjected to hot working, the mechanical material properties are improved, but the extent of the improvement depends on the direction of stress. It is quite possible that by means of impact bending samples transverse to the direction of deformation only 25 to 30% of the impact bending working values are determined in comparison with those measured in the direction of deformation. This directional dependence of the toughness of the material can be explained by a pronounced carbide line structure, which can also be detected microscopically, in conventionally produced material.
  • Such a powder metallurgy produced starting material can be used undeformed or deformed to increase the mechanical properties.
  • microstructures with different etchings were found in comparison with the other areas of the primary material that support fiber theory.
  • the invention is now based on the object to provide methods of the type mentioned above, by means of which an improved isotropy of the mechanical properties, in particular an increase in the impact resistance and bending fracture toughness in the thickness direction of wide flat starting material of deformed PM workpieces is achieved.
  • the object is achieved according to the invention in that a blank having such a rectangular or flachelliptica cross-sectional shape is created and subjected to a deformation, that at this the difference between the deformation in the direction of the width and the deformation in the thickness direction of the cross section of the slurry flat material at most which is 2 times, preferably 1.5 times, the lower degree of deformation.
  • the above object is also achieved if the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected in the direction of the longitudinal extension of a compression forming with at least twice the degree of compression, after which a Reckumformung the compressed blank takes place under formation of the wide-flat Vormaterials.
  • the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected to a diffusion annealing treatment having a highest temperature of 20 ° C below the solidus temperature of the alloy and a minimum annealing time of 4 hours, after which it is stretched to a wide flat -Vorformed forged and / or rolled becomes.
  • the advantage of the method according to the invention is, in particular, to be seen in the fact that the effectiveness of the regions adversely influencing the toughness properties in the material is reduced.
  • the emergence of these areas is not yet scientifically clarified, also why these zones in the material adversely affect the mechanical properties, can not be interpreted with certainty, because in these areas or zones which are etched in a Schlifferprobung darker, there is a rather finer globulitic carbide structure ,
  • the blank is created with a cross-sectional shape that requires a difference in the degrees of deformation in the width and thickness direction of at most 2-fold in the subsequent forming, are in these directions slight deviations of the mechanical property before and it will be much higher Impact bending values achieved when these are given in a hot isostatically pressed, undeformed workpiece.
  • the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected to compression forming at forging temperature, followed by so-called stretching or forging of the compressed forging, in which a wide-flat profile is created, then the values for the impact bending work of FIG Starting material in the transverse and in the thickness direction of the profile substantially the same height and are about 80% of those values, which are given in the longitudinal direction of the starting material.
  • the methods of the invention solve the problem of a substantial Anisotropy in powder metallurgy produced wide-flat materials, especially in ledeburitic steels of this cross-sectional shape, and increase more generally the quality of such manufactured products.
  • the advantage of the thus prepared starting material is essentially due to the fact that tools made therefrom are less notch sensitive and thereby endure significantly higher voltages and impact loads.
  • Warmpreßmatrizen were manufactured and tested in practical use.
  • the service life of the tool made of conventional material was extremely low, it was after 33 shock-like pressing a breaking off a projecting profile part, with no other wear or abrasion was noted.
  • the matrix of the same type prepared for the same product according to the invention produced by similar material deformations in the width and thickness direction wide-flat raw material yielded over 3000 pressings, after which the tool was eliminated because of abrasive wear.
  • 550mm square and 800 x 220mm semi-finished materials were produced by the HIP process, followed by direct deformation of a square and rectangular material into a rod cross-section of 550 x 100 mm.
  • Another square base material was annealed prior to deformation at a temperature of 38 ° C below the 43 ° C solidus temperature of the alloy as determined in the hot stage microscope.
  • a hot isostatically pressed undeformed material was provided.
  • test values T-S and T-L as well as S-T and S-L lie throughout in the same scattering range, so that in FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 only one variable or one value is taken into account.
  • the following also mean: ST u the toughness of the hipped undeformed sample in the thickness direction and ST k the toughness of a conventionally produced wide-flat starting material in the thickness direction.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)

Abstract

The toughness of the material which is produced by forging or rolling blanks, measured in any direction more particularly the thickness of the cross section, is greater than that of the material in the hot isostatically pressed unformed state. The material whose width is 3.1 times the thickness has a rectangular or flat elliptical cross section and during re-shaping the difference between the deformation in the direction of the width and the deformation in the thickness direction is at most twice the lower deformation value.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung von verbesserte Isotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweisendem Breit-Flach-Material aus ledeburitischem Stahl mit rechteckigem oder flachelliptischem Querschnitt, insbesondere Vormaterial für die Herstellung von Schneid-, Stanz- und Umformwerkzeugen, bei welchem Verfahren mit Stickstoff verdüstes Pulver einer Legierung in eine Kapsel eingebracht, verdichtet und diese gegebenenfalls nach einem Evakuieren verschlossen wird, wonach ein Erwärmen und isostatisches Pressen (HIP-en) der Pulverkapsel erfolgen und der derart hergestellte heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Verformung durch Schmieden und/oder Walzen unterworfen wird.The invention relates to a process for the powder metallurgical production of improved isotropy of the mechanical properties broadbread material from ledeburitic steel with rectangular or flachelliptischem cross-section, in particular starting material for the production of cutting, punching and forming tools, in which process with nitrogen atomized powder an alloy is placed in a capsule, compacted and optionally sealed after evacuation, followed by heating and isostatic pressing (HIP-en) of the powder capsule and the hot isostatically pressed blank thus prepared is subjected to deformation by forging and / or rolling.

Bei der Erstarrung von Legierungen treten zumeist Entmischungen auf, deren Ausgleich oder Auflösung durch Diffusion bei ledeburitischen Stählen nicht möglich ist. Die Größe der aus der Schmelze ausgeschiedenen Phasen bzw. Körner hängt dabei von der Bildungs- bzw. Erstarrungszeit ab.In the solidification of alloys occur mostly segregations, the compensation or dissolution by diffusion is not possible for ledeburitic steels. The size of the phases or grains precipitated from the melt depends on the formation or solidification time.

In herkömmlich mittels Blockgusses hergestellten ledeburitischen Werkzeugstählen beispielsweise können im Gußzustand grobe primäre Karbide und ein Karbidnetzwerk vorliegen. Werden diese Gußstücke oder Blöcke einer Warmumformung unterworfen, so werden die mechanischen Materialeigenschaften zwar verbessert, jedoch hängt das Ausmaß der Verbesserung von der Beanspruchungsrichtung ab. Es ist dabei durchaus möglich, daß mittels Schlagbiegeproben quer zur Verformungsrichtung lediglich 25 bis 30% der Schlagbiegearbeitswerte im Vergleich mit jenen, gemessen in Verformungsrichtung, ermittelt werden. Diese Richtungsabhängigkeit der Werkstoffzähigkeit läßt sich mit einer, auch mikroskopisch nachweisbaren ausgeprägten Karbidzeilenstruktur im herkömmlich hergestellten Material erklären.For example, in cast condition, coarse primary carbides and a carbide network may be present in cast condition ledeburitic tool steels conventionally produced by block casting. Although these castings or blocks are subjected to hot working, the mechanical material properties are improved, but the extent of the improvement depends on the direction of stress. It is quite possible that by means of impact bending samples transverse to the direction of deformation only 25 to 30% of the impact bending working values are determined in comparison with those measured in the direction of deformation. This directional dependence of the toughness of the material can be explained by a pronounced carbide line structure, which can also be detected microscopically, in conventionally produced material.

Um weitgehend isotrope mechanische Materialeigenschaften zu erreichen, wurden Verfahren zur pulvermetallurgischen Herstellung von Werkstücken entwickelt. Dabei erfolgt eine Zerteilung eines flüssigen Metallstromes, insbesondere durch Gasströmungen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit und Energie, zu Tröpfchen, wonach die Tröpfchen in kurzer Zeit erstarren. In den einzelnen Pulverkömem mit einem Durchmesser in der Regel von kleiner als 0,3 mm sind die gebildeten Gefügephasen der äußerst kurzen Erstarrungszeit wegen homogen verteilt und äußerst fein. Das derart erstellte Pulver wird sodann in eine Kapsel eingebracht, diese verschlossen und anschließend hoher Temperatur und hohem allseitigen Druck ausgesetzt, wobei sich die Pulverkörner metallisch verbinden bzw. das Pulver verschweißt oder sintert. Dieser Vorgang wird Heiß - Isostatisches Pressen (HIP-en) genannt.In order to achieve largely isotropic mechanical material properties, processes for the powder metallurgical production of workpieces have been developed. In this case, a division of a liquid metal stream, in particular by Gas flows at high speed and energy, to droplets, after which the droplets solidify in a short time. In the individual Pulverkömem with a diameter usually smaller than 0.3 mm, the structural phases formed are the extremely short solidification time because of homogeneously distributed and extremely fine. The thus prepared powder is then placed in a capsule, this sealed and then exposed to high temperature and high pressure on all sides, with the powder grains connect metallically or the powder welded or sintered. This process is called hot - isostatic pressing (HIP-en).

Ein derart pulvermetallurgisch hergestelltes Vormaterial (PM-Material) kann unverformt eingesetzt oder zur Anhebung der mechanischen Eigenschaften verformt werden.Such a powder metallurgy produced starting material (PM material) can be used undeformed or deformed to increase the mechanical properties.

Aus der DE 3726447 A ist ein Verfahren zur PM-Herstellung auf der Basis von ausscheidungs- und/oder dispersionshärtenden Aluminiumlegierungen bekannt geworden, bei welchem der bei einer Temperatur von 400 bis 450° C isostatisch erstellte Preßling einer thermomechanischen Umformung unterworfen wird.From DE 3726447 A a method for PM production based on precipitation and / or dispersion-hardening aluminum alloys has become known, in which the isostatically produced at a temperature of 400 to 450 ° C compact is subjected to a thermomechanical deformation.

Bei Teilen aus karbidreichen Werkzeugstählen erwartet man durch die PM-Herstellung eine feine homogene Mikrostruktur, was durch Gefügebilder, die nahezu vollkommen gleichmäßig verteilte Karbide einheitlicher geringer Größe zeigen, bestätigt wird, und auf Grund dieser Struktur keine nennenswerte Richtungsabhängigkeit der mechanischen Eigenschaften im verformten Material. Wohl wurde über Zähigkeitsunterschiede des Werkstoffes in Verformungsrichtung und quer dazu berichtet, diese Unterschiede betragen aber höchstens 8 bis 20 % und wurden bisher im Wesentlichen auf den nicht völlig vermeidbaren Gehalt an nichtmetallischen Einschlüssen und eine sogenannte Faserstruktur zurückgeführt.In parts made of carbide-rich tool steels, PM production is expected to produce a fine homogeneous microstructure, as confirmed by micrographs showing nearly uniformly uniformly distributed carbides of uniform small size, and due to this structure, no significant directionality of mechanical properties in the deformed material. Although the difference in tenacity of the material in the direction of deformation and across it was reported, these differences amount to at most 8 to 20% and have hitherto been attributed essentially to the not entirely avoidable content of non-metallic inclusions and a so-called fiber structure.

Pulvermetallurgisch hergestellte Schneid- und Stanzwerkzeuge, wie Matrizen, Stempel und dergleichen, mit rechteckiger flacher Querschnittsform zeigten im praktischen Einsatz teilweise nur eine geringe Lebensdauer; es traten völlig unerwartet Schadensfälle durch Werkzeugbrüche auf. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere der Hauptbeanspruchung entsprechend die der Schlagzähigkeit des Vormaterials, erfolgten an sogenannten Breit-Flach-Stäben. Dabei wurden die Proben dem Stab in Längs,- Quer- und Dickenrichtung entnommen und die jeweils richtungsorientierten Proben mit um 90° zueinander versetzten brucherzeugenden Schlägen geprüft. Die Bezeichnung und die Lage der Poben sind nachfolgender Tabelle und Fig. 1 zu entnehmen. Es bedeuten:

  • L-S Probe in Längsrichtung, Schlag auf die Flachseite in Dickenrichtung
  • L-T Probe in Längsrichtung, Schlag auf die Schmalseite in Breitenrichtung
  • T-L Probe in Breitenrichtung, Schlag auf die Stirnseite in Längsrichtung
  • T-S Probe in Breitenrichtung, Schlag auf die Flachseite in Dickenrichtung
  • S-L Probe in Dickenrichtung, Schlag auf die Stirnseite in Längsrichtung
  • S-T Probe in Dickenrichtung, Schlag auf die Schmalseite in Breitenrichtung
Powder metallurgically produced cutting and punching tools, such as dies, punches and the like, with rectangular flat cross-sectional shape showed in practical use in part only a short life; unexpectedly, damage occurred due to tool breakage. Extensive investigations of the mechanical properties, in particular the Main stress corresponding to the impact resistance of the starting material, carried out on so-called wide-flat bars. The samples were taken from the rod in the longitudinal, transverse and thickness directions and the respective directionally oriented samples were tested with their flare-generating impacts offset by 90 ° from one another. The name and the position of the Poben are shown in the following table and Fig. 1. It means:
  • LS sample in the longitudinal direction, strike on the flat side in the thickness direction
  • LT sample in the longitudinal direction, strike on the narrow side in the width direction
  • TL sample in the width direction, strike on the front side in the longitudinal direction
  • TS sample in the width direction, strike on the flat side in the thickness direction
  • SL sample in the thickness direction, impact on the front side in the longitudinal direction
  • ST sample in the thickness direction, strike on the narrow side in the width direction

Untersuchungen an Breit-Flach-Vormaterial (380 x 55 mm) aus Schnellarbeitsstahl (HS 6-5-3) brachten folgendes Ergebnis in % im Vergleich mit der Schlagarbeit bei L-S-Erprobung.

L-S
100%
L-T
100%
T-S
80%
T-L
80%
S-T
25%
S-L
25%
Investigations on wide-flat semi-finished material (380 x 55 mm) made of high-speed steel (HS 6-5-3) yielded the following result in% in comparison with the impact work in LS testing.
LS
100%
LT
100%
TS
80%
TL
80%
ST
25%
SL
25%

Die äußerst geringe Biegebruchzähigkeit von pulvermetallurgisch hergestelltem Breit-Flach-Vormaterial in Dickenrichtung war für die Fachwelt vollkommen unerwartet, erklärten aber die vorher erwähnten Werkzeugbrüche. In wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen wurde ein sogenanntes Fasermodell entwickelt, dessen Wirksamkeit auf Bindungsfehlem und Entmischungen an der Grenzfläche der verdüsten und verformten Partikel beruht. Dem entgegen steht jedoch eine absolute Gleichförmigkeit und Reinheit des Vormaterials aus dem Verdüsungs- und HIP- Prozeß, welches eine Faserstruktur nicht erwarten und - bei der in der Regel dunkel geätzten Matrix zur Darstellung der Karbidanordnung und Karbidgröße- nicht erkennen läßt..The extremely low bending fracture toughness of powder-metallurgically produced wide-flat starting material in the thickness direction was completely unexpected to the experts, but explained the abovementioned tool breaks. In scientific investigations, a so-called fiber model has been developed, whose effectiveness is based on binding defects and segregation at the interface of the atomised and deformed particles. The opposite is, however, an absolute uniformity and purity of the starting material from the atomization and HIP process, which do not expect a fiber structure and - in the usually dark etched matrix to represent the carbide arrangement and carbide size - can not detect ..

Bei weiteren mikroskopischen Erprobungen wurden Gefügebereiche mit unterschiedlicher Anätzung im Vergleich mit den übrigen Bereichen des Vormaterials gefunden, die die Fasertheorie stützen. Ein Gefüge mit groben, dem Verformungsprozeß angepaßten Körnern war aber metallographisch nicht nachweisbar.In further microscopic tests, microstructures with different etchings were found in comparison with the other areas of the primary material that support fiber theory. A structure with coarse, the deformation process adapted grains was metallographically undetectable.

Die Erfindung setzt sich nun zum Ziel, Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, mittels welcher eine verbesserte Isotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere eine Erhöhung der Schlagzähigkeit und Biegebruchzähigkeit in Dickenrichtung von Breit-Flach-Vormaterial von verformten PM-Werkstücken erreicht wird.The invention is now based on the object to provide methods of the type mentioned above, by means of which an improved isotropy of the mechanical properties, in particular an increase in the impact resistance and bending fracture toughness in the thickness direction of wide flat starting material of deformed PM workpieces is achieved.

Das Ziel wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch erreicht, daß ein Rohling mit einer derart rechteckigen oder flachelliptischen Querschnittsform erstellt und einer Umformung unterworfen wird, dass bei dieser der Unterschied zwischen der Verformung in Richtung der Breite und der Verformung in Dickenrichtung des Querschnittes des Brei-Flach-Materials höchstens das 2-fache, vorzugsweise das 1,5-fache des niedrigeren Verformungsgrades beträgt.The object is achieved according to the invention in that a blank having such a rectangular or flachelliptischen cross-sectional shape is created and subjected to a deformation, that at this the difference between the deformation in the direction of the width and the deformation in the thickness direction of the cross section of the slurry flat material at most which is 2 times, preferably 1.5 times, the lower degree of deformation.

Gemäß der Erfindung wird obiges Ziel auch erreicht, wenn der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling in Richtung der Längserstreckung einer Stauchumformung mit einem mindestens zweifachen Stauchgrad unterworfen wird, wonach eine Reckumformung des gestauchten Rohlings unter Ausformung des Breit-Flach-Vormaterials erfolgt.According to the invention, the above object is also achieved if the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected in the direction of the longitudinal extension of a compression forming with at least twice the degree of compression, after which a Reckumformung the compressed blank takes place under formation of the wide-flat Vormaterials.

Ein weiterer Weg zum Erreichen des eingangs genannten Zieles besteht darin, daß der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Diffusionsglühbehandlung mit einer höchsten Temperatur von 20°C unterhalb der Solidustemperatur der Legierung und einer Mindestglühdauer von 4 Stunden unterworfen wird, wonach dieser durch Reckumformung zu einem Breit-Flach-Vormaterial geschmiedet und/oder gewalzt wird.Another way to achieve the above-mentioned object is that the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected to a diffusion annealing treatment having a highest temperature of 20 ° C below the solidus temperature of the alloy and a minimum annealing time of 4 hours, after which it is stretched to a wide flat -Vorformed forged and / or rolled becomes.

Der Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist insbesondere darin zu sehen, daß die Wirksamkeit der die Zähigkeitseigenschaften nachteilig beeinflussenden Bereiche im Werkstoff herabgesetzt wird. Das Entstehen dieser Bereiche ist wissenschaftlich noch nicht geklärt, auch warum diese Zonen im Werkstoff die mechanischen Eigenschafen nachteilig beeinflussen, kann mit Sicherheit noch nicht gedeutet werden, weil in diesen Bereichen oder Zonen die in einer Schlifferprobung dunkler angeätzt werden, eine eher feinere globulitische Karbidstruktur vorliegt.The advantage of the method according to the invention is, in particular, to be seen in the fact that the effectiveness of the regions adversely influencing the toughness properties in the material is reduced. The emergence of these areas is not yet scientifically clarified, also why these zones in the material adversely affect the mechanical properties, can not be interpreted with certainty, because in these areas or zones which are etched in a Schlifferprobung darker, there is a rather finer globulitic carbide structure ,

Wird jedoch, wie erfindungsgemäß vorgesehen, der Rohling mit einer Querschnittsform erstellt, die bei der nachfolgenden Umformung einen Unterschied der Verformungsgrade in Breiten- und Dickenrichtung von höchstens 2-fach erfordert, liegen in diesen Richtungen geringe Abweichungen der mechanischen Eigenschaft vor und es werden wesentlich höhere Schlagbiegearbeitswerte erreicht als diese in einem heißisostatisch gepreßten, unverformten Werkstück gegeben sind.However, as provided by the invention, the blank is created with a cross-sectional shape that requires a difference in the degrees of deformation in the width and thickness direction of at most 2-fold in the subsequent forming, are in these directions slight deviations of the mechanical property before and it will be much higher Impact bending values achieved when these are given in a hot isostatically pressed, undeformed workpiece.

Wenn gemäß der Erfindung der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling einer Stauchumformung bei Schmiedetemperatur unterworfen wird, worauf ein sogenanntes Recken oder Reckschmieden des gestauchten Schmiedestückes erfolgt, bei welchem ein Breit-Flach-Profil erstellt wird, so sind, wie gefunden wurde, die Werte für die Schlagbiegearbeit des Vormaterials in Quer- und in Dickenrichtung des Profiles im wesentlichen gleich hoch und liegen bei ca. 80% jener Werte, die in Längsrichtung des Vormateriales gegeben sind.If, according to the invention, the hot isostatically pressed blank is subjected to compression forming at forging temperature, followed by so-called stretching or forging of the compressed forging, in which a wide-flat profile is created, then the values for the impact bending work of FIG Starting material in the transverse and in the thickness direction of the profile substantially the same height and are about 80% of those values, which are given in the longitudinal direction of the starting material.

Wird, wie gemäß einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung vorgesehen, der heißisostatisch gepreßte Rohling oder ein gering umgeformter Schmiederohling einer Diffusionsglühbehandlung unterworfen, worauf die Endverformung erfolgt, so werden dadurch erfindungsgemäß insbesondere in einem Breit-Flach-Vormaterial hohe Zähigkeitswerte des Werkstoffes auch in Dickenrichtung erreicht.If, as provided according to a further embodiment of the invention, the hot isostatically pressed blank or a low-formed forging blank subjected to a Diffusionsglühbehandlung, whereupon the final deformation, so high toughness values of the material are also achieved in the thickness direction according to the invention, especially in a wide-flat starting material.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren lösen das Problem einer wesentlichen Anisotropie in pulvermetallurgisch hergestellten Breit-Flach-Vormaterialien, insbesondere in ledeburitischen Stählen dieser Querschnittsform, und steigern ganz allgemein die Güte derartig hergestellter Erzeugnisse.The methods of the invention solve the problem of a substantial Anisotropy in powder metallurgy produced wide-flat materials, especially in ledeburitic steels of this cross-sectional shape, and increase more generally the quality of such manufactured products.

Der Vorteil des derartig erstellten Vormaterials ist im wesentlichen dadurch begründet, daß daraus gefertigte Werkzeuge weniger kerbempfindlich sind und dadurch wesentlich höhere Spannungen und stoßartige Belastungen ertragen. So wurden beispielsweise aus der Stirnseite eines Breit-Flach-Vormaterials herkömmlicher Herstellung und erfindungsgemäßer Schaffung Warmpreßmatrizen gefertigt und im praktischen Einsatz erprobt. Die Standzeit des Werkzeuges aus herkömmlichen Material war äußerst gering, es erfolgte nach 33 stoßartigen Pressungen ein Abbrechen eines vorspringenden Profilteiles, wobei keinerlei sonstiger Verschleiß oder Abrieb festzustellen war. Die gleicherart für das gleiche Produkt erstellte Matrize aus erfindungsgemäß durch ähnliche Materialverformungen in Breiten-und Dickenrichtung erstellten Breit-Flach-Vormaterial erbrachte über 3000 Pressungen, wonach das Werkzeug wegen abrasiven Verschleisses ausgeschieden wurde.The advantage of the thus prepared starting material is essentially due to the fact that tools made therefrom are less notch sensitive and thereby endure significantly higher voltages and impact loads. Thus, for example, from the front side of a wide-flat starting material of conventional production and inventive creation Warmpreßmatrizen were manufactured and tested in practical use. The service life of the tool made of conventional material was extremely low, it was after 33 shock-like pressing a breaking off a projecting profile part, with no other wear or abrasion was noted. The matrix of the same type prepared for the same product according to the invention produced by similar material deformations in the width and thickness direction wide-flat raw material yielded over 3000 pressings, after which the tool was eliminated because of abrasive wear.

Im folgenden soll die Erfindung anhand von Beispielen aus Materialerprobungen dargelegt werden.
Aus einer Schmelze mit einer Zusammensetzung in Gew.-% von C = 1,3, Si = 0,63, Mn = 0,24, S = 0,013, P = 0,019, Cr = 3,83, 0 = 4,87, W = 6,11, V = 3,03, Co = 0,40, Cu = 0,013, Sn = 0,011 wurde, nach dem Gaszerstäubungsverfahren mit Stickstoff, Pulver mit einer mittleren Korngröße von 0,09 mm gefertigt.In the following, the invention will be explained with reference to examples from material tests.
From a melt with a composition in wt .-% of C = 1.3, Si = 0.63, Mn = 0.24, S = 0.013, P = 0.019, Cr = 3.83, 0 = 4.87, W = 6.11, V = 3.03, Co = 0.40, Cu = 0.013, Sn = 0.011 was prepared by the gas atomization method with nitrogen, powder having an average grain size of 0.09 mm.

Vormaterial mit dem Format 550mm quadrat und 800 x 220 mm wurde nach dem HIP-Verfahren hergestellt, worauf einerseits eine direkte Verformung eines Quadrat- und Rechteckmaterials zu einem Stabquerschnitt von 550 x 100 mm erfolgte. Ein weiteres quadratisches Vormaterial wurde vor der Verformung bei einer Temperatur von 38 ° C unterhalb der im Heiztischmikroskop festgestellten Solidustemperatur der Legierung 43 Stunden geglüht. Schließlich erfolgte an einem heißisostatisch gepreßten Rohling vor der Verformung auf das Querschnittsformat 550 x 100 mm ein Stauchen auf 48% der ursprünglichen Höhe. Zu Vergleichszwecken wurde ein heißisostatisch gepreßtes unverformtes Material bereitgestellt.550mm square and 800 x 220mm semi-finished materials were produced by the HIP process, followed by direct deformation of a square and rectangular material into a rod cross-section of 550 x 100 mm. Another square base material was annealed prior to deformation at a temperature of 38 ° C below the 43 ° C solidus temperature of the alloy as determined in the hot stage microscope. Finally, on a hot isostatically pressed blank before deformation to the cross-sectional format 550 x 100 mm upsetting to 48% of the original height. For comparative purposes, a hot isostatically pressed undeformed material was provided.

Aus allen derartig erstellten Breit-Flach-Vormaterialien wurden Proben gemäß der in Fig. 1 gezeigten Lage entnommen und auf eine Härte von 55 bis 60 HRC vergütet. Es wurden, wie für harte Werkzeugstähle üblich, ungekerbte Schlagproben mit den Maßen 7x10x55 mm verwendet. Bei der Kennzeichnung gibt der erste Buchstabe die Probenlage im Vormaterial an. Der zweite Buchstabe zeigt die durch einen Pfeil gekennzeichnete Schlagrichtung Die Erprobung der Kerbschlagarbeitswerte der Vormaterialien erbrachte die in Fig. 2 bis Fig. 5 dargestellten Ergebnisse, wobei die Erprobungswerte in Längsrichtung der Verformung jeweils mit 100 % dargestellt sind.

  • Fig. 2 betrifft ein Breit-Flach-Vormaterial hergestellt aus einem Block 550 mm
  • Fig. 3 betrifft Material A, hergestellt nach Anspruch 1
  • Fig. 4 betrifft Material B, hergestellt nach Anspruch 2
  • Fig. 5 betrifft Material C, hergestellt nach Anspruch 3
From all of the broad flat materials thus prepared, samples were taken in accordance with the position shown in FIG. 1 and tempered to a hardness of 55 to 60 HRC. As usual for hard tool steels, unnotched 7x10x55 mm impact specimens were used. When labeling, the first letter indicates the sample location in the input material. The second letter shows the direction of impact indicated by an arrow The testing of the notch impact values of the materials produced the results shown in Figures 2 to 5, with the test values in the longitudinal direction of the deformation being respectively represented as 100%.
  • Fig. 2 relates to a wide-flat starting material made of a block 550 mm
  • Fig. 3 relates to material A, produced according to claim 1
  • FIG. 4 relates to material B produced according to claim 2
  • FIG. 5 relates to material C produced according to claim 3

Die Prüfwerte T-S und T-L sowie S-T und S-L liegen durchwegs im gleichen Streubereich, so daß in Fig. 2 bis Fig. 5 nur eine Größe bzw. ein Wert berücksichtigt ist.The test values T-S and T-L as well as S-T and S-L lie throughout in the same scattering range, so that in FIG. 2 to FIG. 5 only one variable or one value is taken into account.

In den Darstellungen bedeuten weiter: S-T u die Zähigkeit der gehipten unverformten Probe in Dickenrichtung und S-Tk die Zähigkeit eines konventionell hergestellten Breit-Flach-Vormaterials in Dickenrichtung.In the figures, the following also mean: ST u the toughness of the hipped undeformed sample in the thickness direction and ST k the toughness of a conventionally produced wide-flat starting material in the thickness direction.

Claims (3)

  1. A method for the powder-metallurgical production of wide flat material having improved isotropy of the mechanical properties and made of ledeburite steel with a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, particularly raw material for the production of cutting, stamping and forming tools, in which method powder of an alloy, atomised with nitrogen, is introduced into a capsule, compacted and the said capsule is sealed, optionally after evacuation, after which heating and isostatic pressing (HIP-ing) of the powder capsule take place and the hot-isostatically pressed blank produced in this way is subjected to deformation by forging and/or rolling, characterised in that a blank with such a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-sectional shape is created and subjected to forming, in that in the said forming the difference between the deformation in the direction of the width and the deformation in the thickness direction of the cross-section of the wide flat material is at most 2 times, preferably at most 1.5 times, the lower degree of deformation.
  2. A method for the powder-metallurgical production of wide flat material having improved isotropy of the mechanical properties and made of ledeburite steel with a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, particularly raw material for the production of cutting and stamping tools, in which method a powder of an alloy, atomised with nitrogen gas, is introduced into a capsule, compacted and the said capsule is sealed, optionally after evacuation, after which heating and isostatic pressing (HIP-ing) of the powder capsule take place and the hot-isostatically pressed blank produced in this way is subjected to deformation by forging and/or rolling, characterised in that the hot-isostatically pressed blank is subjected to compression-forming in the direction of the longitudinal extent with a degree of compression which is at least twofold, after which stretch-forming of the compressed blank takes place with shaping of the wide flat material.
  3. A method for the powder-metallurgical production of wide flat material having improved isotropy of the mechanical properties and made of ledeburite steel with a rectangular or flat-elliptical cross-section, particularly raw material for the production of cutting and stamping tools, in which method a powder of an alloy, atomised with nitrogen, is introduced into a capsule, compacted and the said capsule is sealed, optionally after evacuation, after which heating and isostatic pressing (HIP-ing) of the powder capsule take place and the hot-isostatically pressed blank produced in this way is subjected to deformation by forging and/or rolling, characterised in that the hot-isostatically pressed blank is subjected to a diffusion annealing treatment with a maximum temperature of 20°C below the solidus temperature of the alloy and a minimum annealing time of 4 hours, after which it is forged and/or rolled by stretch-forming into a wide flat raw material.
EP01890047A 2000-03-03 2001-02-23 Material prepared by powder metallurgy with improved isotropy of the mechanical properties Expired - Lifetime EP1129803B1 (en)

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DE10340133B3 (en) * 2003-08-28 2005-02-03 Eads Deutschland Gmbh Reducing oxides on surface of metal particles during sintering comprises applying layer of fullerenes to them before sintering, which is carried out below melting point of metal
US8778259B2 (en) 2011-05-25 2014-07-15 Gerhard B. Beckmann Self-renewing cutting surface, tool and method for making same using powder metallurgy and densification techniques
EP2662166A1 (en) * 2012-05-08 2013-11-13 Böhler Edelstahl GmbH & Co KG Material with high wear resistance
RU2504455C1 (en) * 2012-11-01 2014-01-20 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Уфимский государственный авиационный технический университет" Method of making billets from metal powders

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US4479833A (en) * 1981-06-26 1984-10-30 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Company, Limited Process for manufacturing a semi-finished product or a finished component from a metallic material by hot working
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DE3530741C1 (en) * 1985-08-28 1993-01-14 Avesta Nyby Powder AB, Torshälla Process for the manufacture of powder metallurgical objects
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JPH0474804A (en) * 1990-07-16 1992-03-10 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd Manufacture of rectangular material from hardened powder material in high temperature range
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US5830287A (en) * 1997-04-09 1998-11-03 Crucible Materials Corporation Wear resistant, powder metallurgy cold work tool steel articles having high impact toughness and a method for producing the same

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JP2010047840A (en) 2010-03-04
EP1129803A3 (en) 2001-10-04
DK1129803T3 (en) 2007-04-30
ATA3492000A (en) 2002-04-15
US6630102B2 (en) 2003-10-07
ATE348673T1 (en) 2007-01-15
DE50111660D1 (en) 2007-02-01
ES2275645T3 (en) 2007-06-16
US20010022945A1 (en) 2001-09-20
AT409831B (en) 2002-11-25
PT1129803E (en) 2007-03-30
EP1129803A2 (en) 2001-09-05
EP1779947A1 (en) 2007-05-02
JP2001316706A (en) 2001-11-16

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