EP1128395A1 - High and extra-high voltage d.c. power cable - Google Patents

High and extra-high voltage d.c. power cable Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1128395A1
EP1128395A1 EP01400363A EP01400363A EP1128395A1 EP 1128395 A1 EP1128395 A1 EP 1128395A1 EP 01400363 A EP01400363 A EP 01400363A EP 01400363 A EP01400363 A EP 01400363A EP 1128395 A1 EP1128395 A1 EP 1128395A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
styrene
insulation
cable
voltage
cable according
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EP01400363A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1128395B1 (en
Inventor
Robert Gadessaud
Bernard Aladenize
Patrice Tran
Hakim Janah
Pierre Mirebeau
Daniel Acroute
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Nexans SA
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Nexans SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • H01B3/441—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from alkenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
    • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
    • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
    • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
    • H01B3/442—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from aromatic vinyl compounds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to high and very high energy cables direct current voltage.
  • the cables covered by the present invention are cables from 60 to 600 kV and more, preferably those of 150 kV and more, direct current, comprising a extruded polymeric insulation.
  • Document JP-A-2-18811 discloses a current power cable continuous, which has a conductive core and an extruded polymeric insulation surrounding the soul.
  • This insulation consists of a mixture of polyethylene high density, low density polyethylene, peroxide and preferably black of carbon in the form of fine particles, with from 2 to 20% by weight high density polyethylene and from 0.2 to 1.5% by weight of carbon black, and is cross-linked. It is intended to improve the breakdown characteristics in DC voltage and in shock voltage, in particular of the cable, with respect to with the same characteristics as an analog cable but the insulation of which includes a single type of polyethylene.
  • Patent EP-A-0 539 905 discloses a high voltage current cable continuous in which the insulation material is made of rubber thermoplastic comprising an elastomeric phase and a phase thermoplastic.
  • the rubber thermoplastic can be of olefinic type.
  • the elastomeric phase consists of an ethylene-propylene rubber and the thermoplastic phase is chosen from polyethylene and polypropylene.
  • the thermoplastic rubber may be of styrenic type.
  • the elastomeric phase can be hydrogenated and chosen from polybutadiene and polyisoprene and the thermoplastic phase formed of polystyrene.
  • the present invention aims to achieve a high and very high cable direct current voltage avoiding dielectric losses in the insulation and having both breakdown resistance characteristics in DC voltage and resistance to breakdown in optimized impulse impulse voltage, for a high useful operating voltage, and a quantity of charges space minimized in the presence of continuous high voltage, for a very good cable reliability.
  • a high or very high voltage direct current cable comprising a conductive core and an extruded polymeric insulation made of styrenic material, characterized in that said material consists a blend of polyethylene and a hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene chosen from the copolymers of styrene and butadiene and of styrene and isoprene, has a mass content of styrene of 11 to 18% and is not crosslinked.
  • the useful operating voltage in steady state permanent is particularly high and at the same time the risk of breakdown are made very weak thereby increasing the reliability of the cable.
  • the mass content of styrene in said mixture is chosen between 11.5 and 16%.
  • said cable comprises an internal semiconductor screen between said conductive core and said insulation and an external semiconductor screen around said insulation, constituted in a polymer matrix which is chosen to be of the same kind as said insulation, contains a conductive filler and is not crosslinked.
  • Power cable 1 high or very high voltage and direct current illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises a central conductive core 2 and, successively and coaxially around this core, a semiconductor screen internal 3, insulation 4, external semiconductor screen 5, screen protective metal 6 and an outer protective sheath 7.
  • screens 3, 5 and 6 are preferable. Insulation 4 is made according to the invention.
  • the semiconductor screens 3 and 5 are also produced according to the present invention.
  • the protective structure which includes the metal screen 6 and the sheath exterior, may also include other protective elements such as in particular a protective strip, not shown, swelling in the presence of water and semiconductor or not.
  • a protective strip is interposed preferably between the external semiconductor screen and the metal screen. It ensures itself or is associated with conductive means ensuring electrical continuity between the external semiconductor screen and the metal screen.
  • the protective structure of this cable is as such of known type and outside the scope of the present invention.
  • the insulation 4 of the cable 1 is constituted of a mixture comprising polyethylene, a hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene and an antioxidant, having a mass content of styrene of between 11 and 18% and being uncrosslinked.
  • the polyethylene used is chosen from low polyethylene and / or medium and / or high density.
  • the hydrogenated block copolymer is chosen among the copolymers of styrene and butadiene and of styrene and isoprene. It is preferably a hydrogenated tri-block copolymer.
  • the rate of 11 to 18% of styrene in this mixture allows surprising characteristics to be obtained resistance to breakdown under continuous tension and breakdown under shock voltage caused by lightning on a converter station connected to the cable or on one end of the cable which is optimized to allow high useful voltage. It simultaneously minimizes the quantity space charges in the insulation of the cable under DC voltage, which greatly reduces the risk of breakdown.
  • This mass content of styrene in the mixture is preferably from 11.5 to 16%.
  • the various samples used consist of a mixture which comprises low density polyethylene, a tri-block hydrogenated copolymer of styrene-butadiene- styrene.
  • the mass content of styrene is different according to the samples. These all have the same thickness.
  • This mixture is not crosslinked and thus avoids the presence of crosslinking byproducts which lead to an increase in the density of space charges.
  • Vimp is the breakdown resistance under impact voltage and Vcc resistance to breakdown in DC voltage of samples at 70 ° C and Vo the permissible useful voltage gradient in steady state, in kV / mm, according to the mass rate of styrene in the samples.
  • Vimp and Vcc as a function of the mass rate of styrene are illustrated in Figure 2. They show that the breakdown resistance in DC voltage Vcc which is relatively low at 0% of styrene then increases significantly for styrene levels up to 10% and does not decrease while very weakly remaining very high for styrene levels ranging from 10 to 15% and above up to a limit rate of easy implementation possible. At the same time, the breakdown resistance under impact voltage Vimp is relatively raised to 0% styrene and decreases by cons very quickly, for a rate of styrene increasing up to 10%, but then increases very suddenly and very surprisingly beyond 10% and this up to the limit bet rate easy to work.
  • the performance obtained through the use of insulation according to the present invention are further improved by also using internal and external semiconductor screens made from a matrix polymer of the same kind as said insulation.
  • This matrix of semiconductor screens is made up of a mixture of polyethylene, of hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene and antioxidant, in which a conductive filler is incorporated to obtain electrical resistance and mechanical properties and rheological required. It allows chemical and electrical compatibility between the insulation material and that of semiconductor screens, at their interfaces. It thus brings an additional reduction in space charges in the insulation and a reduction in the intensity of the electric field at the interfaces, by improving the resistance of the cable under continuous tension and lightning shock.
  • the semiconductor screen matrix is not cross-linked, for the same reasons than those indicated above for insulation.
  • the conductive filler is carbon black or preferably an acetylene black.
  • the styrene content of the polymer matrix of semiconductor screens is as such less critical than that of insulation, due to the presence of the conductive filler incorporated in this matrix.
  • the matrix can comprise from 0.1 to 20% of styrene. Preferential content is 1 to 10.%.
  • the space charge measurements illustrated in Figures 5, 6 and 7 are carried out by a pulsed electro-acoustic process (PEA), as such known. They were carried out on a flat sample of the insulation system concerned, consisting of a layer of insulation 0.5 mm thick and two semiconductor layers 0.2 to 0.3 mm thick located on both sides other side of the insulation layer, applying a potential difference between the semiconductor layers.
  • PEA pulsed electro-acoustic process
  • the insulation system according to the invention is with an insulating layer 4 according to the invention and with semiconductor layers 3 'and 5 'classics.
  • the preferred insulation system according to the invention has an insulation layer 4 and a semiconductor layer 3 and 5, which are all in accordance with the present invention.
  • the curves in FIG. 5 show that the layer of insulation 4 'of the conventional insulation system contains significant space charges in all its thickness.
  • the load quantities are all the more important as the voltage gradient is high.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Organic Insulating Materials (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Cable Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

The high or very high voltage DC cable has extruded polymeric insulation made out of a styrene-containing material. The material of the insulation is constituted by a mixture comprising polyethylene, a hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene, and an anti-oxiding agent, with the styrene content by mass being 11% to 18%, and the material is not cross-linked. The cable is suitable for use as a DC power cable.

Description

La présente invention se rapporte aux câbles d'énergie haute et très haute tension à courant continu.The present invention relates to high and very high energy cables direct current voltage.

Les câbles visés par la présente invention sont des câbles de 60 à 600 kV et plus, de préférence ceux de 150 kV et plus, à courant continu, comportant une isolation polymérique extrudée.The cables covered by the present invention are cables from 60 to 600 kV and more, preferably those of 150 kV and more, direct current, comprising a extruded polymeric insulation.

Le document JP-A-2-18811 divulgue un câble d'énergie à courant continu, qui comporte une âme conductrice et une isolation polymérique extrudée entourant l'âme. Cette isolation est constituée d'un mélange du polyéthylène haute densité, de polyéthylène basse densité, de peroxyde et de préférence de noir de carbone sous forme de fines particules, avec de 2 à 20 % en poids de polyéthylène haute densité et de 0,2 à 1,5 % en poids de noir de carbone, et est réticulée. Elle est destinée à améliorer les caractéristiques de claquage en tension continue et en tension de choc notamment du câble, par rapport aux mêmes caractéristiques d'un câble analogue mais dont l'isolation comporte un seul type de polyéthylène.Document JP-A-2-18811 discloses a current power cable continuous, which has a conductive core and an extruded polymeric insulation surrounding the soul. This insulation consists of a mixture of polyethylene high density, low density polyethylene, peroxide and preferably black of carbon in the form of fine particles, with from 2 to 20% by weight high density polyethylene and from 0.2 to 1.5% by weight of carbon black, and is cross-linked. It is intended to improve the breakdown characteristics in DC voltage and in shock voltage, in particular of the cable, with respect to with the same characteristics as an analog cable but the insulation of which includes a single type of polyethylene.

La faible quantité de noir de carbone incorporé dans l'isolation de ce câble connu minimise les risques de claquage dûs à des défauts dans l'isolation. Elle donne lieu à des pertes diélectriques dans l'isolation du câble à courant continu, qui sont de peu d'importance en l'absence de défauts et sous faible champ électrique, mais deviennent par contre excessives et inadmissibles lors de défauts et sous fort champ électrique.The low amount of carbon black incorporated into the insulation of this known cable minimizes the risk of breakdown due to faults in the insulation. It gives rise to dielectric losses in the cable insulation with direct current, which are of little importance in the absence of faults and under weak electric field, but become excessive and inadmissible during faults and under strong electric field.

Le document EP-A-0 539 905 divulgue un câble haute tension à courant continu dans lequel le matériau de l'isolation est constitué d'un caoutchouc thermoplastique comprenant une phase élastomérique et une phase thermoplastique. Dans une première réalisation de ce câble, le caoutchouc thermoplastique peut être de type oléfinique. Dans ce cas, la phase élastomérique est constituée d'un caoutchouc d'éthylène-propylène et la phase thermoplastique est choisie parmi le polyéthylène et le polypropylène. Dans une deuxième réalisation, le caoutchouc thermoplastique peut être de type styrénique. Dans ce cas, la phase élastomérique peut être hydrogénée et choisie parmi le polybutadiène et le polyisoprène et la phase thermoplastique constituée de polystyrène. L'isolation de ce câble connu permet de réduire le phénomène d'accumulation de charges d'espace en présence de la haute tension continue. Document EP-A-0 539 905 discloses a high voltage current cable continuous in which the insulation material is made of rubber thermoplastic comprising an elastomeric phase and a phase thermoplastic. In a first embodiment of this cable, the rubber thermoplastic can be of olefinic type. In this case, the elastomeric phase consists of an ethylene-propylene rubber and the thermoplastic phase is chosen from polyethylene and polypropylene. In a second embodiment, the thermoplastic rubber may be of styrenic type. In this case, the elastomeric phase can be hydrogenated and chosen from polybutadiene and polyisoprene and the thermoplastic phase formed of polystyrene. The insulation of this known cable makes it possible to reduce the phenomenon of space charge accumulation in the presence of continuous high voltage.

La présente invention a pour but de réaliser un câble haute et très haute tension à courant continu évitant les pertes diélectriques dans l'isolation et présentant à la fois des caractéristiques de tenue au claquage en tension continue et de tenue au claquage en tension impulsionnelle de choc optimisées, pour une tension utile de fonctionnement élevée, et une quantité de charges d'espace minimisée en présence de la haute tension continue, pour une très bonne fiabilité du câble.The present invention aims to achieve a high and very high cable direct current voltage avoiding dielectric losses in the insulation and having both breakdown resistance characteristics in DC voltage and resistance to breakdown in optimized impulse impulse voltage, for a high useful operating voltage, and a quantity of charges space minimized in the presence of continuous high voltage, for a very good cable reliability.

Elle a pour objet un câble haute ou très haute tension à courant continu, comportant une âme conductrice et une isolation polymérique extrudée en matériau styrénique, caractérisé en ce que ledit matériau est constitué d'un mélange de polyéthylène et d'un copolymère séquencé hydrogéné de styrène choisi parmi les copolymères de styrène et butadiène et de styrène et isoprène, présente un taux massique de styrène de 11 à 18 % et est non réticulé.It relates to a high or very high voltage direct current cable, comprising a conductive core and an extruded polymeric insulation made of styrenic material, characterized in that said material consists a blend of polyethylene and a hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene chosen from the copolymers of styrene and butadiene and of styrene and isoprene, has a mass content of styrene of 11 to 18% and is not crosslinked.

Grâce à cette isolation, la tension utile de fonctionnement en régime permanent est particulièrement élevée et simultanément les risques de claquage sont rendus très faibles en augmentant ainsi la fiabilité du câble.Thanks to this insulation, the useful operating voltage in steady state permanent is particularly high and at the same time the risk of breakdown are made very weak thereby increasing the reliability of the cable.

Avantageusement, le taux massique de styrène dans ledit mélange est choisi entre 11,5 et 16 %.Advantageously, the mass content of styrene in said mixture is chosen between 11.5 and 16%.

Selon une autre caractéristique additionnelle, ledit câble comporte un écran semi-conducteur interne entre ladite âme conductrice et ladite isolation et un écran semi-conducteur externe autour de ladite isolation, constitués en une matrice polymérique qui est choisie de même nature que ladite isolation, contient une charge conductrice et est non réticulée.According to another additional characteristic, said cable comprises an internal semiconductor screen between said conductive core and said insulation and an external semiconductor screen around said insulation, constituted in a polymer matrix which is chosen to be of the same kind as said insulation, contains a conductive filler and is not crosslinked.

Les caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention ressortiront de la description ci-après d'un exemple de réalisation d'un câble selon l'invention, qui est représenté à titre illustratif et non limitatif dans les dessins ci-annexés, et des propriétés du matériau d'isolation du câble.The characteristics and advantages of the present invention will emerge from the description below of an exemplary embodiment of a cable according to the invention, which is shown by way of illustration and without limitation in the attached drawings, and properties of the cable insulation material.

Dans les dessins :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en perspective éclatée d'un câble haute ou très haute tension à courant continu selon l'invention,
  • la figure 2 illustre les caractéristiques de claquage en tension de choc de foudre et en tension continue, en fonction du système d'isolation du câble,
  • les figures 3 et 4 illustrent sous forme de graphe le gradient de tension utile admissible en fonction dudit système d'isolation.
  • La figure 5 illustre les quantités de charges d'espace dans un système d'isolation classique, pour différentes valeurs de gradient de potentiel appliqué dans ce système.
  • - Les figures 6 et 7 illustrent les quantités de charges d'espace dans des systèmes d'isolation conformes à l'invention, pour les mêmes valeurs de gradient de potentiel que dans la figure 5.
In the drawings:
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a high or very high voltage direct current cable according to the invention,
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the breakdown characteristics in lightning shock voltage and in direct voltage, as a function of the cable insulation system,
  • Figures 3 and 4 illustrate in graph form the admissible useful voltage gradient as a function of said insulation system.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the amounts of space charges in a conventional insulation system, for different values of potential gradient applied in this system.
  • - Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the amounts of space charges in insulation systems according to the invention, for the same potential gradient values as in Figure 5.

Le câble d'énergie 1 haute ou très haute tension et à courant continu illustré dans la figure 1 comprend une âme conductrice centrale 2 et, successivement et coaxialement autour de cette âme, un écran semi-conducteur interne 3, une isolation 4, un écran semi-conducteur externe 5, un écran métallique de protection 6 et une gaine extérieure de protection 7.Power cable 1 high or very high voltage and direct current illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises a central conductive core 2 and, successively and coaxially around this core, a semiconductor screen internal 3, insulation 4, external semiconductor screen 5, screen protective metal 6 and an outer protective sheath 7.

La présence des écrans 3, 5 et 6 est préférentielle. L'isolation 4 est réalisée selon l'invention. Avantageusement les écrans semi-conducteurs 3 et 5 sont également réalisés selon la présente invention.The presence of screens 3, 5 and 6 is preferable. Insulation 4 is made according to the invention. Advantageously, the semiconductor screens 3 and 5 are also produced according to the present invention.

La structure de protection, qui comporte l'écran métallique 6 et la gaine extérieure, peut également comporter d'autres éléments de protection tels que notamment une bande de protection, non représentée, gonflante en présence d'eau et semi-conductrice ou non. Une telle bande de protection est interposée de préférence entre l'écran semi-conducteur externe et l'écran métallique. Elle assure elle-même ou est associée à des moyens conducteurs assurant la continuité électrique entre l'écran semi-conducteur externe et l'écran métallique. La structure de protection de ce câble est en tant que telle de type connu et hors du cadre de la présente invention.The protective structure, which includes the metal screen 6 and the sheath exterior, may also include other protective elements such as in particular a protective strip, not shown, swelling in the presence of water and semiconductor or not. Such a protective strip is interposed preferably between the external semiconductor screen and the metal screen. It ensures itself or is associated with conductive means ensuring electrical continuity between the external semiconductor screen and the metal screen. The protective structure of this cable is as such of known type and outside the scope of the present invention.

Selon la présente invention, l'isolation 4 du câble 1 est constituée d'un mélange comprenant du polyéthylène, un copolymère séquencé hydrogéné de styrène et un anti-oxydant, ayant un taux massique de styrène compris entre 11 et 18 % et étant non réticulé.According to the present invention, the insulation 4 of the cable 1 is constituted of a mixture comprising polyethylene, a hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene and an antioxidant, having a mass content of styrene of between 11 and 18% and being uncrosslinked.

Le polyéthylène utilisé est choisi parmi les polyéthylènes basse et/ou moyenne et/ou haute densité. Le copolymère séquencé hydrogéné est choisi parmi les copolymères de styrène et butadiène et de styrène et isoprène. Il est de préférence un copolymère tri-séquencé hydrogéné.The polyethylene used is chosen from low polyethylene and / or medium and / or high density. The hydrogenated block copolymer is chosen among the copolymers of styrene and butadiene and of styrene and isoprene. It is preferably a hydrogenated tri-block copolymer.

Ainsi que découvert par la demanderesse et mis en évidence par des résultats d'essais comparatifs indiqués ci-après, le taux de 11 à 18 % de styrène dans ce mélange permet l'obtention surprenante de caractéristiques de tenue au claquage en tension continue et au claquage en tension de choc occasionnée par la foudre sur une station de conversion reliée au câble ou sur une des extrémités du câble qui sont optimisées pour permettre une tension utile élevée. Il permet simultanément de minimiser la quantité de charges d'espace dans l'isolation du câble sous tension continue, ce qui abaisse considérablement les risques de claquage.As discovered by the plaintiff and highlighted by the results of comparative tests indicated below, the rate of 11 to 18% of styrene in this mixture allows surprising characteristics to be obtained resistance to breakdown under continuous tension and breakdown under shock voltage caused by lightning on a converter station connected to the cable or on one end of the cable which is optimized to allow high useful voltage. It simultaneously minimizes the quantity space charges in the insulation of the cable under DC voltage, which greatly reduces the risk of breakdown.

Ce taux massique de styrène dans le mélange est de préférence de 11,5 à 16 %.This mass content of styrene in the mixture is preferably from 11.5 to 16%.

En regard d'essais qui ont été réalisés par la demanderesse et dont les résultats sont donnés, on précise que les différents échantillons utilisés sont constitués d'un mélange qui comprend du polyéthylène basse densité, un copolymère tri-séquence hydrogéné de styrène-butadiène-styrène. Le taux massique de styrène est différent selon les échantillons. Ceux-ci ont tous une même épaisseur. Ce mélange n'est pas réticulé et évite ainsi la présence de sous produits de réticulation qui conduisent à l'augmentation de la densité de charges d'espace. Styrène % en poids Vimp kV/mm Vcc kV/mm Vo(r=1,4) kV/mm Vo(r=1,1) kV/mm 0 223 146 146 146 1 218 178 156 178 5 203 225 145 185 10 137 336 98 125 12 231 323 165 210 15 219 295 156 199 With regard to tests which have been carried out by the applicant and the results of which are given, it is specified that the various samples used consist of a mixture which comprises low density polyethylene, a tri-block hydrogenated copolymer of styrene-butadiene- styrene. The mass content of styrene is different according to the samples. These all have the same thickness. This mixture is not crosslinked and thus avoids the presence of crosslinking byproducts which lead to an increase in the density of space charges. Styrene% by weight Vimp kV / mm Vcc kV / mm Vo (r = 1.4) kV / mm Vo (r = 1.1) kV / mm 0 223 146 146 146 1 218 178 156 178 5 203 225 145 185 10 137 336 98 125 12 231 323 165 210 15 219 295 156 199

Dans ce tableau 1, Vimp est la tenue au claquage en tension de choc et Vcc la tenue au claquage en tension continue des échantillons à 70°C et Vo le gradient de tension utile admissible en régime permanent, en kV/mm, selon le taux massique de styrène dans les échantillons.In this table 1, Vimp is the breakdown resistance under impact voltage and Vcc resistance to breakdown in DC voltage of samples at 70 ° C and Vo the permissible useful voltage gradient in steady state, in kV / mm, according to the mass rate of styrene in the samples.

Les variations de Vimp et Vcc en fonction du taux massique de styrène sont illustrées dans la figure 2. Elles font ressortir que la tenue au claquage en tension continue Vcc qui est relativement faible à 0 % de styrène croít ensuite de manière importante pour des taux de styrène allant jusqu'à 10 % et ne décroít alors que très faiblement en restant très élevée pour des taux de styrène allant de 10 à 15 % et au-delà jusqu'à un taux limite de mise en oeuvre aisée possible. Parallèlement, la tenue au claquage en tension de choc Vimp est relativement élevée à 0 % de styrène et décroít par contre très rapidement, pour un taux de styrène croissant jusqu'à 10 %, mais recroít alors très brutalement et de manière très surprenante au-delà de 10 % et ceci jusqu'au taux limite de mise en oeuvre aisée.The variations of Vimp and Vcc as a function of the mass rate of styrene are illustrated in Figure 2. They show that the breakdown resistance in DC voltage Vcc which is relatively low at 0% of styrene then increases significantly for styrene levels up to 10% and does not decrease while very weakly remaining very high for styrene levels ranging from 10 to 15% and above up to a limit rate of easy implementation possible. At the same time, the breakdown resistance under impact voltage Vimp is relatively raised to 0% styrene and decreases by cons very quickly, for a rate of styrene increasing up to 10%, but then increases very suddenly and very surprisingly beyond 10% and this up to the limit bet rate easy to work.

Ce taux limite de mise en oeuvre aisée est actuellement de l'ordre de 18 à 20 % de styrène dans ce mélange. Pour ce taux limite de mise en oeuvre des tests seulement incomplets ont pu être effectués par la demanderesse pour des raisons de durée de certains des essais et les caractéristiques des échantillons n'ont donc pas été indiquées.This easy implementation limit rate is currently around from 18 to 20% of styrene in this mixture. For this limit implementation rate only incomplete tests could be performed by the applicant for reasons of duration of some of the tests and characteristics samples were therefore not indicated.

Ces deux caractéristiques de claquage Vimp et Vmax permettent d'évaluer le gradient de tension utile de fonctionnement en régime permanent qui peut être supporté par ces échantillons et constitue la caractéristique dimensionnante du système d'isolation constitué en ce mélange d'un câble à courant continu.These two breakdown characteristics Vimp and Vmax allow to evaluate the gradient of useful operating voltage in steady state which can be supported by these samples and constitutes the characteristic dimensioning of the insulation system made of this mixture of a cable direct current.

Ce gradient de tension utile Vo résulte en premier lieu des caractéristiques de claquage Vimp et Vcc et aussi du fait qu'un câble à courant continu peut être soumis à des contraintes de choc de foudre qui sont supérieures à ses contraintes de tension continue en régime permanent. Actuellement, il est admis que les contraintes de choc que doit pouvoir supporter un câble à courant continu sont de l'ordre de 1,4 fois supérieures aux contraintes de tension continue en régime permanent, ceci en tenant compte de l'amélioration des circuits limiteurs de surtension disponibles et utilisés, tels que ceux comportant des varistances à oxyde de zinc. Ce rapport, noté r, peut encore être abaissé jusqu'à 1,1 en considérant les améliorations de ces limiteurs mais aussi une possible fiabilité accrue de tenue au claquage des matériaux d'isolation lui-même, ce qui est le cas présent et est expliqué ci-après.This useful voltage gradient Vo results in the first place Vimp and Vcc breakdown characteristics and also the fact that a cable direct current can be subjected to lightning shock stresses which are greater than its continuous voltage constraints in steady state. Currently, it is recognized that the shock stresses that must be able to bear a DC cable are around 1.4 times greater than the stresses voltage in steady state, taking into account improvement of available and used overvoltage limiting circuits, such as those with zinc oxide varistors. This report, noted r, can still be lowered to 1.1 considering the improvements of these limiters but also a possible increased reliability of behavior the breakdown of the insulation materials itself, which is the case here and is explained below.

Pour chacun des échantillons considérés, le gradient de tension utile Vo admissible est alors déterminé par la valeur minimale du couple de valeurs Vimp/r, Vcc. Il est donné dans le tableau 1, pour r = 1,4 et r = 1,1, en fonction du taux de styrène et est illustré sous forme de graphe pour r = 1,4 dans la figure 3 et pour r = 1,1 dans la figure 4, selon le taux de styrène.For each of the samples considered, the useful voltage gradient Vo admissible is then determined by the minimum value of the pair of values Vimp / r, Vcc. It is given in table 1, for r = 1.4 and r = 1.1, depending of the styrene level and is illustrated in the form of a graph for r = 1.4 in FIG. 3 and for r = 1.1 in FIG. 4, according to the level of styrene.

De ces valeurs de gradient de tension utile Vo admissible selon la teneur de styrène .dans le mélange réalisé, il ressort qu'une teneur de styrène comprise entre 11 et 18 %, et de préférence 11,5 et 16 % conduit alors à un gradient de tension utile de valeur très élevée et améliorée.Of these values of admissible admissible voltage gradient Vo according to the content of styrene. in the mixture produced, it appears that a content of styrene included between 11 and 18%, and preferably 11.5 and 16% then leads to a gradient of very high and improved useful voltage.

On note à cet égard que c'est en fait la performance de tenue au choc qui limite le gradient de tension utile pour les taux de styrène allant de 11 à 18 % mais l'invention tire précisément profit de ce que cette performance au choc Vimp devient brusquement excellente à ces taux de styrène entre 11 et 18 %.We note in this respect that it is in fact the performance of shock resistance which limits the useful voltage gradient for styrene levels ranging from 11 to 18% but the invention precisely takes advantage of the fact that this impact performance Vimp suddenly becomes excellent at these styrene levels between 11 and 18%.

L'intérêt d'une telle teneur de styrène dans le mélange réalisé a par ailleurs été mis en évidence par la demanderesse. En effet, il a été constaté que la quantité de charges d'espace, créée et piégée dans les échantillons en présence d'une tension continue permanente et/ou d'un gradient de température, diminue lorsque la teneur en styrène augmente.The advantage of such a styrene content in the mixture produced was moreover highlighted by the plaintiff. Indeed, it was found that the amount of space charges created and trapped in the samples in the presence of a permanent DC voltage and / or a gradient temperature, decreases as the styrene content increases.

De plus, le champ électrique maximal dans les conditions de fonctionnement nominales, c'est-à-dire lorsque le câble transporte du courant continu, diminue et devient faible pour de telles teneurs en styrène dans ledit mélange. Ceci conduit à des contraintes plus faibles appliquées sur le câble.In addition, the maximum electric field under the conditions operating ratings, i.e. when the cable carries current continuous, decreases and becomes low for such styrene contents in said mixed. This leads to lower stresses applied to the cable.

En outre à ces teneurs de styrène, les charges d'espace piégées deviennent moins nocives et ne conduisent que très accasionnellement à un dépiégeage coopératif subit, qui donne lieu à un claquage sous tension continue alors très peu probable.In addition to these styrene contents, the trapped space charges become less harmful and only drive very occasionally sudden cooperative trapping, which results in a live breakdown then continues very unlikely.

Ces particularités abaissent les risques de claquage c'est-à-dire accroíssent considérablement la fiabilité et l'espérance de vie du câble et traduisent le maintien dans le temps des propriétés diélectriques exceptionnelles de l'isolation ainsi constituée.These features reduce the risk of breakdown, i.e. significantly increase the reliability and life expectancy of the cable and reflect the maintenance over time of exceptional dielectric properties of the insulation thus formed.

Comparativement, de telles propriétés diélectriques ne sont pas atteintes et se dégradent dans le temps pour des taux de styrène inférieurs à 10 %, pour lesquels les charges d'espaces et leur effet sont plus importants et donnent lieu à des claquages plus fréquents.Comparatively, such dielectric properties are not reached and degraded over time for styrene levels below 10%, for which the space charges and their effect are greater and give more frequent breakdowns.

Les performances obtenues grâce à l'utilisation de l'isolation selon la présente invention sont encore améliorées en utilisant également des écrans semi-conducteurs interne et externe réalisés à partir d'une matrice polymérique de même nature que ladite isolation.The performance obtained through the use of insulation according to the present invention are further improved by also using internal and external semiconductor screens made from a matrix polymer of the same kind as said insulation.

Cette matrice des écrans semi-conducteurs est constituée d'un mélange de polyéthylène, de copolymère séquencé hydrogéné de styrène et d'anti-oxydant, dans lequel est incorporée une charge conductrice pour l'obtention d'une résistance électrique et de propriétés mécaniques et rhéologiques requises. Elle permet une compatibilité chimique et électrique entre le matériau d'isolation et celui des écrans semi-conducteurs, à leurs interfaces. Elle apporte ainsi une réduction supplémentaire des charges d'espace dans l'isolation et une réduction de l'intensité du champ électrique aux interfaces, en améliorant la tenue du câble sous tension continue et de choc de foudre. La matrice des écrans semiconducteurs n'est pas réticulée, pour les mêmes raisons que celles indiquées ci-avant pour l'isolation.This matrix of semiconductor screens is made up of a mixture of polyethylene, of hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene and antioxidant, in which a conductive filler is incorporated to obtain electrical resistance and mechanical properties and rheological required. It allows chemical and electrical compatibility between the insulation material and that of semiconductor screens, at their interfaces. It thus brings an additional reduction in space charges in the insulation and a reduction in the intensity of the electric field at the interfaces, by improving the resistance of the cable under continuous tension and lightning shock. The semiconductor screen matrix is not cross-linked, for the same reasons than those indicated above for insulation.

La charge conductrice est un noir de carbone ou de préférence un noir d'acétylène.The conductive filler is carbon black or preferably an acetylene black.

La teneur en styrène de la matrice polymérique des écrans semi-conducteurs est en tant que telle moins critique que celle de l'isolation, du fait de la présence de la charge conductrice incorporée dans cette matrice. La matrice peut comporter de 0,1 à 20 % de styrène. La teneur préférentielle est de 1 à 10. %.The styrene content of the polymer matrix of semiconductor screens is as such less critical than that of insulation, due to the presence of the conductive filler incorporated in this matrix. The matrix can comprise from 0.1 to 20% of styrene. Preferential content is 1 to 10.%.

Les mesures de charges d'espace illustrées dans les figures 5, 6 et 7 sont effectuées par un procédé électro-acoustique pulsé (PEA), en tant que tel connu. Elles ont été réalisées sur un échantillon plan du système d'isolation concerné, constitué par une couche d'isolant de 0,5 mm d'épaisseur et deux couches semi-conductrices de 0,2 à 0,3 mm d'épaisseur situées de part et d'autre de la couche d'isolant, en appliquant une différence de potentiel entre les couches semi-conductrices.The space charge measurements illustrated in Figures 5, 6 and 7 are carried out by a pulsed electro-acoustic process (PEA), as such known. They were carried out on a flat sample of the insulation system concerned, consisting of a layer of insulation 0.5 mm thick and two semiconductor layers 0.2 to 0.3 mm thick located on both sides other side of the insulation layer, applying a potential difference between the semiconductor layers.

Ainsi une différence de potentiel de 5, 10, ..., 30 kV appliquée entre les couches semi-conductrices donne lieu à un gradient de potentiel moyen de 10, 20, ..., 60 kV/mm dans le système d'isolation, le gradient de potentiel local étant quant à lui fonction de la quantité de charges d'espace dans le matériau.Thus a potential difference of 5, 10, ..., 30 kV applied between the semiconductor layers gives rise to an average potential gradient of 10, 20, ..., 60 kV / mm in the insulation system, the potential gradient local being a function of the amount of space charges in the material.

Dans la figure 5, on a désigné sous les références 3' et 5' les deux couches semi-conductrices et la référence 4' la couche d'isolant d'un système d'isolation classique. Dans la figure 6, le système d'isolation selon l'invention est à couche d'isolant 4 conforme à l'invention et à couches semi-conductrices 3' et 5' classiques. Dans la figure 7, le système préférentiel d'isolation selon l'invention est à couche d'isolant 4 et à couches semi-conductrices 3 et 5, qui sont toutes conformes à la présente invention.In Figure 5, we have designated under the references 3 'and 5' the two semiconductor layers and reference 4 'the insulation layer of a system classic insulation. In FIG. 6, the insulation system according to the invention is with an insulating layer 4 according to the invention and with semiconductor layers 3 'and 5 'classics. In Figure 7, the preferred insulation system according to the invention has an insulation layer 4 and a semiconductor layer 3 and 5, which are all in accordance with the present invention.

Dans ces trois figures, on a schématisé la différence de potentiel appliquée par les signes + et - au droit des interfaces entre les différentes couches du système d'isolation. On y a également indiqué les signes + et - de part et d'autre du zéro, les charges d'espace positives et négatives mesurées, en Coulomb/m3, sans toutefois préciser l'échelle correspondante, qui est incertaine en valeur absolue mais est analogue pour l'ensemble des courbes données.In these three figures, we have schematized the potential difference applied by the + and - signs at the interfaces between the different layers of the insulation system. We also indicated the signs + and - on both sides of the zero, the positive and negative space charges measured, in Coulomb / m 3 , without however specifying the corresponding scale, which is uncertain in absolute value but is similar for all of the given curves.

Les courbes de la figure 5 montrent que la couche d'isolant 4' du système d'isolation classique contient des charges d'espace importantes dans toute son épaisseur. Les quantités de charge sont d'autant plus importantes que le gradient de tension est élevé.The curves in FIG. 5 show that the layer of insulation 4 'of the conventional insulation system contains significant space charges in all its thickness. The load quantities are all the more important as the voltage gradient is high.

Comparativement, les courbes de la figure 6 montrent que les charges d'espace dans la couche d'isolant 4 du système d'isolation selon l'invention sont cantonnées à proximité des interfaces avec les couches semi-conductrices classiques 3' et 5' et sont quasi-inexistantes par ailleurs. La tenue de ce système d'isolation s'en trouve améliorée par rapport à celle du système classique précédent.Comparatively, the curves in Figure 6 show that the space charges in insulation layer 4 of the insulation system according to the invention are confined near the interfaces with the semiconductor layers classic 3 'and 5' and are almost non-existent elsewhere. The holding of this insulation system is improved compared to that of the system previous classic.

Comparativement aussi, les courbes de la figure 7 montrent que les charges d'espace dans la couche d'isolant 4 du système préférentiel d'isolation selon l'invention sont également cantonnées à proximlité des interfaces avec les couches semi-conductrices conformes à l'invention, mais sont en outre de niveau nettement moindre et ont le même signe que celles contenues dans la couche semi-conductrice d'interface. Ce faible niveau de charges d'espace et leur signe identique de part et d'autre de chaque interface donne lieu à un champ électrique minimal, pour lequel ce système d'isolation préférentiel est estimé optimal.Comparatively also, the curves in Figure 7 show that space charges in insulation layer 4 of the preferred system insulation according to the invention are also confined near the interfaces with the semiconductor layers according to the invention, but are additionally of significantly lower level and have the same sign as those contained in the interface semiconductor layer. This low level of charges of space and their identical sign on either side of each interface gives rise to a minimum electric field, for which this preferred isolation system is considered optimal.

Claims (6)

Câble haute ou très haute tension à courant continu, comportant une âme conductrice et une isolation polymérique extrudée réalisée en matériau styrénique, caractérisé en ce que ledit matériau de ladite isolation (4) est constitué d'un mélange qui comprend du polyéthylène, un copolymère séquencé hydrogéné de styrène, choisi parmi les copolymères de styrène et butadiène et de styrène et isoprène, et un anti-oxydant, a un taux massique de styrène de 11 à 18 % et est non réticulé.High or very high voltage direct current cable, comprising a conductive core and an extruded polymeric insulation made of material styrenic, characterized in that said material of said insulation (4) is made a blend that includes polyethylene, a hydrogenated block copolymer styrene, chosen from copolymers of styrene and butadiene and styrene and isoprene, and an antioxidant, has a mass level of styrene of 11 to 18% and is not crosslinked. Câble selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que ledit mélange présente un taux de styrène compris entre 11,5 et 16 %.Cable according to claim 1, characterized in that said mixture has a styrene content of between 11.5 and 16%. Câble selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que ledit copolymère séquencé hydrogéné de styrène est tri-séquencé.Cable according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that said hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene is tri-block. Câble selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte un écran semi-conducteur interne (3) entre ladite isolation (4) et ladite âme conductrice (2) et un écran semi-conducteur externe (5) entourant ladite isolation, constitués l'un et l'autre en une matrice polymérique qui est choisie de même nature que ladite isolation, contient une charge conductrice et est non réticulée.Cable according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it has an internal semiconductor screen (3) between said insulation (4) and said conductive core (2) and an external semiconductor screen (5) surrounding said insulation, both made up of a polymer matrix which is chosen from same nature as said insulation, contains a conductive filler and is not crosslinked. Câble selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que ladite matrice polymérique contient un taux massique de styrène compris entre 0,1 et 20 %.Cable according to claim 4, characterized in that said matrix polymer contains a mass content of styrene of between 0.1 and 20%. Câble selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que ladite matrice polymérique contient un taux massique de styrène compris entre 1 et 10 %.Cable according to claim 5, characterized in that said matrix polymer contains a mass content of styrene of between 1 and 10%.
EP01400363A 2000-02-24 2001-02-12 High and extra-high voltage d.c. power cable Expired - Lifetime EP1128395B1 (en)

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FR2805656B1 (en) 2002-05-03
FR2805656A1 (en) 2001-08-31
ATE270460T1 (en) 2004-07-15
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