EP1086300B1 - Cylinder head for internal combustion engines and method for producing same - Google Patents
Cylinder head for internal combustion engines and method for producing same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1086300B1 EP1086300B1 EP99919247A EP99919247A EP1086300B1 EP 1086300 B1 EP1086300 B1 EP 1086300B1 EP 99919247 A EP99919247 A EP 99919247A EP 99919247 A EP99919247 A EP 99919247A EP 1086300 B1 EP1086300 B1 EP 1086300B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cylinder head
- bearing
- clamping
- camshaft
- screws
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M57/00—Fuel-injectors combined or associated with other devices
- F02M57/02—Injectors structurally combined with fuel-injection pumps
- F02M57/022—Injectors structurally combined with fuel-injection pumps characterised by the pump drive
- F02M57/023—Injectors structurally combined with fuel-injection pumps characterised by the pump drive mechanical
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L1/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
- F01L1/02—Valve drive
- F01L1/04—Valve drive by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics or the like
- F01L1/047—Camshafts
- F01L1/053—Camshafts overhead type
- F01L1/0532—Camshafts overhead type the cams being directly in contact with the driven valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
- F02F1/26—Cylinder heads having cooling means
- F02F1/36—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
- F02F1/38—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling the cylinder heads being of overhead valve type
Definitions
- the invention relates to a cylinder head for internal combustion engines with one or more Bearing lanes for camshafts and bearing axles for rocker arms according to the generic term of the main claim and a process for its production.
- a bearing axis for a rocker arm for each rocker arm for driving a pump-nozzle unit is assigned to each bearing lane for the camshaft.
- the camshaft runs in split bearings of the cylinder head with screwed-on bearing bridges.
- receptacles for bearing axles of rocker arms are arranged on the bearing bridges, which are driven by the adjacent camshaft.
- a screw is positioned, which connects the respective bearing bracket to the cylinder head.
- FIG. 1 shows sections of a cross section of the cylinder head 1 according to the invention, which extends through a plane with the screwing of a bearing bracket 2 for a two-part camshaft bearing 3.
- the bearing bracket 2 is also designed as a carrier of a bearing axis 4 for rocker arms - not shown - which are preferably also used to drive pump-nozzle units.
- the bearing axis 4 runs directly next to and above the camshaft bearings 3 and is held braced against receptacles 31 in the bearing bracket 2 by means of screws 9 guided through them.
- this head 6 of the tensioning screw 5 there is an inner profile 7 and behind this an inner thread 8 adapted to the core cross section of the inner profile 7.
- the screw 9 projecting through the bearing axis 4 and bearing bracket 2 is screwed into the internal thread 8 of the head 6 of the clamping screws 5.
- the cylinder head 1 has a clamping surface 13 below the top surface ZK next to the camshaft bearing 3 in a depression 11, which has a larger outer diameter than the head 6 of the clamping screw 5.
- the clamping screw 5 presses in the clamped state against the cylinder head 1 via a pressure ring 14 adapted to the larger outside diameter of the clamping surface 13.
- a pressure ring 14 adapted to the larger outside diameter of the clamping surface 13.
- an internal thread 16 is arranged in the cylinder head 1, the inside diameter of which is at least larger than the outside diameter of the outside thread 17 or the if necessary, larger shaft diameter of the clamping screw 5.
- a similar arrangement with a clamping screw 5 is also present on the right camshaft bearing 3 in FIG. 1. In this area, the bearing bracket 2 is clamped against the cylinder head 1 with a screw 21 which engages in the clamping screw 5 with the interposition of a pressure ring 22.
- the clamping screws 5 transmit the forces for bracing the cylinder head 1 and bearing bracket 2 or the bearing axis 4 directly to the cylinder block. Deformations of the cylinder head 1 or the bearing bracket 2 due to high forces occurring on the bearing axis 4 are avoided. Due to this effect, the solution according to the invention is particularly advantageous for designs of the cylinder head 1 or the bearing bracket 2 made of light metal.
- An auxiliary clamping surface 20 on the bearing bridge 2 lying directly next to and above the camshaft bearings 3 extends around the clamping screw axis SA. It is preferably in the clamping plane Sp of further screws 21 and 23 for fastening the bearing bracket 2 to the cylinder head 1.
- bearing brackets 2 can be an integral part of a bearing frame attached to the cylinder head 1, which comprises the entire contour of the cylinder head 1.
- the bearing bracket 2 is connected to the cylinder head 1 by means of the fastening screws 23 and mounting screws 30.
- the mounting screws 30 act against the auxiliary clamping surfaces 20 on the bearing bracket 2 and are screwed into the internal thread 16 arranged below the clamping surfaces 13 in the cylinder head 1.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Zylinderkopf für Verbrennungsmotoren mit einer oder mehreren Lagergassen für Nockenwellen und Lagerachsen für Kipphebel gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruches sowie ein Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung.The invention relates to a cylinder head for internal combustion engines with one or more Bearing lanes for camshafts and bearing axles for rocker arms according to the generic term of the main claim and a process for its production.
Vorbekannt ist die gattungsgemäße Ausführung eines Zylinderkopfes durch die Schrift
DE 42 32 783 A1, bei der einer Lagergasse für die Nockenwelle jeweils für jeden Zylinder
eine Lagerachse für einen Kipphebel zum Antreiben einer Pumpe-Düse-Einheit zugeordnet
ist.
Die Nockenwelle läuft in geteilten Lagern des Zylinderkopfes mit aufgeschraubten Lagerbrücken.
Oberhalb, jedoch neben den Nockenwellenlagern, sind an den Lagerbrücken
Aufnahmen für Lagerachsen von Kipphebeln angeordnet, die durch die benachbarte Nokkenwelle
angetrieben werden.
Zwischen den Mittelachsen von der Lagergasse der Nockenwelle und den Aufnahmen für
die Lagerachsen der Kipphebel ist jeweils eine Schraube positioniert, welche die jeweilige
Lagerbrücke mit dem Zylinderkopf verbindet. Um eine Lage ihres Kopfes unterhalb der
Lagerachse zu realisieren ist eine Einsenkung notwendig, die die jeweilige Aufnahme der
Lagerachse durchdringt. Unmittelbar neben dieser Schraube ist die die Lagerachse der
Kipphebel durchreichende Befestigungsschraube in der Lagerbrücke verschraubt, - siehe
Fig. 3 der eingangs genannten Schrift.
Nachteilig ist, daß hohe Zugkräfte über die Befestigungsschraube von der Lagerachse der
Kipphebel auf die Lagerbrücke und den Zylinderkopf übertragen werden.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, bei einem gattungsgemäßen Zylinderkopf eine
günstige Ableitung der Zugkräfte vom Zylinderkopf, die an der Lagerachse der Kipphebel
auftreten und von deren Befestigungsschrauben übertragen werden, zu erzielen.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgaben gelingt mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1. Die
Zugkräfte aus dem Kipphebeltrieb werden direkt und ohne Belastung des Zylinderkopfes
am Zylinderblock gegengelagert. Durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren gemäß Nebenanspruch,
wird bei der Herstellung von Zylinderkopf und Lagerbrücken durch ein betriebsgerechtes
Verspannen eine genaue Bearbeitung der Lagergasse der Nockenwelle sowie
der Aufnahmen für die Lagerachsen der Kipphebel erzielt. The generic design of a cylinder head is known from the document DE 42 32 783 A1, in which a bearing axis for a rocker arm for each rocker arm for driving a pump-nozzle unit is assigned to each bearing lane for the camshaft.
The camshaft runs in split bearings of the cylinder head with screwed-on bearing bridges. Above, but next to the camshaft bearings, receptacles for bearing axles of rocker arms are arranged on the bearing bridges, which are driven by the adjacent camshaft.
Between the center axes of the camshaft bearing lane and the mountings for the rocker arm bearing axes, a screw is positioned, which connects the respective bearing bracket to the cylinder head. In order to realize a position of her head below the bearing axis, a depression is necessary which penetrates the respective receptacle of the bearing axis. Immediately next to this screw, the fastening screw passing through the bearing axis of the rocker arms is screwed into the bearing bracket, see FIG. 3 of the document mentioned at the beginning.
It is disadvantageous that high tensile forces are transmitted via the fastening screw from the bearing axis of the rocker arm to the bearing bracket and the cylinder head.
The invention has for its object to achieve a favorable derivation of the tensile forces from the cylinder head, which occur on the bearing axis of the rocker arm and are transmitted by their fastening screws in a generic cylinder head.
The solution to these tasks is achieved with the features of
Anhand einer Zeichnung wird nachfolgend ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung beschrieben.An exemplary embodiment of the invention is described below with reference to a drawing.
Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1
- beidseitige Ausschnitte eines erfindungsgemäßen Zylinderkopfes im Querschnitt einer Ebene quer zu den Mittelachsen der Nockenwelle mit der Verschraubung einer Lagerbrücke,
- Fig.2
- den linksseitigen Ausschnitt, gemäß Fig. 1, im montierten Zustand zum Bearbeiten der Lager für die Nockenwellen und der Aufnahme für die Lagerachse der Kipphebel.
- Fig. 1
- cutouts on both sides of a cylinder head according to the invention in cross section of a plane transverse to the central axes of the camshaft with the screw connection of a bearing bridge,
- Fig. 2
- the left-hand cutout, as shown in FIG. 1, in the assembled state for processing the bearings for the camshafts and the receptacle for the bearing axis of the rocker arm.
In Fig.1 sind beidseitig Ausschnitte von einem Querschnitt des erfindungsgemäßen Zylinderkopfes
1 gezeigt, der durch eine Ebene mit der Verschraubung einer Lagerbrücke 2 für
eine zweigeteilte Nockenwellenlagerung 3 verläuft.
Die Lagerbrücke 2 ist zusätzlich als Träger einer Lagerachse 4 für Kipphebel - nicht dargestellt
- ausgeführt, die vorzugsweise auch zum Antrieb von Pumpe-Düse-Einheiten
dienen. Die Lagerachse 4 verläuft unmittelbar neben und überhalb der Nockenwellenlager
3 und ist mittels durch diese geführte Schrauben 9 gegen Aufnahmen 31 in der Lagerbrücke
2 verspannt gehalten.1 shows sections of a cross section of the
The
Unmittelbar neben dem Nockenwellenlager 3 ist eine am Zylinderkopf 1 abgestützte, zur
Deckfläche ZB eines Zylinderblocks - nicht dargestellt - reichende und dort eingeschraubte
Spannschraube 5 mit einem längeren zylindrischen Kopf 6 angeordnet. In diesem
Kopf 6 der Spannschraube 5 ist ein Innenprofil 7 und hinter diesem liegend ein dem
Kernquerschnitt des Innenprofils 7 angepaßtes Innengewinde 8 ausgeführt. Die die Lagerachse
4 und Lagerbrücke 2 durchragende Schraube 9 ist im Innengewinde 8 des
Kopfes 6 der Spannschrauben 5 eingeschraubt.
Der Zylinderkopf 1 weist unterhalb der Deckfläche ZK neben dem Nockenwellenlager 3 in
einer Einsenkung 11 eine Spannfläche 13 auf, die einen größeren Außendurchmesser als
der Kopf 6 der Spannschraube 5 hat. Die Spannschraube 5 drückt im verspannten Zustand
über einen, dem größeren Außendurchmesser der Spannfläche 13 angepaßten
Druckring 14 gegen den Zylinderkopf 1. Ausgehend von der Spannfläche 13 ist ein Innengewinde
16 im Zylinderkopf 1 angeordnet, dessen Innendurchmesser mindestens größer
als der Außendurchmesser des Außengewindes 17 oder des ggf. größeren Schaftdurchmessers
der Spannschraube 5 ist.
Eine gleichartige Anordnung mit einer Spannschraube 5 ist auch am rechten Nockenwellenlager
3 in Fig.1 vorhanden. In diesem Bereich wird die Lagerbrücke 2 mit einer in die
Spannschraube 5 eingreifenden Schraube 21 unter Zwischenschalten eines Druckringes
22 gegen den Zylinderkopf 1 verspannt.Immediately next to the camshaft bearing 3, a
The
A similar arrangement with a
Die Spannschrauben 5 übertragen die Kräfte zum Verspannen von Zylinderkopf 1 und
Lagerbrücke 2 bzw. auch der Lagerachse 4 direkt zum Zylinderblock. Verformungen des
Zylinderkopfes 1 oder der Lagerbrücke 2 durch an der Lagerachse 4 auftretende hohe
Kräfte werden vermieden. Durch diese Wirkung ist die erfindungsgemäße Lösung besonders
für Gestaltungen des Zylinderkopfes 1 oder der Lagerbrücke 2 aus Leichtmetall günstig.
Eine unmittelbar neben und oberhalb der Nockenwellenlager 3 liegende Hilfsspannfläche
20 an der Lagerbrücke 2 erstreckt sich um die Spannschraubenachse SA. Sie liegt vorzugsweise
in der Spannebene Sp von weiteren Schrauben 21 und 23 zum Befestigen der
Lagerbrücke 2 am Zylinderkopf 1.The
An
Im Zylinderkopf 1 ist ein mit Drucköl beaufschlagter Ölkanal 24 vorhanden. Von ihm verläuft
ein Ölzuführungskanal 25 zum Nockenwellenlager 3, der auch in einer Einsenkung
11 im Durchgangsbereich der Spannschraube 5 mündet. Drucköl gelangt von dort zur
Lagerachse 4, die eine zentrale Verteilungsbohrung - nicht dargestellt - zur Versorgung
der Schmierstellen an den Kipphebeln aufweist.
Lagerbrücken 2 können intergraler Bestandteil eines am Zylinderkopf 1 befestigten Lagerrahmens
sein, der die gesamte Kontur des Zylinderkopfes 1 umfaßt.In the
Erfindungsgemäß wird zur Herstellung der Nockenwellenlager 3 und der Aufnahme 31 für
die Lagerachse 4 die Lagerbrücke 2 am Zylinderkopf 1 mittels der Befestigungsschrauben
23 und Montageschrauben 30 verbunden. Die Montageschrauben 30 wirken gegen die
Hilfsspannflächen 20 an der Lagerbrücke 2 und sind im unterhalb der Spannflächen 13
angeordneten Innengewinde 16 im Zylinderkopf 1 verschraubt.
Mit dieser Art der Vormontage von Zylinderkopf 1 und Lagerbrücke 2 wird eine funktionsgerechte
Verspannung gewährleistet, so daß eine paßgerechte Herstellung der Nockenwellenlagerungen
3 und Aufnahmen 31 für die Lagerachse 4 der Kipphebel erfolgen kann.According to the invention, for the production of the
With this type of preassembly of
Claims (7)
- Cylinder head (1) for internal combustion engines with one or a plurality of bearing channels for camshafts and bearing axles (4) for rocker arms, which preferably also actuate a pump-nozzle unit, which cylinder head has the following construction:at least one camshaft is mounted in the cylinder head (1) in divided bearings (3) with screwed-on bearing bridges (2),receivers (31) for the bearing axles (4) of the rocker arms are disposed on the bearing bridges (2), next to and above the bearings (3) of the camshaft,the bearing axles (4) disposed in the receivers (31) are held clamped against the bearing bridges (2) by means of screws (9) which pass through them,next to the camshaft bearing (3) is disposed a clamping screw (5) which is supported on the cylinder head (1), passes through to the engine block and has a longer cylindrical head (6), which clamping screw (5) is able to engage in the cylinder block,the longer cylindrical head (6) comprises an inner profile (7) and, therebehind, an inner thread (8) adapted to the core cross-section of the inner profile (7),the screws (9) passing through the bearing axles (4) are screwed in the inner thread (8) of the head (6) of the clamping screws (5).
- Cylinder head according to claim 1,
characterised in that
in the cylinder head (1) below a cover surface (ZK), forming the boundary surface between the cylinder head (1) and bearing bridge (2), next to the camshaft bearing (3) a clamping surface (13) is disposed which has a larger outer diameter than the head (6) of the clamping screw (5), wherein the clamping screw (5) is clamped against the cylinder head (1) by means of a pressure ring (14) adapted to the larger outer diameter of the clamping surface (13). - Cylinder head according to claim 2,
characterised in that
in the cylinder head (1) below the clamping surface (13) an inner thread (16) is disposed, of which the inner diameter is larger than the outer diameter of the outer thread (17) or of the stem of the clamping screw (5). - Cylinder head according to claim 1,
characterised in that
next to the camshaft bearings (3) an auxiliary clamping surface (20) extends in the bearing bridge (2) around the clamping screw axis (SA), which surface preferably lies in the clamping plane (Sp) of further attachment screws (21). - Cylinder head according to claim 2,
characterised in that
an oil supply duct (25) for the camshaft bearings (3) in the cylinder head (1) issues in a clamping screw passage (11) above the inner clamping surface (13); and the bearing axles (4) for rocker arms comprise a central distributing bore. - Cylinder head according to claim 1,
characterised in that
the bearing bridges (2) are an integral component of a bearing flame attached to the cylinder head (1). - Method for producing cylinder heads according to one or several of the preceding claims,
characterised in that
in order to produce the bearings (3) for camshafts and the receivers (31) of bearing axles (4) for rocker arms, the bearing bridge (2) is clamped on the cylinder head (1) by means of attachment screws (23) and mounting screws (30), wherein, starting from inner threads (16), disposed in the cylinder head (1) below a cover surface (ZK) forming the boundary surface between the cylinder head (1) and the bearing bridge (2), these mounting screws (30) are clamped against an auxiliary clamping surface (20) of the bearing bridge (2).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19826286 | 1998-06-12 | ||
DE19826286A DE19826286A1 (en) | 1998-06-12 | 1998-06-12 | Cylinder head for internal combustion engines and process for its manufacture |
PCT/EP1999/002576 WO1999066176A1 (en) | 1998-06-12 | 1999-04-16 | Cylinder head for internal combustion engines and method for producing same |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1086300A1 EP1086300A1 (en) | 2001-03-28 |
EP1086300B1 true EP1086300B1 (en) | 2001-11-28 |
Family
ID=7870734
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99919247A Expired - Lifetime EP1086300B1 (en) | 1998-06-12 | 1999-04-16 | Cylinder head for internal combustion engines and method for producing same |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1086300B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002518623A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1088146C (en) |
DE (2) | DE19826286A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999066176A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19752381A1 (en) * | 1997-11-26 | 1999-05-27 | Volkswagen Ag | Motor cylinder head |
EP1326436B1 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2013-02-13 | Sony Corporation | Displaying information |
DE102005020588A1 (en) * | 2005-05-03 | 2006-11-09 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | System for mounting cylinder heads on crankcases in IC engines comprises rods passing through crankcase with internally threaded upper ends, shorter, externally threaded rods passing through cylinder head and being screwed into these |
JP4365373B2 (en) * | 2006-01-19 | 2009-11-18 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Camshaft support structure for internal combustion engine |
DE102008007091B4 (en) * | 2008-01-31 | 2010-06-24 | Polytec Automotive Gmbh & Co. Kg | camshafts module |
WO2011076959A1 (en) * | 2009-12-23 | 2011-06-30 | Amadeo Marti Carbonell, S.A. | Device for assembling the cylinder head of an engine |
CN103352766B (en) * | 2013-08-06 | 2015-09-30 | 中国嘉陵工业股份有限公司(集团) | Motorcycle engine cylinder fastening structure |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
AT87113B (en) * | 1915-09-06 | 1922-01-25 | Daimler Motoren | Valve control for prime movers. |
JPS57163141A (en) * | 1981-03-31 | 1982-10-07 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | Cylinder head clamping structure in internal- combustion engine |
SE458048B (en) * | 1983-06-20 | 1989-02-20 | Yanmar Diesel Engine Co | VIP-PARK CHAMBER DEVICE IN A DIESEL ENGINE |
DE3541700A1 (en) * | 1985-11-26 | 1987-05-27 | Audi Ag | INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH AT LEAST ONE OVERHEAD CAMSHAFT |
DE3626530C1 (en) * | 1986-08-05 | 1988-02-18 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Arrangement of an assembly by means of the screw connection of a highly stressed machine part, especially in internal combustion engines |
DE3641129C1 (en) * | 1986-12-02 | 1987-07-30 | Daimler Benz Ag | Device for mounting two camshafts in the cylinder head of a multi-cylinder in-line internal combustion engine |
DE4215051C2 (en) * | 1992-05-07 | 1997-05-28 | Audi Ag | Bearing arrangement |
DE4232783C2 (en) | 1992-07-10 | 2000-06-08 | Volkswagen Ag | Cylinder head for an internal combustion engine with a pump nozzle unit |
DE19634541A1 (en) * | 1995-09-09 | 1997-03-13 | Volkswagen Ag | Bearing fitting process for cylinder head of IC engine |
-
1998
- 1998-06-12 DE DE19826286A patent/DE19826286A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1999
- 1999-04-16 CN CN99807032A patent/CN1088146C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-04-16 DE DE59900479T patent/DE59900479D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-16 EP EP99919247A patent/EP1086300B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-16 JP JP2000554967A patent/JP2002518623A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-04-16 WO PCT/EP1999/002576 patent/WO1999066176A1/en active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002518623A (en) | 2002-06-25 |
EP1086300A1 (en) | 2001-03-28 |
WO1999066176A1 (en) | 1999-12-23 |
CN1304476A (en) | 2001-07-18 |
DE19826286A1 (en) | 1999-12-16 |
CN1088146C (en) | 2002-07-24 |
DE59900479D1 (en) | 2002-01-10 |
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