EP1079090B1 - Method for calibration of a wideband lambda probe used in internal combustion engines - Google Patents

Method for calibration of a wideband lambda probe used in internal combustion engines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1079090B1
EP1079090B1 EP00116857A EP00116857A EP1079090B1 EP 1079090 B1 EP1079090 B1 EP 1079090B1 EP 00116857 A EP00116857 A EP 00116857A EP 00116857 A EP00116857 A EP 00116857A EP 1079090 B1 EP1079090 B1 EP 1079090B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
correction value
internal combustion
lambda
combustion engine
temperature
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EP00116857A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1079090A3 (en
EP1079090A2 (en
Inventor
Thomas Bizenberger
Michael Dipl.-Ing. Daetz
Hanno Dipl.-Ing. Jelden
Christoph Kielmann
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Volkswagen AG
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Volkswagen AG
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/24Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
    • F02D41/2406Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
    • F02D41/2425Particular ways of programming the data
    • F02D41/2429Methods of calibrating or learning
    • F02D41/2451Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
    • F02D41/2454Learning of the air-fuel ratio control
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1454Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio
    • F02D41/1456Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio with sensor output signal being linear or quasi-linear with the concentration of oxygen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1454Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio
    • F02D41/1458Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an oxygen content or concentration or the air-fuel ratio with determination means using an estimation
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/24Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
    • F02D41/2406Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
    • F02D41/2425Particular ways of programming the data
    • F02D41/2429Methods of calibrating or learning
    • F02D41/2451Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by what is learned or calibrated
    • F02D41/2474Characteristics of sensors
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/24Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
    • F02D41/2406Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
    • F02D41/2425Particular ways of programming the data
    • F02D41/2429Methods of calibrating or learning
    • F02D41/2441Methods of calibrating or learning characterised by the learning conditions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining a lambda value.
  • lambda probes For detecting a ratio of an oxygen content and a fuel fraction in an air-fuel mixture (lambda value), it is known to arrange lambda probes in an exhaust gas passage of an internal combustion engine. Such lambda probes provide a signal corresponding to the lambda value of the exhaust gas. This signal is usually forwarded to an engine control unit, processed by this and used to control a composition of the fuel-air mixture (lambda control).
  • broadband lambda probes for example two-cell current limit probes
  • the exhaust gas must first overcome a diffusion barrier before it enters a measuring chamber.
  • the catalytically active electrodes are arranged as a concentration cell analogous to the jump lambda probe.
  • An output signal of this regulator controls a current through a second cell of the probe, a so-called pump cell.
  • this current brings about an oxygen transport out of the measuring chamber, and this corresponds to a diffusion current through the diffusion barrier after equilibrium has been established at the electrodes.
  • this also provides an output signal of the probe in the form of a measuring current which is proportional to the oxygen partial pressure in the exhaust gas.
  • reducing agents such as CO, HC or H 2 diffuse to an increasing extent through the diffusion barrier into the measuring chamber and react there on the catalytically active electrodes with the oxygen now brought up by the pump cell.
  • the flowing measurement stream is a function of a sum of the partial pressures of the reducing agents multiplied by their respective diffusion coefficients.
  • a disadvantage of such broadband lambda probes is that essential, a height of the measuring current influencing parameters are insufficient or not considered. It is thus known that the measuring current, apart from the exhaust gas composition, also depends on a geometry of the probe, a diffusion barrier porosity, a gas pressure and a temperature which prevails in the region of the probe. It is known to compensate for production-related tolerances, the output signal with a predetermined correction value to multiply (calibration). However, the parameters affecting the sensitivity of the probe will change due to aging effects or contamination during operation of the internal combustion engine.
  • a correction value for a broadband lambda probe is determined by first detecting an air mass flow in a stoichiometric operating point with known fuel mass. Subsequently, an additional air mass of the internal combustion engine is supplied via a bypass line while keeping the fuel mass constant. The correction value is dependent formed by the air mass flows, the measurement signals of the two operating points and the constant fuel mass. In order to mitigate the effects of the inevitable torque fluctuation, the method is carried out in steady-state operation, in particular at idle.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method which makes it possible to determine the lambda value of the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine with long-term stability and with high accuracy and which determines the correction value of a broadband lambda probe at any operating point, in particular also in dynamic operation. allowed without unwanted torque fluctuations.
  • the predefinable correction value should also largely compensate for the operational tolerances.
  • the determination of the correction value advantageously takes place as a function of selected calibration parameters.
  • a temperature and / or a water content of an intake air of the internal combustion engine when determining the correction value. If, for example, the temperature of the intake air exceeds a limit temperature during the determination of the correction value, the calibration is aborted. In the same way can be moved when exceeding a predetermined threshold for the water content of the intake air, a pipe wall temperature or an exhaust gas temperature. These measures subsequently lead to an influence on a water gas content of the exhaust gas (CO and H 2 content). Of course, the water gas content can also be detected directly and thus a disturbing influence on the calibration of the lambda probe can be excluded.
  • a change from the operating point p 1 into the operating point p 2 with ⁇ > 1 of the internal combustion engine should preferably be effected by a measure which essentially influences the air mass flow, since an efficiency of the internal combustion engine changes only to a relatively small extent and the air mass flows are detected particularly accurately can.
  • 0.8 to 0.9
  • the determination of the correction value can be initiated periodically after a predeterminable period of time or takes place during a dynamic operation of the internal combustion engine, if two successive suitable operating points are reached by chance.
  • lambda probes For detecting a mixture composition of an air-fuel mixture, which serves by combustion a drive of an internal combustion engine, it is known to arrange lambda probes in an exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine. Location and shape of such lambda probes are known. The mode of operation will be explained briefly by way of example with reference to a two-cell limit current probe, a so-called broadband lambda probe.
  • the two-cell limit current probe essentially consists of a concentration cell and a pumping cell. Both cells are formed by partly catalytically active electrodes, wherein the concentration cell is associated with a measuring chamber. The exhaust gas enters the measuring chamber through a porous diffusion barrier.
  • An output signal of the controller controls a current through the pumping cell in such a way that in a lean operation of the internal combustion engine ( ⁇ > 1) an oxygen transport takes place out of the measuring chamber. After equilibration of the oxygen concentration at the catalytically active electrodes, this current is equal to a diffusion current through the diffusion barrier and serves as the output signal of the probe (measuring current). The measuring current is proportional to an oxygen partial pressure in the exhaust gas.
  • reducing agents such as CO, HC or H 2 additionally diffuse to an increased extent through the diffusion barrier into the measuring chamber.
  • the flowing stream is thus a function of the sums of the partial pressures of the reducing agents multiplied by their respective diffusion coefficients.
  • the internal combustion engine are usually associated with means which allow detection of an air mass flow and a supplied fuel mass within a predetermined injection time.
  • the air mass flow can be measured by an air mass meter or calculated based on an existing load signal, for example, an intake manifold pressure.
  • An accuracy of the available air mass meter is better than 3% of the measured value as long as the pulsation amplitudes of an intake air are sufficiently small.
  • the determination of the correction value k w in the lean operation takes place taking into account the following conditions:
  • X (O 2 ) 1 indicates a residual oxygen content of the exhaust gas at the operating point p 1 .
  • the residual oxygen content may indicate an excess of oxygen or an oxygen deficiency with respect to a stoichiometric ratio after the catalytic reaction at the electrodes.
  • k st a ratio of the air mass flow m L1 to the fuel mass m K1 supplied within the injection time t 1 results in the lambda value ⁇ 1 at the operating point p 1 .
  • ⁇ 1 m L 1 m K 1 ⁇ k s t
  • the supplied fuel mass m K1 during the injection time t 1 at the operating point p 1 can be expressed as a product of the injection time t 1 and a proportionality factor kin.
  • m K 1 k in ⁇ t 1
  • the change from the operating point P 1 to the operating point p 2 of the internal combustion engine should be effected as far as possible by means of a measure which essentially influences the air mass flow m L1 , since a change in the efficiency of the internal combustion engine is relatively small.
  • an optionally necessary change in the supplied fuel mass m K1 essentially serves to compensate for a power change of the internal combustion engine.
  • This equation is described, for example, by Pischinger et al. in "Thermodynamics of the internal combustion engine", Springer Verlag, stated.
  • the lambda value ⁇ 2 for the operating point p 2 via the equation ⁇ 2 m L 2 m K 2 ⁇ k s t again defined as a ratio of an air mass flow m L2 to a fuel mass m K2 supplied over an injection time t 2 .
  • lambdageregelt can also be performed by such a calibration of the lambda probe and a lean operation of the internal combustion engine. Furthermore, known monitoring functions which detect, for example, a conversion rate of a catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust gas duct in the internal combustion engine can be carried out much more accurately.
  • correction value k W taking into account calibration parameters such as a position of the measurement signal, a predeterminable Meßsignal Scheme, a temperature or water content of an intake air, a temperature or a predetermined temperature range of the lambda probe, a water gas content or temperature of the exhaust gas or a combination thereof.
  • equations established in advance in connection with the determination of the correction value k w for the lean operation also apply. Only the residual oxygen content according to equation (VI) must be adjusted accordingly, since in lean operation, as is known, there is an excess of oxygen and, in the case of rich operation, an oxygen deficiency. This can be calculated in a known manner, taking into account a water gas equilibrium for the proportions of the exhaust gas of CO, H 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 .
  • the oxygen flow corresponds in height to the diffusion flow of CO and H 2 , so that ultimately results in a measuring current I 2 , which corresponds to the exhaust gas fractions of CO and H 2 multiplied by their respective diffusion coefficients, and from which a correction value k w for the Fat operation can be calculated.
  • correction values determined such k w can be redefined to take into account aging or contamination of the lambda probe periodically after a predeterminable period of time. It is also conceivable that the determination of the correction values k w takes place during a dynamic operation of the internal combustion engine as a result of two randomly successive, suitable operating points.
  • the temperature of the intake air during calibration should not be above a predefinable limit temperature.
  • the limit temperature is 35 ° C, since below this temperature, the water gas content of the intake air is negligible.
  • the determination of the correction value can be aborted if the water content of the intake air is above a predefinable threshold value.
  • the calibration should also only take place if the exhaust gas temperature in the region of the lambda probe during the determination of the correction value k w is above a predefinable threshold value.
  • the exhaust gas temperature may be detected directly with an exhaust gas temperature sensor or calculated from the engine operating data via a model.
  • a pipe wall temperature between the exhaust valves of the internal combustion engine and the installation location of the lambda probe should also be above a threshold value.
  • the threshold value for the exhaust gas temperature and the pipe wall temperature are preferably chosen such that the calibration is carried out only from a temperature above 60 ° C, in particular 100 ° C. At a temperature of> 60 ° C of the exhaust gas, the dew point of the exhaust gas is safely exceeded.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Testing Of Engines (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)

Abstract

To calibrate the sensor and compensate for manufacturing tolerances a correction value is determined as follows. With the engine running with l = 1 a fuel mass mK1 and air mass flow mL1 are determined. Then, with l = 1 (lean or fat mixture) values mK2 and mL2 are measured. Based on these values the correction value for the condition l = 1 is derived

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines Lambdawertes.The invention relates to a method for determining a lambda value.

Zur Erfassung eines Verhältnisses eines Sauerstoffanteils und eines Kraftstoffanteils in einem Luft-Kraftstoff-Gemisch (Lambdawert) ist es bekannt, in einem Abgaskanal einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine Lambdasonden anzuordnen. Derartige Lambdasonden stellen ein Signal entsprechend dem Lambdawert des Abgases zur Verfügung. Dieses Signal wird üblicherweise an ein Motorsteuergerät weitergeleitet, von diesem verarbeitet und zur Steuerung einer Zusammensetzung des Kraft-Luftstoff-Gemisches genutzt (Lambdaregelung).For detecting a ratio of an oxygen content and a fuel fraction in an air-fuel mixture (lambda value), it is known to arrange lambda probes in an exhaust gas passage of an internal combustion engine. Such lambda probes provide a signal corresponding to the lambda value of the exhaust gas. This signal is usually forwarded to an engine control unit, processed by this and used to control a composition of the fuel-air mixture (lambda control).

In der Praxis finden im Wesentlichen zwei verschiedene Bautypen von Lambdasonden Anwendung. Zum einen stellen so genannte Sprung-Lambdasonden das Signal in Form einer elektrischen Spannung zur Verfügung, die sich entsprechend einer Gleichgewichtssauerstoffkonzentration zwischen zwei katalytisch aktiven Elektroden der Sonde einstellt. Da sich die Gleichgewichtssauerstoffkonzentration im Bereich bei λ = 1 (stöchiometrischer Betrieb) um mehrere Zehnerpotenzen ändert, zeigt eine solche Sprung-Lambdasonde einen sehr steilen und stabilen Kennlinienverlauf für den stöchiometrischen Bereich. Dagegen ist nachteilig, dass der Kennlinienverlauf in Bereichen mit λ ≠ 1 sehr flach verläuft. Somit ist eine Regelung eines Arbeitsmodus der Verbrennungskraftmaschine in einem Magerbetrieb (λ > 1) oder Fettbetrieb (λ < 1) stark erschwert oder nicht möglich.In practice, essentially two different types of lambda sensors are used. On the one hand, so-called jump lambda probes provide the signal in the form of an electrical voltage which adjusts according to an equilibrium oxygen concentration between two catalytically active electrodes of the probe. Since the equilibrium oxygen concentration in the range at λ = 1 (stoichiometric operation) changes by several orders of magnitude, such a jump lambda probe shows a very steep and stable characteristic curve for the stoichiometric range. On the other hand, it is disadvantageous that the characteristic curve in areas with λ ≠ 1 runs very flat. Thus, a regulation of a working mode of the internal combustion engine in a lean operation (λ> 1) or rich operation (λ <1) is greatly difficult or impossible.

Alternativ hierzu finden in der Praxis so genannte Breitband-Lambdasonden, beispielsweise Zweizellen-Grenzstromsonden, Anwendung. Hierbei muss das Abgas zunächst eine Diffusionsbarriere überwinden, bevor es in eine Messkammer eintritt. In der Messkammer sind analog der Sprung-Lambdasonde die katalytisch aktiven Elektroden als eine Konzentrationszelle angeordnet. Eine Ausgangsspannung dieser Konzentrationszelle wird bei den Breitband-Lambdasonden einem Regler zugeführt und mit einer Spannung verglichen, die üblicherweise der Gleichgewichtssauerstoffkonzentration bei λ = 1 entspricht. Ein Ausgangssignal dieses Reglers steuert einen Strom durch eine zweite Zelle der Sonde, einer so genannten Pumpzelle. Dieser Strom bewirkt im Magerbetrieb einen Sauerstofftransport aus der Messkammer heraus, wobei dieser nach einer Gleichgewichtseinstellung an den Elektroden einem Diffusionsstrom durch die Diffusionsbarriere entspricht. Damit steht aber auch ein Ausgangssignal der Sonde in Form eines Messstromes zur Verfügung, das proportional zum Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Abgas ist.Alternatively, in practice so-called broadband lambda probes, for example two-cell current limit probes, are used. In this case, the exhaust gas must first overcome a diffusion barrier before it enters a measuring chamber. In the measuring chamber, the catalytically active electrodes are arranged as a concentration cell analogous to the jump lambda probe. An output voltage of this Concentration cell is supplied to a controller in the broadband lambda probes and compared with a voltage which usually corresponds to the equilibrium oxygen concentration at λ = 1. An output signal of this regulator controls a current through a second cell of the probe, a so-called pump cell. In the lean mode, this current brings about an oxygen transport out of the measuring chamber, and this corresponds to a diffusion current through the diffusion barrier after equilibrium has been established at the electrodes. However, this also provides an output signal of the probe in the form of a measuring current which is proportional to the oxygen partial pressure in the exhaust gas.

Im Fettbetrieb diffundieren in einem vermehrten Maße Reduktionsmittel wie CO, HC oder H2 durch die Diffusionsbarriere in die Messkammer und reagieren dort an den katalytisch aktiven Elektroden mit dem jetzt von der Pumpzelle herangeführten Sauerstoff. Der fließende Messstrom ist eine Funktion einer Summe der Partialdrücke der Reduktionsmittel multipliziert mit ihren jeweiligen Diffusionskoeffizienten. Derartige Breitband-Lambdasonden ermöglichen eine Messung des Lambdawertes in einem Bereich von λ = 0,7 bis ∞.In rich operation, reducing agents such as CO, HC or H 2 diffuse to an increasing extent through the diffusion barrier into the measuring chamber and react there on the catalytically active electrodes with the oxygen now brought up by the pump cell. The flowing measurement stream is a function of a sum of the partial pressures of the reducing agents multiplied by their respective diffusion coefficients. Such broadband lambda probes allow a measurement of the lambda value in a range of λ = 0.7 to ∞.

Nachteilig an derartigen Breitband-Lambdasonden ist es, dass wesentliche, eine Höhe des Messstromes beeinflussende Parameter nur unzureichend oder gar nicht berücksichtigt werden. So ist bekannt, dass der Messstrom außer von der Abgaszusammensetzung auch von einer Geometrie der Sonde, einer Porosität der Diffusionsbarriere, einem Gasdruck und einer Temperatur, die im Bereich der Sonde herrscht, abhängt. Es ist bekannt, zum Ausgleich von fertigungsbedingten Toleranzen das Ausgangssignal mit einem vorgebbaren Korrekturwert zu multiplizieren (Kalibrierung). Allerdings ändern sich die eine Empfindlichkeit der Sonde beeinflussenden Parameter infolge von Alterungseffekten oder durch Verschmutzung während eines Betriebs der Verbrennungskraftmaschine.A disadvantage of such broadband lambda probes is that essential, a height of the measuring current influencing parameters are insufficient or not considered. It is thus known that the measuring current, apart from the exhaust gas composition, also depends on a geometry of the probe, a diffusion barrier porosity, a gas pressure and a temperature which prevails in the region of the probe. It is known to compensate for production-related tolerances, the output signal with a predetermined correction value to multiply (calibration). However, the parameters affecting the sensitivity of the probe will change due to aging effects or contamination during operation of the internal combustion engine.

Gemäß US 4,751,907 A wird ein Korrekturwert für eine Breitband-Lambdasonde bestimmt, indem zunächst in einem stöchiometrischen Betriebspunkt bei bekannter Kraftstoffmasse ein Luftmassenstrom erfasst wird. Nachfolgend wird über eine Bypassleitung eine zusätzliche Luftmasse der Verbrennungskraftmaschine unter Konstanthaltung der Kraftstoffmasse zugeführt. Der Korrekturwert wird in Abhängigkeit von den Luftmassenströmen, den Messsignalen der beiden Betriebspunkte sowie der konstanten Kraftstoffmasse gebildet. Um die Auswirkungen der zwangsläufig erfolgenden Momentenschwankung abzuschwächen, wird das Verfahren im stationären Betrieb durchgeführt, insbesondere im Leerlauf.According to US Pat. No. 4,751,907 A, a correction value for a broadband lambda probe is determined by first detecting an air mass flow in a stoichiometric operating point with known fuel mass. Subsequently, an additional air mass of the internal combustion engine is supplied via a bypass line while keeping the fuel mass constant. The correction value is dependent formed by the air mass flows, the measurement signals of the two operating points and the constant fuel mass. In order to mitigate the effects of the inevitable torque fluctuation, the method is carried out in steady-state operation, in particular at idle.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zur Verfügung zu stellen, das es ermöglicht, den Lambdawert des Abgases der Verbrennungskraftmaschine langzeitstabil und mit einer hohen Genauigkeit zu bestimmen und das die Bestimmung des Korrekturwertes einer Breitbandlambdasonde in beliebigen Betriebspunkten, insbesondere auch im dynamischen Betrieb, ohne unerwünschte Momentenfluktuationen erlaubt. Dabei soll der vorgebbare Korrekturwert auch die betriebsbedingten Toleranzen weitestgehend ausgleichen.The object of the present invention is to provide a method which makes it possible to determine the lambda value of the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine with long-term stability and with high accuracy and which determines the correction value of a broadband lambda probe at any operating point, in particular also in dynamic operation. allowed without unwanted torque fluctuations. The predefinable correction value should also largely compensate for the operational tolerances.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch das Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines Lambdawertes einer Lambdasonde mit den im Anspruch 1 genannten Merkmalen gelöst. Dadurch, dass zur Festlegung des Korrekturwertes

  • (a) in einem ersten, stöchiometrischen Betriebspunkt p1 der Verbrennungskraftmaschine, an der die Lambdasonde ein erstes Messsignal I, entsprechend einem Lambdawert λ = 1 anzeigt, eine zugeführte Kraftstoffmasse mK1 und ein Luftmassenstrom mL1 erfasst wird,
  • (b) nachfolgend ein zweiter, magerer oder fetter Betriebspunkt p2 der Verbrennungskraftmaschine mit λ ≠ 1 im Wesentlichen durch Änderung des Luftmassenstroms mL eingestellt wird, wobei die zugeführte Kraftstoffmasse mK beim Betriebspunktwechsel im Wesentlichen so verändert wird, dass eine Leistungsänderung der Verbrennungskraftmaschine kompensiert wird,
  • (c) in dem zweiten Betriebspunkt p2 eine Kraftstoffmasse mK2 und ein Luftmassenstrom mL2 erfasst wird, und
  • (d) in Abhängigkeit von den Luftmassenströmen mL1, mL2 und den Kraftstoffmassen mK1, mK2des ersten und zweiten Betriebspunkts p1, p2 der Korrekturwert kw für den Lambdawert des Betriebspunktes p2 gebildet wird,
ist es möglich, eine genaue Bestimmung des Lambdawertes langzeitstabildurchzuführen und die Kalibrierung der Lambdasonde in beliebigen Betriebspunkten unter weitgehender Unterdrückung von Momentenschwankungen durchzuführen.According to the invention this object is achieved by the method for determining a lambda value of a lambda probe with the features mentioned in claim 1. In that, to determine the correction value
  • (a) in a first, stoichiometric operating point p 1 of the internal combustion engine, at which the lambda probe indicates a first measurement signal I, corresponding to a lambda value λ = 1, an added fuel mass m K1 and an air mass flow m L1 is detected,
  • (b) subsequently a second, lean or rich operating point p 2 of the internal combustion engine with λ ≠ 1 is set essentially by changing the air mass flow m L , wherein the supplied fuel mass m K is substantially changed during the operating point change, that compensates for a power change of the internal combustion engine becomes,
  • (C) in the second operating point p 2, a fuel mass m K2 and an air mass flow m L2 is detected, and
  • (d) the correction value k w for the lambda value of the operating point p 2 is formed as a function of the air mass flows m L1 , m L2 and the fuel masses m K1 , m K2 of the first and second operating point p 1 , p 2
For example, it is possible to perform an accurate long-term determination of the lambda value and to carry out the calibration of the lambda probe at any desired operating points while largely suppressing torque fluctuations.

Die Festlegung des Korrekturwertes erfolgt vorteilhafterweise in Abhängigkeit von ausgewählten Kalibrierungsparametern. So ist es denkbar, eine Temperatur und/oder einen Wassergehalt einer Ansaugluft der Verbrennungskraftmaschine bei der Ermittlung des Korrekturwertes zu berücksichtigen. Überschreitet beispielsweise die Temperatur der Ansaugluft während der Festlegung des Korrekturwertes eine Grenztemperatur, so erfolgt ein Abbruch der Kalibrierung. In gleicher Weise kann beim Überschreiten eines vorgebbaren Schwellenwertes für den Wassergehalt der Ansaugluft, eine Rohrwandtemperatur oder eine Abgastemperatur verfahren werden. Diese Maßnahmen führen nachfolgend zu einer Beeinflussung eines Wassergasgehalts des Abgases (CO- und H2-Gehalt). Selbstverständlich kann der Wassergasgehalt auch direkt erfasst werden und somit ein störender Einfluss auf die Kalibrierung der Lambdasonde ausgeschlossen werden.The determination of the correction value advantageously takes place as a function of selected calibration parameters. Thus, it is conceivable to take into account a temperature and / or a water content of an intake air of the internal combustion engine when determining the correction value. If, for example, the temperature of the intake air exceeds a limit temperature during the determination of the correction value, the calibration is aborted. In the same way can be moved when exceeding a predetermined threshold for the water content of the intake air, a pipe wall temperature or an exhaust gas temperature. These measures subsequently lead to an influence on a water gas content of the exhaust gas (CO and H 2 content). Of course, the water gas content can also be detected directly and thus a disturbing influence on the calibration of the lambda probe can be excluded.

Vorteilhaft ist ferner, die Lage des Messsignals oder des vorgebbaren Messsignalbereichs bei der Kalibrierung zu berücksichtigen. So ist es sinnvoll, unterschiedliche Korrekturwerte im Magerbetrieb oder Fettbetrieb der Verbrennungskraftmaschine für die Ermittlung des Lambdawertes zu verwenden. Daneben können Kalibrierungsparameter, wie die Temperatur oder der vorgebbare Temperaturbereich der Lambdasonde, bei der Kalibrierung der Lambdasonde berücksichtigt werden.It is also advantageous to take into account the position of the measuring signal or of the predefinable measuring signal range during the calibration. Thus, it makes sense to use different correction values in lean operation or rich operation of the internal combustion engine for the determination of the lambda value. In addition, calibration parameters, such as the temperature or the predeterminable temperature range of the lambda probe, can be taken into account when calibrating the lambda probe.

Ein Wechsel von dem Betriebspunkt p1 in den Betriebspunkt p2 mit λ > 1 der Verbrennungskraftmaschine soll bevorzugt durch eine im Wesentlichen den Luftmassenstrom beeinflussende Maßnahme erfolgen, da sich dabei ein Wirkungsgrad der Verbrennungskraftmaschine nur in relativ geringem Umfang ändert und die Luftmassenströme besonders exakt erfasst werden können. Vorteilhafterweise kann ein Wechsel auf einen Betriebspunkt p2 mit λ < 1 (Fettbetrieb) ausschließlich durch die Änderung der Kraftstoffmasse mK1 erzwungen werden, wenn der Betriebspunkt p2 in einem Lambdabereich von λ = 0,8 bis 0,9 liegt. Erfahrungsgemäß findet sich in diesem Lambdabereich ein Betriebspunkt mit äquivalenten Leistungen wie im stöchiometrischen Betrieb mit λ = 1. Insgesamt lässt sich auf diese Weise die Kalibrierung der Lambdasonde mit besonders geringen Toleranzen durchführen.A change from the operating point p 1 into the operating point p 2 with λ> 1 of the internal combustion engine should preferably be effected by a measure which essentially influences the air mass flow, since an efficiency of the internal combustion engine changes only to a relatively small extent and the air mass flows are detected particularly accurately can. Advantageously, a change to an operating point p 2 with λ <1 (rich operation) exclusively by the Change the fuel mass m K1 be forced if the operating point p 2 is in a lambda range of λ = 0.8 to 0.9. Experience has shown that in this lambda range an operating point with equivalent power as in stoichiometric operation with λ = 1. Overall, can be carried out in this way, the calibration of the lambda probe with very low tolerances.

Die Festlegung des Korrekturwertes kann periodisch nach Ablauf einer vorgebbaren Zeitspanne initiiert werden oder erfolgt während eines dynamischen Betriebs der Verbrennungskraftmaschine, wenn zufällig zwei aufeinander folgende geeignete Betriebspunkte erreicht werden.The determination of the correction value can be initiated periodically after a predeterminable period of time or takes place during a dynamic operation of the internal combustion engine, if two successive suitable operating points are reached by chance.

Weitere bevorzugte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den übrigen, in den Unteransprüchen genannten Merkmalen.Further preferred embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the remaining, mentioned in the dependent claims characteristics.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend in einem Ausführungsbeispiel erläutert.The invention will be explained below in an embodiment.

Zur Erfassung einer Gemischzusammensetzung eines Luft-Kraftstoff-Gemisches, das durch Verbrennung einem Antrieb einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine dient, ist es bekannt, Lambdasonden in einem Abgaskanal der Verbrennungskraftmaschine anzuordnen. Lage und Form derartiger Lambdasonden sind bekannt. Die Funktionsweise soll beispielhaft kurz anhand einer Zweizellen-Grenzstromsonde, einer sogenannten Breitband-Lambdasonde, erläutert werden.For detecting a mixture composition of an air-fuel mixture, which serves by combustion a drive of an internal combustion engine, it is known to arrange lambda probes in an exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine. Location and shape of such lambda probes are known. The mode of operation will be explained briefly by way of example with reference to a two-cell limit current probe, a so-called broadband lambda probe.

Die Zweizellen-Grenzstromsonde besteht im wesentlichen aus einer Konzentrationszelle und einer Pumpzelle. Beide Zellen werden durch teils katalytisch aktive Elektroden gebildet, wobei der Konzentrationszelle eine Meßkammer zugeordnet ist. Durch eine poröse Diffusionsbarriere gelangt das Abgas in die Meßkammer. Dabei wird ein Ausgangssignal der Konzentrationszelle in Form einer elektrischen Spannung in Abhängigkeit von einer Gleichgewichtssauerstoffkonzentration eingestellt. Diese Ausgangsspannung der Konzentrationszelle wird einem Regler zugeführt und in diesem mit einer Spannung von üblicherweise 450 mV verglichen, die der Gleichgewichtssauerstoffkonzentration bei λ = 1 entspricht.The two-cell limit current probe essentially consists of a concentration cell and a pumping cell. Both cells are formed by partly catalytically active electrodes, wherein the concentration cell is associated with a measuring chamber. The exhaust gas enters the measuring chamber through a porous diffusion barrier. In this case, an output signal of the concentration cell is set in the form of an electrical voltage as a function of an equilibrium oxygen concentration. This output voltage of the concentration cell is fed to a controller and compared in this with a voltage of usually 450 mV, which corresponds to the equilibrium oxygen concentration at λ = 1.

Die Gleichgewichtssauerstoffkonzentration ändert sich bei einem Übergang von einem Lambdawert von knapp über 1 zu einem Lambdawert knapp unter 1 und umgekehrt um mehrere Zehnerpotenzen, so daß sich das resultierende Meßsignal in der Konzentrationszelle stark ändert. Aufgrund dessen besitzt die Lambdasonde in dem Bereich um λ = 1 eine sehr hohe Genauigkeit.The equilibrium oxygen concentration changes in a transition from a lambda value of just over 1 to a lambda value just below 1 and vice versa by several orders of magnitude, so that the resulting measurement signal in the concentration cell changes greatly. Due to this, the lambda probe has a very high accuracy in the range around λ = 1.

Ein Ausgangssignal des Reglers steuert einen Strom durch die Pumpzelle und zwar derart, daß in einem Magerbetrieb der Verbrennungskraftmaschine (λ > 1) ein Sauerstofftransport aus der Meßkammer heraus erfolgt. Nach einer Gleichgewichtseinstellung der Sauerstoffkonzentration an den katalytisch aktiven Elektroden ist dieser Strom gleich einem Diffusionsstrom durch die Diffusionsbarriere und dient als Ausgangssignal der Sonde (Meßstrom). Der Meßstrom ist dabei proportional einem Sauerstoffpartialdruck im Abgas.An output signal of the controller controls a current through the pumping cell in such a way that in a lean operation of the internal combustion engine (λ> 1) an oxygen transport takes place out of the measuring chamber. After equilibration of the oxygen concentration at the catalytically active electrodes, this current is equal to a diffusion current through the diffusion barrier and serves as the output signal of the probe (measuring current). The measuring current is proportional to an oxygen partial pressure in the exhaust gas.

Im Fettbetrieb (λ < 1) diffundieren zusätzlich in einem vermehrten Maße Reduktionsmittel wie CO, HC oder H2 durch die Diffusionsbarriere in die Meßkammer. An den katalytisch aktiven Elektroden findet eine Oxidation der Reduktionsmittel durch den von der Pumpzelle herangeführten Sauerstoff statt. Der fließende Strom ist somit eine Funktion der Summen der Partialdrücke der Reduktionsmittel, multipliziert mit ihren jeweiligen Diffusionskoeffizienten. Mit geeigneten Kennlinien und unter der vereinfachenden Annahme, daß der Einfluß der Reduktionsmittel im wesentlichen auf ein im Gleichgewicht stehendes Wassergas (CO- und H2-Anteil) zurückzuführen ist, kann auf diese Weise ein Lambdawert ermittelt werden. Insgesamt ermöglicht eine solche Zweizellen-Grenzstromsonde eine Messung des Lambdawertes des Abgases einer Verbrennungskraftmaschine in einem weiten Bereich von λ = 0,7 bis ∞.In rich operation (λ <1), reducing agents such as CO, HC or H 2 additionally diffuse to an increased extent through the diffusion barrier into the measuring chamber. At the catalytically active electrodes is an oxidation of the reducing agent by the oxygen brought from the pump cell instead. The flowing stream is thus a function of the sums of the partial pressures of the reducing agents multiplied by their respective diffusion coefficients. With suitable characteristics and under the simplifying assumption that the influence of the reducing agent is essentially due to an equilibrium water gas (CO and H 2 content), a lambda value can be determined in this way. Overall, such a two-cell limit current probe allows a measurement of the lambda value of the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine in a wide range of λ = 0.7 to ∞.

Eine zusätzliche Kalibrierung der Lambdasonde ist jedoch notwendig, um störende Einflüsse, wie beispielsweise geometrische Eigenschaften, eine Porosität der Diffusionsbarriere, einen Gasdruck oder eine Temperatur der Sonden auf den Meßstrom zu verhindern. Es ist daher bekannt, zum Ausgleich von fertigungsbedingten Toleranzen das Meßsignal mit einem einstellbaren Korrekturwert kw zu multiplizieren. Unberücksichtigt dabei bleibt allerdings, daß Verschmutzungen oder Alterungseffekte zu einem Drift des Meßsignals führen können und betriebsbedingte Toleranzen unberücksichtigt bleiben.However, an additional calibration of the lambda probe is necessary to prevent interfering influences, such as geometric properties, a porosity of the diffusion barrier, a gas pressure or a temperature of the probes on the measuring current. It is therefore known to compensate for manufacturing tolerances by multiplying the measurement signal with an adjustable correction value k w . Not taken into account, however, remains that contamination or aging effects can lead to a drift of the measured signal and operating tolerances are disregarded.

Der Verbrennungskraftmaschine sind üblicherweise Mittel zugeordnet, die eine Erfassung eines Luftmassenstroms und einer zugeführten Kraftstoffmasse innerhalb einer vorgebbaren Einspritzzeit ermöglichen. Der Luftmassenstrom kann von einem Luftmassenmesser gemessen oder anhand eines vorhandenen Lastsignals, zum Beispiel einem Saugrohrdruck, berechnet werden. Eine Genauigkeit der verfügbaren Luftmassenmesser ist besser als 3 % vom Meßwert, solange die Pulsationsamplituden einer Ansaugluft ausreichend klein sind.The internal combustion engine are usually associated with means which allow detection of an air mass flow and a supplied fuel mass within a predetermined injection time. The air mass flow can be measured by an air mass meter or calculated based on an existing load signal, for example, an intake manifold pressure. An accuracy of the available air mass meter is better than 3% of the measured value as long as the pulsation amplitudes of an intake air are sufficiently small.

In dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren erfolgt die Festlegung des Korrekturwertes kw in dem Magerbetrieb unter der Berücksichtigung folgender Bedingungen:In the method according to the invention, the determination of the correction value k w in the lean operation takes place taking into account the following conditions:

Zunächst wird an einem Betriebspunkt p1 mit λ1 = 1 innerhalb einer Einspritzzeit t1 eine Kraftstoffmasse mK1 und ein Luftmassenstrom mL1 erfaßt. Für den Meßstrom I1 der Zweizellen-Grenzstromsonde gilt: I 1 = k w X ( O 2 ) 1

Figure imgb0001
First, at an operating point p 1 with λ 1 = 1 within an injection time t 1, a fuel mass m K1 and an air mass flow m L1 is detected. For the measuring current I 1 of the two-cell limiting current probe, the following applies: I 1 = k w X ( O 2 ) 1
Figure imgb0001

X(O2)1 gibt einen Restsauerstoffgehalt des Abgases im Betriebspunkt p1 an. Der Restsauerstoffgehalt kann nach der katalytischen Reaktion an den Elektroden dabei einen Sauerstoffüberschuß oder einen Sauerstoffmangel in Bezug auf ein stöchiometrisches Verhältnis anzeigen. Unter stöchiometrischen Bedingungen, also bei λ = 1, ist X(O2)1 zu vernachlässigen. Unter Berücksichtigung eines stöchiometrischen Faktors kst ergibt ein Verhältnis des Luftmassenstroms mL1 zur innerhalb der Einspritzzeit t1 zugeführten Kraftstoffmasse mK1 den Lambdawert λ1 im Betriebspunkt p1. λ 1 = m L 1 m K 1 k s t

Figure imgb0002
X (O 2 ) 1 indicates a residual oxygen content of the exhaust gas at the operating point p 1 . The residual oxygen content may indicate an excess of oxygen or an oxygen deficiency with respect to a stoichiometric ratio after the catalytic reaction at the electrodes. Under stoichiometric conditions, ie at λ = 1, X (O 2 ) 1 is negligible. Taking into account a stoichiometric factor k st , a ratio of the air mass flow m L1 to the fuel mass m K1 supplied within the injection time t 1 results in the lambda value λ 1 at the operating point p 1 . λ 1 = m L 1 m K 1 k s t
Figure imgb0002

Ferner kann die zugeführte Kraftstoffmasse mK1 während der Einspritzzeit t1 am Betriebspunkt p1 als Produkt der Einspritzzeit t1 und einem Proportionalitätsfaktor kin ausgedrückt werden. m K 1 = k in t 1

Figure imgb0003
Furthermore, the supplied fuel mass m K1 during the injection time t 1 at the operating point p 1 can be expressed as a product of the injection time t 1 and a proportionality factor kin. m K 1 = k in t 1
Figure imgb0003

Über die Lambdaregelung wird mit der Einspritzzeit t1 die Kraftstoffmasse mK1 so eingestellt, daß die Lambdasonde einen Lambdawert von λ = 1 anzeigt. Die Genauigkeit der Lambdasonde ist bei λ = 1 besonders hoch, da nach katalytischer Reaktion kein Restsauerstoffüberschuß oder Sauerstoffmangel vorhanden ist. Fehler in der Empfindlichkeit, die über den Korrekturwert kw ausgeglichen werden sollen, spielen in dem Betriebspunkt p1 damit keine Rolle, so daß davon ausgegangen werden kann, daß der Lambdawert mit λ1 = 1 mit hoher Genauigkeit eingestellt werden kann. Der Proportionalitätsfaktor kin kann aus den vorhandenen Meßwerten mit guter Genauigkeit ermittelt werden und ergibt sich aus den Gleichungen (II) und (III). k in = m L 1 t 1 k s t

Figure imgb0004
With the injection time t 1, the fuel mass m K1 is adjusted via the lambda control so that the lambda probe indicates a lambda value of λ = 1. The accuracy of the lambda probe is particularly high at λ = 1, because after catalytic reaction, no excess oxygen or oxygen deficiency exists. Errors in the sensitivity, which are to be compensated by the correction value k w play no role in the operating point p 1 , so that it can be assumed that the lambda value can be set with λ 1 = 1 with high accuracy. The proportionality factor k in can be determined from the existing measured values with good accuracy and results from the equations (II) and (III). k in = m L 1 t 1 k s t
Figure imgb0004

Nachfolgend findet ein Wechsel in einen zweiten Betriebspunkt p2 der Verbrennungskraftmaschine mit λ ≠ 1 beispielsweise mit λ2 = 2 (Magerbetrieb) statt. Der Wechsel von dem Betriebspunkt P1 in den Betriebspunkt p2 der Verbrennungskraftmaschine soll dabei möglichst durch eine im wesentlichen den Luftmassenstrom mL1 beeinflussende Maßnahme erfolgen, da hier eine Änderung eines Wirkungsgrades der Verbrennungskraftmaschine relativ gering ist. Gleichzeitig dient eine gegebenenfalls notwendige Änderung der zugeführten Kraftstoffmasse mK1 im wesentlichen zur Kompensation einer Leistungsänderung der Verbrennungskraftmaschine. Dabei gilt für den Meßstrom I2: I 2 = k w X ( O 2 ) 2

Figure imgb0005

wobei der Restsauerstoffgehalt X(O2)2 im Abgas im Betriebspunkt p2 unter der Annahme, daß ein Verhältnis von Wasserstoff zu Kohlenstoff im Kraftstoff etwa 2 : 1 beträgt, näherungsweise durch die Gleichung X ( O 2 ) 2 = λ 2 1 4 , 76 λ 2 + 0 , 33
Figure imgb0006
gegeben ist. Diese Gleichung wird beispielsweise von Pischinger et al. in "Thermodynamik der Verbrennungskraftmaschine", Springer Verlag, angegeben. Dabei ist der Lambdawert λ2 für den Betriebspunkt p2 über die Gleichung λ 2 = m L 2 m K 2 k s t
Figure imgb0007
wiederum als ein Verhältnis eines Luftmassenstroms mL2 zu einer über eine Einspritzzeit t2 zugeführten Kraftstoffmasse mK2 definiert. Die innerhalb der Einspritzzeit t2 am Betriebspunkt p2 zugeführte Kraftstoffmasse mK2 ist gegeben über m K 2 = k in t 2
Figure imgb0008
Subsequently, a change takes place in a second operating point p 2 of the internal combustion engine with λ ≠ 1, for example, with λ 2 = 2 (lean operation). The change from the operating point P 1 to the operating point p 2 of the internal combustion engine should be effected as far as possible by means of a measure which essentially influences the air mass flow m L1 , since a change in the efficiency of the internal combustion engine is relatively small. At the same time, an optionally necessary change in the supplied fuel mass m K1 essentially serves to compensate for a power change of the internal combustion engine. The following applies to the measuring current I 2 : I 2 = k w X ( O 2 ) 2
Figure imgb0005

wherein the residual oxygen content X (O 2 ) 2 in the exhaust gas at the operating point p 2 , assuming that a ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the fuel is about 2: 1, approximately by the equation X ( O 2 ) 2 = λ 2 - 1 4 . 76 λ 2 + 0 . 33
Figure imgb0006
given is. This equation is described, for example, by Pischinger et al. in "Thermodynamics of the internal combustion engine", Springer Verlag, stated. Here, the lambda value λ 2 for the operating point p 2 via the equation λ 2 = m L 2 m K 2 k s t
Figure imgb0007
again defined as a ratio of an air mass flow m L2 to a fuel mass m K2 supplied over an injection time t 2 . The within the injection time t 2 at the operating point p 2 supplied fuel mass m K2 is given over m K 2 = k in t 2
Figure imgb0008

Durch Einsetzen der Gleichungen (II) bis (VIII) für die beiden Betriebspunkte p1, p2 ergibt sich für den Meßstrom I2 am Betriebspunkt p2 die Gleichung: I 2 = k w k 21 1 4 , 76 k 21 + 0 , 33

Figure imgb0009

wobei k 21 = m L 2 m L 1 t 1 t 2
Figure imgb0010
ist.By substituting the equations (II) to (VIII) for the two operating points p 1 , p 2, the following equation is obtained for the measuring current I 2 at the operating point p 2 : I 2 = k w k 21 - 1 4 . 76 k 21 + 0 . 33
Figure imgb0009

in which k 21 = m L 2 m L 1 t 1 t 2
Figure imgb0010
is.

Der Korrekturwert kw für den Meßstrom läßt sich somit aus den Luftmassenströmen mL1, mL2 und den Einspritzzeiten t1, t2 an den Betriebspunkten p1 und p2 bestimmen. Unterstellt man eine hohe Genauigkeit des Luftmassenmeßsystems und eine Linearität eines Einspritzsystems, was bei nur geringen Änderungen der Einspritzzeit in den meisten Betriebspunkten der Verbrennungskraftmaschine der Fall ist, kann dieser Korrekturwert kw mit hoher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden und ergibt sich zu: k w = I 2 4 , 76 k 21 + 0 , 33 k 21 1

Figure imgb0011
The correction value k w for the measuring current can thus be determined from the air mass flows m L1 , m L2 and the injection times t 1 , t 2 at the operating points p 1 and p 2 . Assuming a high accuracy of the air mass measuring system and a linearity of an injection system, which is the case with only small changes in the injection time in most operating points of the internal combustion engine, this correction value k w can be determined with high accuracy and results in: k w = I 2 4 . 76 k 21 + 0 . 33 k 21 - 1
Figure imgb0011

Mit dem so ermittelten Korrekturwert kw für das Ausgangssignal der Lambdasonde kann nun der Lambdawert für die übrigen Betriebspunkte mit λ≠1, insbesondere λ > 1, ermittelt werden: λ t = 1 + 0 , 33 X ( O 2 ) i 1 4 , 76 X ( O 2 ) i

Figure imgb0012
mit X ( O 2 ) i = I i k w
Figure imgb0013
With the thus determined correction value k w for the output signal of the lambda probe, the lambda value for the remaining operating points with λ ≠ 1, in particular λ> 1, can now be determined: λ t = 1 + 0 . 33 X ( O 2 ) i 1 - 4 . 76 X ( O 2 ) i
Figure imgb0012
With X ( O 2 ) i = I i k w
Figure imgb0013

Ein Spezialfall des Betriebspunktes p2 ist der Schubfall ohne Kraftstoffeinspritzung. In diesem Fall vereinfacht sich die Gleichung (XI) zu k w = I 2 4 , 76

Figure imgb0014
A special case of the operating point p2 is the overrun without fuel injection. In this case, the equation (XI) simplifies too k w = I 2 4 . 76
Figure imgb0014

Insgesamt kann durch eine derartige Kalibrierung der Lambdasonde auch ein Magerbetrieb der Verbrennungskraftmaschine lambdageregelt durchgeführt werden. Weiterhin können bekannte Überwachungsfunktionen, die beispielsweise eine Konvertierungsrate eines im Abgaskanal in der Verbrennungskraftmaschine angeordneten Katalysators erfassen, wesentlich genauer durchgeführt werden.Overall, lambdageregelt can also be performed by such a calibration of the lambda probe and a lean operation of the internal combustion engine. Furthermore, known monitoring functions which detect, for example, a conversion rate of a catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust gas duct in the internal combustion engine can be carried out much more accurately.

Zur Vermeidung von Fehlkalibrierungen ist es sinnvoll, die Festlegung des Korrekturwertes kW unter Berücksichtigung von Kalibrierungsparametem wie einer Lage des Meßsignals, einem vorgebbaren Meßsignalbereich, einer Temperatur oder einem Wassergehalt einer Ansaugluft, einer Temperatur oder einem vorgebbaren Temperaturbereich der Lambdasonde, einem Wassergasgehalt oder einer Temperatur des Abgases oder einer Kombination derselben durchzuführen.To avoid incorrect calibration, it is useful to determine the correction value k W taking into account calibration parameters such as a position of the measurement signal, a predeterminable Meßsignalbereich, a temperature or water content of an intake air, a temperature or a predetermined temperature range of the lambda probe, a water gas content or temperature of the exhaust gas or a combination thereof.

Durch die Berücksichtigung des Meßsignals oder des vorgebbaren Meßsignalbereichs können beispielsweise für den Magerbetrieb und den Fettbetrieb der Verbrennungskraftmaschine verschiedene Korrekturwerte kW festgelegt werden. Dies ist insoweit sinnvoll, da im Fettbetrieb die maßgeblichen Diffusionskoeffizienten wegen eines höheren Wasserstoffgehalts weniger vom Mechanismus einer Porendiffusion bestimmt sind. Zur Festlegung des Korrekturwertes kw wird dabei bevorzugt ein Betriebspunkt p2 in einem Lambdabereich von λ = 0,8 bis 0,9 durch eine Änderung der zugeführten Kraftstoffmasse m1 eingestellt. Dabei kann ausgenutzt werden, daß bei konstantem Luftmassenstrom in diesem Lambdabereich ein Betriebspunkt p2 existiert, in dem eine abgegebene Leistung der Verbrennungskraftmaschine in etwa der Leistung der Verbrennungskraftmaschine im Betriebspunkt p1 entspricht.By taking into account the measurement signal or the predeterminable measurement signal range, various correction values k W can be established, for example, for the lean operation and the rich operation of the internal combustion engine. This makes sense insofar as in the rich operation the relevant diffusion coefficients of higher hydrogen content are determined less by the mechanism of pore diffusion. In order to determine the correction value k w , an operating point p 2 in a lambda range of λ = 0.8 to 0.9 is preferably set by a change in the supplied fuel mass m 1 . It can be exploited that at constant air mass flow in this lambda range, an operating point p 2 exists in which an output power of the internal combustion engine corresponds approximately to the performance of the internal combustion engine at the operating point p 1 .

Bei der Ermittlung des Korrekturwertes kw im Fettbetrieb gelten ebenso die im Zusammenhang mit der Ermittlung des Korrekturwertes kw für den Magerbetrieb vorab aufgestellten Gleichungen. Lediglich der Restsauerstoffgehalt gemäß Gleichung (VI) muß entsprechend angepaßt werden, da im Magerbetrieb bekanntlich ein Sauerstoffüberschuß und im Fettbetrieb dagegen ein Sauerstoffmangel herrscht. Dies läßt sich in bekannter Weise unter Berücksichtigung eines Wassergasgleichgewichts für die Anteile am Abgas von CO, H2, H2O und CO2 berechnen.When determining the correction value k w in rich operation, the equations established in advance in connection with the determination of the correction value k w for the lean operation also apply. Only the residual oxygen content according to equation (VI) must be adjusted accordingly, since in lean operation, as is known, there is an excess of oxygen and, in the case of rich operation, an oxygen deficiency. This can be calculated in a known manner, taking into account a water gas equilibrium for the proportions of the exhaust gas of CO, H 2 , H 2 O and CO 2 .

Im Fettbetrieb diffundieren die Reduktionsmittel - wie bereits erläutert - durch die Diffusionsbarriere zu den katalytisch aktiven Elektroden der Lambdasonde. Dort reagieren sie mit dem durch die Pumpzelle herangeführten Sauerstoff, wobei ein zur Sauerstoffgleichgewichtskonzentration entsprechend λ = 1 benötigter Sauerstoffstrom den Meßwert darstellt. Der Sauerstoffstrom entspricht in seiner Höhe dem Diffusionsstrom aus CO und H2, so daß sich letztendlich ein Meßstrom I2 ergibt, der den Abgasanteilen von CO und H2, multipliziert mit ihren jeweiligen Diffusionskoeffizienten, entspricht, und aus dem ein Korrekturwert kw für den Fettbetrieb berechnet werden kann.In rich operation, the reducing agents - as already explained - diffuse through the diffusion barrier to the catalytically active electrodes of the lambda probe. There, they react with the oxygen brought up by the pump cell, whereby an oxygen flow corresponding to λ = 1 of oxygen equilibrium concentration represents the measured value. The oxygen flow corresponds in height to the diffusion flow of CO and H 2 , so that ultimately results in a measuring current I 2 , which corresponds to the exhaust gas fractions of CO and H 2 multiplied by their respective diffusion coefficients, and from which a correction value k w for the Fat operation can be calculated.

Die derartig ermittelten Korrekturwerte kw können zur Berücksichtigung von Alterungsprozessen oder Verschmutzungen der Lambdasonde periodisch nach Ablauf einer vorgebbaren Zeitspanne neu festgelegt werden. Denkbar ist auch, daß die Festlegung der Korrekturwerte kw während eines dynamischen Betriebes der Verbrennungskraftmaschine infolge zweier zufällig aufeinanderfolgender, geeigneter Betriebspunkte erfolgt.The correction values determined such k w can be redefined to take into account aging or contamination of the lambda probe periodically after a predeterminable period of time. It is also conceivable that the determination of the correction values k w takes place during a dynamic operation of the internal combustion engine as a result of two randomly successive, suitable operating points.

Weiterhin sollte die Temperatur der Ansaugluft während der Kalibrierung nicht oberhalb einer vorgebbaren Grenztemperatur liegen. Vorteilhafterweise beträgt die Grenztemperatur 35 °C, da unterhalb dieser Temperatur der Wassergasgehalt der Ansaugluft vernachlässigbar ist. Daneben kann die Festlegung des Korrekturwertes abgebrochen werden, wenn der Wassergehalt der Ansaugluft oberhalb eines vorgebbaren Schwellenwertes liegt.Furthermore, the temperature of the intake air during calibration should not be above a predefinable limit temperature. Advantageously, the limit temperature is 35 ° C, since below this temperature, the water gas content of the intake air is negligible. In addition, the determination of the correction value can be aborted if the water content of the intake air is above a predefinable threshold value.

Die Kalibrierung sollte ebenfalls nur erfolgen, wenn die Abgastemperatur im Bereich der Lambdasonde während der Festlegung des Korrekturwertes kw oberhalb eines vorgebbaren Schwellenwertes liegt. Die Abgastemperatur kann mit einem Abgastemperatursensor direkt erfaßt werden oder über ein Modell aus den Motorbetriebsdaten berechnet werden. Auch eine Rohrwandtemperatur zwischen den Ausstoßventilen der Verbrennungskraftmaschine und dem Einbauort der Lambdasonde sollte über einem Schwellenwert liegen. Der Schwellenwert für die Abgastemperatur und die Rohrwandtemperatur sind dabei bevorzugt derart gewählt, daß die Kalibrierung erst ab einer Temperatur oberhalb von 60 °C, insbesondere 100 °C, erfolgt. Bei einer Temperatur von > 60 °C des Abgases ist der Taupunkt des Abgases sicher überschritten. Bei einer Temperatur von > 100 °C sind alle Verdampfungsprozesse von kondensiertem Wasser abgeschlossen, so daß der Wassergasgehalt des Abgases am Ort der Lambdasonde dem des Motors entspricht. Hierdurch kann der Einfluß von Kondensations- oder Verdampfungsprozessen innerhalb des Abgaskanals vermieden werden.The calibration should also only take place if the exhaust gas temperature in the region of the lambda probe during the determination of the correction value k w is above a predefinable threshold value. The exhaust gas temperature may be detected directly with an exhaust gas temperature sensor or calculated from the engine operating data via a model. A pipe wall temperature between the exhaust valves of the internal combustion engine and the installation location of the lambda probe should also be above a threshold value. The threshold value for the exhaust gas temperature and the pipe wall temperature are preferably chosen such that the calibration is carried out only from a temperature above 60 ° C, in particular 100 ° C. At a temperature of> 60 ° C of the exhaust gas, the dew point of the exhaust gas is safely exceeded. At a temperature of> 100 ° C, all evaporation processes of condensed water are completed, so that the water gas content of the exhaust gas at the location of the lambda probe corresponds to that of the engine. In this way, the influence of condensation or evaporation processes can be avoided within the exhaust passage.

Claims (12)

  1. Method for determining a lambda value of an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine having a lambda sensor arranged in an exhaust-gas duct of the internal combustion engine, in which a measurement signal (I) from the lambda sensor delivers the lambda value (λ) as a function of a predeterminable correction value (kW), and the internal combustion engine is assigned means which allow an air mass flow (mL) and a fuel mass (mK) supplied to be recorded, and in which method, to establish the correction value (kW)
    (a) in a first, stoichiometric operating point (p1) of the internal combustion engine, at which the lambda sensor indicates a first measurement signal (I1) corresponding to a lambda value λ = 1, a fuel mass (mK1) supplied and an air mass flow (mL1) are recorded,
    (b) then a second, lean or rich operating point (p2) of the internal combustion engine with λ ≠ 1 is set substantially by changing the air mass flow (mL), with the fuel mass (mK) supplied, at the change in operating point, substantially being altered in such a way as to compensate for a change in power of the internal combustion engine,
    (c) in the second operating point (p2), a fuel mass (mK2) and an air mass flow (mL2) are recorded, and
    (d) the correction value (kW) for the lambda value of the operating point (p2) is formed as a function of the air mass flows (mL1, mL2) and the fuel masses (mK1, mK2) of the first and second operating points (p1, p2).
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the correction value (kW) is established on the basis of calibration parameters, such as a position of the measurement signal, a predeterminable measurement signal range, a temperature or a water content of an intake air, a temperature or a predeterminable temperature range of the lambda sensor, a water gas content or a temperature of the exhaust gas or a combination thereof.
  3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a correction value (kW) is determined for the calibration in the lean-burn operating mode.
  4. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a correction value (kW) is determined for the calibration in the rich-burn operating mode.
  5. Method according to Claim 2, characterized in that the temperature of the intake air is below a predeterminable limit temperature while the correction value (kW) is being established.
  6. Method according to Claim 5, characterized in that the limit temperature is 35°C.
  7. Method according to Claim 2, characterized in that the water content of the intake air is below a predeterminable threshold value while the correction value (kW) is being established.
  8. Method according to Claim 2, characterized in that the temperature of the exhaust gas and/or of a pipe wall of the exhaust-gas system in the region of the lambda sensor is above a predeterminable threshold value while the correction value (kW) is being established.
  9. Method according to Claim 8, characterized in that the threshold value is above 60°C, in particular 100°C.
  10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the establishing of the correction value (kW) is initiated periodically after a predeterminable period of time has elapsed.
  11. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the correction value (kW) is established during dynamic operation of the internal combustion engine resulting from two randomly successive, suitable operating points.
  12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lambda sensor is a wide-band lambda sensor.
EP00116857A 1999-08-20 2000-08-04 Method for calibration of a wideband lambda probe used in internal combustion engines Expired - Lifetime EP1079090B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE19939555A DE19939555A1 (en) 1999-08-20 1999-08-20 Method for calibrating a broadband lambda probe used in internal combustion engines
DE19939555 1999-08-20

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EP1079090A3 EP1079090A3 (en) 2003-03-05
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CN103573440A (en) * 2012-07-12 2014-02-12 福特环球技术公司 Indirect measurement of relative air humidity
CN103573440B (en) * 2012-07-12 2018-01-02 福特环球技术公司 The indirect measurement of relative air humidity
US10557431B2 (en) 2012-07-12 2020-02-11 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Indirect measurement of relative air humidity

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DE19939555A1 (en) 2001-02-22
EP1079090A3 (en) 2003-03-05
EP1079090A2 (en) 2001-02-28
DE50012679D1 (en) 2006-06-08
ATE325266T1 (en) 2006-06-15

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