EP1014836B1 - Refrigerated display case with air circulation - Google Patents

Refrigerated display case with air circulation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1014836B1
EP1014836B1 EP97949984A EP97949984A EP1014836B1 EP 1014836 B1 EP1014836 B1 EP 1014836B1 EP 97949984 A EP97949984 A EP 97949984A EP 97949984 A EP97949984 A EP 97949984A EP 1014836 B1 EP1014836 B1 EP 1014836B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
refrigerated
display case
air
accordance
refrigerated display
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EP97949984A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1014836A1 (en
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Klaus Handel
Daniela Handel
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B21/02—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47F—SPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
    • A47F3/00—Show cases or show cabinets
    • A47F3/04—Show cases or show cabinets air-conditioned, refrigerated
    • A47F3/0404—Cases or cabinets of the closed type
    • A47F3/0408—Cases or cabinets of the closed type with forced air circulation
    • A47F3/0413—Cases or cabinets of the counter type
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47F—SPECIAL FURNITURE, FITTINGS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR SHOPS, STOREHOUSES, BARS, RESTAURANTS OR THE LIKE; PAYING COUNTERS
    • A47F3/00—Show cases or show cabinets
    • A47F3/04—Show cases or show cabinets air-conditioned, refrigerated
    • A47F3/0482—Details common to both closed and open types

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a refrigerated display case, especially for perishable foods, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Refrigerated display cases are often easy to display perishable food used in sales rooms and usually consist of an approximately horizontal one Cooling plate made of a good heat-conductive material, on which the products to be cooled rest and what to avoid energy loss is covered by a hood.
  • a transparent one Material of the completely or largely closed Hood enables the customer or user a clear view of the food on display.
  • the cooling plate stands with one or more Cooling elements in thermal contact, which may produced by a circulating cooling medium becomes.
  • cooling elements in the prior art preferably used evaporators where cold by evaporation of halogenated hydrocarbons is produced.
  • the products can be cooled Apply air, creating a stratification of the Air is avoided and under the entire hood a uniform temperature is ensured.
  • the cooling element is preferably in one Channel arranged below the cooling plate, through which the air is circulated with a fan.
  • the Air duct ends on opposite edges of the Cooling plate open, with air inlet and outlet through openings that are either in, next to or are arranged at the edge of the cooling plate.
  • the air duct is on the bottom to avoid heat loss with insulation, for example one Foam layer provided.
  • the cooling of products is immediate Contact with a cooling plate due to the heat conduction more effective and less lossy than cooling medium air circulation.
  • the cooling plate due to the heat conduction more effective and less lossy than cooling medium air circulation.
  • rapid cooling of products to the desired temperature achieve, therefore preferably both Cooling through thermal contact to the cooling plate as well as by means of cooled circulating air.
  • Devices of the generic type are known from US-A-3 733 836 known from the use already of Peltier elements for lowering the temperature in refrigerated display cases is removable. These are elements arranged at one end in an air duct, through which the air is conveyed via a blower and in the process undergoes a cooling to subsequently to get into the actual cold room, so that one as a result receives forced air cooling.
  • the the too cooling plate receiving cooling products forms the upper limit of the air duct.
  • the invention has the task provided with a working with Peltier elements Refrigerated showcase to maintain performance icing of the Peltier elements and the adjacent ones Avoid heatsinks as much as possible.
  • this object is achieved by that the hood is transparent and the Peltier element has a control device which is formed so that it its temperature automatically varies cyclically above and below 0 ° C.
  • One of the ideas of the invention is that of Use of one or more Peltier elements Cooling.
  • Peltier elements Cooling To an inexpensive construction of the refrigerated display case to enable, it is common, plate-shaped Peltier elements.
  • the cooling the products are both thermal contact to the cooling plate as well as by circulating the Air inside the hood through a duct below the cooling plate runs.
  • the simultaneous cooling of the cooling plate and the Air in the channel through the same Peltier elements is made possible by their arrangement in the Wall of the air duct takes place, preferably in the wall facing the cooling plate lies. There is direct contact with the cooling plate therefore not. Rather, the heat flow between Cooling plate and Peltier element by one or several heat sinks, preferably cooling fins ensured that reach through the air duct and be in thermal contact with both components. This also makes it particularly effective Cooling of the circulated air ensured as the blower them through the heat sink or promote between them.
  • the cooling plate are a variety of materials conceivable, for example metals such as stainless steel or Aluminum, glass, plastics such as plexiglass or PVC or composite panels with different layers this or other materials.
  • the Peltier element thus has one Control device on which its temperature cyclically between the working range below 0 ° and the defrost range varies above 0 °. Means an automatic, preferably electronic The temperature variation takes place automatically.
  • the control range is expediently few Degrees around freezing, where is conceivable, amplitude or frequency of the cycles correspondingly sensed parameters, for example Temperature or humidity below the hood to change.
  • the proposed refrigerated display case is particularly suitable for the display of perishable food, for example of meat or cream products in salesrooms.
  • the showcase united the advantages of cooling by means of circulating air and through thermal contact to the cooling plate. Guaranteed cooling with Peltier elements is easy and compact construction. This creates a preferably portable unit, due to its weight the lack of a compressor and evaporator is comparatively small.
  • the refrigerated display case is suitable therefore, in particular, for temporary listing at different locations or as a transport container for perishable goods under Avoiding an interruption in the cold chain.
  • thermoly conductive film on which the Heatsinks are attached.
  • a suitable one Foil consists, for example, of a graphite material.
  • the cooling plate expediently forms the upper wall of the air duct and can be lifted off it.
  • the cooling plate in this case lies loosely on the heat sinks on so that their withdrawability and a good one thermal contact are guaranteed.
  • there is when taking off due to the spatial separation of Peltier elements and cooling plate no need an interruption in electrical contacts.
  • lifting the cooling plate which is preferably off the refrigerated display case is removable or in one
  • the air duct is closed Easily accessible for maintenance and cleaning purposes especially if the cooling plate forms the entire upper wall of the air duct.
  • the structure of the Showcase when the cooling plate is a wall of the air duct forms.
  • a cross flow fan whose axis of rotation is vertical is aligned to the conveying direction.
  • its drive can be easily outside arrange the air duct so that it does not Heat source forms within the air flow.
  • the preferably made of plastic roller of the cross flow fan is conveniently releasably attached to easy cleaning and replacement to enable.
  • the heat flow through a Peltier element is considerable Dimensions by the temperature of its warm side certainly. Therefore, the cooling effectiveness can be through a good dissipation of the waste heat significantly increase.
  • the warm side of the Peltier element through a liquid circuit with a heat exchanger to connect, the fluid circulation preferably by means of a pump. in the The result is created by an effective heat exchanger thus a significant increase in cooling performance with unchanged Peltier elements, by these in the optimal range of their working characteristic operate.
  • Liquid-air heat exchangers are used as heat exchangers suitable, such as in automotive engineering are in use.
  • a second serves expediently Fan to, air from the outside of the refrigerated display case through the heat exchanger to promote the effective Heat dissipation and therefore good efficiency the refrigerated display case.
  • the bottom of the air duct is preferred provided with openings whose arrangement is in Deepening of the soil near the Peltier elements offers. Energy losses due to air currents through the openings can be avoided by the openings through a material with capillaries or interconnected pores are. For this purpose, for example a wick made of fiber material. This will cause the condensation due to the capillary effect in the pores or capillaries of the material absorbed and closed headed its opposite end where it evaporates or drains.
  • the arrangement proves to be particularly advantageous the free end of the capillary or porous Material in the air flow, which is by means of the second Fan is driven by the heat exchanger. Due to the comparatively warm outside air, in usually a complete evaporation of the condensed water guaranteed.
  • the current direction is reversible through the Peltier elements, so that their hot and cold sides swap.
  • the showcase acts as Heated display case with a hot plate, being the maximum Temperature determined by the Peltier elements becomes.
  • a device for Disinfection of the air under the cooling hood or in the Air duct is beneficial to suppress nucleation.
  • a device for Disinfection of the air under the cooling hood or in the Air duct is beneficial to suppress nucleation.
  • for this purpose for example exposure to ultraviolet light.
  • the air inside the refrigerated display case is comparatively dry, so that the Risk of drying out sensitive food or products.
  • the refrigerated display case consists in its basic Structure from a trough-shaped lower part (1) and a transparent hood (2) for loading with the refrigerated goods a swivel around a hinge Has flap (3).
  • the hood (2) is sealing placed the edge (4) of the lower part (1), whereby an insulation tape (5), for example There is rubber, thermal insulation and sealing forms.
  • The serves to deposit the refrigerated goods Cooling plate (6), which is preferably made of stainless steel and is loosely inserted.
  • the components for cooling the showcase are below the cooling plate (6) is arranged in the lower part (1), where guide devices (7) circulate the Air.
  • Peltier elements are used for cooling (8), on which heat sinks (9), preferably cooling fins are fixed.
  • the Peltier elements (8) with a heat exchanger through which liquid flows (10) provided, which preferably in a foam, such as polyurethane, embedded is.
  • the removal of heat from the heat exchanger (10) is done using hoses or lines (11), through which a pump (12) a cooling liquid to the heat exchanger (13) and back.
  • Waste heat is in a heat exchanger (10) Conveyed liquid, which the pump (12) in Circulation circulates through the heat exchanger (13).
  • the latter is caused by air from the surroundings of the showcase cooled by the fan (20) through the inlet opening (18) sucked in and after flowing through of the heat exchanger (13) through the outlet opening (19) is released into the environment.
  • the heat sinks (9) are in openings around the Peltier element (8) (21) present by a wick (22) made of synthetic Fibers are filled.
  • the wick (22) gets the moisture below the insulation (14) into an air flow, whose temperature is significantly higher without that a significant air exchange between the two Temperature levels. The resulting moisture is thus complete without the formation of drops evaporates and dissipates into the environment.
  • a voltage source not shown, for example an accumulator or a mains connection.
  • a humidifier for the circulated air and possibly a disinfection device to provide.
  • a refrigerated display case is created through effective cooling with simple and compact Structure distinguished, easy to handle and is easy to carry.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
  • Cold Air Circulating Systems And Constructional Details In Refrigerators (AREA)

Abstract

A refrigerated display case, in particular for perishable foodstuffs, has an approximately horizontal refrigerated plate made of heat-conductive material, a refrigerating element in thermal contact with the refrigerated plate, a hood which covers the refrigerated plate and a fan that circulates the air under the hood. The fan is arranged under the refrigerated plate in an air duct open at opposite edges of the refrigerated plate. The refrigerating element is a Peltier element (8) the cold side of which is fitted with one or several refrigerating bodies (9). The Peltier element (8) is arranged in a wall of the air duct, the refrigerated plate (6) rests on the refrigerating bodies (9) and the fan (15) blows air through or between the refrigerating bodies (9).

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Kühlvitrine, insbesondere für verderbliche Lebensmittel, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruches 1.The invention relates to a refrigerated display case, especially for perishable foods, according to the preamble of claim 1.

Kühlvitrinen werden häufig zur Ausstellung leicht verderblicher Lebensmittel in Verkaufsräumen verwendet und bestehen in der Regel aus einer etwa horizontalen Kühlplatte aus gut wärmeleitfähigem Material, auf denen die zu kühlenden Produkte aufliegen und welche zur Vermeidung von Energieverlusten von einer Haube überdeckt wird. Ein transparenter Werkstoff der vollständig oder weitgehend geschlossenen Haube ermöglicht dabei dem Kunden oder Benutzer den freien Blick auf die ausgestellten Lebensmittel. Die Kühlplatte steht mit einem oder mehreren Kühlelementen in thermischem Kontakt, der ggf. durch ein zirkulierendes Kühlmedium hergestellt wird. Als Kühlelemente werden im Stande der Technik vorzugsweise Verdampfer verwendet, in denen Kälte durch Verdampfung halogenierter Kohlenwasserstoffe erzeugt wird.Refrigerated display cases are often easy to display perishable food used in sales rooms and usually consist of an approximately horizontal one Cooling plate made of a good heat-conductive material, on which the products to be cooled rest and what to avoid energy loss is covered by a hood. A transparent one Material of the completely or largely closed Hood enables the customer or user a clear view of the food on display. The cooling plate stands with one or more Cooling elements in thermal contact, which may produced by a circulating cooling medium becomes. As cooling elements in the prior art preferably used evaporators where cold by evaporation of halogenated hydrocarbons is produced.

Im Hinblick auf den Wärmefluß vom Kühlgut zum Kühlelement sind zwei unterschiedliche Prinzipien gebräuchlich. In kleinen Vitrinen erfolgt in der Regel eine sogenannte "stille Kühlung" durch thermischen Kontakt der Produkte zur Kühlplatte. Als nachteilig erweist sich in diesem Fall, daß unter der geschlossenen Haube eine Schichtung der Luft entsteht, wobei die Temperatur mit zunehmendem Abstand von der Kühlplatte rasch ansteigt. Die aus hygienischer Sicht erforderlichen Kerntemperaturen von Lebensmitteln lassen sich somit vielfach nicht erreichen.With regard to the heat flow from the refrigerated goods to the cooling element there are two different principles in use. Usually takes place in small showcases a so-called "silent cooling" through thermal Contact of the products to the cooling plate. As In this case, it proves disadvantageous that under a stratification of air in the closed hood arises, the temperature increasing with distance rises rapidly from the cooling plate. From core temperatures required from a hygienic point of view of food can therefore often not to reach.

Alternativ lassen sich die Produkte mit gekühlter Umluft beaufschlagen, wodurch eine Schichtung der Luft vermieden wird und unter der gesamten Haube eine gleichmäßige Temperatur sichergestellt ist. Das Kühlelement wird dabei vorzugsweise in einem Kanal unterhalb der Kühlplatte angeordnet, durch den die Luft mit einem Gebläse umgewälzt wird. Der Luftkanal endet an gegenüberliegenden Rändern der Kühlplatte offen, wobei Luftein- und -austritt durch Öffnungen erfolgen, die entweder in, neben oder am Rand der Kühlplatte angeordnet sind. Zur Vermeidung von Wärmeverlusten ist der Luftkanal bodenseitig mit einer Isolierung, beispielsweise einer Schaumstoffschicht, versehen.Alternatively, the products can be cooled Apply air, creating a stratification of the Air is avoided and under the entire hood a uniform temperature is ensured. The cooling element is preferably in one Channel arranged below the cooling plate, through which the air is circulated with a fan. The Air duct ends on opposite edges of the Cooling plate open, with air inlet and outlet through openings that are either in, next to or are arranged at the edge of the cooling plate. For The air duct is on the bottom to avoid heat loss with insulation, for example one Foam layer provided.

Die Kühlung von Produkten ist jedoch bei unmittelbarem Kontakt zu einer Kühlplatte aufgrund der Wärmeleitung effektiver und verlustärmer als eine Kühlung mittles Umluft. Speziell um eine rasche Abkühlung von Produkten auf die gewünschte Temperatur zu erreichen, erfolgt daher vorzugsweise sowohl eine Kühlung durch thermischen Kontakt zur Kühlplatte als auch mittels gekühlter Umluft.However, the cooling of products is immediate Contact with a cooling plate due to the heat conduction more effective and less lossy than cooling medium air circulation. Especially for rapid cooling of products to the desired temperature achieve, therefore preferably both Cooling through thermal contact to the cooling plate as well as by means of cooled circulating air.

Insbesondere für kleine Kühlleistungen haben sich Peltierelemente aufgrund ihres einfachen Aufbaus und ihrer leichten Montierbarkeit sowie der Vibrationsfreiheit als vorteilhaft erwiesen. Zudem erfordert ihr Betrieb weder Verdampferflüssigkeiten, die häufig in hohem Maße umweltschädlich sind, noch ein zugehöriges Rohrleitungssystem, das speziell bei kleinen Vitrinen einen unhandlichen Aufbau zur Folge hat. Dabei dürfen die Leitungen aus Sicherheitsgründen nicht lösbar sein.Especially for small cooling capacities Peltier elements due to their simple structure and their easy assembly and freedom from vibration proven to be advantageous. Also requires their operation neither evaporator liquids, which are often extremely harmful to the environment an associated piping system that is special with small showcases an unwieldy structure Consequence. The lines are allowed for safety reasons not be solvable.

Vorrichtungen gattungsgemäßer Art sind aus der US-A-3 733 836 bekannt, aus der bereits die Verwendung von Peltierelementen zur Temperatursenkung in Kühlvitrinen entnehmbar ist. Dabei sind diese Elemente mit ihrem einem Ende in einem Luftkanal angeordnet, durch den die Luft über ein Gebläse gefördert wird und hierbei eine Abkühlung erfährt, um anschließend in den eigentlichen Kühlraum zu gelangen, sodaß man im Ergebnis eine Umluftkühlung erhält. Die die zu kühlenden Produkte aufnehmende Kühlplatte bildet hierbei die obere Begrenzung des Luftkanales.Devices of the generic type are known from US-A-3 733 836 known from the use already of Peltier elements for lowering the temperature in refrigerated display cases is removable. These are elements arranged at one end in an air duct, through which the air is conveyed via a blower and in the process undergoes a cooling to subsequently to get into the actual cold room, so that one as a result receives forced air cooling. The the too cooling plate receiving cooling products forms the upper limit of the air duct.

Eine vergleichbare Offenbarung läßt sich auch der US-A-3 194 024 entnehmen.A comparable disclosure can also be found in US-A-3 Remove 194 024.

Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit die zu kühlenden Produkte, also insbesondere verderbliche Lebensmittel auf eine hinreichend niedrige Temperatur abzukühlen ist es erforderlich, die Peltierelemente und die angrenzenden Kühlkörper auf Temperaturen unterhalb des Gefrierpunktes herunterzufahren. Die vorhandene Luftfeuchtigkeit führt zu einer Vereisung der Oberfläche, sodaß sich der Wärmeaustausch erheblich verschlechtert.Because of the need for products to be cooled, in particular perishable ones Food at a sufficiently low temperature It is necessary to cool the Peltier elements and the adjacent heat sinks to temperatures shut down below freezing. The existing humidity leads to an icing of the surface, so that the heat exchange significantly deteriorated.

Davon ausgehend hat sich die Erfindung die Aufgabe gestellt, bei einer mit Peltierelementen arbeitenden Kühlvitrine zur Erhaltung der Leistungsfähigkeit eine Vereisung der Peltierelemente und der angrenzenden Kühlkörper weitestgehend zu vermeiden.Proceeding from this, the invention has the task provided with a working with Peltier elements Refrigerated showcase to maintain performance icing of the Peltier elements and the adjacent ones Avoid heatsinks as much as possible.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die Haube transparent ist und das Peltierelement eine Regelvorrichtung aufweist, die so ansgebildet ist, daß sie seine Temperatur selbsttätig zyklisch über und unter 0°C variiert.According to the invention, this object is achieved by that the hood is transparent and the Peltier element has a control device which is formed so that it its temperature automatically varies cyclically above and below 0 ° C.

Einer der Gedanken der Erfindung besteht in der Verwendung eines oder mehrerer Peltierelemente zur Kühlung. Um einen preiswerten Aufbau der Kühlvitrine zu ermöglichen, handelt es sich um gebräuchliche, plattenförmige Peltierelemente. Die Kühlung der Produkte erfolgt sowohl durch thermischen Kontakt zur Kühlplatte als auch durch Umwälzung der Luft innerhalb der Haube durch einen Kanal, der unterhalb der Kühlplatte verläuft.One of the ideas of the invention is that of Use of one or more Peltier elements Cooling. To an inexpensive construction of the refrigerated display case to enable, it is common, plate-shaped Peltier elements. The cooling the products are both thermal contact to the cooling plate as well as by circulating the Air inside the hood through a duct below the cooling plate runs.

Die gleichzeitige Kühlung der Kühlplatte und der Luft im Kanal durch das oder die selben Peltierelemente wird ermöglicht, indem ihre Anordnung in der Wandung des Luftkanals erfolgt, vorzugsweise in derjenigen Wandung, die der Kühlplatte gegenüber liegt. Ein unmittelbarer Kontakt zur Kühlplatte besteht somit nicht. Vielmehr wird der Wärmefluß zwischen Kühlplatte und Peltierelement durch einen oder mehrere Kühlkörper, vorzugsweise Kühlrippen sichergestellt, die den Luftkanal durchgreifen und mit beiden Bauteilen in thermischem Kontakt stehen. Weiterhin wird auf diese Weise eine besonders effektive Kühlung der umgewälzten Luft sichergestellt, da das Gebläse sie durch die Kühlkörper oder zwischen ihnen hindurch fördert. Als Material der Kühlplatte sind eine Vielzahl von Werkstoffen denkbar, beispielsweise Metalle wie Edelstahl oder Aluminium, Glas, Kunststoffe wie Plexiglas oder PVC oder Verbundplatten mit unterschiedlichen Schichten dieser oder anderer Materialien.The simultaneous cooling of the cooling plate and the Air in the channel through the same Peltier elements is made possible by their arrangement in the Wall of the air duct takes place, preferably in the wall facing the cooling plate lies. There is direct contact with the cooling plate therefore not. Rather, the heat flow between Cooling plate and Peltier element by one or several heat sinks, preferably cooling fins ensured that reach through the air duct and be in thermal contact with both components. This also makes it particularly effective Cooling of the circulated air ensured as the blower them through the heat sink or promote between them. As a material the cooling plate are a variety of materials conceivable, for example metals such as stainless steel or Aluminum, glass, plastics such as plexiglass or PVC or composite panels with different layers this or other materials.

Zur Sicherstellung und Erhaltung der Kühlleistung ist eine gelegentliche Erhöhung der Temperatur auf Werte oberhalb des Gefrierpunktes erforderlich, so daß entstandenes Eis schmilzt und als Wasser abfließt. Hierzu weist das Peltierelement somit eine Regelvorrichtung auf, die seine Temperatur zyklisch zwischen dem Arbeitsbereich unterhalb von 0° und dem Abtaubereich oberhalb von 0° variiert. Mittels einer automatischen, vorzugsweise elektronischen Regelung erfolgt die Temperaturvariation selbsttätig. Der Regelbereich beträgt zweckmäßig wenige Grad in der Umgebung des Gefrierpunktes, wobei denkbar ist, Amplitude oder Frequenz der Zyklen entsprechend sensorisch erfaßter Parameter, beispielsweise Temperatur oder Luftfeuchtigkeit unter der Haube, zu verändern.To ensure and maintain cooling performance is an occasional increase in temperature Values above freezing point required, see above that ice melts and flows away as water. For this purpose, the Peltier element thus has one Control device on which its temperature cyclically between the working range below 0 ° and the defrost range varies above 0 °. Means an automatic, preferably electronic The temperature variation takes place automatically. The control range is expediently few Degrees around freezing, where is conceivable, amplitude or frequency of the cycles correspondingly sensed parameters, for example Temperature or humidity below the hood to change.

Die vorgeschlagene Kühlvitrine eignet sich insbesondere für die Ausstellung verderblicher Lebensmittel, beispielsweise von Fleisch oder Sahneprodukten in Verkaufsräumen. Denkbar sind jedoch eine Vielzahl weiterer Verwendungszwecke, etwa die Aufbewahrung temperaturempfindlicher medizinischer oder biologischer Präparate. Die Vitrine vereint die Vorteile der Kühlung mittels Umluft und durch thermischen Kontakt zur Kühlplatte. Dabei gewährleistet die Kühlung mit Peltierelementen einen einfachen und kompakten Aufbau. Somit entsteht eine vorzugsweise tragbare Einheit, deren Gewicht aufgrund des Fehlens eines Kompressors und Verdampfers vergleichsweise gering ist. Die Kühlvitrine eignet sich daher insbesondere zur vorübergehenden Aufstellung an unterschiedlichen Orten oder als Transportbehälter für leicht verderbliche Güter unter Vermeidung einer Unterbrechung der Kühlkette. Entsprechend sind als Spannungsversorgung insbesondere Gleichstromquellen von 12 Volt oder 24 Volt zweckmäßig, die im Gehäuse der Kühlvitrine untergebracht sind, wobei sich Anschlüsse für die Verbindung mit einer Kraftfahrzeugbatterie oder dem Bordnetz eines Kraftfahrzeuges als vorteilhaft erweisen. Leistung und Spannung der Versorgung sind entsprechend der Art und Zahl der verwendeten Peltierelemente auszulegen.The proposed refrigerated display case is particularly suitable for the display of perishable food, for example of meat or cream products in salesrooms. However, one is conceivable Numerous other uses, such as storage temperature sensitive medical or biological preparations. The showcase united the advantages of cooling by means of circulating air and through thermal contact to the cooling plate. Guaranteed cooling with Peltier elements is easy and compact construction. This creates a preferably portable unit, due to its weight the lack of a compressor and evaporator is comparatively small. The refrigerated display case is suitable therefore, in particular, for temporary listing at different locations or as a transport container for perishable goods under Avoiding an interruption in the cold chain. Corresponding are in particular as a power supply DC sources of 12 volts or 24 volts expedient, which housed in the case of the refrigerated display case are, with connections for the connection with a motor vehicle battery or the vehicle electrical system Motor vehicle prove to be advantageous. power and voltage of the supply are corresponding to that Design the type and number of Peltier elements used.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist die Kaltseite des Peltierelementes von einer wärmeleitfähigen Folie bedeckt, auf welche die Kühlkörpern aufgesetzt sind. Durch ein flexibles, hochwärmeleitfähiges Folienmaterial wird auch bei geringen Oberflächenunebenheiten ein großflächiger, thermischer Kontakt erreicht. Die Folge ist eine erhebliche Steigerung des Wärmeflusses. Ein geeignete Folie besteht beispielsweise aus einem Graphitwerkstoff.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention is the cold side of the Peltier element of one thermally conductive film on which the Heatsinks are attached. Through a flexible, highly thermally conductive film material is also used small surface unevenness a large, thermal contact reached. The consequence is one significant increase in heat flow. A suitable one Foil consists, for example, of a graphite material.

Zweckmäßig bildet die Kühlplatte die obere Wandung des Luftkanals und ist von ihm abhebbar. Die Kühlplatte liegt in diesem Fall lose auf den Kühlkörpern auf, so daß ihre Abhebbarkeit und ein guter thermischer Kontakt gewährleistet sind. Dagegen besteht beim Abheben infolge der räumlichen Trennung von Peltierelementen und Kühlplatte keine Notwendigkeit einer Unterbrechung elektrischer Kontakte. Durch Anheben der Kühlplatte, die vorzugsweise aus der Kühlvitrine entnehmbar ist oder sich in einem Scharnier hochklappen läßt, ist der Luftkanal zu Zwecken der Wartung und Reinigung leicht zugänglich, insbesondere dann, wenn die Kühlplatte die gesamte obere Wandung des Luftkanals bildet. Speziell im Lebensmittelbereich ist die Zugänglichkeit aufgrund der hygienischen Anforderungen von erheblicher Bedeutung, um die sorgfältige Säuberung mit flüssigen Reinigungs- und Desinfektionsmitteln zu ermöglichen. Zudem vereinfacht sich der Aufbau der Vitrine, wenn die Kühlplatte eine Wandung des Luftkanals bildet.The cooling plate expediently forms the upper wall of the air duct and can be lifted off it. The cooling plate in this case lies loosely on the heat sinks on so that their withdrawability and a good one thermal contact are guaranteed. However, there is when taking off due to the spatial separation of Peltier elements and cooling plate no need an interruption in electrical contacts. By lifting the cooling plate, which is preferably off the refrigerated display case is removable or in one The air duct is closed Easily accessible for maintenance and cleaning purposes especially if the cooling plate forms the entire upper wall of the air duct. Specifically in the food sector is accessibility due to the hygienic requirements of considerable Importance to careful cleaning with liquid cleaning agents and disinfectants enable. The structure of the Showcase when the cooling plate is a wall of the air duct forms.

Als Gebläse zur Luftumwälzung eignet sich insbesondere ein Querstromlüfter, dessen Drehachse senkrecht zur Förderrichtung ausgerichtet ist. In der Folge läßt sich sein Antrieb auf einfache Weise außerhalb des Luftkanals anordnen, so daß er keine Wärmequelle innerhalb der Luftströmung bildet. Die bevorzugt aus Kunststoff bestehende Walze des Querstromgebläses ist zweckmäßig lösbar befestigt, um eine einfache Reinigung und den leichten Austausch zu ermöglichen.Is particularly suitable as a blower for air circulation a cross flow fan whose axis of rotation is vertical is aligned to the conveying direction. In the As a result, its drive can be easily outside arrange the air duct so that it does not Heat source forms within the air flow. The preferably made of plastic roller of the cross flow fan is conveniently releasably attached to easy cleaning and replacement to enable.

Der Wärmefluß durch ein Peltierelement wird in erheblichem Maße durch die Temperatur seiner Warmseite bestimmt. Daher läßt sich die Kühleffektivität durch eine gute Abführung der entstehenden Abwärme wesentlich steigern. Zu diesem Zweck wird vorgeschlagen, die Warmseite des Peltierelementes durch einen Flüssigkeitskreislauf mit einem Wärmetauscher zu verbinden, wobei die Flüssigkeitsumwälzung vorzugsweise mittels einer Pumpe erfolgt. Im Ergebnis entsteht durch einen effektiven Wärmetauscher somit eine erhebliche Steigerung der Kühlleistung bei unveränderten Peltierelementen, indem diese im optimalen Bereich ihrer Arbeitskennlinie betrieben werden.The heat flow through a Peltier element is considerable Dimensions by the temperature of its warm side certainly. Therefore, the cooling effectiveness can be through a good dissipation of the waste heat significantly increase. For this purpose proposed the warm side of the Peltier element through a liquid circuit with a heat exchanger to connect, the fluid circulation preferably by means of a pump. in the The result is created by an effective heat exchanger thus a significant increase in cooling performance with unchanged Peltier elements, by these in the optimal range of their working characteristic operate.

Als Wärmetauscher sind Flüssig-Luftwärmetauscher geeignet, wie sie beispielsweise im Kraftfahrzeugbau gebräuchlich sind. Zweckmäßig dient ein zweiter Lüfter dazu, Luft aus dem Außenraum der Kühlvitrine durch den Wärmetauscher zu fördern, um die effektive Wärmeabfuhr und damit einen guten Wirkungsgrad der Kühlvitrine sicherzustellen.Liquid-air heat exchangers are used as heat exchangers suitable, such as in automotive engineering are in use. A second serves expediently Fan to, air from the outside of the refrigerated display case through the heat exchanger to promote the effective Heat dissipation and therefore good efficiency the refrigerated display case.

Um sich auf der Oberfläche der Peltierelemente und in ihrer Umgebung niederschlagendes Kondenswasser abzuleiten, ist der Boden des Luftkanals bevorzugt mit Öffnungen versehen, deren Anordnung sich in Vertiefungen des Bodens nahe der Peltierelemente anbietet. Energieverluste infolge von Luftströmungen durch die Öffnungen lassen sich vermeiden, indem die Öffnungen durch ein Material mit Kapillaren oder miteinander verbundenen Poren verschlossen sind. Zu diesem Zweck bietet sich beispielsweise ein Docht aus Fasermaterial an. Dabei wird das Kondenswasser durch den Kapillareffekt in den Poren bzw. Kapillaren des Materials aufgesogen und zu dessen gegenüberliegendem Ende geleitet, wo es verdunstet oder abtropft.To get on the surface of the Peltier elements and condensation that condenses in their surroundings the bottom of the air duct is preferred provided with openings whose arrangement is in Deepening of the soil near the Peltier elements offers. Energy losses due to air currents through the openings can be avoided by the openings through a material with capillaries or interconnected pores are. For this purpose, for example a wick made of fiber material. This will cause the condensation due to the capillary effect in the pores or capillaries of the material absorbed and closed headed its opposite end where it evaporates or drains.

Als besonders vorteilhaft erweist sich die Anordnung des freien Endes des kapillaren bzw. porösen Materials in dem Luftstrom, der mittels des zweiten Lüfters durch den Wärmetauscher getrieben wird. Durch die vergleichsweise warme Außenluft ist in der Regel eine vollständige Verdunstung des Kondenswassers gewährleistet.The arrangement proves to be particularly advantageous the free end of the capillary or porous Material in the air flow, which is by means of the second Fan is driven by the heat exchanger. Due to the comparatively warm outside air, in usually a complete evaporation of the condensed water guaranteed.

In einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist die Stromrichtung durch die Peltierelemente umkehrbar, so daß sich ihre Warm- und Kaltseiten vertauschen. Die Vitrine wirkt in diesem Fall als Heizvitrine mit einer Wärmeplatte, wobei die maximale Temperatur durch die Peltierelemente bestimmt wird. Speziell unter Verwendung des vorbeschriebenen Flüssigkeitskreislaufes mit Wärmetauscher entsteht ein vergleichsweise guter Wirkungsgrad, da den Peltierelementen zusätzliche Wärmeenergie zugeführt wird. Neben den erweiterten Einsatzmöglichkeiten ist denkbar, die Kühlvitrine vor oder nach Abschluß der Lagerung gekühlter Güter aufzuheizen, um eine Desinfektion des Innenraums zu erreichen.In an advantageous development of the invention the current direction is reversible through the Peltier elements, so that their hot and cold sides swap. In this case the showcase acts as Heated display case with a hot plate, being the maximum Temperature determined by the Peltier elements becomes. Specifically using the above Liquid circuit with heat exchanger is created a comparatively good efficiency because additional thermal energy is supplied to the Peltier elements becomes. In addition to the expanded application options is conceivable, the refrigerated display case before or after Complete the storage of refrigerated goods, to achieve disinfection of the interior.

Alternativ oder zusätzlich ist eine Vorrichtung zur Desinfektion der Luft unter der Kühlhaube oder im Luftkanal von Vorteil, um die Keimbildung zu unterdrücken. Zu diesem Zweck bietet sich beispielsweise eine Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht an.Alternatively or additionally, a device for Disinfection of the air under the cooling hood or in the Air duct is beneficial to suppress nucleation. For this purpose, for example exposure to ultraviolet light.

Aufgrund der Abscheidung des Kondenswassers im Bereich der Peltierelemente ist die Luft innerhalb der Kühlvitrine vergleichsweise trocken, so daß die Gefahr des Austrocknens empfindlicher Lebensmittel oder Produkte besteht. Zur Vermeidung wird vorgeschlagen, im Luftkanal oder unter der Kühlhaube eine Vorrichtung zur Luftbefeuchtung anzuordnen.Due to the separation of the condensed water in the area of the Peltier elements is the air inside the refrigerated display case is comparatively dry, so that the Risk of drying out sensitive food or products. To avoid this, it is suggested in the air duct or under the cooling hood to arrange a device for air humidification.

Weitere Einzelheiten, Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung lassen sich dem nachfolgenden Beschreibungsteil entnehmen, in dem ein Ausführungsbeispiel anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert ist. Sie zeigt in prinzipienhafter Darstellung

Figur 1:
Draufsicht auf eine Kühlvitrine bei abgenommener Haube und Kühlplatte,
Figur 2:
Querschnitt durch die Kühlvitrine entlang der Linie II-II' in Figur 1.
Further details, features and advantages of the invention can be found in the following description, in which an exemplary embodiment is explained in more detail with reference to the drawing. It shows in a principle representation
Figure 1:
Top view of a refrigerated display case with the hood and cooling plate removed,
Figure 2:
Cross section through the refrigerated display case along the line II-II 'in FIG. 1.

Die Kühlvitrine besteht in ihrem grundsätzlichen Aufbau aus einem wannenförmigen Unterteil (1) und einer transparenten Haube (2), die zur Beschickung mit dem Kühlgut eine um ein Scharnier schwenkbare Klappe (3) aufweist. Die Haube (2) ist dichtend auf den Rand (4) des Unterteils (1) aufgesetzt, wobei ein Isolationsband (5), das beispielsweise aus Gummi besteht, eine thermische Dämmung und Abdichtung bildet. Zum Ablegen des Kühlgutes dient die Kühlplatte (6), die vorzugsweise aus Edelstahl besteht und lose eingelegt ist.The refrigerated display case consists in its basic Structure from a trough-shaped lower part (1) and a transparent hood (2) for loading with the refrigerated goods a swivel around a hinge Has flap (3). The hood (2) is sealing placed the edge (4) of the lower part (1), whereby an insulation tape (5), for example There is rubber, thermal insulation and sealing forms. The serves to deposit the refrigerated goods Cooling plate (6), which is preferably made of stainless steel and is loosely inserted.

Die Bauteile für die Kühlung der Vitrine sind unterhalb der Kühlplatte (6) im Unterteil (1) angeordnet, wobei Leiteinrichtungen (7) die umgewälzte Luft führen. Zur Kühlung dienen Peltierelemente (8), an denen Kühlkörper (9), vorzugsweise Kühlrippen fixiert sind. Rückseitig sind die Peltierelemente (8) mit einem flüssigkeitsdurchströmten Wärmeüberträger (10) versehen, der vorzugsweise in einen Schaumstoff, etwa Polyurethan, eingebettet ist. Die Abführung der Wärme aus dem Wärmeüberträger (10) erfolgt mittels Schläuchen oder Leitungen (11), durch welche eine Pumpe (12) eine Kühlflüssigkeit zum Wärmetauscher (13) und zurück fördert.The components for cooling the showcase are below the cooling plate (6) is arranged in the lower part (1), where guide devices (7) circulate the Air. Peltier elements are used for cooling (8), on which heat sinks (9), preferably cooling fins are fixed. On the back are the Peltier elements (8) with a heat exchanger through which liquid flows (10) provided, which preferably in a foam, such as polyurethane, embedded is. The removal of heat from the heat exchanger (10) is done using hoses or lines (11), through which a pump (12) a cooling liquid to the heat exchanger (13) and back.

Zwischen der Kühlplatte (6) und der Leiteinrichtung (7), die nach unten mit einer thermischen Isolation (14) versehen ist, verbleibt ein Kanal, durch den die Luft mittels eines Gebläses (15), im Beispiel ein Querstromlüfter, gefördert wird. Somit erfolgt die Abkühlung des Kühlgutes im Raum unter der Haube (2) sowohl durch Umluft als auch dem thermischen Kontakt zu Kühlplatte (6). Die Umluft wird über den Einlaß (16) zu den Kühlkörpern (9) geführt, dort abgekühlt und durch den Auslaß (17) wiederum dem Volumen unterhalb der Haube (2) zugeführt. Für Form und Ausbildung der Kühlkörper (9) bestehen unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten, sofern ein hinreichend geringer Luftwiderstand sichergestellt ist. Denkbar ist beispielsweise die Verwendung geschlossener oder mit Öffnungen versehener Bleche.Between the cooling plate (6) and the guide device (7) down with thermal insulation (14), there remains a channel through which the air by means of a fan (15), in the example a cross-flow fan is promoted. So it happens the cooling of the refrigerated goods in the space under the hood (2) both by circulating air and thermal Contact to cooling plate (6). The air circulation is over the Inlet (16) to the heat sinks (9), there cooled and in turn through the outlet (17) Volume supplied below the hood (2). For shape and design of the heat sink (9) are different Possibilities provided a sufficient low air resistance is ensured. Conceivable for example, use closed or sheet metal provided with openings.

Durch die Auflage der Kühlplatte (6) auf den Kühlkörpern (9) entsteht ein thermischer Kontakt, der neben der Umluftkühlung eine Kontaktkühlung des auf der Kühlplatte (6) befindlichen Gutes bewirkt. Darüber hinaus wird auch die Wärmeübertragung auf die zwischen Leiteinrichtung (7) und Kühlplatte (6) strömende Luft verbessert.By resting the cooling plate (6) on the heat sinks (9) there is a thermal contact that in addition to forced air cooling, contact cooling of the the cooling plate (6) causes good. About that In addition, the heat transfer to the between guide device (7) and cooling plate (6) flowing air improved.

Die an der Warmseite der Peltierelemente (8) entsehende Abwärme wird im Wärmeüberträger (10) in eine Flüssigkeit überführt, welche die Pumpe (12) im Kreislauf durch den Wärmetauscher (13) umwälzt. Letzterer wird durch Luft aus der Umgebung der Vitrine gekühlt, die vom Lüfter (20) durch die Eintrittsöffnung (18) eingesogen und nach Durchströmen des Wärmetauschers (13) durch die Austrittsöffnung (19) in die Umgebung abgegeben wird.The one on the warm side of the Peltier elements (8) Waste heat is in a heat exchanger (10) Conveyed liquid, which the pump (12) in Circulation circulates through the heat exchanger (13). The latter is caused by air from the surroundings of the showcase cooled by the fan (20) through the inlet opening (18) sucked in and after flowing through of the heat exchanger (13) through the outlet opening (19) is released into the environment.

Zur Entfernung überschüssigen Kondenswassers, das sich auf den Kühlkörpern (9) niederschlägt, sind in der Umgebung des Peltierelementes (8) Öffnungen (21) vorhanden, die durch einen Docht (22) aus synthetischen Fasern ausgefüllt sind. Durch die Kapillarwirkung des Dochtes (22) gelangt die Feuchtigkeit unterhalb der Isolation (14) in eine Luftströmung, deren Temperatur erheblich höher ist, ohne daß ein signifikanter Luftaustausch zwischen beiden Temperaturniveaus erfolgt. Die anfallende Feuchtigkeit wird somit ohne Tropfenbildung vollständig verdunstet und in die Umgebung abgeführt.To remove excess condensed water, the is reflected on the heat sinks (9) are in openings around the Peltier element (8) (21) present by a wick (22) made of synthetic Fibers are filled. By capillary action the wick (22) gets the moisture below the insulation (14) into an air flow, whose temperature is significantly higher without that a significant air exchange between the two Temperature levels. The resulting moisture is thus complete without the formation of drops evaporates and dissipates into the environment.

Zur elektrischen Versorgung der Bauelemente dient eine nicht dargestellte Spannungsquelle, beispielsweise ein Akkumulator oder ein Netzanschluß. Weiterhin ist es zweckmäßig, eine Befeuchtungsvorrichtung für die umgewälzte Luft sowie ggf. eine Desinfektionseinrichtung vorzusehen.Serves for the electrical supply of the components a voltage source, not shown, for example an accumulator or a mains connection. Farther it is appropriate to use a humidifier for the circulated air and possibly a disinfection device to provide.

Im Ergebnis entsteht eine Kühlvitrine, die sich durch eine effektive Kühlung bei einfachem und kompaktem Aufbau auszeichnet, gut zu handhaben und leicht zu transportieren ist.As a result, a refrigerated display case is created through effective cooling with simple and compact Structure distinguished, easy to handle and is easy to carry.

Claims (12)

  1. A refrigerated display case, in particular for perishable foodstuffs, has an approximately horizontal refrigerated plate (6) made of heat-conductive material, a refrigerating element (8) in thermal contact with the refrigerated plate (6), a hood (2) which covers the refrigerated plate (6) and a fan (15) that circulates the air under the hood (2). The fan is arranged under the refrigerated plate (6) in an air duct open at opposite ends of the refrigerated plate (6). The refrigerating element is a Peltier element (8), the cold side of which is fitted with one or several refrigerating bodies (9). The Peltier element (8) is arranged in a wall of the air duct, the refrigerated plate (6) rests on the refrigerating bodies (9) and the fan (15) blows air through or between the refrigerating bodies (9), wherein
    the hood (2) is transparent and
    the Peltier element (8) has a controller which is configured so that its temperature varies cyclically above and below 0°C.
  2. A refrigerated display case in accordance with claim 1, wherein the cold side of the Peltier element (8) is covered by a heat-conductive foil, upon which the refrigerating bodies (9) are placed.
  3. A refrigerated display case in accordance with claim 1 or 2, wherein the refrigerated plate (6) comprises the upper wall of the air duct and can be lifted off from it.
  4. A refrigerated display case in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the fan (15) is a cross flow fan.
  5. A refrigerated display case in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the hot side of the Peltier element (8) is connected to a heat exchanger (13) by means of a liquid cycle.
  6. A refrigerated display case in accordance with claim 5, wherein a ventilator (20) is provided which conveys air through the heat exchanger (13).
  7. A refrigerated display case in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the base of the air duct is provided with apertures (21) which are closed by means of a material with capillaries.
  8. A refrigerated display case in accordance with claim 7, wherein the capillary material ends openly in the air flow through the ventilator (20).
  9. A refrigerated display case in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the controller functions automatically.
  10. A refrigerated display in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the current direction is reversible through the Peltier element (8).
  11. A refrigerated display case in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein a device to disinfect the air is disposed under the hood (2) or in the air duct.
  12. A refrigerated display case in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein a device to moisten the air is disposed under the hood (2) or in the air duct.
EP97949984A 1997-01-10 1997-12-11 Refrigerated display case with air circulation Expired - Lifetime EP1014836B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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DE19700621 1997-01-10
DE19700621A DE19700621A1 (en) 1997-01-10 1997-01-10 Refrigerated display case with air circulation
PCT/DE1997/002877 WO1998030134A1 (en) 1997-01-10 1997-12-11 Refrigerated display case with air circulation

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DE19924999C2 (en) * 1999-05-31 2002-04-11 Reisner Frank Und Partner Bera Transportable hot and cold dispensing
DE29921224U1 (en) * 1999-12-02 2001-04-12 Stollenwerk Michael Cooler
AUPR150200A0 (en) * 2000-11-16 2000-12-07 Collis, Stephen A cooling device
DE10101028C2 (en) * 2001-01-11 2003-02-20 Draexlmaier Lisa Gmbh Device for tempering food
FR2821730A1 (en) * 2001-03-08 2002-09-13 Fun Air Refrigerated display cabinet for food products, uses multiple air circulation fans, which can operate at normal speed to cool the display and a higher speed to quickly defrost the display cabinet
WO2003000096A1 (en) * 2001-06-25 2003-01-03 Unilever N.V. Fridge and freezer cabinets
DE10321095B4 (en) * 2003-05-09 2006-06-22 Electrolux Professional Gmbh Showcase for food and drinks
EP1525803A1 (en) * 2003-10-22 2005-04-27 Soremartec S.A. Preservation in a cooled condition and display of loose confectionery products which can be damaged by heat
DE102007042240B3 (en) * 2007-09-06 2009-02-05 Caverion Gmbh Method and device for air conditioning a showcase
EP2478798A1 (en) * 2011-01-25 2012-07-25 Franz Hilberer Device for cooling food
DE102018113249A1 (en) * 2018-06-04 2019-12-05 Hupfer Metallwerke Gmbh & Co. Kg Food cooling / heating device and method of operating the cooling / heating device
CN110267500A (en) * 2019-07-02 2019-09-20 国网河南省电力公司西平县供电公司 A kind of circulating cooling plant applied to power grid
US11709386B2 (en) * 2019-12-13 2023-07-25 New Optics, Ltd. Liquid crystal display device

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FR2660057B1 (en) * 1990-03-21 1995-08-18 Dlb Engineering REFRIGERANT PLATE FOR THE PRESENTATION AND PRESERVATION OF GOODS.

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EP1014836A1 (en) 2000-07-05
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WO1998030134A1 (en) 1998-07-16
DE19700621A1 (en) 1998-07-16

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