EP0936120A1 - Driving device for an articulated access step for a vehicle and access device for a vehicle, especially a railway vehicle, with such a driving device - Google Patents
Driving device for an articulated access step for a vehicle and access device for a vehicle, especially a railway vehicle, with such a driving device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0936120A1 EP0936120A1 EP99400349A EP99400349A EP0936120A1 EP 0936120 A1 EP0936120 A1 EP 0936120A1 EP 99400349 A EP99400349 A EP 99400349A EP 99400349 A EP99400349 A EP 99400349A EP 0936120 A1 EP0936120 A1 EP 0936120A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vehicle
- arm
- articulated
- access
- control
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B61—RAILWAYS
- B61D—BODY DETAILS OR KINDS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES
- B61D23/00—Construction of steps for railway vehicles
- B61D23/02—Folding steps for railway vehicles, e.g. hand or mechanically actuated
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a step structure for vehicles railway or road, in general, and relates, more particularly, to a device for control of the movement of an articulated step for access to a vehicle and on a device for accessing a vehicle, in particular a rail vehicle, comprising such a ordered.
- Access devices to a vehicle of the prior art require the implementation work of a mobile step.
- Document DE 94 03 982 shows a vehicle access device rail. This access device is articulated and retracts under the effect of a push horizontal induced by the door leaves, at the end of the closing phase of these leaves, the access device coming out automatically when the door leaves are opened.
- the vehicle access device causes a movement of entering and exiting the access step using the wiggling of the door and the efforts induced by the door.
- An object of the invention is to provide a movement control device an articulated access step to a vehicle and a vehicle access device, especially rail, whose general design allows full operation safety, and whose structure is simple and compact.
- a device for controlling the movement of a step articulated vehicle access comprising a control arm, an arm intermediate and an exit or re-entry arm of the articulated access step, said control device causing a movement in and out of said articulated access step using the wiggle movement of the access door of said vehicle and the forces induced by said access door, a first end F of the control arm bearing against one of the leaves in the retracted position of the step, said intermediate arm being rotatably mounted by one of its ends on a second end E of the control arm, said output or re-entry arm of the articulated step being rotatably mounted by one of its ends B on the step articulated, said control device comprising at least one spring biasing the operating in the extended state, characterized in that said outlet or re-entry arm of said articulated step is rotatably mounted by the other of its ends C on the chassis of the vehicle and comprises two half-arms articulated by their ends D facing each other, said intermediate arm being rotatably mounted by one
- An advantage of the device according to the invention is its simplicity, its reliability, its low cost, its absence of motorization, its small size, its easy maintenance.
- Another advantage of the device according to the invention is that it does not include "FUSE" element on the stair nosing.
- Another advantage of the device according to the invention is the synchronization of door movements and articulated step.
- Figure 1 is a partial sectional side view of an access door 1 of a railway vehicle whose level 2 is equipped with an access device 3 to the vehicle 4 according to the invention.
- the vehicle access device 3 4 is disposed under the fixed threshold 5 of the door access 1 and is in the retracted position.
- the access device 3 to the vehicle 4 is articulated so as to retract under the effect of a horizontal thrust induced by the leaves 6 of door 1, at the end of the closing of these leaves 6 of door 1.
- the access device 3 to the vehicle 4 automatically exits when the door leaves 6 1.
- the access device 3 to the vehicle 4 comprises, in the space available under the fixed threshold 5 of the access door 1, a step 7 articulated at its lower end 0.
- the articulated step 7 is thus capable of filling, in the extended position, with around 70% of the gap 8 between threshold 5 of access door 1 and platform 9.
- Figure 2 corresponds to the partial sectional profile view of Figure 1 in which the vehicle access device is in the extended position.
- Each of these control devices 10 is provided with a control arm 12, an intermediate arm 11 and an exit or re-entry arm 13 of the articulated step 7.
- the control arm 12 is pivotally mounted at the end A of the fixed threshold 5 of the access door 1.
- the exit or re-entry arm 13 of the articulated step 7 is mounted free in rotation, by one of its free ends B, on the articulated step 7 and is also freely mounted in rotation by the other of its ends C on the vehicle chassis rail.
- the exit or re-entry arm 13 of the articulated step 7 comprises, by example, two articulated half arms, that is to say integral with each other and mounted free in rotation by their ends D facing each other.
- the intermediate arm 11 is mounted to rotate freely at one of its ends on the ends D of the exit or re-entry arm 13 facing each other and is mounted at rotation by the other of its ends on one of the ends E of the control arm 12.
- the control devices 10 with connecting rods or cams each comprise at minus a spring 14 ensuring the automation of the movements, and, more particularly, requests walking in the output state.
- the springs 14 are held by their upper end G at a beam element fixed to the body of the vehicle 4 and are rotatably mounted by their other end H at the ends D of the exit or re-entry arm 13 facing each other.
- the number of springs 14 and the forces exerted by these springs 14 are mainly dependent on the mass of the articulated step 7, friction and forces induced by the access device 3 on the leaves 6 of the door 1.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)
- Closing And Opening Devices For Wings, And Checks For Wings (AREA)
- Mechanical Operated Clutches (AREA)
- Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
- Warehouses Or Storage Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne une structure de marchepieds pour véhicules ferroviaires ou routiers, en général, et porte, plus particulièrement, sur un dispositif de commande du déplacement d'une marche articulée d'accès à un véhicule et sur un dispositif d'accès à un véhicule, notamment ferroviaire, comportant un tel dispositif de commande.The present invention relates to a step structure for vehicles railway or road, in general, and relates, more particularly, to a device for control of the movement of an articulated step for access to a vehicle and on a device for accessing a vehicle, in particular a rail vehicle, comprising such a ordered.
Les dispositifs d'accès à un véhicule de l'art antérieur nécessitent la mise en oeuvre d'une marche mobile.Access devices to a vehicle of the prior art require the implementation work of a mobile step.
Une telle solution de l'art antérieur présente l'inconvénient majeur de devoir motoriser la marche mobile.Such a solution of the prior art has the major drawback of having to motorize the mobile step.
Le document DE 94 03 982 montre un dispositif d'accès à un véhicule ferroviaire. Ce dispositif d'accès est articulé et se rétracte sous l'effet d'une poussée horizontale induite par les vantaux de porte, en fin de phase de fermeture de ces vantaux, le dispositif d'accès sortant automatiquement à l'ouverture des vantaux de porte.Document DE 94 03 982 shows a vehicle access device rail. This access device is articulated and retracts under the effect of a push horizontal induced by the door leaves, at the end of the closing phase of these leaves, the access device coming out automatically when the door leaves are opened.
Pour ce faire, le dispositif d'accès à un véhicule provoque un mouvement de rentrée et de sortie de la marche d'accès en utilisant le louvoiement de la porte et les efforts induits par la porte.To do this, the vehicle access device causes a movement of entering and exiting the access step using the wiggling of the door and the efforts induced by the door.
Un but de l'invention est de fournir un dispositif de commande de déplacement d'une marche articulée d'accès à un véhicule et un dispositif d'accès à un véhicule, notamment ferroviaire, dont la conception générale permet un fonctionnement en toute sécurité, et dont la structure est simple et peu encombrante.An object of the invention is to provide a movement control device an articulated access step to a vehicle and a vehicle access device, especially rail, whose general design allows full operation safety, and whose structure is simple and compact.
Elle a donc pour objet un dispositif de commande du déplacement d'une marche articulée d'accès à un véhicule, le dispositif comportant un bras de commande, un bras intermédiaire et un bras de sortie ou de rentrée de la marche d'accès articulée, ledit dispositif de commande provoquant un mouvement de rentrée et de sortie de ladite marche d'accès articulée en utilisant le mouvement de louvoiement de la porte d'accès dudit véhicule et les efforts induits par ladite porte d'accès, une première extrémité F du bras de commande étant en appui contre l'un des vantaux en position rentrée de la marche, ledit bras intermédiaire étant monté à rotation par l'une de ses extrémités sur une deuxième extrémité E du bras de commande, ledit bras de sortie ou de rentrée de la marche articulée étant monté à rotation par l'une de ses extrémités B sur la marche articulée, ledit dispositif de commande comportant au moins un ressort sollicitant la marche à l'état sortie, caractérisé en ce que ledit bras de sortie ou de rentrée de ladite marche articulée est monté à rotation par l'autre de ses extrémités C sur le châssis du véhicule et comporte deux demis bras articulés par leur extrémité D se faisant face, ledit bras intermédiaire étant monté à rotation par l'une de ses extrémités aux extrémités D desdits deux demis bras constituant ledit bras de sortie ou de rentrée se faisant face, lesdits ressorts étant maintenus par leur extrémité supérieure G à un élément de poutre fixé à la caisse du véhicule et étant monté par leur autre extrémité aux extrémités D desdits deux demis bras constituant ledit bras de sortie ou de rentrée se faisant face, ladite marche étant articulée à son extrémité basse O et lesdits deux demis bras constituant ledit bras de sortie ou de rentrée étant susceptibles de s'arc-bouter sous l'effet dudit ressort de manière à bloquer par arc-boutement ladite marche articulée lorsqu'elle est en position sortie.It therefore relates to a device for controlling the movement of a step articulated vehicle access, the device comprising a control arm, an arm intermediate and an exit or re-entry arm of the articulated access step, said control device causing a movement in and out of said articulated access step using the wiggle movement of the access door of said vehicle and the forces induced by said access door, a first end F of the control arm bearing against one of the leaves in the retracted position of the step, said intermediate arm being rotatably mounted by one of its ends on a second end E of the control arm, said output or re-entry arm of the articulated step being rotatably mounted by one of its ends B on the step articulated, said control device comprising at least one spring biasing the operating in the extended state, characterized in that said outlet or re-entry arm of said articulated step is rotatably mounted by the other of its ends C on the chassis of the vehicle and comprises two half-arms articulated by their ends D facing each other, said intermediate arm being rotatably mounted by one of its ends at the ends D said two half-arms constituting said exit or re-entry arm facing each other, said springs being held by their upper end G to a beam element fixed to the body of the vehicle and being mounted by their other end at the ends D said two half-arms constituting said facing outward or backwardward arm, said step being articulated at its lower end O and said two half arms constituting said exit or re-entry arms being capable of bracing under the effect of said spring so as to block by bracing said articulated step when it is in position exit.
Le dispositif de commande d'une marche articulée d'accès à un véhicule selon l'invention satisfait également à l'une au moins des caractéristiques suivantes:
- ledit bras de commande est monté pivotant à l'extrémité A du seuil fixe de la porte d'accès,
- lesdits bras sont des bielles,
- lesdits bras sont des cames.
- said control arm is pivotally mounted at the end A of the fixed threshold of the access door,
- said arms are connecting rods,
- said arms are cams.
Un avantage du dispositif selon l'invention est sa simplicité, sa fiabilité, son faible coût, son absence de motorisation, son faible encombrement, sa maintenance aisée.An advantage of the device according to the invention is its simplicity, its reliability, its low cost, its absence of motorization, its small size, its easy maintenance.
Un autre avantage du dispositif selon l'invention est qu'il ne comporte pas d'élément "FUSIBLE" sur le nez de marche.Another advantage of the device according to the invention is that it does not include "FUSE" element on the stair nosing.
Un autre avantage du dispositif selon l'invention est la synchronisation des mouvements de la porte et de la marche articulée.Another advantage of the device according to the invention is the synchronization of door movements and articulated step.
Un autre avantage du dispositif selon l'invention est qu'il est très sécuritaire, à savoir :
- il sort dès le début du déboítement de la porte, c'est-à-dire avant que les passagers ne puissent sortir,
- il se ferme après le coulissement des vantaux, c'est-à-dire alors que les voyageurs sont bien descendus de cette marche articulée,
- la marche articulée, lorsqu'elle est en position sortie, est bloquée par arc-boutement des leviers sous l'effet du ressort et ne peut de ce fait rentrer intempestivement,
- en cas de rupture de l'un des ressorts, celui qui est disposé à l'autre bout de la marche articulée est suffisant pour assurer la sortie de la marche articulée (cas de la porte double).
- it leaves from the start of the dislocation of the door, that is to say before the passengers can leave,
- it closes after the sliding of the leaves, that is to say when the travelers are well descended from this articulated step,
- the articulated step, when it is in the extended position, is blocked by bracing of the levers under the effect of the spring and cannot therefore inadvertently return,
- in the event of one of the springs breaking, the one at the other end of the articulated step is sufficient to ensure the exit from the articulated step (case of the double door).
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaítront à la lecture qui va suivre de la description, faite en référence aux dessins annexés sur lesquels:
- la figure 1 est une vue de profil en coupe partielle d'une porte d'accès d'un véhicule ferroviaire dont le palier est équipé d'un dispositif d'accès conforme à l'invention, le dispositif d'accès au véhicule étant en position rétractée,
- la figure 2 est une vue d'une partie de la porte de la figure 1 dans laquelle le dispositif d'accès au véhicule est en position active déployée,
- les figures 3 et 4 représentent, à plus grande échelle, le dispositif d'accès au véhicule des figures 1 et 2, respectivement.
- Figure 1 is a partial sectional side view of an access door of a rail vehicle whose bearing is equipped with an access device according to the invention, the vehicle access device being in retracted position,
- FIG. 2 is a view of part of the door of FIG. 1 in which the vehicle access device is in the deployed active position,
- Figures 3 and 4 show, on a larger scale, the vehicle access device of Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
La figure 1 est une vue de profil en coupe partielle d'une porte d'accès 1 d'un
véhicule ferroviaire dont le palier 2 est équipé d'un dispositif d'accès 3 au véhicule 4
conforme à l'invention.Figure 1 is a partial sectional side view of an
Le dispositif d'accès 3 au véhicule 4 est disposé sous le seuil fixe 5 de la porte
d'accès 1 et est en position rentrée.The
Le dispositif d'accès 3 au véhicule 4 est articulé de manière à se rétracter sous
l'effet d'une poussée horizontale induite par les vantaux 6 de la porte 1, en fin de phase de
fermeture de ces vantaux 6 de la porte 1.The
Le dispositif d'accès 3 au véhicule 4 sort automatiquement à l'ouverture des
vantaux 6 de porte 1.The
Le dispositif d'accès 3 au véhicule 4 comprend, dans l'espace disponible sous le
seuil fixe 5 de la porte d'accès 1, une marche 7 articulée à son extrémité basse 0.The
La marche articulée 7 est ainsi susceptible de combler, en position sortie, de
l'ordre de 70% de la lacune 8 entre le seuil 5 de la porte d'accès 1 et le quai 9.The articulated
Il est clair que le pourcentage de la lacune comblée varie en fonction de la valeur même de la lacune.It is clear that the percentage of the gap filled varies according to the very value of the gap.
La figure 2 correspond à la vue de profil en coupe partielle de la figure 1 dans laquelle le dispositif d'accès au véhicule est en position sortie.Figure 2 corresponds to the partial sectional profile view of Figure 1 in which the vehicle access device is in the extended position.
Le dispositif d'accès au véhicule comprend :
- la marche articulé 7 capable de supporter les charges induites par les voyageurs et par les chariots et
- deux dispositifs de commande 10 à bielles ou à cames, conjugués, provoquant les mouvements de rentrée et de sortie de la marche articulée 7.
- the articulated
step 7 capable of supporting the loads induced by the travelers and by the carriages and - two control devices 10 with rods or cams, combined, causing the movements in and out of the articulated
step 7.
Chacun de ces dispositifs de commande 10 est muni d'un bras de commande 12,
d'un bras intermédiaire 11 et d'un bras de sortie ou de rentrée 13 de la marche articulée 7.Each of these control devices 10 is provided with a
Le bras de commande 12 est monté pivotant à l'extrémité A du seuil fixe 5 de la
porte d'accès 1.The
Le bras de sortie ou de rentrée 13 de la marche articulée 7 est monté libre en
rotation, par l'une de ses extrémités libres B, sur la marche articulée 7 et est également
monté libre en rotation par l'autre de ses extrémités C sur le châssis du véhicule
ferroviaire.The exit or
Le bras de sortie ou de rentrée 13 de la marche articulée 7 comporte, par
exemple, deux demis bras articulés c'est à dire solidaires entre eux et montés libres en
rotation par leurs extrémités D se faisant faces.The exit or
Le bras intermédiaire 11 est monté libre en rotation par l'une de ses extrémités
sur les extrémités D du bras de sortie ou de rentrée 13 se faisant face et est monté à
rotation par l'autre de ses extrémités sur l'une des extrémités E du bras de commande 12.The
Dans la position représentée sur la figure 1, l'autre extrémité F du bras de
commande 12 est en appui de façon libre en rotation, contre l'un des vantaux 6 de la porte
1.In the position shown in Figure 1, the other end F of the
Les dispositifs de commande 10 à bielles ou à cames comportent chacun au
moins un ressorts 14 assurant l'automatisme des mouvements, et, plus particulièrement,
sollicite la marche à l'état sortie.The control devices 10 with connecting rods or cams each comprise at
minus a
En effet, les ressorts 14 sont maintenus par leur extrémité supérieure G à un
élément de poutre fixé à la caisse du véhicule 4 et sont montés à rotation par leur autre
extrémité H aux extrémités D du bras de sortie ou de rentrée 13 se faisant face.Indeed, the
La marche articulée 7, lorsqu'elle est en position sortie, est bloquée par arc-boutement
des deux demis bras constituant le bras de sortie ou de rentrée 13 sous l'effet
du ressort et ne peut de ce fait rentrer intempestivement.The articulated
Le nombre de ressorts 14 et les efforts déployés par ces ressorts 14 sont
principalement dépendants de la masse de la marche articulé 7, des frottements et des
efforts induits par le dispositif d'accès 3 sur les vantaux 6 de la porte 1.The number of
Le principe de fonctionnement du dispositif d'accès va maintenant être exposée en référence aux figures 3 et 4, lesquelles représentent le dispositif d'accès au véhicule des figures 1 et 2, respectivement.The operating principle of the access device will now be explained with reference to Figures 3 and 4, which show the vehicle access device Figures 1 and 2, respectively.
Rentrée de la marche articulée 7: Return from articulated step 7:
En fin de phase de fermeture de la porte 1 (phase de louvoiement), les vantaux 6
entrent en contact avec l'extrémité F des bras de commande 12 rotatifs du dispositif
d'accès 3.At the end of the
La poussée induite par les vantaux 6 provoque la rotation de ces bras de
commande 12 qui entraínent mécaniquement la rentrée la marche articulée 7.The thrust induced by the leaves 6 causes the rotation of these arms of
Sortie la marche articulée 7:Exit articulated step 7:
En début de phase d'ouverture de la porte 1 (phase de louvoiement), les vantaux
6 libèrent la poussée exercée sur les bras de commande 12.At the start of the
Cette action, couplée à celle induite par les ressorts de rappel 14, provoque la
rotation automatique des bras de commande 12 qui entraínent mécaniquement la sortie de
la marche articulée 7.This action, coupled with that induced by the
Dans le cas où le seuil d'accès au véhicule ne comporte qu'une porte simple, les caractéristiques de l'unique ressort de rappel sont doublées.In the case where the vehicle access threshold has only a single door, the features of the unique return spring are doubled.
Claims (5)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9801680 | 1998-02-12 | ||
FR9801680A FR2774643B1 (en) | 1998-02-12 | 1998-02-12 | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING AN ARTICULATED VEHICLE ACCESS STEP AND DEVICE FOR ACCESSING A PARTICULARLY RAIL VEHICLE COMPRISING SUCH A CONTROL DEVICE |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0936120A1 true EP0936120A1 (en) | 1999-08-18 |
EP0936120B1 EP0936120B1 (en) | 2003-08-13 |
Family
ID=9522891
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99400349A Expired - Lifetime EP0936120B1 (en) | 1998-02-12 | 1999-02-12 | Driving device for an articulated access step for a vehicle and access device for a vehicle, especially a railway vehicle, with such a driving device |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0936120B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE247014T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69910271T2 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2774643B1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006087130A1 (en) * | 2005-02-21 | 2006-08-24 | Knorr-Bremse Gesellschaft Mit Beschränkter Haftung | Step actuator |
EP1857341A1 (en) * | 2006-05-19 | 2007-11-21 | Alstom Transport S.A. | Folding step device for a railway vehicle, and corresponding railway vehicle. |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1048479A (en) * | 1950-09-18 | 1953-12-22 | Tilting step operated by a sliding door, for rail, road and aerial vehicles | |
DE910419C (en) * | 1950-09-18 | 1954-05-03 | Friedrich Wilhelm Kiekert | Folding step to be operated through a sliding door for rail, road and air vehicles |
CH547195A (en) * | 1972-05-17 | 1974-03-29 | Inventio Ag | ENTRY FOR VEHICLES, IN PARTICULAR RAIL VEHICLES. |
DE9403982U1 (en) | 1994-03-10 | 1994-05-05 | Waggonbau Ammendorf Gmbh, 06132 Halle | Getting started, especially on rail vehicles for local passenger transport |
-
1998
- 1998-02-12 FR FR9801680A patent/FR2774643B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-02-12 AT AT99400349T patent/ATE247014T1/en active
- 1999-02-12 DE DE69910271T patent/DE69910271T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-02-12 EP EP99400349A patent/EP0936120B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1048479A (en) * | 1950-09-18 | 1953-12-22 | Tilting step operated by a sliding door, for rail, road and aerial vehicles | |
DE910419C (en) * | 1950-09-18 | 1954-05-03 | Friedrich Wilhelm Kiekert | Folding step to be operated through a sliding door for rail, road and air vehicles |
CH547195A (en) * | 1972-05-17 | 1974-03-29 | Inventio Ag | ENTRY FOR VEHICLES, IN PARTICULAR RAIL VEHICLES. |
DE9403982U1 (en) | 1994-03-10 | 1994-05-05 | Waggonbau Ammendorf Gmbh, 06132 Halle | Getting started, especially on rail vehicles for local passenger transport |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006087130A1 (en) * | 2005-02-21 | 2006-08-24 | Knorr-Bremse Gesellschaft Mit Beschränkter Haftung | Step actuator |
EP1853475A1 (en) * | 2005-02-21 | 2007-11-14 | Knorr-Bremse Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Step actuator |
US8047141B2 (en) | 2005-02-21 | 2011-11-01 | Knorr-Bremse Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Step actuator |
EP1857341A1 (en) * | 2006-05-19 | 2007-11-21 | Alstom Transport S.A. | Folding step device for a railway vehicle, and corresponding railway vehicle. |
FR2901223A1 (en) * | 2006-05-19 | 2007-11-23 | Alstom Transport Sa | FOLDING FOOTBOARD DEVICE FOR A RAILWAY VEHICLE AND CORRESPONDING RAILWAY VEHICLE |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2774643A1 (en) | 1999-08-13 |
DE69910271T2 (en) | 2004-06-24 |
ATE247014T1 (en) | 2003-08-15 |
FR2774643B1 (en) | 2000-04-07 |
EP0936120B1 (en) | 2003-08-13 |
DE69910271D1 (en) | 2003-09-18 |
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