EP0868646B1 - Determination de l'epaisseur d'une couche electroconductrice - Google Patents

Determination de l'epaisseur d'une couche electroconductrice Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0868646B1
EP0868646B1 EP96946183A EP96946183A EP0868646B1 EP 0868646 B1 EP0868646 B1 EP 0868646B1 EP 96946183 A EP96946183 A EP 96946183A EP 96946183 A EP96946183 A EP 96946183A EP 0868646 B1 EP0868646 B1 EP 0868646B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
thickness
test
frequency
impedance
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP96946183A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0868646A2 (fr
Inventor
Erich Becker
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
    • G01B7/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B7/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness
    • G01B7/10—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness using magnetic means, e.g. by measuring change of reluctance
    • G01B7/105—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness using magnetic means, e.g. by measuring change of reluctance for measuring thickness of coating

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and an application for determining the thickness of an electrically conductive protective layer of a component of a turbine plant, which has an electrical conductivity ⁇ 1 and is applied to a base material with the electrical conductivity ⁇ 2 , the electrical conductivities being different from one another.
  • a high-frequency electrical alternating current is applied to the probe and the impedance of the probe is recorded.
  • a characteristic value of the impedance results depending on the thickness of the layer, the material of the layer and the material of the base material.
  • layer thicknesses for a protective layer made of a platinum-aluminum alloy on a base material, a stainless steel IN 738 LC were examined depending on the impedance.
  • the impedance of layer thicknesses of up to 1 mm was measured at a frequency of 200 kHz and 500 kHz.
  • the article contains neither an indication of the values or the ratio of the electrical conductivities nor the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurement on gas turbine blades with an unknown, to be determined thickness of the layer.
  • DE 33 35 080 A1 describes a method for determining the thickness of a zirconium coating on the inside of a zirconium alloy tube for nuclear reactor fuel elements.
  • the determination method uses the eddy current test principle, in which the change in impedance of a pick-up coil is evaluated by a high-frequency eddy current field produced in the zirconium coating.
  • the frequency for the high-frequency eddy current field is selected such that an impedance change due to the so-called lifting of the excitation coil can be clearly distinguished from an impedance change due to the layer thickness. Suitable frequencies are in a range above 6 MHz to 20 MHz.
  • the thickness of the zirconium layer ranges from a few 10 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m and the specific resistance of the zirconium layer is approx. 40 * 10 -8 ⁇ / m and the specific resistance of the base metal, the zirconium alloy, is approx. 74 * 10 -8 ⁇ / m.
  • the conductivity of the zirconium layer is therefore approximately twice as large as the conductivity of the base metal.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for determining the layer thickness of an electrically conductive layer which has an electrical conductivity ⁇ 1 and is applied to a base material with the electrical conductivity ⁇ 2 , the electrical conductivities ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 being different from one another, to be specified in which a reliable determination of the layer thickness is ensured even with approximately the same electrical conductivities.
  • the task aimed at a method is achieved by that a high frequency electrical current flows through it Excitation coil of the layer is approximated so that in the layer and the underlying base material electric eddy current is generated, the frequency of the high-frequency electrical current is chosen so that a the value assigned to the impedance of a test coil is determined, which size as the basis according to the eddy current test principle serves for determining the thickness of the layer and the frequency is chosen so that according to the eddy current test principle a clear determination of the thickness of the protective layer a ratio of electrical conductivities between 0.7 and 1.5 takes place.
  • An application is demanding 9 given.
  • the coils can be used as planar coils or as coils wound along an axis be used.
  • the latter are particularly suitable to be a relative generate strong magnetic field and because of their small Cross-section for scanning curved surfaces.
  • testing and Excitation coil can be intertwined as well as spaced apart transformer coils can be arranged.
  • the depth of penetration of the eddy current into the layer and the underlying base material is in the range of the maximum expected thickness of the layer.
  • a frequency of high-frequency electrical current at which the penetration depth of the eddy current in the range of the maximum expected thickness the layer the influence of the layer occurs particularly clearly highlighted, so that the procedure is only marginal differing electrical conductivities high accuracy ensures a determination of the layer thickness.
  • the selection is made taking into account the electrical Conductivities. This takes into account that at a frequency which is a depth of penetration less than that Thickness of the layer causes a value associated with the impedance Size, which is generated almost exclusively by the electrical conductivity of the layer is shaped.
  • the impedance is directly used as a variable called itself, but of course every possible size can be chosen instead of the impedance.
  • the Frequency chosen so that the penetration depth of the eddy current generated is significantly larger than the thickness of the layer so can influence the electrical conductivity of the base material to increase impedance, if not completely dominate.
  • the impedance is directly used as a variable called itself, but of course every possible size can be chosen instead of the impedance.
  • the frequency is preferably selected so that the depth of penetration is greater than the maximum thickness to be expected, in particular up to about four times the maximum expected Thickness.
  • a maximum to know the expected layer thickness is a selection the frequency with regard to the expected Layer thickness simply possible. It is not necessary for this required by one or more test measurements with different frequencies a preferred, the expected Layer thickness adapted to select frequency. With the adaptation of the frequency to an expected layer thickness is also in the event that over a period the layer has been removed, a high one guaranteed clearly distinguishable and evaluable measurement signal. This is particularly the case with thermally stressed and components exposed to corrosion, such as gas turbine blades, advantageous.
  • the frequency of the electric current is preferably between 1.5 MHz and 3.5 MHz, especially between 2 MHz and 3 MHz.
  • This frequency range is for a layer thickness determination with a layer thickness of up to 500 ⁇ m Advantage. This is especially true for a shift that serves as a corrosion protection layer of a gas turbine blade and with, for example, a nickel-chrome-aluminum alloy Has addition of yttrium.
  • Typical layer thicknesses can Range between 200 ⁇ m and 400 ⁇ m.
  • the excitation coil as the test coil are preferably as Tracer pins extended along an axis. You can each have a cross section of about 3 mm and about 4 mm apart. If applicable, they are Coils planar, for example as a copper conductor track on one flexible and deformable support body can be applied.
  • the Mechanical contact between the coil and the layer may occur can be improved in that the coil, for example is pressed against the layer by compressed air.
  • the selection of the frequency of the high-frequency electrical Electricity can, as already explained above, be based on the manufacturing process as well as the external conditions, which the Layer was exposed to be determined. It is also possible with a test measurement at a test frequency perform rough determination of the thickness of the layer and from it to determine a frequency, the particularly high measurement signals guaranteed for the impedance. Multiple test measurements can also be made with different test frequencies, using optimization or interpolation methods, one especially for performing the procedure suitable frequency can be determined.
  • test specimens are provided for use in a Gas turbine plant specific component, especially one Gas turbine compressor blade.
  • the test specimens can be parts of one for use in a Gas turbine plant specific component, especially one Gas turbine compressor blade.
  • the impedance of a coil determined in the method becomes preferably compared with reference values and from them the Thickness of the layer determined.
  • the reference values can be based on of reference coatings with exact proof of Thickness of the layer, for example by cutting open the Layer or the like. Based on a few less or a variety of reference values of impedance for a layer of a known material that is on a known base material can be applied by means of interpolation a bevy of reference values of impedance with a clearly assigned thickness of the layer be determined.
  • the method is preferably suitable for determining the Thickness of a protective layer on a component of a gas turbine plant, especially with a gas turbine blade or a compressor blade. This is especially true since even the most complex Geometry of the component, possibly existing holes under the surface of the layer as well as fluctuations in the thickness of the layer and the thickness of the base material at most have little influence.
  • the protective layer can consist of an alloy of the type MCrAlY, where M for one of the metals iron, nickel and / or Cobalt or an alloy thereof, Cr for chrome, Al for aluminum and Y for yttrium, hafnium or a similar metal stands.
  • the protective layer can contain other elements such as rhenium or contain gallium.
  • the alloy in Weight percent of the following components: 30% - 32% Co, 30% Ni, 28% - 30% Cr, 7% - 9% Al, 0.5% Y and approx.0.7% Si.
  • the method delivers over method with invariable Frequency in the range of 200 kHz to 500 kHz also unique and accurate results for the thickness of the protective layer, if the ratio of the conductivity of the base material to the conductivity of the layer between 0.3 and 3.0, in particular between 0.7 and 1.0.
  • Such conditions close to 1 are, for example, in a protective layer mentioned above and a stainless steel, for example IN 738 LC.
  • the The ratio of the conductivities in this case is approximate 0.79.
  • the thickness of the protective layer is a new coat Gas turbine blade in a range up to about 400 ⁇ m.
  • Layer 1 shows a detail of a component 8 in a longitudinal section and, schematically and not to scale, a device 4 for determining the thickness of a layer 1 of the component 8.
  • the layer 1 is applied to a base material 2 of the component 8 and has a thickness d r .
  • Layer 1 consists of an electrically conductive material, for example a corrosion protection layer of a gas turbine compressor blade.
  • the base material 2 is also electrically conductive and consists, for example, of a stainless steel, such as IN 738 LC.
  • the device 4 has an excitation coil 3 which is wound helically along an axis 11.
  • the excitation coil 3 is connected to an alternating current source 5, so that a high-frequency electrical alternating current with a frequency f can be fed in through the excitation coil 3.
  • the excitation coil 3 is galvanically coupled to a test coil 9, which is also wound along the axis 11.
  • the test coil 9 is connected to a measuring unit 6 for determining the impedance or a variable associated with the impedance, such as induction voltage or phase angle, of the excitation coil 3 or the test coil 9.
  • the measuring unit 6 is connected to an evaluation unit 7 for determining the thickness d r .
  • a measurement signal that is clearly assigned to the impedance of the excitation coil 3 or the impedance itself is recorded.
  • the quantity assigned to the impedance is compared in the evaluation unit 7 with reference values stored therein. These reference values have been determined for the same material combination between layer and base material for layers of a well-defined thickness.
  • the comparison results in an exact determination of the thickness d r of layer 1.
  • the excitation coil is subjected to an electrical alternating current in a frequency range between 2 MHz and 2.5 MHz.
  • the excitation coil 3 through which the high-frequency alternating current flows is approximated to the layer 1 and brought into mechanical contact with it, and a corresponding measurement signal clearly associated with the impedance is recorded by the measuring unit 6 and in the evaluation unit 7 for determining the thickness d r of the layer 1 further processed.
  • an eddy current is generated in the component 8, which eddy current decreases from the surface 10 of the layer 1 into the component 8.
  • the penetration depth d of the eddy current is preferably slightly greater than an expected layer thickness d e , of about 500 ⁇ m or less.
  • a corresponding frequency f can be determined for the high-frequency electrical alternating current of the excitation coil 3.
  • the curve shown begins in the marked with "A" Dot and runs to a marked with "S" Point.
  • A is the impedance for an open circuit, i.e. essentially the value of the impedance at a Measurement shown in air.
  • S corresponds an ideal shorted circuit.
  • the in between Values correspond to the respective impedance at a contact of the excitation coil 3 with one continuously a single material, especially metal Base material is present.
  • Score the values for the stainless steel IN 738 LC and one Platinum-aluminum alloy.
  • the representation here is such that the value of the impedance in an open circuit is clearly in the first quadrant, ie in the case of a positive imaginary and real part.
  • the values were determined on a corrosion protection layer with 30% - 32% Co, 30% Ni, 28% - 30% Cr, 7% - 9% Al, 0.5% Y and approx. 0.7% Si (data in percent by weight ), which was applied to the stainless steel IN 738 LC.
  • the solid line represents the values of the impedance when the excitation coil 3 comes into contact with the surface 10 of the layer 1.
  • the numerical values given represent the thickness of the layer in micrometers ( ⁇ m) determined by the method.
  • the layer thicknesses could be up to a maximum error of 30 ⁇ m can be determined.
  • the dashed lines represent the value of the impedance for each layer thickness when the excitation coil 3 approaches layer 1. Even these lines are so clearly distinguishable from one another that even without direct contact of the excitation coil 3 with the layer 1 and knowledge of the distance of the excitation coil 3 from the layer 1, an unambiguous assignment of the determined impedance values to the thickness d r of the layer 1 is possible. This is all the more remarkable since the ratio of the electrical conductivities between the base material 2 and the layer 1 is close to 1.0, in particular 0.75. It is no longer possible to determine the layer thickness at values of the electrical conductivities that are scarcely different from one another at frequencies of 500 kHz or below, since the measurement signals disappear in the error noise.
  • the invention is characterized by a method for determination the thickness of an electrically conductive layer, wherein the non-destructive eddy current test method with selection a particularly favorable frequency is carried out.
  • the selection of the frequency for inducing the eddy current in the component that contains the layer is, for example so that the penetration depth of the eddy current is preferred is slightly larger than the thickness of the layer. hereby has the jump in electrical conductivity between the Layer and the underlying base material a significant Influence on the impedance of the excitation coil which the eddy current is generated in the component.
  • the too expected layer thickness is immediately off, for example the manufacturing process of the component or by a test measurement with possibly different frequencies determinable.
  • the method of control is preferred the layer thickness of a new or re-coated Gas turbine blade, in particular a gas turbine compressor blade, suitable.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Magnetic Means (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Procédé de détermination de l'épaisseur (dr) d'une couche (1) de protection ayant une conductivité κ1 électrique d'un élément d'un système de turbine, la couche (1) de protection étant déposée sur un matériau (2) de base de l'élément ayant la conductivité κ2 électrique, les conductivités κ2 et κ1 électriques étant différentes l'une de l'autre, qui consiste
    a) à faire passer un courant électrique de haute fréquence dans une bobine (3) d'excitation,
    b) à approcher la bobine (3) d'excitation de la couche (1) de protection de manière à produire un courant électrique de Foucault au moins dans la couche (1) de protection,
    c) à déterminer l'impédance d'une grandeur associée à une bobine (9) de contrôle, cette grandeur servant, suivant le principe de contrôle par courant de Foucault, de base pour la détermination de l'épaisseur (dr) de la couche (1) et
    d) à choisir la fréquence (f) du courant électrique haute fréquence de façon à obtenir, suivant le principe de contrôle par courant de Foucault, une détermination univoque de l'épaisseur (dr) pour un rapport des conductivités κ2/κ1 électriques compris entre 0,7 et 1,5.
  2. Procédé suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'on choisit la fréquence (f) de façon à ce que la profondeur (d) de pénétration du courant de Foucault soit supérieure à une épaisseur (de) maximum à laquelle on peut s'attendre de la couche (1) de protection, représentant notamment jusqu'à environ le quadruple de l'épaisseur (de) maximum à laquelle on peut s'attendre.
  3. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel on choisit la fréquence (f) du courant électrique entre 1,5 MHz et 3,5 MHz, notamment entre 2 MHz et 3 MHz.
  4. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 3, dans lequel on détermine l'impédance de la grandeur associée à la bobine (9) de contrôle lors d'un contact mécanique de la bobine (3) d'excitation avec la couche (1), la bobine (3) d'excitation étant isolée électriquement de la couche (1).
  5. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel on détermine, au moyen d'une mesure d'essai à une fréquence (ft) d'essai qui peut être prescrite approximativement, l'épaisseur (de) maximum à laquelle on peut s'attendre et on en déduit la fréquence (f) en tenant compte des conductivités κ2 et κ1.
  6. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel
    a) on met à disposition un jeu d'éléments servant d'éprouvettes d'épaisseur de couche connue,
    b) on détermine sur chaque éprouvette, par une multiplicité de fréquences (fp) approximatives différentes, une grandeur associée à l'impédance de la bobine (9) de contrôle et
    c) on choisit une fréquence (fp1) approximative ayant une résolution suffisamment grande et une linéarité suffisamment grande de la grandeur associée à l'impédance comme fréquence (f).
  7. Procédé suivant la revendication 6, dans lequel pour le choix des fréquences (fp) approximatives on prépare des pré-éprouvettes revêtues d'une couche (1), notamment de géométrie simple, et on détermine par une pluralité de fréquences d'essai une grandeur associée à l'impédance de la bobine (9) de contrôle et on détermine à partir des fréquences d'essai celle ayant la meilleure résolution et on l'utilise en tant que fréquence approximative.
  8. Procédé suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 7, dans lequel on compare la grandeur déterminée associée à l'impédance de la bobine (9) de contrôle à des valeurs de référence et on en détermine l'épaisseur (dr) de la couche (1) de protection.
  9. Utilisation du procédé suivant l'une des revendications précédentes pour une aube de turbine à gaz ayant la couche (1) de protection en un alliage du type MCrAIY, M représentant l'un des métaux fer, nickel et/ou cobalt ou l'un de leurs alliages, Cr représentant le chrome, Al représentant l'aluminium et Y représentant l'yttrium, l'hafnium ou un métal analogue.
EP96946183A 1995-12-22 1996-12-10 Determination de l'epaisseur d'une couche electroconductrice Expired - Lifetime EP0868646B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19548508 1995-12-22
DE19548508 1995-12-22
PCT/DE1996/002383 WO1997023762A2 (fr) 1995-12-22 1996-12-10 Procede et dispositif pour determiner l'epaisseur d'une couche electroconductrice

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0868646A2 EP0868646A2 (fr) 1998-10-07
EP0868646B1 true EP0868646B1 (fr) 2003-04-16

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EP96946183A Expired - Lifetime EP0868646B1 (fr) 1995-12-22 1996-12-10 Determination de l'epaisseur d'une couche electroconductrice

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US (1) US6040694A (fr)
EP (1) EP0868646B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2000502189A (fr)
DE (1) DE59610353D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2197260T3 (fr)
RU (1) RU2194243C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1997023762A2 (fr)

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DE102021211836A1 (de) 2021-09-30 2023-03-30 Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Messeinrichtung

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WO1997023762A2 (fr) 1997-07-03
DE59610353D1 (de) 2003-05-22
RU2194243C2 (ru) 2002-12-10
US6040694A (en) 2000-03-21
EP0868646A2 (fr) 1998-10-07
JP2000502189A (ja) 2000-02-22
ES2197260T3 (es) 2004-01-01
WO1997023762A3 (fr) 1997-08-28

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