EP0851038B2 - Acier et procédé pour la fabrication d'une piéce en acier mise en forme par déformation plastique à froid - Google Patents
Acier et procédé pour la fabrication d'une piéce en acier mise en forme par déformation plastique à froid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0851038B2 EP0851038B2 EP97402978A EP97402978A EP0851038B2 EP 0851038 B2 EP0851038 B2 EP 0851038B2 EP 97402978 A EP97402978 A EP 97402978A EP 97402978 A EP97402978 A EP 97402978A EP 0851038 B2 EP0851038 B2 EP 0851038B2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cold
- steel
- plastic deformation
- component
- rolled product
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/002—Bainite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
Definitions
- the invention relates to a use of a steel and a method for the manufacture of a steel part shaped by cold plastic deformation.
- the steel used has a carbon content of between 0.2% and 0.42% (by weight). It is combined with either chromium, chromium - molybdenum, nickel - chromium or nickel - chromium - molybdenum or, finally, with manganese - chromium, so as to be sufficiently soaking to obtain after quenching a structure. martensitique, structure necessary to obtain after income the desired mechanical characteristics which are on the one hand a high tensile strength, on the other hand a good ductility.
- the steel In order to be able to be cold-formed, the steel must first be subjected to a heat treatment of globulization or "maximum softening" consisting of holding at a temperature above 650 ° C. for a long time that can reach several dozens of hours. This treatment gives the steel a pearlitic structure globulized, easy to deform cold.
- This technique has the disadvantage, in particular, of requiring three heat treatments, which complicates the manufacture and increases costs.
- the document JP-A-50 655 40 discloses a method of manufacturing a high strength bolt of composition by weight:
- the object of the present invention is to overcome this disadvantage by providing a means for manufacturing, by forming by cold plastic deformation, a high-grade steel mechanical part, without the need to do or treatment. maximum heat transfer or softening temperature or heat treatment of income.
- the subject of the invention is a use of a steel according to claim 1.
- the invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of a steel part shaped by cold plastic deformation which comprises for heat treatment only, quenching.
- quenching is used, here and throughout, in the broad sense, that is to say that it is a fast enough cooling to obtain a structure which is practically not ferrito-pearlite and which is not essentially martensitic either.
- the process consists in hot rolling a half-product made of steel to obtain a hot-rolled product, possibly cutting a slug in the hot-rolled product, and shaping the slug or slab by cold plastic deformation. rolled product.
- Quenching which is intended to give the part an essentially bainitic structure, can be carried out both before and after the cold forming.
- quenching can be carried out both directly in the hot rolling mill and after reheating austenitization over AC 3 .
- quenching is performed after austenitization by reheating above AC 3 .
- the invention relates to a cold-formed steel part according to claim 8.
- the chemical composition of steel must satisfy the relationship: Mn + 0.9 x Cr + 1.3 x Mo + 1.6 x V ⁇ 2.2% which ensures that the combination of the manganese, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents makes it possible to obtain the desired strength characteristics and an essentially bainitic structure.
- This steel has the advantage of having a very good ability to cold plastic deformation and to obtain, without the need for income, a bainitic type structure having excellent ductility and high characteristics mechanical.
- the ductility can be measured by the necking Z which is greater than 45%, and even greater than 50%.
- the tensile strength Rm is greater than 650 MPa and can exceed 1200 MPa.
- a semi-finished steel product having the above-mentioned composition is supplied and hot-rolled after reheating above 940 ° C to obtain a hot-rolled product such as a bar , a billet, or a wire rod.
- the hot rolling is finished at a temperature of between 900 ° C. and 1050 ° C. and the hot-rolled product is immersed directly in the hot rolling mill by cooling with the blown air, at oil, mist, water or water with polymers, according to its section.
- the product thus obtained is then cut into pieces and then shaped in the cold form, for example by cold forging or cold forging.
- the final mechanical characteristics, obtained directly after cold forming result, in particular, the work hardening generated by the cold forming operation.
- the rolled product is quenched after austenitization and then cut into pieces which are shaped by cold plastic deformation, or the slugs are cut before the quenching and then the setting in cold form.
- the austenitization consists of a heating between AC 3 and 970 ° C
- the quenching is carried out by cooling with the blown air, the oil, the fog, the water or the water added with polymers, depending on the product section.
- the final mechanical characteristics, obtained directly after cold forming result, in particular, the work hardening generated by the forming operation.
- the end-of-rolling conditions are not of particular importance.
- the cold forming operation is performed on a cut slug in the hot rolled product and quenching is carried out after cold forming.
- the quenching is carried out after heating between AC 3 and 970 ° C and by cooling with blown air, oil, mist, water or water containing polymers.
- the end-of-rolling conditions are also not of particular importance.
- the invention intended more particularly for the manufacture of mechanical parts is also applicable to the manufacture of cold drawn bars, wire drawn and machine son unwound, cold drawing, drawing and unwinding being modes. particular shaping by cold plastic deformation.
- Drawn bars and machine or drawn wire may be peeled, shaved or ground to a flawless surface condition.
- the term "cold-formed steel part” covers all these products, and the term “slug” covers, in particular, any section of bar or wire; in some cases, the bars or wires are not cut into pieces before being cold-formed.
- the invention may, finally, be used to manufacture pretreated bars or pretreated yarns, or more generally pretreated steel products, intended to be used in the state for the manufacture of parts by cold forming without additional heat treatment .
- These steel products are quenched after hot rolling either directly in the hot rolling or after austenitization, in order to have a substantially bainitic structure (bainite ⁇ 50%). They can be peeled or shaved to have a flawless surface condition.
- the cold tensile-torsion test consists of subjecting a specimen to 3 turns of cold twisting to simulate the shaping by plastic deformation, before performing a tensile test at ambient temperature.
- the increase in resistance corresponds to the relative increase in resistance between the hardened state (after 3 turns of torsion) and the normal state (before the 3 turns of torsion).
- the results obtained show that, even after a large cold deformation (three turns of torsion), the necking remains greater than 50%, and that the tensile strength can exceed 1200 MPa.
- the work hardening capacity, measured by the increase in resistance after deformation by cold twisting, is high in all cases.
- the rounds were subjected to cold forging shaping tests consisting of the measurement of the Limited Crush Rate (T.E.L.) by crushing rolled cylinders along a generator.
- the Crush Rate Limit expressed in%, is the crush rate above which appears the first crack by cold press forging in the notch made following the generatrix of the cylinder.
- This steel according to the prior art had previously been subjected to a globularization annealing of the perlite to make it suitable for cold deformation.
- the steel used according to the invention has a cold forging shaping capacity substantially greater than the steel according to the prior art, despite a higher hardness, and this whatever the level of resistance, even if it is high (treatment F).
- these steels were hot-rolled in the form of bars of diameter 28 mm. After rolling and before cold forming, the bars were subjected to a warm oil quenching treatment at 50 ° C after austenitization at 950 ° C. The bars were cut to obtain pieces from which the pieces were shaped by cold stamping at the deformation rate of 60%.
- cold forming ability is excellent since, despite high initial strength levels and high cold deformation (60%), cold-worked parts have been found to be free of internal defects. external.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
- Control Of Metal Rolling (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9616254A FR2757877B1 (fr) | 1996-12-31 | 1996-12-31 | Acier et procede pour la fabrication d'une piece en acier mise en forme par deformation plastique a froid |
FR9616254 | 1996-12-31 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0851038A1 EP0851038A1 (fr) | 1998-07-01 |
EP0851038B1 EP0851038B1 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
EP0851038B2 true EP0851038B2 (fr) | 2007-11-07 |
Family
ID=9499333
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97402978A Expired - Lifetime EP0851038B2 (fr) | 1996-12-31 | 1997-12-10 | Acier et procédé pour la fabrication d'une piéce en acier mise en forme par déformation plastique à froid |
Country Status (20)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5919415A (pt) |
EP (1) | EP0851038B2 (pt) |
JP (2) | JP3988095B2 (pt) |
KR (1) | KR19980064836A (pt) |
CN (1) | CN1195708A (pt) |
AR (1) | AR011312A1 (pt) |
AT (1) | ATE235579T1 (pt) |
BR (1) | BR9705637A (pt) |
CA (1) | CA2225782A1 (pt) |
CZ (1) | CZ412897A3 (pt) |
DE (1) | DE69720163T3 (pt) |
DK (1) | DK0851038T4 (pt) |
ES (1) | ES2196279T5 (pt) |
FR (1) | FR2757877B1 (pt) |
HU (1) | HUP9702515A3 (pt) |
NO (1) | NO321331B1 (pt) |
PL (1) | PL191871B1 (pt) |
PT (1) | PT851038E (pt) |
RU (1) | RU2201468C2 (pt) |
SI (1) | SI9700323A (pt) |
Families Citing this family (33)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
RU2210603C2 (ru) * | 1997-07-28 | 2003-08-20 | Эксонмобил Апстрим Рисерч Компани | Способ получения сверхвысокопрочных свариваемых сталей |
NL1011806C2 (nl) † | 1999-04-15 | 2000-10-17 | Skf Engineering & Res Services | Kogellagerstaal met een oppervlak met een onderbainitische structuur en een werkwijze voor het vervaardigen daarvan. |
FR2802607B1 (fr) | 1999-12-15 | 2002-02-01 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Conduite flexible comportant des armures en acier bas carbone |
KR20010059686A (ko) * | 1999-12-30 | 2001-07-06 | 이계안 | 프레스 소입에 의해 베이나이트 조직을 갖는 강 조성물 |
FR2807068B1 (fr) * | 2000-03-29 | 2002-10-11 | Usinor | Acier lamine a chaud a tres haute limite d'elasticite et resistance mecanique utilisable notamment pour la realisation de piece de vehicules automobiles |
CZ298442B6 (cs) * | 2000-11-22 | 2007-10-03 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Ocel pro kování s vysokou pevností |
US6632301B2 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2003-10-14 | Benton Graphics, Inc. | Method and apparatus for bainite blades |
FR2820150B1 (fr) * | 2001-01-26 | 2003-03-28 | Usinor | Acier isotrope a haute resistance, procede de fabrication de toles et toles obtenues |
US20030070736A1 (en) * | 2001-10-12 | 2003-04-17 | Borg Warner Inc. | High-hardness, highly ductile ferrous articles |
US6852175B2 (en) * | 2001-11-27 | 2005-02-08 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | High strength marine structures |
US6843237B2 (en) | 2001-11-27 | 2005-01-18 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | CNG fuel storage and delivery systems for natural gas powered vehicles |
KR100554753B1 (ko) * | 2001-12-27 | 2006-02-24 | 주식회사 포스코 | 성형성 및 용접성이 우수한 고강도 냉연강판과 그 제조방법 |
US20040025987A1 (en) * | 2002-05-31 | 2004-02-12 | Bhagwat Anand W. | High carbon steel wire with bainitic structure for spring and other cold-formed applications |
US7416617B2 (en) | 2002-10-01 | 2008-08-26 | Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. | High strength seamless steel pipe excellent in hydrogen-induced cracking resistance |
FR2845694B1 (fr) * | 2002-10-14 | 2005-12-30 | Usinor | Procede de fabrication de toles d'acier durcissables par cuisson, toles d'acier et pieces ainsi obtenues |
JP4788861B2 (ja) * | 2003-11-28 | 2011-10-05 | ヤマハ株式会社 | 楽器弦用鋼線およびその製造方法 |
AR047467A1 (es) | 2004-01-30 | 2006-01-18 | Sumitomo Metal Ind | Tubo de acero sin costura para pozos petroliferos y procedimiento para fabricarlo |
DE102005052069B4 (de) * | 2005-10-28 | 2015-07-09 | Saarstahl Ag | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Vormaterial aus Stahl durch Warmverformen |
PL1978124T3 (pl) * | 2007-04-05 | 2015-02-27 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Stal do kucia, odkuwka i wał korbowy |
EP2199422A1 (en) | 2008-12-15 | 2010-06-23 | Swiss Steel AG | Low-carbon precipitation-strengthened steel for cold heading applications |
BRPI0901378A2 (pt) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-12-21 | Villares Metals Sa | aço bainìtico para moldes |
DE102009016079B4 (de) * | 2009-04-03 | 2018-09-06 | Zf Friedrichshafen Ag | Kugelzapfen aus einem Stahl mit bainitischem Gefüge und Verfahren zur Herstellung derartiger Kugelzapfen |
FI20095528A (fi) * | 2009-05-11 | 2010-11-12 | Rautaruukki Oyj | Menetelmä kuumavalssatun nauhaterästuotteen valmistamiseksi sekä kuumavalssattu nauhaterästuote |
DE102010024664A1 (de) * | 2009-06-29 | 2011-02-17 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Bauteils aus einem lufthärtbaren Stahl und ein damit hergestelltes Bauteil |
RU2484173C1 (ru) * | 2012-01-10 | 2013-06-10 | Открытое акционерное общество "Металлургический завод имени А.К. Серова" | Автоматная свинецсодержащая сталь |
WO2015097349A1 (fr) | 2013-12-24 | 2015-07-02 | Arcelormittal Wire France | Fil laminé à froid en acier à haute résistance à la fatigue et à la fragilisation par l'hydrogène et renfort de conduites flexibles l'incorporant |
CN105313961A (zh) * | 2015-09-17 | 2016-02-10 | 温州三联锻造有限公司 | 汽车转向器节叉锻件及其锻造方法 |
DK3168312T3 (da) * | 2015-11-16 | 2019-07-01 | Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Specialty Steel Gmbh & Co Kg | Konstruktionsædelstål med bainitisk struktur, smedeemne fremstillet deraf og fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af et smedeemne |
CN105624586B (zh) * | 2015-12-29 | 2017-11-03 | 钢铁研究总院 | 一种适用于海洋环境的耐腐蚀桥梁支座用钢 |
DE102016117494A1 (de) * | 2016-09-16 | 2018-03-22 | Salzgitter Flachstahl Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines umgeformten Bauteils aus einem mittelmanganhaltigen Stahlflachprodukt und ein derartiges Bauteil |
CN113832389B (zh) * | 2020-06-24 | 2022-10-21 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种冷挤压圆钢及其制造方法 |
US20220195550A1 (en) * | 2020-12-23 | 2022-06-23 | Caterpillar Inc. | Air-hardened machine components |
CN113684423B (zh) * | 2021-10-26 | 2022-01-28 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | 一种高碳钢盘条 |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2195658A (en) † | 1986-09-11 | 1988-04-13 | British Steel Corp | Production of steel |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS6119761A (ja) * | 1984-07-04 | 1986-01-28 | Nippon Steel Corp | 高靭性熱鍛非調質棒鋼 |
ATE44290T1 (de) * | 1985-02-16 | 1989-07-15 | Ovako Oy | Verfahren und legierter stahl zum herstellen hochfester schmiedestuecke. |
GB8603500D0 (en) * | 1986-02-13 | 1986-03-19 | Hunting Oilfield Services Ltd | Steel alloys |
JPS64222A (en) * | 1987-03-26 | 1989-01-05 | Nippon Steel Corp | Production of non-tempered and forged parts |
JPH0637669B2 (ja) * | 1988-07-15 | 1994-05-18 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 機械的特性のばらつきの小さい熱間鍛造非調質部品の製造方法 |
JPH0565540A (ja) * | 1991-09-10 | 1993-03-19 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 高強度ボルトの製造方法 |
JPH05247590A (ja) * | 1992-03-06 | 1993-09-24 | Nippon Steel Corp | 延性の優れたCr−Mo系超高張力電縫鋼管 |
JP3334217B2 (ja) * | 1992-03-12 | 2002-10-15 | 住友金属工業株式会社 | 靱性とクリープ強度に優れた低Crフェライト系耐熱鋼 |
JPH06248341A (ja) * | 1993-02-23 | 1994-09-06 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 非調質鋼からの高強度高靱性鋼の製造方法 |
FR2735147B1 (fr) * | 1995-06-08 | 1997-07-11 | Lorraine Laminage | Tole d'acier laminee a chaud a haute resistance et haute emboutissabilite renfermant du titane, et ses procedes de fabrication. |
FR2741632B1 (fr) * | 1995-11-27 | 1997-12-26 | Ascometal Sa | Acier pour la fabrication d'une piece forgee ayant une structure bainitique et procede de fabrication d'une piece |
-
1996
- 1996-12-31 FR FR9616254A patent/FR2757877B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-12-10 AT AT97402978T patent/ATE235579T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-10 DE DE69720163T patent/DE69720163T3/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-10 EP EP97402978A patent/EP0851038B2/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-10 PT PT97402978T patent/PT851038E/pt unknown
- 1997-12-10 DK DK97402978T patent/DK0851038T4/da active
- 1997-12-10 ES ES97402978T patent/ES2196279T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-17 CA CA002225782A patent/CA2225782A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-19 HU HU9702515A patent/HUP9702515A3/hu unknown
- 1997-12-19 CZ CZ974128A patent/CZ412897A3/cs unknown
- 1997-12-23 SI SI9700323A patent/SI9700323A/sl unknown
- 1997-12-26 RU RU97121986/02A patent/RU2201468C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-26 JP JP36835397A patent/JP3988095B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-29 NO NO19976099A patent/NO321331B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-29 AR ARP970106223A patent/AR011312A1/es unknown
- 1997-12-30 CN CN97120811A patent/CN1195708A/zh active Pending
- 1997-12-30 PL PL324075A patent/PL191871B1/pl not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-30 BR BR9705637A patent/BR9705637A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-31 KR KR1019970081219A patent/KR19980064836A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-12-31 US US09/001,078 patent/US5919415A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-05-15 JP JP2007129436A patent/JP2007284796A/ja not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2195658A (en) † | 1986-09-11 | 1988-04-13 | British Steel Corp | Production of steel |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO976099L (no) | 1998-07-01 |
HU9702515D0 (en) | 1998-03-02 |
JP3988095B2 (ja) | 2007-10-10 |
PL191871B1 (pl) | 2006-07-31 |
HUP9702515A2 (hu) | 1998-07-28 |
FR2757877B1 (fr) | 1999-02-05 |
HUP9702515A3 (en) | 1999-06-28 |
DE69720163T3 (de) | 2008-03-06 |
DE69720163D1 (de) | 2003-04-30 |
BR9705637A (pt) | 1999-08-03 |
NO321331B1 (no) | 2006-04-24 |
ES2196279T5 (es) | 2008-05-01 |
EP0851038A1 (fr) | 1998-07-01 |
DK0851038T4 (da) | 2008-01-02 |
FR2757877A1 (fr) | 1998-07-03 |
DE69720163T2 (de) | 2004-03-04 |
DK0851038T3 (da) | 2003-07-21 |
PL324075A1 (en) | 1998-07-06 |
CN1195708A (zh) | 1998-10-14 |
US5919415A (en) | 1999-07-06 |
JP2007284796A (ja) | 2007-11-01 |
SI9700323A (sl) | 1998-08-31 |
AR011312A1 (es) | 2000-08-16 |
CA2225782A1 (fr) | 1998-06-30 |
EP0851038B1 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
ES2196279T3 (es) | 2003-12-16 |
RU2201468C2 (ru) | 2003-03-27 |
NO976099D0 (no) | 1997-12-29 |
KR19980064836A (ko) | 1998-10-07 |
PT851038E (pt) | 2003-07-31 |
JPH10204585A (ja) | 1998-08-04 |
ATE235579T1 (de) | 2003-04-15 |
CZ412897A3 (cs) | 1999-05-12 |
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