EP0840691A1 - Spearhead anchor - Google Patents

Spearhead anchor

Info

Publication number
EP0840691A1
EP0840691A1 EP96901380A EP96901380A EP0840691A1 EP 0840691 A1 EP0840691 A1 EP 0840691A1 EP 96901380 A EP96901380 A EP 96901380A EP 96901380 A EP96901380 A EP 96901380A EP 0840691 A1 EP0840691 A1 EP 0840691A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anchor
point
shovel
tip
chevron
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96901380A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0840691B1 (en
Inventor
Alain Poiraud
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
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Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0840691A1 publication Critical patent/EP0840691A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0840691B1 publication Critical patent/EP0840691B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
    • B63B21/24—Anchors
    • B63B21/30—Anchors rigid when in use
    • B63B21/32—Anchors rigid when in use with one fluke
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
    • B63B21/24—Anchors
    • B63B21/38—Anchors pivoting when in use
    • B63B21/40—Anchors pivoting when in use with one fluke
    • B63B21/42—Anchors pivoting when in use with one fluke of ploughshare type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B21/00—Tying-up; Shifting, towing, or pushing equipment; Anchoring
    • B63B21/24—Anchors
    • B63B21/26—Anchors securing to bed
    • B63B2021/262—Anchors securing to bed by drag embedment

Definitions

  • the anchor described is used to immobilize any type of boat or vessel in ports or anchorage areas.
  • the "spearhead” anchor was designed to give priority to the three essential characteristics of an anchor:
  • the pressure of the tip of the anchor (Kg / cm 2 ) must be greater than the resistance of the soil. So it is necessary. 1) reduce the contact surface: the tip should be as sharp as possible.
  • the density of the surface layer of the bottoms is generally high, increasing with depth.
  • pressure exerted by the point of the anchor will, in most cases, be greater than the resistance of the ground and the point of the anchor will bury immediately. The traction exerted by the ship, will contribute to the burial of the anchor.
  • the anchor must be pointed, the point downwards, the point ensuring better penetration of the funds.
  • the widest part of the point connected to the quasi-elliptical lateral part of the shovel constituting the working surface of the anchor, ensures the holding of the anchor in the layers of lower density.
  • a .NACA type profile airplane wing
  • a "corner” surface will see this coefficient vary from 0.70 to 1.00 depending on the value of the angle
  • a flat surface reaches a value of 1.20
  • a concave surface reaches a coefficient of 1, 70.
  • the working surface of the "spearhead" anchor will therefore have a concave profile, ensuring the best holding power.
  • the material of the anchor can be chosen:
  • the ballast can be made of a piece of cast steel or cast lead.
  • the total weight of the anchor will be staggered between different models ranging from 6 to 40 Kilos. , to meet the needs of yachting and coastal fishing; larger weight anchors which can be carried out for larger ships or thalasso-industrial installations, fish farms, drilling platforms, etc.
  • the five component parts of the anchor will be cut by flame cutting, plasma cutting or any other appropriate means, the angles of the point and tailstock are made with the folder, the shape of the shovel can be obtained by successive folding at the folder o better, by stamping under high pressure press or forgeag to obtain a perfectly concave surface on sheets of medium thickness; On larger models, the angulation can be obtained by cutting and then welding the various elements at the desired angle.
  • the rod of trapezoidal section may have the angles of the small base, rounded or bevelled to facilitate penetration.
  • the steel anchors will be hot-dip galvanized, then the appropriate quantity of lead will be poured into the tailstock of the anchors.
  • the lead ballast pa a part with the same characteristics obtained in foundry, this part being made solitary of the shovel and the heel of the rod, pa solder , so as to respect the "chevron" shape of the cutting of the point BB '.
  • a variant of this anchor can be made with a removable orchard, to allow easier storage of the anchor in the bottom of the boat, this removable anchor can thus constitute a rescue anchor.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Percussive Tools And Related Accessories (AREA)

Abstract

A marine anchor designed so that it positions itself automatically and penetrates instantly into all kinds of sea beds with maximum holding power. The geometry and ballasting (1) of the anchor ensure automatic positioning of the anchor. The off-centre position of the ballast (1) counter-balancing the weight of the shank (2) places the centre of gravity of the anchor as close as possible to the anchor tip, so that the tip can bear practically half the total weight of the anchor, the pressure exerted by the tip on the sea bed is increased, and its penetration into the sea bed is promoted. The sharp corner between the two sides of the tip aids penetration into all kinds of sea beds, including sea beds covered with thick seaweed, and the concave surface of the fluke (3) provides maximum holding power. Said anchor is suitable for mooring yachts and fishing boats, as well as for marine industrial use.

Description

ANCRE FER DE LANCE LANCE ANCHOR
Domaine technique de l'invention;Technical field of the invention;
L'ancre décrite est utilisée pour immobiliser tout type d'embarcation ou de navire dans les ports ou les zones de mouillage.The anchor described is used to immobilize any type of boat or vessel in ports or anchorage areas.
Description de l'état de la technique antérieure:Description of the state of the prior art:
Depuis la plus haute antiquité, l'homme a ressenti la nécessité d'immobiliser ses embarcations, d'abord au moyen de lourdes pierres reliées au navire par un cordage, puis au moyen d'ancres de fer ou de bois lestées de pierres ou de plomb. L'ancre à jas, devenue le symbole de la marine, n'est pratiquement plus utilisée de nos jours, à cause de son poids, de son encombrement et de sa difficulté de mise en oeuvre.Since ancient times, man has felt the need to immobilize his boats, first by means of heavy stones connected to the ship by a rope, then by means of iron or wooden anchors weighted with stones or lead. The jas anchor, which has become the symbol of the navy, is practically no longer used today, because of its weight, its size and its difficulty of implementation.
Les ancres plus récentes, bien qu'apportant une amélioration dans les techniques d'ancrage, présentent l'inconvénient de ne pas être adaptées à tous les types de fonds et de ne pas assurer un haut pouvoir de tenue du mouillage.The more recent anchors, although providing an improvement in the anchoring techniques, have the drawback of not being suitable for all types of bottom and of not ensuring a high wetting capacity.
Objet de l'invention:Object of the invention:
L'ancre "fer de lance" a été conçue pour répondre en priorité aux trois caractéristiques essentielles d'une ancre:The "spearhead" anchor was designed to give priority to the three essential characteristics of an anchor:
- accrocher instantanément, - dans tous types de fonds,- hang instantly, - in all types of funds,
- assurer un haut pouvoir de tenue du mouillage- ensure high wetting resistance
Accrochage instantané:Instant snap:
Pour pénétrer les fonds, la pression de la pointe de l'ancre (Kg/cm2 ) , doit-être supérieure à la résistance du sol. Il est donc nécessaire. 1 ° ) de diminuer la surface de contact: la pointe doit-être la plus acé possible.To penetrate the bottom, the pressure of the tip of the anchor (Kg / cm 2 ) must be greater than the resistance of the soil. So it is necessary. 1) reduce the contact surface: the tip should be as sharp as possible.
2° ) d'augmenter autant que possible le poids réparti sur la poin l'augmentation maximale du poids réparti sur la pointe de l'ancre "fer lance" est obtenue grâce à sa géométrie et à son équilibrage. De part forme et son équilibrage, l'ancre se positionne automatiquement dans fonds en position latérale d'accrochage:2 °) to increase as much as possible the weight distributed on the poin the maximum increase of the weight distributed on the point of the anchor "fer lance" is obtained thanks to its geometry and its balancing. Due to its shape and its balancing, the anchor is automatically positioned in the bottom in the lateral hanging position:
- lorsque l'ancre est en position d'enfouissement, tractée par la ligne mouillage, elle repose en trois points: (A) l'extrémité de la verge, ( une des deux oreilles de la pelle, (C) la pointe de l'ancre. La position lest de plomb, constituant la contre-pointe en "chevron" , est excent par rapport à l'axe "pointe / oreille" (B / C) et située à l'extérieur triangle de sustentation formé par les trois points A,B ,C , de façon équilibrer le poids de la verge. La quasi- totalité du poids de l'ancre es cet instant, réparti uniquement sur les deux points de contact, la poi (C) et une des deux oreilles (B) . Il résulte de cet équilibre que le cen de gravité de l'ancre est situé quasiment sur l'axe "pointe / oreille" ( C ) et le plus proche possible de la pointe de façon à répar pratiquement la moitié du poids total de l'ancre sur la pointe. - La répartition des poids privilégiant la pointe unique de l'ancre, cel ci offre donc les meilleures chances de pénétrer les fonds.- when the anchor is in the burial position, pulled by the mooring line, it rests at three points: (A) the end of the rod, (one of the two ears of the shovel, (C) the tip of the The lead ballast position, constituting the "chevron" tailstock, is eccentric relative to the "tip / ear" axis (B / C) and located outside the lift triangle formed by the three points A, B, C, so as to balance the weight of the rod. Almost all of the weight of the anchor is at this moment, distributed only over the two contact points, the poi (C) and one of the two ears ( B). It follows from this balance that the center of gravity of the anchor is located almost on the axis "point / ear" (C) and as close as possible to the point so as to repair practically half of the total weight of the anchor on the point - The weight distribution favoring the single point of the anchor, this therefore offers the best chances of penetrating the bottom .
Dans tous les types de fonds:In all types of funds:
- la densité de la couche superficielle des fonds est généralement p élevée, augmentant avec la profondeur. Sur fonds de vase ou de sable, pression exercée par la pointe de l'ancre sera, dans la majeure partie cas, supérieure à la résistance du sol et la pointe de l'ancre s'enfou immédiatement. La traction exercée par le navire, contribuera l'enfouissement de l'ancre.- the density of the surface layer of the bottoms is generally high, increasing with depth. On mud or sand bottoms, pressure exerted by the point of the anchor will, in most cases, be greater than the resistance of the ground and the point of the anchor will bury immediately. The traction exerted by the ship, will contribute to the burial of the anchor.
- Les fonds recouverts d'un tapis d'algues épaisses, empêchent pénétration de la plupart des ancres qui ont tendance à glisser sur algues sans pouvoir pénétrer jusqu'au sol et ne peuvent pas accroche L'ancre "fer de lance" , en position latérale d'ancrage, présente un pro en "lame de couteau" avec un angle "tranchant" d'à peine 20° , orienté p rapport au fond à un angle inférieur à 90° , tel le tranchant d'un out L'ancre a, de ce fait supplémentaire, tendance à pénétrer entre les algu en les écartant, jusqu"à ce qu'elle puisse parvenir jusqu'au sol ferme s'y planter. Assurer un haut pouvoir de tenue:- The bottoms covered with a thick algae mat, prevent penetration of most anchors which tend to slide on algae without being able to penetrate to the ground and cannot catch the anchor "spearhead", in position lateral anchor, presents a pro in "knife blade" with a "sharp" angle of barely 20 °, oriented p relative to the bottom at an angle less than 90 °, like the edge of an anchor has, therefore, a tendency to penetrate between the algae by spreading them apart, until it can reach the firm ground and plant there. Ensure high holding power:
- la densité du sol augmentant avec la profondeur, l'ancre doit-être pointue, la pointe vers le bas, la pointe assurant une meilleure pénétration des fonds. La partie la plus large de la pointe, raccordée à la partie latérale quasi-elliptique de la pelle constituant la surface de travail de l'ancre, permet d'assurer la tenue de l'ancre dans les couches de moindre densité.- the density of the soil increasing with the depth, the anchor must be pointed, the point downwards, the point ensuring better penetration of the funds. The widest part of the point, connected to the quasi-elliptical lateral part of the shovel constituting the working surface of the anchor, ensures the holding of the anchor in the layers of lower density.
- La forme de la surface de travail de la pelle, est le deuxième facteur capital de la tenue de l'ancre: - Un profil de type .NACA (aile d'avion) a un coefficient de résistance inférieur à 0,10, une surface "en coin" verra ce coefficient varier de 0,70 à 1 ,00 en fonction de la valeur de l'angle, une surface plane atteint une valeur de 1,20, alors qu'une surface concave atteint un coefficient de 1 ,70. La surface de travail de l'ancre "fer de lance" aura donc un profil concave, assurant le meilleur pouvoir de tenue.- The shape of the working surface of the shovel is the second key factor in holding the anchor: - A .NACA type profile (airplane wing) has a resistance coefficient of less than 0.10, a "corner" surface will see this coefficient vary from 0.70 to 1.00 depending on the value of the angle, a flat surface reaches a value of 1.20, while a concave surface reaches a coefficient of 1, 70. The working surface of the "spearhead" anchor will therefore have a concave profile, ensuring the best holding power.
Les dessins annexés illustrent l'invention:The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention:
- Figure 1 : - Verge de l'ancre, vue de côté. (2 pièces identiques)- Figure 1: - Rod of the anchor, side view. (2 identical pieces)
- Figure 2: - Dos de la verge, vue de dessus.- Figure 2: - Back of the penis, top view.
- Figure 3: - Demie vue symétrique de la contre- pointe. - Figure 4: - Pelle de l'ancre, en "fer de lance" , vue de dessus.- Figure 3: - Half symmetrical view of the tailstock. - Figure 4: - Shovel of the anchor, in "spearhead", top view.
- Figure 5: - Ancre assemblée, vue en coupe selon l'axe A A'- Figure 5: - Anchor assembled, sectional view along axis A A '
- Figure 6 : - Vue de la verge en coupe suivant C C- Figure 6: - View of the rod in section along C C
- Figure 7: - Coupe de la pointe en "chevron" suivant B B'- Figure 7: - Cut of the point in "chevron" along B B '
Mf-rtç Ao rA»» nation:Mf-rtç Ao rA »» nation:
Le matériau constitutif de l'ancre peut-être au choix:The material of the anchor can be chosen:
- un acier inoxydable type A 316 L qualité marine ou équivalent.- stainless steel type A 316 L marine quality or equivalent.
- un acier haute résistance de type E 36 ou alliage au manganèse.- high-strength steel type E 36 or manganese alloy.
- un alliage d'aluminium / magnésium.- an aluminum / magnesium alloy.
- tout autre matériau de résistance équivalente - Le lest pouvant-être constitué d'une pièce d'acier moulée ou de plomb coulé. Le poids total de l'ancre sera échelonné entre différents modèles allant 6 à 40 Kilos. , pour répondre aux besoins de la plaisance et de la pêc cδtière; des ancres de poids plus important pouvant-être réalisées po de plus gros navires ou des installations thalasso-industrielles, fermes pisciculture, plates-formes de forages, etc .- any other material of equivalent resistance - The ballast can be made of a piece of cast steel or cast lead. The total weight of the anchor will be staggered between different models ranging from 6 to 40 Kilos. , to meet the needs of yachting and coastal fishing; larger weight anchors which can be carried out for larger ships or thalasso-industrial installations, fish farms, drilling platforms, etc.
Les cinq pièces constitutives de l'ancre seront découpées pa oxycoupage, découpe plasma ou tout autre moyen approprié, les angle de la pointe et de la contre-pointe sont réalisés à la plieuse, la forme d la pelle pouvant-être obtenue par pliages successifs à la plieuse o mieux, par emboutissage sous presse haute pression ou forgeag permettant d'obtenir une surface parfaitement concave sur les tôle d'épaisseur moyenne; Sur les plus gros modèles, l'angulation peut-êtr obtenue en découpant, puis en soudant à l'angle souhaité les diver éléments.The five component parts of the anchor will be cut by flame cutting, plasma cutting or any other appropriate means, the angles of the point and tailstock are made with the folder, the shape of the shovel can be obtained by successive folding at the folder o better, by stamping under high pressure press or forgeag to obtain a perfectly concave surface on sheets of medium thickness; On larger models, the angulation can be obtained by cutting and then welding the various elements at the desired angle.
La verge de section trapézoïdale pourra avoir les angles de la petit base, arrondis ou biseautés pour faciliter la pénétration.The rod of trapezoidal section may have the angles of the small base, rounded or bevelled to facilitate penetration.
- après assemblage par soudure électrique, les ancres en acier seron galvanisées à chaud, puis la quantité appropriée de plomb sera coulé dans la contre-pointe des ancres. Dans le but de réduire les coûts d fabrication, il peut être envisagé de remplacer le lestage en plomb, pa une pièce en ader de mêmes caractéristiques obtenue en fonderie, cett pièce étant rendue solitaire de la pelle et du talon de la verge, pa soudure, de façon à respecter la forme en "chevron" de la coupe de l pointe B B' .- after assembly by electrical welding, the steel anchors will be hot-dip galvanized, then the appropriate quantity of lead will be poured into the tailstock of the anchors. In order to reduce manufacturing costs, it can be envisaged to replace the lead ballast, pa a part with the same characteristics obtained in foundry, this part being made solitary of the shovel and the heel of the rod, pa solder , so as to respect the "chevron" shape of the cutting of the point BB '.
Une variante de cette ancre peut-être réalisée avec une verg démontable, pour permettre un stockage plus facile de l'ancre dans le fonds du bateau, cette ancre démontable pouvant constituer ainsi un ancre de secours. A variant of this anchor can be made with a removable orchard, to allow easier storage of the anchor in the bottom of the boat, this removable anchor can thus constitute a rescue anchor.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1° ) Ancre marine conçue de façon à: - A) Se positionner automatiquement. - B) Pénétrer instantanément tous types de fonds. - C ) Procurer un pouvoir de tenue maximal. Caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte:1 °) Marine anchor designed so as to: - A) Position itself automatically. - B) Instantly penetrate all types of funds. - C) Provide maximum holding power. Characterized in that it comprises:
I) une verge de section trapézoïdale, dont les angles de la petite base pourront-être arrondis ou biseautés pour faciliter la pénétration.I) a rod of trapezoidal section, whose angles of the small base can be rounded or bevelled to facilitate penetration.
II) une pelle de forme en "fer de lance" , soit: comportant une partie pointue de section en "chevron" , prolongée par une pelle de forme quasi-ellipsoïdale latérale et de surface concave.II) a shovel in the shape of a “spearhead”, that is to say: comprising a pointed part of “chevron” section, extended by a shovel of quasi-ellipsoidal lateral shape and of concave surface.
III) la partie pointue en "chevron" étant remplie du plomb de lestage ou pouvant-être constituée d'une pièce en acier moulée de caractéristiques identiques .III) the pointed "chevron" part being filled with ballast lead or possibly consisting of a cast steel part with identical characteristics.
2° ) Dispositif suivant revendication (A) caractérisé en ce que la surface de travail de la pelle est située à la partie supérieure de la pointe en "chevron" formant lest.2 °) Device according to claim (A) characterized in that the working surface of the shovel is located at the upper part of the point in "chevron" forming ballast.
3° ) Dispositif selon la revendication (B ) caractérisé en ce que l'ancre étant en position latérale d'ancrage, le lestage de la pointe de l'ancre, situé en dehors du polygone de sustentation, équilibre le poids de la verge. Le poids total de l'ancre se répartit sur seulement deux points: la pointe de l'ancre et une des oreilles de la pelle. Le centre de gravité se place sur l'axe pointe / oreille et le plus près possible de la pointe, permettant d'obtenir pratiquement la moitié du poids total de l'ancre sur la pointe.3 °) Device according to claim (B) characterized in that the anchor being in the lateral anchoring position, the ballasting of the tip of the anchor, located outside the support polygon, balances the weight of the rod. The total weight of the anchor is distributed over only two points: the point of the anchor and one of the ears of the shovel. The center of gravity is placed on the point / ear axis and as close as possible to the point, making it possible to obtain practically half of the total weight of the anchor on the point.
4° ) Dispositif selon la revendication (B) caractérisé en ce que, en position latérale d'ancrage, les faces de la pointe et de la contre-pointe forment un angle aigu (20° environ) . La surface de la pelle étant orientée, par rapport au fond, à un angle inférieur à 90° , similaire à l'angle de coupe d'un outil.4 °) Device according to claim (B) characterized in that, in the lateral anchoring position, the faces of the point and the tailstock form an acute angle (approximately 20 °). The surface of the shovel being oriented, relative to the bottom, at an angle less than 90 °, similar to the cutting angle of a tool.
5° ) Dispositif selon la revendication (C ) caractérisé en la forme en "fer de lance" de la pelle de l'ancre soit, comportant une pointe de section en "chevron" prolongée à sa partie supérieure, par une pelle de forme quasi-elliptique latérale et de surface concave. 5 °) Device according to claim (C) characterized in the "spearhead" shape of the shovel of the anchor either, having a point of section in "chevron" extended at its upper part, by a shovel of almost shape - lateral elliptical and concave surface.
EP96901380A 1995-01-16 1996-01-11 Spearhead anchor Expired - Lifetime EP0840691B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9500487A FR2729365B1 (en) 1995-01-16 1995-01-16 "FER DE LANCE" MARINE ANCHOR
FR9500487 1995-01-16
PCT/FR1996/000049 WO1996022218A1 (en) 1995-01-16 1996-01-11 Spearhead anchor

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0840691A1 true EP0840691A1 (en) 1998-05-13
EP0840691B1 EP0840691B1 (en) 1999-04-21

Family

ID=9475209

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96901380A Expired - Lifetime EP0840691B1 (en) 1995-01-16 1996-01-11 Spearhead anchor

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US5934219A (en)
EP (1) EP0840691B1 (en)
AU (1) AU4542896A (en)
DE (1) DE69602195T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2729365B1 (en)
NZ (1) NZ300632A (en)
WO (1) WO1996022218A1 (en)

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ATE372921T1 (en) * 2003-03-27 2007-09-15 Alain Poiraud BALLASTLESS ASYMMETRIC ANCHOR
DE202004007941U1 (en) * 2004-05-14 2004-07-22 Wagener & Simon Wasi Gmbh & Co. Kg Improved design anchor has the relative positions of shaft and fluke optimised to fit into a compact space in the bows without a reduction in grip
US8950352B2 (en) 2011-09-16 2015-02-10 Peter Kevin Smith Anchor
US8869728B1 (en) 2012-03-16 2014-10-28 Josh Paugh Boat anchor

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Title
See references of WO9622218A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1996022218A1 (en) 1996-07-25
NZ300632A (en) 1998-04-27
AU4542896A (en) 1996-08-07
DE69602195D1 (en) 1999-05-27
US5934219A (en) 1999-08-10
DE69602195T2 (en) 2000-11-23
FR2729365A1 (en) 1996-07-19
EP0840691B1 (en) 1999-04-21
FR2729365B1 (en) 1997-08-22

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