EP0770268A1 - Procede de fabrication d'un materiau ou dispositif photovoltaique, materiau ou dispositif ainsi obtenu et photopile comprenant un tel materiau ou dispositif - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'un materiau ou dispositif photovoltaique, materiau ou dispositif ainsi obtenu et photopile comprenant un tel materiau ou dispositifInfo
- Publication number
- EP0770268A1 EP0770268A1 EP95925885A EP95925885A EP0770268A1 EP 0770268 A1 EP0770268 A1 EP 0770268A1 EP 95925885 A EP95925885 A EP 95925885A EP 95925885 A EP95925885 A EP 95925885A EP 0770268 A1 EP0770268 A1 EP 0770268A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wafer
- substructure
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- thickness
- hetero
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/186—Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
- H01L31/1864—Annealing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/186—Particular post-treatment for the devices, e.g. annealing, impurity gettering, short-circuit elimination, recrystallisation
- H01L31/1872—Recrystallisation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of the conversion of radiated solar energy into electrical energy, on the basis of the photovoltaic effect, more particularly the increase in the yield and efficiency of solar cells or cells, and has for its object a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic material or device which can in particular absorb infrared radiation and convert with a quantum yield significantly exceeding the unit, the material or device thus obtained and a photocell or photovoltaic cell comprising such a material or device.
- These cells which are widely marketed, are made of monocrystalline silicon material and generally have a base / rear field emitter structure with a single P-N junction.
- the face exposed to photonic radiation normally undergoes a passivation operation and is coated with an anti-reflection layer.
- the aforementioned proposals consisted, by implanting hydrogen and a subsequent thermal treatment, at transforming locally the crystalline structure of silicon to create a buried layer endowed with extrinsic levels.
- JNDL Joint Near local Defect Layer
- this discontinuous substructure without active interfaces eliminates any possibility of creating a second potential barrier necessary for the increase in open circuit voltage V oc and it also has a higher resistivity than that of the starting material. .
- the local recombination speed inside the defect layer is very high and the electric field of the P-N junction is not sufficient to save the photogenerated carriers from the defect zone.
- the average path length of the photogenerated carriers in the substructure is approximately equal to half the thickness of the substructure and the presence of recombination centers substantially reduces the effective lifetime of the carriers. Therefore, the probability of extraction of the photocarriers from the substructure before their recombination is very low in the devices and materials described in the aforementioned publications.
- the modified layer in the submicron thickness emitter is composed of rare empty cavities (in English "bubbles") in which both silicon and hydrogen are absent, annealing reducing the geometric dimensions of these cavities.
- the infrared photogeneration zones of the defect layer introduce new centers of recombination in the emitter thus degrading the lifetime even in the crystalline part.
- the object of the present invention is in particular to overcome all of the aforementioned drawbacks, by proposing in particular a photovoltaic material which can, in addition to visible light, also absorb infrared radiation, even with a wavelength greater than 3200 nm, and deliver a corresponding additional photocurrent, thereby considerably increasing the efficiency of the solar cells comprising such a material.
- Another object of the invention is to improve the efficiency of the photovoltaic conversion for ultra-violet (UV) radiation and that of the visible range.
- the subject of the invention is a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic material or device based on monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon with large grains which can in particular absorb infrared radiation, characterized in that it consists in obtaining a wafer, a slice or a region of monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon chip having a diffusion length greater than the path of the minority carriers in the base to be formed or greater than the total thickness of said wafer, wafer or region of chip, then in treating the rear face of said wafer, wafer or region of chip, not intended to be exposed to photon radiation, so as to create a back field as well as zones or points of electrical contact, to then treat the front face so as to form a thin layer of emitter on the surface, a shallow PN junction, as well as at least one very heavily doped flat continuous substructure or substructure, buried in the emitter or in the base, very thin and provided with several crystalline and electrical interfaces, in particular of two interfaces of the LH type and of two crystalline hetero-interfaces and, finally,
- the invention also relates to a wafer or wafer of photovoltaic material obtained by means of the manufacturing process described above, consisting essentially of monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon with large grains and comprising a layer forming an emitter at its front face or intended for be exposed, a rear field structure at its rear face (normally not exposed) and a PN junction in the thickness of said wafer or plate, characterized in that it further comprises at least one substructure continuous and heavily doped with amorphized or modified silicon, buried in particular in the thickness of the emitter or in the base and very thin, said at least one substructure or each substructure having a resistivity lower than that of the material starting point and being delimited by crystalline and plane electrical interfaces, in particular by two hetero-crista interfaces flat lines and two LH homo-interfaces, whether or not confused with the hetero-interfaces and corresponding to the limits of the substructure after implantation of doping impurities or other agents and before formative annealing, said at least one substructure being, in addition, provided, on
- the subject of the invention is a photovoltaic or photophilic cell, characterized in that it comprises, as active material, a portion of wafer or a wafer of photovoltaic material as described above, the exposed face of said portion of wafer or wafer was shaped and / or covered with a layer of a determined material so as to constitute an optical confinement, in particular for infrared radiation, in the thickness of said active material.
- FIG. 1 is a view in schematic section of a solar cell comprising, as active material, a slice or plate of material obtained according to the process according to the invention
- Figure 3 is a curve showing the doping profile of impurities measured on the sample of Figure 2 according to the secondary ion mass spectroscopy method, called SIMS
- Figure 4 is a curve showing the spread resistance profile through a cavity of the sample shown in Figure 2;
- FIG. 1 is a view in schematic section of a solar cell comprising, as active material, a slice or plate of material obtained according to the process according to the invention
- Figure 3 is a curve showing the doping profile of impurities measured on the sample of Figure 2 according to the secondary ion mass spectroscopy method, called SIMS
- Figure 4 is a curve showing the spread resistance profile through a cavity of the sample shown in Figure 2
- FIG. 1
- FIG. 5 shows the structural composition of an emitter implanted with phosphorus ions in accordance with a variant of the method according to the invention measured by the so-called Ru erford backscattering (RBS) method
- FIG. 6 represents the curves of the doping profile and of the active doping profile recorded by the SIMS and spreading resistance memodes of a sample having an emitter formed by implantation of phosphorus ions, identical to that considered in FIG. 5
- FIG. 7 represents curves of distribution of impurities or of free carriers in an emitter formed by implantation of phosphorus ions, identical to that considered in FIG. 6 and with the visualization of two crystalline hetero-interfaces and of the two homo-interfaces LH;
- FIG. 8 represents curves of experimental implantation profiles obtained by the SIMS and resistance spreading methods and of partial implantation profile
- FIG. 9 represents, in the form of curves, the optical absorption of a sample provided with an absorbent substructure and formed by implantation of phosphorus ions and of a sample of normal monocrystalline silicon
- FIG. 10A represents, in the form of curves, the transmission on the rear face of the samples considered in FIG. 9
- FIG. 10B represents, in the form of curves, the reflection on the front face of the samples considered in FIG. 9
- FIGS. 11A and 11B show the current densities as a function of the wavelength, on the one hand, of a photovoltaic device or sample according to the invention and provided with an absorbent substructure and, on the other hand, of FIG.
- FIG. 12 represents the comparison of the distributions of intrinsic electric fields in a thin substructure with and without doping according to the invention ( ⁇ -doping);
- FIG. 13 represents the distribution of the electrical potential in a back field cell provided with a back field and a substructure according to the invention of thickness 40 nm, according to the lifetime of the carriers in said substructure ;
- Figure 14 shows different electron current distributions
- FIG. 15 represents, in a manner and under conditions similar to those of FIG. 14, different distributions of current of holes (minority carriers);
- FIGS. 16 and 17 show, by way of comparison, respectively two distributions of electron currents and of holes, for thick structures of 160 nm having different lifetimes;
- FIG. 18 represents the concentrations at equilibrium and in steady state under illumination of the holes for a lifetime in the substructure of 100 ⁇ s;
- FIGS. 19A and 19B respectively show the comparative curves and the differential curve of the density of the photocurrent as a function of the wavelength in the UV and visible spectrum, between a reference cell of good quality (efficiency of 16%) and a photovoltaic device or sample according to the invention
- FIGS. 20A and 20B respectively represent the curves of the photocurrent ratios between the reference cell and the photovoltaic device or sample used for FIGS. 19A and 19B, and the curves of the external quantum yields for the same cell and the same device or sample, obtained by two different luminous fluxes
- FIG. 21 represents the curves of the intensities of the photon fluxes for two lamps (I and U) with different spectral characteristics, used to obtain the curves of FIGS. 20A and 20B
- FIGS. 22A and 22B respectively represent the differential curves of the photocurrents generated by the device or sample used for the establishment of FIGS. 19A and 19B exposed to the lamps I and U and of the photon fluxes of these two lamps I and u;
- FIGS. 23A and 23B respectively represent, for the two lamps I and II mentioned above, the ratios of the fluxes of photons produced by these two lamps and additional photocurrents generated in a photovoltaic device or sample according to the invention
- FIG. 24 is a schematic sectional view representing the successive modifications at t, tj and 12 of the local mechanical stress field at the transition zone of a substructure during the thermal treatment carrying out epitaxy in solid phase.
- the manufacturing process which is the subject of the present consists, first of all, of obtaining a wafer, a wafer or a region of monocrystalline silicon chip having a length of diffusion greater than the path of minority carriers in the base. forming or greater than the total thickness of said wafer, wafer or chip region, then treating the rear face of said wafer, wafer or chip region, not intended to be exposed to photon radiation, so as to create a field rear as well as zones or points of electrical contact and, where appropriate, zones amorphized in the volume of the base and near the rear face, to then treat the front face so as to form a thin layer of emitter in surface, a shallow PN junction, as well as at least one very continuous doped flat substructure, buried in particular in the transmitter, of very thin and provided with several crystalline and electrical interfaces, in particular two interfaces of the LH type and two crystalline hetero-interfaces and, finally, in subjecting said wafer, wafer or region of chip, in particular the face presenting the emitter
- the treatment of the front face consists in introducing or implanting doping impurities according to a determined profile, in particular having a significant peak in the concentration of impurities coinciding with each substructure, the treatment consecutive thermal carrying out a determination of the geometry of each substructure, an activation of doping impurities and intrinsic fields localized in the transition zones and a cure of the implantation defects of ions of doping impurities in the thickness of the wafer, wafer or chip region, with a limited effect on each buried substructure (in terms of the healing effect).
- the implantation energy of the doping impurities used is of the order of several tens or several hundreds of KeV, in particular greater than about 150 KeV, and the implantation dose used corresponds to an ion current of the order of a few ⁇ A.c ⁇ r ⁇ or a few fractions of ⁇ A. cm "2, in particular less than 1 ⁇ A. cm" * -.
- provision may be made, during treatment of the front face, to carry out an epitaxy or an implantation at a given depth, of an active material, in particular of Ge, possibly followed by a thermal treatment and a possible epitaxy of silicon intended to form the surface front face of the transmitter, as well as active zones of generation by impact.
- the treatment of the front face consists in achieving epitaxial growth of the emitter, with a doping profile of the ⁇ -doping type comprising in particular at least one very continuous doped planar continuous layer constituting the sub-structure (s) buried in the thickness of the emitter, then subjecting said face before implanting ions of a neutral agent such as, in particular, hydrogen, silicon or the like and at a heat treatment forming in particular the active zones of generation by impacts.
- a neutral agent such as, in particular, hydrogen, silicon or the like
- the role of the ions consists mainly in providing the energy necessary for the structural modification of a thin layer located in the emitter, intended to form said at least one amorphized substructure, either by an action destructive (hydrogen ions), or by a transformation of the crystal structure (silicon ions).
- the emitter After implantation of the ions of a neutral agent mentioned above, it is necessary to subject, within the framework of the present alternative embodiment, in particular the emitter to a heat treatment capable, on the one hand, of carrying out a determination of the geometry of the substructure (s), activation of doping impurities and healing of implantation defects of neutral agent ions in the thickness of the wafer, the wafer or the chip region, with a limited effect in the buried sub-structure (s) and, on the other hand, to modify the crystallinity of the sub-structure (s) at the level of the electrical transition and stress zones and opto-electronic properties at the mesoscopic level by repositioning hetero-interfaces and LH homo-interfaces by a recrystallization and re-diffusion effect.
- the above-mentioned epitaxial growth can, for example, be carried out by means of a molecular jet type (MBE) epitaxy.
- MBE molecular jet type
- the starting wafer or wafer provided with a rear field (BSF) and having a good crystalline quality, is firstly provided with at least one amorphized layer having optical properties allowing the absorption of infrared radiation, then subjected to a conventional epitaxial growth of an emitter with at least two doping levels: the lowest on the side of the PN junction and the highest on the side of the front face, these two regions of different doping levels being separated by at least one very thin and very heavily doped substructure or buried layer (doping density about a hundred times higher than that of the emitter - ⁇ -doping at the substructure) .
- BSF rear field
- the heat treatment mentioned several times above advantageously consists of a conventional annealing, known by a person skilled in the art under the designation CTA ("Classical Thermal Annealing"), carried out continuously or in successive or consecutive stages separated by intervals of observations, at a temperature less than or equal to approximately 500 ° C., optionally followed by rapid annealing, known by a person skilled in the art under the designation RTA ("Rapid Thermal Annealing”), at a temperature between 500 ° C.
- CTA Classical Thermal Annealing
- RTA Rapid Thermal Annealing
- the duration of the conventional annealing is advantageously understood, depending on the quality of the material and the dimensions of the wafer, wafer or chip region, in a time interval of approximately 1 to 30 minutes (depending on the skin conditions and the treatments or possible consecutive thermal steps), the precise instant of the cessation of said dermal treatment being determined by checking the absorption of light radiation of a given wavelength or of a range of lengths d 'given waves, particularly in the red and near infrared, which allows very precise control of the activation of the Auger generation faculty (and possibly absorption of the infrared or a given frequency range) and, where appropriate, the optimization of the latter qualitatively or quantitatively.
- annealing can be carried out in a suitable oven and generally affects the entire volume of the wafer, wafer or chip region, while rapid annealing, which affects only a surface or buried area thereof, can be produced by halogen lamps, a laser beam, an electron beam or the like and is followed by a quenching operation.
- This conventional annealing carried out at a temperature less than or equal to approximately 500 ° C., preferably less than or equal to approximately 400 ° C., makes it possible to relax the average stress (in English "average strain") forming part of the post-damage damage constraints.
- the above-mentioned rapid annealing carried out at a temperature greater than or preferably equal to 500 ° C., makes it possible to carry out a controlled partial recrystallization of the amorphized zone and a planification of the stress fields localized at the transition zones of the hetero-interfaces ⁇ -Si / c-Si of the buried substructure and due to damage to the crystal structure caused by the implantation of doping impurities, by self-implantation or by the implantation of a neutral agent.
- the substructure (s) buried in the emitter is (are) intended (s) to present an effective photovoltaic conversion activity simultaneously in the UV and visible range and in the infrared range
- there is instead of controlling the density of the bi-vacancies present in the transition zones by bringing into play the various parameters of the process of formation of the substructure namely, implantation dose (greater than that necessary for amorphization), conditions implantation methods (average temperature and temperature gradients in the substrate) and thermal annealing conditions (classic: around 500 ° C, fast: greater than or equal to 500 ° C or combined), with a view to achieving planification progressive and smoothly and to a solid phase epitaxy preserving a minimum thickness of the substructure to be effective in infrared absorption by increasing the effective optical path (approximately 20 to 100 nm thick) thanks to the optical confinement, relative to the substructure considered, and by further modifying the angle of incidence of the radiation reflected by the rear face.
- the substructure buried in the emitter is only intended to present an activity of photovoltaic conversion extended in the UV and visible field (generation by impact), it is necessary to preserve as much as possible the bi-gaps present in the areas of transition by performing heat treatment resulting in progressive and smooth planification (uniformity of local mechanical stresses) and a pronounced thinning of the substructure (between twice the penetration distance of the transition zone in the amorphous silicon and around 20 nm), which simultaneously limits the harmful action , for infrared radiation, bi-vacancies present in the transition zones of the substructure considered.
- these substructures can consist of one or more substructures active only in UV and visible radiation (arranged closest to the surface of the emitter) and a or several substructures active both in UV and visible radiation and in infrared radiation (these being arranged under the preceding substructure (s), further away from the surface of the emitter).
- the creation of several substructures in the transmitter can be obtained by successively implanting an active material in a wafer or slice of monocrystalline silicon, followed by epitaxy in the liquid or gas phase (for example an epitaxy of the type known as MOCVD).
- the method can also consist in creating at least one additional amorphized, very heavily doped (LH type doping) substructure, buried in the transmitter or in the base (in particular located at the rear face of the base), having a limited thickness (between 20 and 400 nm) and delimited by two interfaces of the LH type and by two crystalline hetero-interfaces, or by an interface of the LH type and by a crystalline hetero-interface, separate or combined, in the case of a substructure located at the level of the rear face of the base.
- This additional substructure exhibits increased photovoltaic conversion activity for infrared radiation thanks to maximum elimination of the bi-vacancies during the mermic treatment fixing the dimensional, geometric and mo ⁇ hological parameters of the substructure and its interfaces.
- this additional substructure can, for example, be obtained by creating a rear field in a wafer or wafer of monocrystalline silicon doped boron (5 x 101 cm --- 'to 5 x 10 * - 7 cm “ 3), by diffusion of aluminum, by operating a silicon auto ⁇ implantation with relatively high doses (> 10 ⁇ cm" * -) to obtain the amo ⁇ hisation of a layer (thickness: 20 at 400 nm) in the thickness of the substrate and, finally, by carrying out a thermal treatment of the wafer or wafer (conventional annealing, followed by rapid annealing) until arriving at a planification of the interfaces of said substructure and maximum suppression of the activity of the bi-vacancies (by applying a thermal energy 5 to 10 times greater than that used for the emitter substructures active in the UV and the visible).
- this additional substructure can also be obtained by carrying out implantation at a high dose (> 10 - ** - * cm " 3) with a doping impurity forming the rear field (for example: Al) and the hetero-interface of type LH and then carrying out a heat treatment until arriving at a planification of the interfaces and transition zones of said substructure and at maximum elimination of the bi-vacancies.
- the thermal treatment adapted to the aforementioned additional substructure preferably consists of conventional annealing at a temperature less than or equal to approximately 500 ° C. of the entire wafer, wafer or chip region, followed by rapid annealing at a temperature greater than or equal to 500 ° C. of the surface zone of the rear face, comprising in particular said additional substructure.
- this additional substructure will be produced first, not being influenced by the consecutive heat treatments. applied during the formation of substructures buried in the emitter and active in the visible and UV thanks to impact generation.
- the aforementioned heat treatments are advantageously followed by a low temperature passivation of the front face of the wafer, wafer or chip region intended to be exposed to light radiation, in particular by implementing a deposition chemical in the gas phase improved by low temperature plasma (PECVD) or an evaporation of SiO in a rarefied oxygen atmosphere of the order of approximately 10 " * * Torr, as described in particular by C. Leguijt et al. ( 7th International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference, Nagoya, Japan, November 22-26, 1993), or an organic solvent to avoid as much as possible any risk of deterioration or destruction of the substructure.
- PECVD low temperature plasma
- SiO rarefied oxygen atmosphere of the order of approximately 10 " * * Torr
- This passivation operation of the surface front face of the transmitter leads to a reduction in the speed of recombination in the passivated area and, in conjunction with the creation of the potential barrier at the level of the substructure (s) resulting from the insertion of the LH interfaces, at the wafer, wafer or chip region to present an effective confinement of the minority carriers in the emitter layer or layers located between the front face and the substructure the least buried, and between two consecutive substructures.
- ⁇ thus forms one or more reservoirs of minority carriers of optimized thickness, in particular as a function of the initial doping, of between 50 and 700 nm approximately, depending on the depth or depths at which (at which) is (are) disposed ( s) the substructure (s) present in the transmitter.
- infrared-absorbing sub-structure in order to increase their probability of absorption by this or the latter (s) and therefore the efficiency of the photogeneration of electron-hole pairs (intrinsic quantum yield)
- it may be expected to achieve, by surface conformation and / or coating with a layer of a determined material, optical confinement internally or externally in the thickness of said wafer, wafer or chip region, in particular for red and infrared light radiation.
- the optical confinement at the level of the substructure produced by an additional treatment at least of the front face and due to a change in the refractive index at the level of the hetero-interfaces marking the limits between the monocrystalline structure of l emitter and the modified crystal structure or amo ⁇ he, is supplemented by an optical confinement at the external interfaces (surfaces of the front and rear faces of the wafer, wafer or chip region), treatment of the rear face being necessary only when the latter does not have a continuous electrical contact surface covering the latter, forming a reflecting surface.
- the starting silicon material forming the wafer, wafer or region of chip which will be implanted with doping impurities or which will serve as substrate for a possible epitaxial growth of the emitter, consists of silicon monocrystalline or polycrystalline (coarse-grained), with a concentration of doping impurities between 5 x 10 ⁇ cm "3 and 5 x 10 ⁇ cm" 3, said material not containing involuntary impurities which can be activated by energy implantation and heat treatment and having self-healing properties of its crystal structure during implantation and healing of its crystal structure by conventional annealing at low temperature, less than or equal to 500 ° C.
- the final structure of the wafer, wafer or chip region is of the emitter / base / rear field region type with either, for an initial p doping, respective n + / p / p + dopings, the implanted doping impurities being chosen in the group formed by phosphorus, antimony and arsenic (in particular for the substructure (s) buried in the transmitter), or, for an initial doping n, of the respective dopings p + / n / n + , the doping impurities being chosen from the group formed by aluminum, boron, gallium and indium.
- the rear field advantageously has a doping gradient as steep as possible to limit the thickness of the electronic transition zone and especially the doping level p + (or n + as the case may be), so that the speed of surface recombination on the rear side can be easily controlled.
- the rear face can be passivated, at low temperature, in particular when the electrical contact zones or points are not continuous (contact in the form of a continuous metallic coating) and are for example under the shape of a grid.
- the emitter of said wafer, wafer or chip region has a thickness of less than or equal to 1 ⁇ m and the PN junction and the LH junction forming the rear field have an interior depth at 1 ⁇ m.
- the final thickness of the active area (s) of the transmitter and / or of the base is less than 1 ⁇ m and the PN junction and the LH junction forming the rear field have a depth of less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the substructure at least present in the emitter is between 20 and 100 nm. said substructure at least present being located at a distance comp ⁇ se between 50 and 700 mm from the front face of the wafer, wafer or chip region and having a strong selective conductivity of majority carriers thanks to its very high doping, superior in particular to about cm-3 preferably a hundred times superior to doping of the transmitter which combined with its very small thickness makes said substructure completely transparent to said majority carriers.
- the thickness of the substructure possibly arranged in the base is, for its part, between 20 and 400 nm, said substructure being situated preferentially at the rear face (or at a certain distance from the rear face) and having a high selective conductivity of the majority carriers thanks to its very high doping, greater than about 1 - ⁇ cm "- *, preferably abrupt and at least 100 times greater than the doping of the base, which makes said substructure, in combination with its very small thickness, completely transparent for said majority carriers.
- the silicon wafer or wafer may have either a total thickness of between 120 ⁇ m and approximately 300 ⁇ m, or an initial thickness, before possible epitaxial growth. comp ⁇ se between 3 ⁇ m and 120 ⁇ m and is laminated on a rigid support, for example on a thin stainless steel plate.
- the heat treatment causes a healing effect around the substructure or buried layer of defects, coinciding with a very high concentration of impurities in the region located inside said substructure.
- the diffusion of impurities was obtained by a conventional and rapid combined annealing of the sample and allowed the formation of a doping peak at a depth of 1.09 ⁇ m.
- FIGS. 3 and 4 show, by way of illustration, the profiles of the resulting doping impurities measured by means of two complementary measurement mediods, namely, on the one hand, the so-called SIMS method (FIG. 3) and, on the other hand, the distributed resistance medode ( Figure 4), through a cavity.
- FIG. 3 clearly shows a doping peak indicating the existence and the situation of the substructure and it appears from FIG. 4 that below the solvency limit of boron without silicon all the impurities in such a peak are ionized.
- the dotted curve in Figure 3 roughly indicates the shape of such a doping peak.
- the electrically active impurities are clamped between two relatively steep LH interfaces and cause local growth of the conductivity in the continuous substructure, which has been observed experimentally.
- the aforementioned LH interfaces create an intrinsic electric field at the ends of the substructure.
- the average route of minority carriers photogenerated by abso ⁇ tion infrared is equal to only a quarter of the thickness of said substructure. The transit time is thus reduced, the effective lifetime of said carriers increases and their extraction from said sub-layer is more effective.
- the continuous substructure of modified material creates a second potential barrier (in addition to the P-N junction) which has the ability to increase the open circuit voltage by increasing the concentrations of photogenerated carriers.
- an infrared absorbent substructure was formed simultaneously with the emitter (doping profile) by implanting phosphorus ions with a field of 180 KeV in a p-doped monocrystalline silicon substrate. , then by applying a thermal treatment of the type mentioned above.
- the aforementioned process allowed the formation, on the one hand, of a strongly doped continuous substructure, with a thickness of 70 nm and located at a depth of 97.5 nm from the surface of the front face of the sample, and, on the other hand, a PN junction at a depth of 0.5 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 5 of the appended drawings shows the structural composition of the emitter thus formed, making it possible to note the complex interface constituted by the substructure with strong doping whose impurities are practically all ionized.
- the doping profile (atomic profile of impurities) and the active doping profile were measured respectively by the SIMS and "resistance spreading" (FIG. 6) on a sample implanted as above, but in channeling mode, which allows a better visualization of the activation effect of the impurities according to the occupation of substitutional and interstitial sites by the atoms of phosphorus.
- the modified / amo ⁇ hized substructure and the PN junction are also shown. We see that the channeling effect is very well visualized in the results obtained by the method called "spreading resistance". A small fraction of unactivated impurities appear to occur below the substructure at a depth of 300 nm and they appear to occupy interstitial sites (see Figure 8).
- FIG. 7 represents, by way of comparison, the distributions / distributions: theoretical of random implantation of phosphorus (1), experimental of free carriers by channeling implantation (2- resistance spreading profile) and theoretical of free carriers around a homo abrupt LH interface (3), said LH interfaces (front and rear) having been positioned from the bending point corresponding to the concentration n mo of the distribution curves of the free carriers.
- FIG. 8 represents, for comparison, the distributions / distributions in a phosphorus implanted sample, by pipeline: experimental profile by the so-called SIMS method (1), two experimental profiles of active impurities by the resistance spreading method (2) and profile theoretical of random phosphorus implantation (3).
- This figure also shows the evolution of the substructure during the thermal treatment (thinning of the area between the broken vertical lines / to give the area between the solid vertical lines).
- Figure 9 shows the spectral distribution of the optical absorption
- the absorption measurements were supplemented by transmission and reflection measurements carried out on the same samples for wavelengths ⁇ such as 800 nm ⁇ ⁇ 3200 nm.
- FIG. 10A shows the very clear difference in transmission which, from around 1200 nm, increases towards the long wavelengths, in favor of the transmitter obtained according to the method according to the invention.
- the emitter comprising a modified absorbent substructure has a reflection different from that of the monocrystalline silicon sample (see FIG. 10B).
- the sample with the substructure reflects more, while in a second spectral range (1160 ⁇ ⁇ 1960 nm), it reflects less.
- the reflection is non-linear as a function of the wavelength and the difference between the two extreme values of the reflection is 12%, which is approximately ten times greater than that of the reference sample in monocrystalline silicon.
- the lower reflection in the range of high wavelengths can easily be explained by a significant absorption of these radiations by the substructure.
- Such a photovoltaic device according to the invention makes it possible to observe the changes in the photocurrent in comparison with a conventional reference cell with rear field (of 250 ⁇ m) having a good efficiency of approximately 16%.
- FIGS. 11A and 11B show the photocurrents corresponding in particular to the infrared absorption measured simultaneously for the device or the photovoltaic sample having at least one substructure in accordance with the invention (Cl) and the aforementioned cell (Reference). It can be observed in these figures that the difference in absorption and generation of photocurrent is very clearly visible for- ⁇ ⁇ 1800 nm in two cases of lamps with different spectra.
- the characteristic infrared photocurrent ranges correspond to those detected during optical absorption measurements except with regard to the activity gap of the bi-vacancies around approximately 1800 nm (see FIG. 9).
- the invention also relates to a wafer or wafer of photovoltaic material which can absorb, in addition to the fundamental photonic radiation of silicon, red and infrared radiation and which can generate by impact excess carriers thanks to the energy of UV and visible photons.
- a wafer or wafer of photovoltaic material which can absorb, in addition to the fundamental photonic radiation of silicon, red and infrared radiation and which can generate by impact excess carriers thanks to the energy of UV and visible photons.
- the wafer or wafer may comprise only a single substructure buried in the emitter and intended to present an effective photovoltaic conversion activity simultaneously in the UV and visible range and in the infrared domain.
- the wafer or wafer may comprise several sub-structures distributed over the thickness of the transmitter, each of which is provided with two combined fields, namely a field of mechanical stresses and a electric field, at least one of said substructures having an increased or extended activity of photovoltaic conversion in the UV and visible range.
- the substructure (s) buried in the transmitter is (are) in principle intended (s) to generate by impact (which corresponds to a quantum yield exceeding unity) and the sub-structure (s) str ⁇ cture (s) buried in the base is (are) intended (s) for the widening (extension) of the infrared abs ⁇ laditeion, said base substructure (s) having a resistivity much lower than that of the starting silicon material and being delimited by at least one crystalline and planar electrical interface, in particular by a crystalline hetero-interface and an LH homo-interface. confused or not with the hetero-interface.
- interfaces correspond to the limit of the substructure after formation of the rear field zone by implantation of doping impurities or by diffusion of doping impurities followed by implantation of a neutral agent or of amo ⁇ hisante self-implantation .
- the aforementioned electrical interface (s) constitute (s) an intrinsic electric field favoring the extraction of minority carriers photogenerated in said substructure and forming a screen for the minority carriers of the base relative to the center of recombination of said substructure.
- said wafer or plate may also include at least one additional amo ⁇ hized sub-structure, very heavily doped, buried in the transmitter or in the base, in particular located for example at the face rear of the base, having a limited thickness, preferably between 20 and 400 nm, and delimited by two interfaces of the LH type and by two crystalline hetero-interfaces when said additional substructure is arranged in the base or the transmitter or by an interface of the LH type and by a crystalline hetero-interface when said additional substructure is located directly at the rear face.
- This additional substructure is advantageously located in the base, preferably directly at the rear face, and has a high selective conductivity of majority carriers thanks to very active doping. high, in particular greater than approximately 10 ⁇ 9 cm "-" -, preferably approximately one hundred times greater than that of the surrounding areas of the base.
- said section or wafer can comprise at least two types of substructure, each of which is active in parts of different spectra, namely one, located in the transmitter, active in UV and visible and having generation centers under gap in the transmitter grouped in one or more thin substructure (s), and the other, preferably located in the base, having centers of photogeneration under gap in the base grouped in at least one larger substructure.
- hetero-interfaces at the level of the limits of each substructure, said hetero-interfaces being provided during their formation with electrical properties of the L-H type;
- the L-H homo-interfaces are located inside each substructure defined by the hetero-interfaces after annealing, or frame the latter between themselves by being located on either side thereof;
- the transmitter has a thickness of less than 1 ⁇ m and the P-N junction and the L-H junction forming the rear field have a depth of less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the substructure (s) present in the transmitter is advantageously between 20 and 100 nm, said at least one substructure being located at a distance between 50 and 700 nm from the front face of the wafer, wafer or chip region and having a high selective conductivity of majority carriers thanks to its very high doping, greater in particular about 10 ⁇ cm ⁇ 3, preferably about a hundred times greater than at least that of the zones of l 'neighboring transmitter.
- the wafer or wafer has effective containment of minority carriers in the emitter layer located between the front face and the at least present substructure or the least buried substructure and, where appropriate if necessary, between the different substructures present in the transmitter, thanks to a low temperature passivation of said front face and to the creation of a potential barrier at the level of each substructure resulting from the insertion of the interfaces thus forming a tank of minority carriers of optimized thickness, in particular as a function of the initial doping, of between 50 and 700 nm approximately.
- the wafer or wafer may have either a total thickness of between approximately 120 ⁇ m and approximately 300 ⁇ m, or a thickness of between 3 ⁇ m and
- FIGS. 12 to 18 In order to explain the various advantageous properties conferred, in terms of electronic transport, by the substructure forming a complex interface described above as well as the important parameters of the latter, reference will now be made in particular to FIGS. 12 to 18 attached drawings.
- the electric field of the complex L-H interface keeps minority carriers away from the recombination zone, a lower effective concentration of the minority then implying a lower probability of recombination (BSF and HLE).
- I sc notwithstanding the presence of additional recombination centers, in particular in the substructure.
- the accumulation layer several fractions of confined majority carriers have more or less two-dimensional micro-movements and the cross section of the recombination centers changes to proximity to LH interfaces.
- the LH potential barrier acts selectively on the minority carriers in the volume (identical to the PN junction but in an opposite direction), said carriers thus being kept away from the recombination centers of the substructure. due to the screen formed by said barriers potential, which makes it possible to maintain good volume parameters of the back field cell.
- the effective concentration of minorities between the PN junction and the substructure can be lower by the HLE effect (see above) in comparison with a cell only with a conventional back field (without substructure, nor HLE) thus reducing the dark saturation current I Q and advantageously increasing the open circuit voltage V oc .
- the photovoltaic material according to the invention simultaneously presents a significant increase in the photocurrent and the photoexcited potential, compared to the active material used in current cells.
- the PN / sub-structure junction distance and the thickness of said sub-structure which must be sufficiently small to allow relatively large fields (of stress and electric) to be preserved thickness.
- Figures 14 and 15 show respectively, for comparison, different components of electrons (Figure 14) and holes (Figure 15) of the total current in three different emitters each provided with a thin highly doped substructure conforming to invention as a function of the position of the latter relative to the front face, the only parameter which differs between the three curves being the thickness of the substructure (curve 1: 160 nm, curve 2: 80 nm, curve 3: 40 nm), these results taking into account only the improvement in the infrared.
- Figures 16 and 17 show respectively, for comparison, two components of electrons (Figure 16) and holes (Figure 17) of the total current in two emitters each with a 160 nm thick substructure, depending of the position relative to the front face, the only parameter differing between the two curves being the effective service life in the substructure (curve 1: 10 " 6 ⁇ s, curve 2: 100 ⁇ s).
- the complex interface is not only a screen for the wearers to the equilibrium but also the photogenerated carriers in the frontal area of the transmitter located between the substructure and the front face.
- the concentration of carriers in steady state under illumination at the front side of the transmitter allows the formation of a reservoir of carriers (see Figure 18 - substructure with ⁇ -doping: 10 ⁇ 0 cm " - ** depth: 0.5 nm and thickness: 40 nm).
- the open circuit voltage is a function of the concentration of carriers, a higher concentration of carriers reducing the production of entropies of the electron gas by photons and consequently involves , advantageously, an increase in the open circuit voltage.
- Figures 14 and 15 show an evolution of the components of the density of the photocurrent.
- the transport changes in nature by passing from conduction by broadcasting of minority interests to conduction by contribution of majority interests. Minority carriers blocked in their movement towards the P-N junction form a concentration hump (coming from the equilibrium and steady state distributions) near the edge of the substructure (see Figure 16).
- the curve C1 corresponds to a photovoltaic device obtained by the method according to the invention while the curve C2 corresponds to the reference cell.
- This improvement in photogeneration for a photovoltaic device according to the invention can be explained by the combined actions of the high doping of the substructure ( ⁇ -doping, electric field emptying the substructure of minority carriers), of the intrinsic field of constraints in the ⁇ -Si / c-Si transition zone and geometric factors such as the position of the substructure (s) with respect to the hot carrier generation zones (Auger).
- the first characteristic range can be easily explained by the presence of numerous recombination centers at the level of the front face, not having undergone passivation, of the cell according to the invention.
- the second characteristic range it can only be explained by the fact that the energy of a photon is used to generate more than two free carriers. This observation is confirmed by results on the external quantum efficiencies which are illustrated in FIG. 20B, where it is noted that the value much greater than the unit of the factor EQE (external quantum efficiency) for wavelengths less than 1000 nm means that more than two carriers can be generated by a photon.
- the explanation for this phenomenon is found in the presence of a low-energy impact generation mechanism, which constitutes a kind of impact ionization.
- FIG. 21 of the appended drawings represents the intensity of the flux and the number of photons emitted, after correction, by each of the two lamps, the first with a stronger light intensity and the second with a weaker light intensity.
- FIGS. 22A and 22B of the appended drawings show the relationship between the photon fluxes and the photocurrents generated by means of the differential values of the photon fluxes with respect to the differential values of the photocurrents for the two aforementioned lamps.
- FIGS. 23A and 23B of the appended drawings make it possible to compare, for the two above-mentioned lamps, the ratios of the photon fluxes with the ratios of the additional photocurrents generated in a photovoltaic device or sample according to the invention.
- the intrinsic stress field combined with the intrinsic electric field existing at the transition zones of the substructure (s) cause (following a reorientation after application of thermal energy - heat treatment of the substructure) a configuration of the bi-vacancies favorable to the generation of the abovementioned secondary carriers and a reduction in the energy necessary for the generation of the electron hole pairs.
- the monocrystalline upper layer facilitates the action of two phenomena, namely, fundamental photogeneration in the surface area
- the cell or the photovoltaic device according to the invention therefore comprises two regions namely active, optical (fundamental abso ⁇ tion) and electronic (generation by impacts).
- ⁇ - ( ⁇ ) the coefficient of absorption
- g r is a geometric factor of the device considered taking take into account the effective length of the optical path (especially for infrared radiation).
- the factor ⁇ r ( ⁇ ) represents the generation efficiency of electron / hole pairs (quantum efficiency).
- V ⁇ a ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ M ⁇ i ⁇ ( ⁇ ) (Eq.2)
- p ⁇ i represents the probability of i events per photon
- ⁇ ( ⁇ )> ⁇ r ( ⁇ ) is the absorption efficiency in the presence of an amo ⁇ hized underground structure or layer
- ⁇ ( ⁇ ) (( * "- + ⁇ ) Oi r + ⁇ g)
- ⁇ ( ⁇ ) represents the additional complex abso ⁇ tion linked to a deeper penetration of photons with light intensity
- ⁇ g is the corresponding geometric factor, namely, a complex function of the situation / position of the buried layer and the profile of distribution of the abso ⁇ tion in the thickness of the photovoltaic device or sample.
- ⁇ M i The multiplication by ⁇ M i depends on the energy of the incident photons.
- multiplicative factors ⁇ -, ⁇ 2 , ..., ⁇ n correspond to average efficiencies (varying between 1 and 2) of one, two or n events per photon, their product therefore not being less than unity.
- the wafer, wafer or chip region comprises several sub -structures distributed in the thickness of the emitter, each of which is provided with two combined mechanical / electrical stress fields, at least one of said substructures having an increased or extended activity of photovoltaic conversion in the UV and visible.
- At least one additional amo ⁇ hized substructure very heavily doped, buried in the transmitter or in the base, in particular located for example at the rear face of the base, having a limited thickness, preferably between 20 and 400 nm, and delimited by at least one LH type interface and by at least one crystalline hetero-interface.
- This additional substructure will present an increased activity of photovoltaic conversion for the infrared radiation thanks to a maximum suppression of the bi-vacancies during the heat treatment fixing the dimensional, geometrical and mo metrehological parameters of the substructure and its interfaces.
- the invention also relates to a photovoltaic or photocell cell which comprises, as active material, a portion of wafer, a wafer or a wafer of photovoltaic material as described above and obtained by means of the manufacturing process described herein.
- the front or exposed face of at least said portion of wafer, wafer or wafer being shaped and / or covered with a layer of a material determined so as to constitute an optical confinement, in particular for infrared radiation, in the thickness of said active material, therefore between the front and rear faces of said cell or between the substructures.
- said photocell will include various other coatings and layers and will be subject to additional treatments, not described herein, but which are known to those skilled in the art.
- FIG. 1 represents the constitution of an exemplary embodiment of a very high or ultra high efficiency multi-interface solar cell comprising a modified substructure absorbing the infrared buried in the transmitter.
- frontal passivation layer (electronic activity - limitation of the rate of recombination of the frontal surface or of the exposed or front face)
- emitter optical and electronic activities - conversion of light at short wavelengths, impact generation, light trapping, excess carrier reservoir, electronic transport
- - between 3 and 5 optically active zone; monocrystalline region of absorption of sunlight at short wavelengths; most efficient photogeneration area, screen for minority carriers of the saturation current; - 5: rear limit of the absorption of short wavelength sunlight in the transmitter;
- minority carrier pool composed of two distinct sub-regions: photon / photocarrier conversion and electronic transport of excess carriers.
- substructure optical and electronic activities, conversion of UV and visible light with a yield exceeding unity, optical confinement, preservation of minority carriers, creation of a potential barrier, electronic transport
- - 6 frontal limit of the upper L-H accumulation layer
- - between 6 and 7 upper accumulation layer at shallow depth
- - 7 frontal LH interface: electrical limit of the substructure
- - between 7 and 8 frontal electrical extension of the substructure; monocrystalline structure
- - in 8 front interface of the substructure; structural or hetero-interface limit; - between 8 and 9: optically active zone; region with modified crystallinity, if necessary amo ⁇ he, for impact generation, associated with instantaneous evacuation of the photogenerated minority carriers;
- - 9 rear interface of the substructure; structural or hetero-interface limit; - between 9 and 10: rear electrical extension of the substructure; monocrystalline structure;
- - 10 rear L-H interface; electrical limit of the substructure; - between 10 and 1 1: deep accumulation layer; bidimensionalization of the micromotion of majority carriers; - 11: rear limit of the deep L-H accumulation layer;
- P-N junction optical and electronic activities - collection of excess minority photocarriers, creation of a potential barrier, electronic transport
- - 12 limit of non-linear P-N distributions inside the transmitter
- - 13 frontal limit of the volume load P-N; - between 13 and 14: layer of the volume load of the donors with a negligible concentration of free carriers;
- volume charge layer of acceptors with a negligible concentration of free carriers - 15: rear limit of the volume load P-N;
- region H of an LH interface (p + in an n + / p / p + cell), this region possibly constituting, following a high-dose self-implantation and an adapted heat treatment, additional amo ⁇ hized substructure 25 dedicated exclusively to the photovoltaic conversion of infrared radiation.
- rear passivation layer (electronic activity; limitation of the recombination rate of the rear surface)
- - 20 rear interface between the monocrystalline and passivation layers; unnecessary local recombination of free carriers; - 21: interface of the rear metal / semiconductor contact zone; useful local recombination of free carriers;
- the invention it is therefore possible to manufacture, easily and industrially, a silicon-based material absorbing infrared radiation as well as the fundamental radiation normally absorbed by the silicon and converting, into a corresponding exploitable additional photocurrent, said infrared abso ⁇ tion, by implanting in the emitter zone a strongly doped continuous substructure and delimited by two homo-interfaces LH and two hetero-interfaces, so as to constitute an interface complex forming a second potential barrier and comprising an intrinsic field ensuring effective extraction of the pairs of photogenerated carriers in said substructure by the absorption of light radiation of long wavelength (red, infrared).
- the heavily doped substructure thus gives the solar cell new optical and electronic properties, namely:
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- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9408885 | 1994-07-13 | ||
FR9408885A FR2722612B1 (fr) | 1994-07-13 | 1994-07-13 | Procede de fabrication d'un materiau ou dispositif photovoltaique, materiau ou dispositif ainsi obteu et photopile comprenant un tel materiau ou dispositif |
PCT/FR1995/000945 WO1996002948A1 (fr) | 1994-07-13 | 1995-07-13 | Procede de fabrication d'un materiau ou dispositif photovoltaique, materiau ou dispositif ainsi obtenu et photopile comprenant un tel materiau ou dispositif |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0770268A1 true EP0770268A1 (fr) | 1997-05-02 |
Family
ID=9465500
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95925885A Withdrawn EP0770268A1 (fr) | 1994-07-13 | 1995-07-13 | Procede de fabrication d'un materiau ou dispositif photovoltaique, materiau ou dispositif ainsi obtenu et photopile comprenant un tel materiau ou dispositif |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5935345A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0770268A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2722612B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1996002948A1 (fr) |
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- 1994-07-13 FR FR9408885A patent/FR2722612B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-07-13 WO PCT/FR1995/000945 patent/WO1996002948A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-07-13 EP EP95925885A patent/EP0770268A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-07-13 US US08/765,948 patent/US5935345A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9602948A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2722612A1 (fr) | 1996-01-19 |
US5935345A (en) | 1999-08-10 |
WO1996002948A1 (fr) | 1996-02-01 |
FR2722612B1 (fr) | 1997-01-03 |
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