EP0727576B1 - Process for detecting error conditions in diesel injection devices - Google Patents

Process for detecting error conditions in diesel injection devices Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0727576B1
EP0727576B1 EP95120213A EP95120213A EP0727576B1 EP 0727576 B1 EP0727576 B1 EP 0727576B1 EP 95120213 A EP95120213 A EP 95120213A EP 95120213 A EP95120213 A EP 95120213A EP 0727576 B1 EP0727576 B1 EP 0727576B1
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Prior art keywords
injection
carried out
pressure waveform
individual
values
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French (fr)
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EP0727576A1 (en
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Jürgen Dipl.-Ing Anlauf
Günter Dr.-Ing. Nobis
Hartmut Dr.-Ing Fussan
Mathias Dipl.-Ing. Mathe
Jürgen Dr.-Ing. Treetz
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02MSUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M65/00Testing fuel-injection apparatus, e.g. testing injection timing ; Cleaning of fuel-injection apparatus
    • F02M65/003Measuring variation of fuel pressure in high pressure line

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for determining Fault conditions of diesel injection systems from at least one Injection pressure curve, in which the injection pressure curve is detected, Comparative data is compared and evaluated.
  • Diesel injection systems use the injection pressure curve of a clamp on lines leading to the injectors lead, decreased.
  • the evaluation and diagnosis is based on the visual assessment of the measured injection pressure profiles or on the visual comparison of the measured injection pressure curves different cylinders of an engine with each other.
  • Subjective evaluation not only requires a lot of experience, but also the individual sensors must also be carefully selected and be exactly matched to each other, since sensitivity deviations influence each other's evaluation and lead to a misdiagnosis would lead.
  • the signal of the Injection pressure history only the start of delivery and the speed derived so that the information obtained is relatively small.
  • DE-A 2 916 150 gives a device or, in connection with this, also a method for determining error states of Diesel injection systems, namely to determine the rattling effect in one Fuel injection line, the frequency of which is consecutive in time Pulsations detected during the injection processes and the detected signal with a Reference signal of predetermined frequency and amplitude by means of a comparator is compared (see e.g. claims 3 and 5 and description page 10, last Section.). The difference is determined by a corresponding output signal, e.g. in shape a Lissajous figure. Alternatively, on page 11, paragraph 3, the output signal of the converter and the reference signal along the same axis, not at right angles to each other. At this Superposition is about capturing the difference between the output signal of the transducer and the reference signal in order to fix the rattle effect put.
  • the invention has for its object a method of Provide the type mentioned at the outset with the fault of the diesel injection system can be diagnosed reliably.
  • the detected injection pressure curve with regard to the individual injections using a standard curve is standardized and that for evaluation the standardized injection pressure curve at least one single injection of the comparison data is compared.
  • the standardization advantageously runs first in the direction of the time axis of the injection pressure curve and then in a second step towards the amplitude of the Injection pressure course from.
  • the values for the cross correlation or regression are thereby equidistant sampling values of the Injection pressure course.
  • the normalization can also be made so that it is in the direction the time axis is based on the first maximum, where this is assigned time zero and amplitude one, or that normalization is based on another characteristic Value.
  • the engine speed can basically be determined by the immediate Detection of the time interval between the individual injections be recorded. The reliability and accuracy, however, is higher if the time interval of the cross correlation maxima is taken as a basis.
  • the detected engine speed can be used as information for improving standardization and / or increasing the reliability of the evaluation result can be exploited, because there is a change in speed or acceleration on the curve shape of the injection pressure curve.
  • An evaluation corresponding comparison data can be used as a basis.
  • the evaluation becomes more secure if it is based on a Averaging over several normalized successive successive times Single injections are carried out.
  • standardization in the time domain, standardization can also be used the injection pressure curves transformed into the frequency range be carried out, with characteristics or samples of the spectral amplitudes can be used.
  • the errors can be determined, for example, in that for visual evaluation the comparison data and the one to be assessed normalized single injection shown simultaneously are used as comparison data either the standardized single injections of the other cylinders or a Normal picture for the correct function and - if desired - serve at least one characteristic error pattern.
  • a discriminant analysis is suitable as an evaluation method or processing by a neural network.
  • Fig. 1 are sections of injection pressure curves 1 for the four cylinders of a four-cylinder engine over time t with respective individual injections 1.1a to 1.1d shown as they can be obtained, for example, with the aid of clamping devices.
  • the respective encoder is on an injection line preferably clamped near the injector, taking it is, for example, a conventional piezoelectric open-circuit encoder acts, which is proportional to the injection pressure curve delivers electrical charge that electronically into a Voltage is converted.
  • a conventional piezoelectric open-circuit encoder acts, which is proportional to the injection pressure curve delivers electrical charge that electronically into a Voltage is converted.
  • Other possible sensors also piezoresistive sensors and, instead of clamp-on sensors, also built-in sensors in question.
  • the scaling in the time direction and in the amplitude direction is in modified units performed.
  • the injection pressure curve can vary under different operating conditions of the engine, e.g. at constant Speed, preferably under load or under dynamic load during a free acceleration of only by its moment of inertia loaded engine.
  • Fig. 2 are the curves of for four different cylinders measured single injections over time, where the amplitude is scaled in modified voltage units.
  • the individual injections are temporal (using cross correlation), but not matched in amplitude to a standard curve.
  • the curves of the individual injections show in particular Cyl.1 and Cyl.3 versus the amplitudes of the remaining individual injections a deviation, for example on a different sensitivity of the corresponding The encoder can be based.
  • the four single injections are here averaged over 10 consecutive injection processes. All elements of the injection system are in the Normal condition.
  • FIG. 3 shows normalized curves 2 of individual injections Cyl.1 to Cyl.4 shown.
  • the standardization is both in the direction of the time axis and in the amplitude direction, the normalization in the direction of the time axis by means of Cross correlation is carried out so that the single injections of the different injection pressure profiles for the different ones Cylinder along the time axis starting at zero, overlaid are.
  • the normalization in the amplitude direction is linear Regression carried out with adaptation to a standard curve. All elements of the injection system are in normal condition.
  • the cross correlation carried out in a first step becomes between discrete values of the injection pressure curve and one Standard curve made.
  • the discrete values are temporal Equidistant samples of the injection pressure curve.
  • the Standard curve can be a normal single injection or a Roughly adapted triangular function to a single injection or the like.
  • the maxima of the cross-correlation function represent the temporal adaptation of the curve of the standard curve to the injection pressure curve and allow timed individual injections from the entire injection pressure curve extract.
  • the extracted individual injections with the aid of linear regression adapted the course of the standard curve and then via all or more extracted and adjusted single injections averaged.
  • standardization can also be carried out using a maximum-minimum method.
  • a maximum-minimum method is from an injection pressure curve acc. Fig. 1 also single injections extracted. The single injections become like this normalizes that at the first maximum the time is zero and the Amplitude is set to one.
  • Signal processing and / or evaluation in the Frequency range are carried out, for which purpose the measured or the already standardized injection pressure curve in the frequency range is transformed.
  • the evaluation can be carried out by a visual Comparison of the standardized individual injections relative to the different cylinders with each other and / or with characteristic Comparison data take place, the comparison data one Show normal condition and various fault patterns. As a result the standardization are deviations in the error state compared to the Differentiate between normal condition and other error conditions.
  • the classification can be done, for example, using a discriminant analysis using statistical methods or with so-called neural networks take place.
  • the one for the evaluation the discrete values of the standardized individual injections can be equidistant amplitude samples or characteristic features of the standardized individual injections, in particular be maxima and / or minima. In Fig. 4 are such characteristic features a to e shown.
  • the evaluation can be for the time domain or the frequency domain in a corresponding manner.
  • the values for the Fault diagnosis can be made in the frequency domain from characteristics of the spectral Amplitudes or obtained by suitable samples become.
  • FIG. 5 shows a representation corresponding to FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 is, however, an example of the normalized course of a faulty single injection cylinder 1 'with (by 10%) low injection pressure the normalized course of normal single injections Zyl.2 to Zyl.4 compared. The deviation is clearly recognizable.
  • the procedure can be refined for standardization and / or the evaluation still used the respective engine speed are determined by means of the time intervals of the correlation maxima can be reliably determined. This allows the Fault diagnosis the corresponding speed values or acceleration values be taken as a basis, so that the reliability of the Evaluation wins because the injection pressure curves depend on the speed or the speed change are dependent.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)

Description

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Ermitteln von Fehlerzuständen von Dieseleinspritzanlagen aus mindestens einem Einspritzdruckverlauf, bei dem der Einspritzdruckverlauf erfaßt, Vergleichsdaten gegenübergestellt und ausgewertet wird.The invention relates to a method for determining Fault conditions of diesel injection systems from at least one Injection pressure curve, in which the injection pressure curve is detected, Comparative data is compared and evaluated.

Bei einem bekannten derartigen Verfahren zur Fehlerdiagnose bei Dieseleinspritzanlagen wird der Einspritzdruckverlauf mittels eines Aufklemmgebers an Leitungen, die zu den Einspritzdüsen führen, abgenommen. Die Auswertung und Diagnose basiert auf der visuellen Beurteilung der gemessenen Einspritzdruckverläufe bzw. auf dem visuellen Vergleich der gemessenen Einspritzdruckverläufe verschiedener Zylinder eines Motors untereinander. Zu dieser subjektiven Auswertung gehört nicht nur viel Erfahrung, sondern die einzelnen Meßgeber müssen auch sorgfältig ausgewählt und aufeinander genau abgestimmt sein, da Empfindlichkeitsabweichungen voneinander die Auswertung beeinflussen und zu einer Fehldiagnose führen würden. In a known method for fault diagnosis Diesel injection systems use the injection pressure curve of a clamp on lines leading to the injectors lead, decreased. The evaluation and diagnosis is based on the visual assessment of the measured injection pressure profiles or on the visual comparison of the measured injection pressure curves different cylinders of an engine with each other. To this Subjective evaluation not only requires a lot of experience, but also the individual sensors must also be carefully selected and be exactly matched to each other, since sensitivity deviations influence each other's evaluation and lead to a misdiagnosis would lead.

Bei einem anderen Verfahren dieser Art wird aus dem Signal des Einspritzdruckverlaufs nur der Förderbeginn und die Drehzahl abgeleitet, so daß die gewonnene Information relativ gering ist.In another method of this type, the signal of the Injection pressure history only the start of delivery and the speed derived so that the information obtained is relatively small.

Die Druckschrift DE-A 2 916 150 gibt eine Einrichtung bzw., damit verbunden, auch ein Verfahen zum Ermitteln von Fehlerzuständen von Dieseleinspritzanlagen an, nämlich zur Feststellung des Schnarren-Effektes in einer Brennstoff-Einspritzleitung, wobei die Frequenz der zeitlich aufeinander folgenden Pulsationen bei den Einspritzvorgängen erfaßt und das erfaßte Signal mit einem Bezugssignal vorgegebener Frequenz und Amplitude mittels eines Komparators verglichen wird (s. z.B. Ansprüche 3 und 5 und Beschreibung Seite 10, letzter Abs.). Die Differenz wird durch ein entsprechendes Ausgangssignal, z.B. in Form einer Lissajous-Figur dargestellt. Alternativ ist auf Seite 11, 3. Abs. angegeben, das Ausgangssignal des Wandlers und das Bezugssignal längs der gleichen Achse, also nicht im rechten Winkel zueinander, darzustellen. Bei dieser Überlagerung geht es um die Erfassung der Differenz zwischen dem Ausgangssignal des Wandlers und dem Bezugssignal, um den Schnarren-Effekt fest zu stellen.DE-A 2 916 150 gives a device or, in connection with this, also a method for determining error states of Diesel injection systems, namely to determine the rattling effect in one Fuel injection line, the frequency of which is consecutive in time Pulsations detected during the injection processes and the detected signal with a Reference signal of predetermined frequency and amplitude by means of a comparator is compared (see e.g. claims 3 and 5 and description page 10, last Section.). The difference is determined by a corresponding output signal, e.g. in shape a Lissajous figure. Alternatively, on page 11, paragraph 3, the output signal of the converter and the reference signal along the same axis, not at right angles to each other. At this Superposition is about capturing the difference between the output signal of the transducer and the reference signal in order to fix the rattle effect put.

Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art bereitzustellen, mit dem Fehler der Dieseleinspritzanlage zuverlässig diagnostiziert werden können.The invention has for its object a method of Provide the type mentioned at the outset with the fault of the diesel injection system can be diagnosed reliably.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem gattungsgemäßen Verfahren mit den im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Merkmalen gelöst.This task is carried out in a generic method with the Features specified in claim 1 solved.

Hiernach ist also vorgesehen, daß der erfaßte Einspritzdruckverlauf bezüglich der Einzeleinspritzungen anhand einer Standardkurve normiert wird und daß zur Auswertung der normierte Einspritzdruckverlauf mindestens einer Einzeleinspritzug den Vergleichsdaten gegenübergestellt wird.According to this, it is provided that the detected injection pressure curve with regard to the individual injections using a standard curve is standardized and that for evaluation the standardized injection pressure curve at least one single injection of the comparison data is compared.

Durch die Normierung erfolgt eine Signalaufbereitung, durch die unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeiten der Meßgeber eliminiert werden. Hierdurch werden durch die Meßgeber bzw. deren Anschluß an die Dieseleinspritzanlage bedingte systematische oder zufällige Fehler kompensiert, so daß sie nicht verfälschend in die Auswertung eingehen. Dabei können Meßgeber unterschiedlicher Empfindlichkeiten für die Messung des Einspritzdruckverlaufes an einem oder mehreren Zylindern verwendet werden, wobei das Meßergebnis reproduzierbar und die einzelnen Meßergebnisse miteinander vergleichbar bleiben. Die normierten Einspritzdruckverläufe bilden eine eindeutige Basis für eine visuelle oder automatische Auswertung und Fehlerbestimmung. Zudem kann der Einfluß von Drehzahlschwankungen eliminiert werden. By means of the standardization, a signal processing takes place through which different sensor sensitivities can be eliminated. As a result, the transducers or their connection to the diesel injection system caused systematic or accidental Errors compensated so that they are not falsifying in the evaluation come in. Here, sensors of different sensitivities for measuring the injection pressure curve one or more cylinders are used, the measurement result reproducible and the individual measurement results together remain comparable. The standardized injection pressure curves form a clear basis for a visual or automatic Evaluation and error determination. In addition, the influence of Speed fluctuations are eliminated.

Vorteilhaft läuft die Normierung in einem ersten Schritt zunächst in Richtung der Zeitachse des Einspritzdruckverlaufes und dann in einem zweiten Schritt in Richtung der Amplitude des Einspritzdruckverlaufes ab. Durch die Normierung in Richtung der Zeitachse werden die Einzeleinspritzungen verschiedener Zylinder an die gleiche Stelle einer Zeitachse gelegt und einander überlagerbar, während durch die Normierung in Amplitudenrichtung evtl. Unterschiede in den Amplitudenmerkmalen der Einzeleinspritzungen hervortreten.In a first step, the standardization advantageously runs first in the direction of the time axis of the injection pressure curve and then in a second step towards the amplitude of the Injection pressure course from. By standardizing in the direction of The individual fuel injections of different cylinders become the time axis placed in the same place on a timeline and superimposed on each other, while by normalizing in the amplitude direction possibly differences in the amplitude characteristics of the individual injections emerge.

Eine vorteilhafte Vorgehensweise für eine gute Normierung besteht darin, daß die Normierung in Richtung der Zeitachse durch Kreuzkorrelation von diskreten Werten des Einspritzdruckverlaufes und entsprechenden Werten der Standardkurve erfolgt, wobei die Maxima der Kreuzkorrelationsfunktion die zeitliche Anpassung des Einspritzdruckverlaufs darstellen, und daß die Normierung in Richtung der Amplitude mittels linearer Regression erfolgt, wobei ebenfalls die diskreten Werte des Einspritzdruckverlaufs und entsprechende Werte der Standardkurve verwendet werden.There is an advantageous procedure for good standardization in that the normalization in the direction of the time axis Cross-correlation of discrete values of the injection pressure curve and corresponding values of the standard curve, where the maxima of the cross-correlation function is the temporal Represent adjustment of the injection pressure curve, and that the Standardization in the direction of the amplitude by means of linear regression takes place, whereby also the discrete values of the injection pressure curve and corresponding values from the standard curve are used become.

Die Werte für die Kreuzkorrelation bzw. die Regression sind dabei zeitlich äquidistante Abtastwerte des Einspritzdruckverlaufes.The values for the cross correlation or regression are thereby equidistant sampling values of the Injection pressure course.

Beispielsweise kann für die Normierung mittels Kreuzkorrelation und Regression als Standardkurve eine normale Einzeleinspritzung oder eine grob an eine Einzeleinspritzung angepaßte Dreiecksfunktion dienen.For example, for normalization using cross correlation and regression as a standard curve a normal single injection or a triangular function roughly adapted to a single injection serve.

Die Normierung kann auch so vorgenommen werden, daß sie in Richtung der Zeitachse anhand des ersten Maximums erfolgt, wobei diesem die Zeit Null und die Amplitude Eins zugeordnet wird, oder daß die Normierung anhand eines anderen charakteristischen Wertes erfolgt. The normalization can also be made so that it is in the direction the time axis is based on the first maximum, where this is assigned time zero and amplitude one, or that normalization is based on another characteristic Value.

Für die Auswertung und Fehlerdiagnose ist es günstig, wenn die Einspritzdruckverläufe aller Zylinder erfaßt und die Einzeleinspritzungen der verschiedenen Zylinder mittels der Normierung überlagert dargestellt werden. Hierdurch wird ein relativer Vergleich zwischen den Einspritzdruckverläufen der einzelnen Zylinder ermöglicht und zusätzlich können die Einspritzdruckverläufe auch mit vorgegebenen Daten z.B. in Form von Fehlerbildern verglichen werden.For evaluation and fault diagnosis, it is advantageous if the Injection pressure profiles recorded for all cylinders and the individual injections of the different cylinders by means of standardization overlaid. This will make a relative Comparison between the injection pressure profiles of the individual Cylinder enables and in addition can the injection pressure curves also with specified data e.g. in the form of error images be compared.

Die Motordrehzahl kann grundsätzlich durch die unmittelbare Erfassung des zeitlichen Abstandes der Einzeleinspritzungen erfaßt werden. Die Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit ist jedoch höher, wenn der zeitliche Abstand der Kreuzkorrelationsmaxima zugrundegelegt wird. Die erfaßte Motordrehzahl kann als Information für die Verbesserung der Normierung und/oder zur Erhöhung der Zuverlässigkeit des Auswerteergebnisses ausgenutzt werden, da sich eine Drehzahländerung bzw. Beschleunigung auf die Kurvenform des Einspritzdruckverlaufs auswirkt. Eei der Auswertung können entsprechende Vergleichsdaten zugrundegelegt werden.The engine speed can basically be determined by the immediate Detection of the time interval between the individual injections be recorded. The reliability and accuracy, however, is higher if the time interval of the cross correlation maxima is taken as a basis. The detected engine speed can be used as information for improving standardization and / or increasing the reliability of the evaluation result can be exploited, because there is a change in speed or acceleration on the curve shape of the injection pressure curve. An evaluation corresponding comparison data can be used as a basis.

Die Auswertung wird sicherer, wenn sie auf der Grundlage einer Mittelung über mehrere zeitlich nacheinander folgende normierte Einzeleinspritzungen erfolgt.The evaluation becomes more secure if it is based on a Averaging over several normalized successive successive times Single injections are carried out.

Alternativ zur Normierung im Zeitbereich kann auch eine Normierung der in den Frequenzbereich transformierten Einspritzdruckverläufe durchgeführt werden, wobei Merkmale bzw. Abtastwerte der spektralen Amplituden verwendet werden.As an alternative to standardization in the time domain, standardization can also be used the injection pressure curves transformed into the frequency range be carried out, with characteristics or samples of the spectral amplitudes can be used.

Die Fehler können beispielsweise dadurch ermittelt werden, daß zur visuellen Auswertung die Vergleichsdaten und die zu beurteilende normierte Einzeleinspritzung gleichzeitig dargestellt werden, wobei als Vergleichsdaten entweder die normierten Einzeleinspritzungen der anderen Zylinder oder ein Normalbild für die ordnungsgemäße Funktion und - wenn gewünscht - mindestens ein charakteristisches Fehlerbild dienen.The errors can be determined, for example, in that for visual evaluation the comparison data and the one to be assessed normalized single injection shown simultaneously are used as comparison data either the standardized single injections of the other cylinders or a Normal picture for the correct function and - if desired - serve at least one characteristic error pattern.

Eine von der Erfahrung und subjektiven Bewertung des Bedienungspersonals unabhängige objektive Auswertung wird dadurch erzielt, daß die Auswertung automatisch durch Vergleich von diskreten Werten der normierten Einzeleinspritzungen mit den gespeicherten Vergleichsdaten und Zuordnung der Werte zu den Vergleichsdaten erfolgt, die einen Normalzustand und mindestens ein Fehlerbild darstellen, wobei die diskreten Werte äquidistante Abtastwerte oder Maxima und/oder Minima sind.One of the experience and subjective evaluation of the operators independent objective evaluation is achieved that the evaluation automatically by comparing discrete Values of the standardized single injections with the saved ones Comparison data and assignment of the values to the comparison data that is a normal state and at least one error represent, with the discrete values equidistant samples or are maxima and / or minima.

Als Auswertemethoden eignen sich hierbei eine Diskriminanzanalyse oder eine Verarbeitung durch ein neuronales Netzwerk.A discriminant analysis is suitable as an evaluation method or processing by a neural network.

Für eine übersichtliche Information der Eedienungsperson ist es vorteilhaft, wenn nur die Fehler angezeigt werden, deren Wahrscheinlichkeit oberhalb einer vorgegebenen Grenze liegt.It is for clear information of the operator advantageous if only the errors are displayed, their probability is above a predetermined limit.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeichnungen erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
von Meßgebern aufgenommene tiefpaßgefiltere Signale von Einspritzdruckverläufen für die vier Zylinder eines Vierzylindermotors über der Zeit,
Fig. 2
vier einander zeitlich überlagerte Einzeleinspritzvorgänge von für die vier verschiedenen Zylinder gemessenen Einspritzdruckverläufen, die zeitlich an eine Standardkurve angepaßt sind,
Fig. 3
die vier Einzeleinspritzvorgänge nach Fig. 2, die nun zusätzlich amplitudenmäßig an die Standardkurve angepaßt sind,
Fig. 4
charakteristische Merkmale einer normierten Einzeleinspritzung und
Fig. 5
eine der Fig. 3 entsprechende Darstellung, wobei ein fehlerhafter Einspritzdruckverlauf bei Zylinder 1 vorliegt.
The invention is explained below using exemplary embodiments with reference to the drawings. Show it:
Fig. 1
low-pass filtered signals of injection pressure profiles recorded by the sensors for the four cylinders of a four-cylinder engine over time,
Fig. 2
four individual injection processes, superimposed on one another, of injection pressure curves measured for the four different cylinders, which are adapted in time to a standard curve,
Fig. 3
2, which are now additionally matched in amplitude to the standard curve,
Fig. 4
characteristic features of a standardized single injection and
Fig. 5
a representation corresponding to FIG. 3, wherein there is a faulty injection pressure curve in cylinder 1.

In der Fig. 1 sind Ausschnitte vcn Einspritzdruckverläufen 1 für die vier Zylinder eines Vierzylindermotors über der Zeit t mit jeweiligen Einzeleinspritzungen 1.1a bis 1.1d dargestellt, wie sie beispielsweise mit Hilfe von Klemmgebern gewonnen werden. Der jeweilige Klemmgeber ist dabei an einer Einspritzleitung vorzugsweise in der Nähe der Einspritzdüse aufgeklemmt, wobei es sich beispielsweise um einen üblichen piezoelektrischen Aufklemmgeber handelt, der eine dem Einspritzdruckverlauf proportionale elektrische Ladung liefert, die elektronisch in eine Spannung konvertiert wird. Als andere mögliche Meßgeber kommen auch piezoresistive Meßgeber und, anstelle von Aufklemmgebern, auch eingebaute Meßgeber in Frage. Die Skalierung in Zeitrichtung und in Amplitudenrichtung ist in modifizierten Einheiten vorgenommen.In Fig. 1 are sections of injection pressure curves 1 for the four cylinders of a four-cylinder engine over time t with respective individual injections 1.1a to 1.1d shown as they can be obtained, for example, with the aid of clamping devices. The respective encoder is on an injection line preferably clamped near the injector, taking it is, for example, a conventional piezoelectric open-circuit encoder acts, which is proportional to the injection pressure curve delivers electrical charge that electronically into a Voltage is converted. Coming as other possible sensors also piezoresistive sensors and, instead of clamp-on sensors, also built-in sensors in question. The scaling in the time direction and in the amplitude direction is in modified units performed.

Der Einspritzdruckverlauf kann unter verschiedenen Betriebsbedingungen des Motors gewonnen werden, z.B. bei konstanter Drehzahl, vorzugsweise unter Last oder bei dynamischer Belastung während einer freien Beschleunigung des nur durch sein Trägheitsmoment belasteten Motors. The injection pressure curve can vary under different operating conditions of the engine, e.g. at constant Speed, preferably under load or under dynamic load during a free acceleration of only by its moment of inertia loaded engine.

In Fig. 2 sind die Verläufe von für vier verschiedene Zylinder gemessenen Einzeleinspritzungen über der Zeit dargestellt, wobei die Amplitude in modifizierten Spannungseinheiten skaliert ist. Die Einzeleinspritzungen sind zeitlich (mittels Kreuzkorrelation), aber nicht amplitudenmäßig an eine Standardkurve angepaßt. Hierbei zeigen insbesondere die Kurvenverläufe der Einzeleinspritzungen Zyl.1 und Zyl.3 gegenüber den Amplituden der übrigen Einzeleinspritzungen eine Abweichung, die beispielsweise auf einer unterschiedlichen Empfindlichkeit der entsprechenden Meßgeber beruhen kann. Die vier Einzeleinspritzungen sind hierbei jeweils über 10 aufeinanderfolgende Einspritzvorgänge gemittelt. Alle Elemente des Einspritzsystems befinden sich im Normalzustand.In Fig. 2 are the curves of for four different cylinders measured single injections over time, where the amplitude is scaled in modified voltage units. The individual injections are temporal (using cross correlation), but not matched in amplitude to a standard curve. The curves of the individual injections show in particular Cyl.1 and Cyl.3 versus the amplitudes of the remaining individual injections a deviation, for example on a different sensitivity of the corresponding The encoder can be based. The four single injections are here averaged over 10 consecutive injection processes. All elements of the injection system are in the Normal condition.

In Fig. 3 sind normierte Verläufe 2 von Einzeleinspritzungen Zyl.1 bis Zyl.4 dargestellt. Die Normierung ist hierbei sowohl in Richtung der Zeitachse als auch in Amplitudenrichtung erfolgt, wobei die Normierung in Richtung der Zeitachse mittels Kreuzkorrelation ausgeführt ist, so daß die Einzeleinspritzungen der verschiedenen Einspritzdruckverläufe für die verschiedenen Zylinder entlang der Zeitachse beginnend bei Null, überlagert sind. In Amplitudenrichtung ist die Normierung mittels linearer Regression unter Anpassung an eine Standardkurve vorgenommen. Alle Elemente des Einspritzsystems befinden sich im Normalzustand.3 shows normalized curves 2 of individual injections Cyl.1 to Cyl.4 shown. The standardization is both in the direction of the time axis and in the amplitude direction, the normalization in the direction of the time axis by means of Cross correlation is carried out so that the single injections of the different injection pressure profiles for the different ones Cylinder along the time axis starting at zero, overlaid are. The normalization in the amplitude direction is linear Regression carried out with adaptation to a standard curve. All elements of the injection system are in normal condition.

Die in einem ersten Schritt durchgeführte Kreuzkorrelation wird zwischen diskreten Werten des Einspritzdruckverlaufes und einer Standardkurve vorgenommen. Die diskreten Werte sind dabei zeitlich äquidistante Abtastwerte des Einspritzdruckverlaufs. Die Standardkurve kann eine normale Einzeleinspritzung oder eine grob an eine Einzeleinspritzung angepaßte Dreiecksfunktion oder dgl. sein. Die Maxima der Kreuzkorrelationsfunktion stellen die zeitliche Anpassung des Verlaufes der Standardkurve an den Einspritzdruckverlauf dar und gestatten, zeitlich angepaßte Einzeleinspritzungen aus dem gesamten Einspritzdruckverlauf zu extrahieren.The cross correlation carried out in a first step becomes between discrete values of the injection pressure curve and one Standard curve made. The discrete values are temporal Equidistant samples of the injection pressure curve. The Standard curve can be a normal single injection or a Roughly adapted triangular function to a single injection or the like. The maxima of the cross-correlation function represent the temporal adaptation of the curve of the standard curve to the injection pressure curve and allow timed individual injections from the entire injection pressure curve extract.

In einem zweiten Schritt werden dann die extrahierten Einzeleinspritzungen mit Hilfe der linearen Regression amplitudenmäßig an den Verlauf der Standardkurve angepaßt und anschließend über alle oder mehrere extrahierte und angepaßte Einzeleinspritzungen gemittelt.In a second step, the extracted individual injections with the aid of linear regression adapted the course of the standard curve and then via all or more extracted and adjusted single injections averaged.

Aus Fig. 3 ist die gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Verläufe für die normierten Einzeleinspritzungen ersichtlich. In Amplitudenrichtung ist eine Skalierung in normierten Einheiten Y vorgenommen.The good reproducibility of the courses for the standardized single injections. In the amplitude direction is scaled in standardized units Y.

Gemäß einer zweiten Methode kann die Normierung auch mittels einer Maximum-Minimum-Methode vorgenommen werden. Hierbei werden aus einem Einspritzdruckverlauf gem. Fig. 1 ebenfalls Einzeleinspritzungen extrahiert. Die Einzeleinspritzungen werden derart normiert, daß beim ersten Maximum die Zeit gleich Null und die Amplitude gleich Eins gesetzt ist.According to a second method, standardization can also be carried out using a maximum-minimum method. Here are from an injection pressure curve acc. Fig. 1 also single injections extracted. The single injections become like this normalizes that at the first maximum the time is zero and the Amplitude is set to one.

Ferner kann eine Signalaufbereitung und/oder die Auswertung im Frequenzbereich vorgenommen werden, wozu bereits der gemessene oder der schon normierte Einspritzdruckverlauf in den Frequenzbereich transformiert wird.Signal processing and / or evaluation in the Frequency range are carried out, for which purpose the measured or the already standardized injection pressure curve in the frequency range is transformed.

Die Auswertung kann nach der Normierung durch einen visuellen Vergleich der normierten Einzeleinspritzungen relativ für die verschiedenen Zylinder untereinander und/oder mit charakteristischen Vergleichsdaten erfolgen, wobei die Vergleichsdaten einen Normalzustand und verschiedene Fehlerbilder darstellen. Infolge der Normierung sind Abweichungen im Fehlerzustand gegenüber dem Normalzustand oder anderen Fehlerzuständen gut zu unterscheiden.After standardization, the evaluation can be carried out by a visual Comparison of the standardized individual injections relative to the different cylinders with each other and / or with characteristic Comparison data take place, the comparison data one Show normal condition and various fault patterns. As a result the standardization are deviations in the error state compared to the Differentiate between normal condition and other error conditions.

um von der subjektiven Wertung der Bedienungsperson und deren Erfahrungsgrad unabhängig zu sein, eignet sich eine automatische Auswertung der normierten Einzeleinspritzungen zur Fehlerdiagnose. Hierbei werden diskrete Werte der normierten Einzeleinspritzungen mit gespeicherten Vergleichsdaten verglichen und eine Klassifizierung vorgenommen. Die Vergleichsdaten geben dabei einen Normalzustand und vorzugsweise mehrere Fehlerzustände wieder, und es wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit dafür ermittelt, daß die Einspritzdruckverläufe der jeweiligen Zylinder zum Normalzustand oder einem bestimmten Fehlerzustand gehören.order from the subjective evaluation of the operator and their To be independent of experience level is an automatic one Evaluation of the standardized single injections for fault diagnosis. Here, discrete values of the standardized individual injections compared with stored comparison data and a Classification made. The comparison data give a normal state and preferably several fault states again, and the probability is determined that the injection pressure curves of the respective cylinders to the normal state or belong to a certain fault condition.

Die Klassifizierung kann beispielsweise mittels einer Diskriminanzanalyse unter Anwendung statistischer Verfahren oder mit sogenannten neuronalen Netzwerken erfolgen. Die für die Auswertung zugrundegelegten diskreten Werte der normierten Einzeleinspritzungen können dabei äquidistante Amplitudenabtastwerte oder charakteristische Merkmale der normierten Einzeleinspritzungen, insbesondere Maxima und/oder Minima sein. In Fig. 4 sind beispielsweise solche charakteristischen Merkmale a bis e dargestellt.The classification can be done, for example, using a discriminant analysis using statistical methods or with so-called neural networks take place. The one for the evaluation the discrete values of the standardized individual injections can be equidistant amplitude samples or characteristic features of the standardized individual injections, in particular be maxima and / or minima. In Fig. 4 are such characteristic features a to e shown.

Die Auswertung kann dabei für den Zeitbereich oder den Frequenzbereich in entsprechender Weise erfolgen. Die Werte für die Fehlerdiagnose können im Frequenzbereich aus Merkmalen der spektralen Amplituden bzw. durch geeignete Abtastwerte gewonnen werden.The evaluation can be for the time domain or the frequency domain in a corresponding manner. The values for the Fault diagnosis can be made in the frequency domain from characteristics of the spectral Amplitudes or obtained by suitable samples become.

Fig. 5 zeigt eine entsprechende Darstellung wie Fig. 3. In Fig. 5 ist aber als Beispiel der normierte Verlauf einer fehlerbehafteten Einzeleinspritzung Zyl.1' mit (um 10 %) zu geringem Einspritzdruck dem normierten Verlauf normaler Einzeleinspritzungen Zyl.2 bis Zyl.4 gegenübergestellt. Die Abweichung ist deutlich erkennbar.FIG. 5 shows a representation corresponding to FIG. 3. In FIG. 5 is, however, an example of the normalized course of a faulty single injection cylinder 1 'with (by 10%) low injection pressure the normalized course of normal single injections Zyl.2 to Zyl.4 compared. The deviation is clearly recognizable.

Zur Verfeinerung des Verfahrens kann für die Normierung und/oder die Auswertung noch die jeweilige Motordrehzahl herangezogen werden, die mittels der zeitlichen Abstände der Korrelationsmaxima zuverlässig bestimmt werden kann. Hierdurch können der Fehlerdiagnose die entsprechenden Drehzahlwerte bzw. Eeschleunigungswerte zugrundegelegt werden, so daß die Zuverlässigkeit der Auswertung gewinnt, da die Einspritzdruckverläufe von der Drehzahl bzw. der Drehzahländerung abhängig sind.The procedure can be refined for standardization and / or the evaluation still used the respective engine speed are determined by means of the time intervals of the correlation maxima can be reliably determined. This allows the Fault diagnosis the corresponding speed values or acceleration values be taken as a basis, so that the reliability of the Evaluation wins because the injection pressure curves depend on the speed or the speed change are dependent.

Als Ergebnis der automatischen Auswertung steht für die Bedienungsperson beispielsweise die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß ein bestimmter Fehler vorliegt, zur Verfügung. Für eine übersichtliche Darstellung ist es günstig, wenn dabei nur diejenigen Fehler angezeigt werden, deren Wahrscheinlichkeit oberhalb einer vorgegebenen Grenze liegt.As a result of the automatic evaluation stands for the operator for example the likelihood that a particular Error is available. For a clear It is convenient to display only those mistakes are displayed, the probability of which is above a predetermined Limit lies.

Claims (13)

  1. Method of determining fault states in diesel injection systems from an injection-pressure waveform, in which the injection-pressure waveform is registered, compared with comparative data and evaluated,
    characterized
    in that the registered injection-pressure waveform is normalized in relation to the individual injections by using a standard curve,
    in that in order to evaluate the normalized injection-pressure waveform, at least one individual injection is compared with the comparative data and
    in that, in a first step, the normalization is carried out in the direction of the time axis of the injection-pressure waveform and, in a second step, the normalization is carried out in the direction of the amplitude of the injection-pressure waveform.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized
    in that the normalization in the direction of the time axis is carried out by means of cross-correlation of discrete values of the injection-pressure waveform and corresponding values of the standard curve, the maxima of the cross-correlation function representing the time fit of the injection-pressure waveform, and
    in that the normalization in the direction of the amplitude is carried out by means of linear regression, the discrete values of the injection-pressure waveform and the corresponding values of the standard curve being used.
  3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the values of the injection-pressure waveform used for the normalization are values sampled equidistantly in time.
  4. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the standard curve used is a normal individual injection or a triangular function matched roughly to an individual injection.
  5. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the normalization in the direction of the time axis is carried out using the first maximum, this being assigned the time zero and the amplitude one, or in that the normalization is carried out using another characteristic value.
  6. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the injection-pressure waveforms of all the cylinders are registered and the individual injections of the various cylinders, after they have been normalized, are displayed in superimposed form.
  7. Method according to one of Claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the engine speed is registered by means of the time intervals between the cross-correlation maxima.
  8. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the evaluation is carried out on the basis of averaging over a number of individual injections.
  9. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that for the purpose of visual evaluation, the comparative data and the normalized individual injection to be assessed are displayed simultaneously, the comparative data used being either the normalized individual injections of the other cylinders or a standard picture for the correct function and/or at least one characteristic fault picture.
  10. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the evaluation is carried out automatically by comparing discrete values of the normalized individual injections with the stored comparative data and assigning the values to those comparative data which represent a normal state and at least one fault picture, the discrete values being time-equidistant sample values or maxima and/or minima.
  11. Method according to Claim 10, characterized in that the evaluation is carried out by means of a discriminant analysis or a neural network.
  12. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the individual injections are processed further in the frequency domain and are evaluated by means of features of the spectral amplitudes.
  13. Method according to Claim 10 or 11, characterized in that only those faults whose probability lies above a predefined limit are displayed.
EP95120213A 1995-02-20 1995-12-20 Process for detecting error conditions in diesel injection devices Expired - Lifetime EP0727576B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE19505786 1995-02-20
DE19505786A DE19505786A1 (en) 1995-02-20 1995-02-20 Method for determining fault conditions in diesel injection systems

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EP0727576B1 true EP0727576B1 (en) 2000-05-17

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CN100343502C (en) * 2005-07-25 2007-10-17 无锡油泵油嘴研究所 Common-rail fuel oil injection system injector failure diagnosing method
DE102011101294B4 (en) * 2011-05-10 2014-03-06 Fette Compacting Gmbh Device and method for calibrating and balancing a measuring device of a tablet press and tablet press

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AU1241870A (en) * 1969-03-18 1971-09-16 Beatson Engineering Company Limited Sensing device
JPS54140020A (en) * 1978-04-24 1979-10-30 Diesel Kiki Co Ltd Device for detecting schnarren phenomenon in nozzle holder
WO1985003127A1 (en) * 1984-01-16 1985-07-18 Stanadyne, Inc. Piezoelectric sensor
GB2186089A (en) * 1986-02-05 1987-08-05 Thorn Emi Instr Monitoring system for a fuel- injection engine

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DE19505786A1 (en) 1996-08-22
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EP0727576A1 (en) 1996-08-21
CN1135575A (en) 1996-11-13

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