Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
  • A61M5/178—Syringes
  • A61M5/31—Details
  • A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
  • A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
  • A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
  • A61M5/322—Retractable needles, i.e. disconnected from and withdrawn into the syringe barrel by the piston
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
  • A61M5/178—Syringes
  • A61M5/31—Details
  • A61M5/315—Pistons; Piston-rods; Guiding, blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston; Appliances on the rod for facilitating dosing ; Dosing mechanisms
  • A61M5/31501—Means for blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston
  • A61M5/31505—Integral with the syringe barrel, i.e. connected to the barrel so as to make up a single complete piece or unit
  • A61M2005/31506—Integral with the syringe barrel, i.e. connected to the barrel so as to make up a single complete piece or unit formed as a single piece, e.g. moulded
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
  • A61M5/178—Syringes
  • A61M5/31—Details
  • A61M5/315—Pistons; Piston-rods; Guiding, blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston; Appliances on the rod for facilitating dosing ; Dosing mechanisms
  • A61M5/31501—Means for blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston
  • A61M2005/31508—Means for blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston provided on the piston-rod
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
  • A61M5/178—Syringes
  • A61M5/31—Details
  • A61M5/315—Pistons; Piston-rods; Guiding, blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston; Appliances on the rod for facilitating dosing ; Dosing mechanisms
  • A61M5/31501—Means for blocking or restricting the movement of the rod or piston
  • A61M5/31505—Integral with the syringe barrel, i.e. connected to the barrel so as to make up a single complete piece or unit
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
  • A61M5/178—Syringes
  • A61M5/31—Details
  • A61M5/32—Needles; Details of needles pertaining to their connection with syringe or hub; Accessories for bringing the needle into, or holding the needle on, the body; Devices for protection of needles
  • A61M5/3205—Apparatus for removing or disposing of used needles or syringes, e.g. containers; Means for protection against accidental injuries from used needles
  • A61M5/321—Means for protection against accidental injuries by used needles
  • A61M5/3213—Caps placed axially onto the needle, e.g. equipped with finger protection guards

Definitions

• the invention relates to a syringe according to the precharacterising portion of Claim 1.
• Such syringes are intended to draw in injection liquid from a storage bottle closed by a pierceable stopper following removal from their packaging, the piston/piston rod assembly in its initial position being in the extended condition.
• the air present in the container is driven into the bottle upon the needle being stuck into the bottle, so that, upon subsequent withdrawal of the assembly, the drawing in of liquid is not impaired by the lower pressure in the bottle.
• Prior to injection of the injection liquid into the patient the remaining air is first ejected from the container and the needle, the needle being directed upwards. As the piston is completely pressed inwards during injection, coupling with the needle foot takes place.
• a syringe thus made has the advantage that the air in the prepacked syringe may be made sufficiently sterile to avoid pollution of the contents of the bottle, but it is a disadvantage that the prepacked syringe has a considerable length, so that such prepacked syringes take up much space. It is likewise a disadvantage that in case of incorrect operation of this syringe, the coupling of the piston with the needle foot can take place prematurely. It is a further disadvantage that the stroke limiting means have a relatively complicated shape, which has a negative influence on manufacturing cost. Since such syringes are meant to be disposable, costs must be limited as much as possible.
• the invention provides a syringe of the type stated in the precharacterising portion of Claim 1, which can be prepacked with the assembly in its inwardly shifted position and which can be manufactured very cheaply.
• the syringe according to the invention is characterised by the features enumerated in the characterising portion of Claim 1.
• the increase of the stroke of the assembly then takes place after the assembly has been pressed inwards for the first time following the drawing in of air, so that coupling with the needle foot can take place only after the assembly is pressed inwards for the second time.
• a first embodiment of the syringe according to the invention has the additional features enumerated in Claim 2, whereas Claims 3 and 4 enumerate further advantageous characteristics thereof which prevent shifting of the ring prematurely.
• Claims 5, 6 and 7 relate to a somewhat modified embodiment, in which the ring is outwardly expandable, and the functioning thereof can not deteriorate even in case of ageing, while Claims 8 and 9 enumerate certain embodiments of the resilient ring, and Claim 10 relates to a favourable embodiment of the casing of a syringe according to the invention.
• Claim 11 relates to a second embodiment which provides an immediate improvement on the syringe according to the above-mentioned prior Netherlands patent application.
• Claims 12..16 relate to an advantageous embodiment of the latching of the needle foot, while Claims 17..20 relate to a special needle cap for such a syringe.
• Claims 21..27 relate to another embodiment in which the ring is accommodated in the casing in a non-shif able manner , and, by co-operation with the piston/piston rod assembly when shifting the latter, is rotated in such a manner that in the terminal position thereof an abutment surface of the ring is rotated so far that the assembly can be pushed into the casing over the increased stroke length.
• Fig. 1 a diagrammatical section of a first embodiment of the syringe according to the invention
• FIG. 2A..C partial diagrammatical sections of this syringe
• Figs. 3A..D partial diagrammatical sections of the terminal portion of a syringe illustrating the latching and coupling means of the needle foot and the piston;
• Fig. 4 a diagrammatical section of the terminal portion of a somewhat modified embodiment of the syringe according to Figs. 1 and 2;
• FIG. 5 a corresponding diagrammatical section of a second embodiment of the syringe according to the invention
• Figs. 6A..C a somewhat modified embodiment of the syringe according to Fig. 5 in various positions
• FIG. 7A..C partial diagrammatical sections of part of a third embodiment of the syringe according to the invention in three different positions;
• FIG. 8 diagrammatical representations of a needle cap for such a syringe
• Fig. 9 an exploded perspective view of a fourth embodiment of the syringe according to the invention.
• FIG. 10A..J highly simplified schematic representations of successsive operative conditions of the syringe of Fig. 9;
• Figs. 11A..D corresponding schematic representations of a slightly modified embodiment of the syringe of Fig. 9.
• Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of the syringe according to the invention.
• This comprises a generally cylindrical casing 1, having, at some distance from the open end 2, a gripping ring 3 and at its other end a narrowed nose 4 which adjoins the casing 1 via a genrally conical surface 5.
• a needle foot 6 is pushed into the casing 1, to which a hollow needle 7 is fixedly attached, the needle shiftably projecting outwards through a bushing 8 placed in the gradually narrowing nose 4.
• the needle foot 6 abuts the conical connecting surface 5 and is secured against shifting in a way to be described hereinafter, in order to ensure that in case of a longitudinal force being exerted on the needle 7, for instance in case of the piercing of the stopper of a storage bottle of injection liquid or the . skin of a patient, the needle foot cannot be pressed inwards.
• all parts may be consecutively slid into the casing 1 from the open end 2. More particularly, the needle 7 may first be stuck in through the bushing 8 and then fixed in the needle foot 6 (for instance with an adhesive), after which the needle foot
• the needle 6 may be slid into the casing 1 with the needle 7 and the bushing 8. During its passage through the nose 4, the needle
• Abutments (not shown) ensure that the piston ' 9 cannot be withdrawn from the casing 1 after insertion.
• a syringe may also be adapted for the use of separate needles intended to be fitted from the outside, as shown and described for instance in the abovementioned prior patent application 90 00 487.
• An assembly of a piston 9 and a piston rod 10 connected therewith is also inserted into the casing 1, the piston rod 10 having at its free end a pressing surface 11 with which the piston rod 10 can be operated.
• the piston 9 has for instance a sealing ring 12 which provides a liquid tight seal to the inner wall of the casing 1, and is further provided with a conical surface 13 at the side directed towards the needle foot 6.
• the needle foot 6 has a corresponding conical surface 14, this in such a manner that when the piston 9 is completely pressed in, the dead space becomes as small as possible.
• means to be described hereinafter are present to provide coupling between the piston 9 and the needle foot 6 when the piston 9 is completely pressed in and to simultaneously unlock the needle foot 6, this in such a way that after providing said coupling and unlocking the needle foot 6 can be drawn inwards into the casing 1 along with the needle 7.
• the casing Near the open end of the casing 1 the casing is provided with a number of inwardly resilient tongues 15, as may be seen more clearly in Fig. 2.
• the piston rod 10 On the piston rod 10 there are formed two portions with a smaller diameter, which form two support surfaces 16,17, the surface 17 with the smaller diameter being located on the piston side.
• the piston rod 10 is made cruciform, and these support surfaces are situated in the ribs thereof.
• an inwardly resilient ring 18 for instance a split ring, although a coil spring may be used instead; this ring rests on the support surface 16 with an inward tension.
• a small lug 19 may be provided near the inward end of the support surface 16 on the inner wall of the portion 2 to retain the ring 18 against accidental shifting on this support surface.
• Fig. 2A shows the initial situation, in which the ring 18 is situated outside the tongues 15. When air is drawn in and then driven out into a storage bottle, the piston rod having passed the tongues 15 cannot be pressed further inwards than the position shown in Fig. 1, the ring 18 then abutting the abutment shoulder 20, as in this situation the external diameter of the ring 18 is greater than the internal diameter of the container 1 at this shoulder 20. The stroke length of the piston 9 is thereby limited to such an extent that it cannot unlatch the needle foot 6 and cannot be coupled with this needle foot 6. The tongues 15 now grip behind this ring, as shown in Fig. 1.
• the tongues 15 retain the ring 18, shifting it to the support surface 17, the diameter of the ring decreasing as a result of its inward resilience. This causes the ring 18 to be liberated from the ends of the tongues 15, so that the piston rod can be drawn out unimpeded, the external diameter of the ring having now also become smaller than the internal diameter of the casing 1.
• the piston 9 can then be pressed through to the needle foot 6, in the course of which practically all the injection liquid can be expelled as a result of the conical form of the surfaces 13 and 14, which is advantageous especially in the case of expensive injection fluids.
• the needle foot 6 As soon as the piston 9 reaches the needle foot 6, the latter is unlatched and coupling between the two is brought about, so that when the piston rod 10 is pulled outwards, the needle foot is drawn along and the needle 7 comes to lie inside the casing 1.
• the complete device can then be disposed of as such, while it is also possible to destroy the needle by pressing in the piston rod 10 once more, the point of the needle, which is somewhat curved or somewhat excentrically guided, abutting the end surface of the bushing 8 or the conical surface 5, and the needle is bent beyond use.
• the passage in the bushing 8 is so narrow that the chance of the needle reentering this passage is extremely small.
• Fig. 3 shows examples of embodiments thereof.
• the end of the casing 1 is provided with internal shoulders 21 which are distributed along the circumference at an angle of, for instance, 120°, the end portion 1' of the casing 1 being slightly narrowed and elastically deformable.
• the needle foot 6 is slid in from the open end 2 during assembly of the syringe, the casing end 1' and possibly also the needle foot 6 being deformed somewhat until the needle foot 6 snaps behind the shoulders 21.
• the latter Upon complete pressing inwards of the piston 9, the latter deforms the casing end 1' somewhat, the shoulders 21 being moved back, while simultaneously a knob 22 on the surface of the piston head forcing its way into a correspondingly shaped recess 23 in the needle foot 6 and bringing about a coupling therewith.
• the complete assembly can then be withdrawn past the shoulders 21.
• Figs. 3B and 3C show a somewhat modified embodiment of the needle foot 6 and the piston 9, the head 13 of the piston being shaped as a smooth cone as in the case of Fig. 1, and the needle foot 6 being provided with a correspondingly conical surface 14.
• the needle foot 6 has one or more somewhat projecting hooks 24 which, as shown in Fig. 3B, can protrude outwards in a transverse direction when free in order to facilitate the forming thereof in a single operation. In the course of sliding the needle foot 6 into the casing 1, these hooks 24 bend inwards, so that they lie flat against the inner wall of the casing 1.
• Fig. 3C further shows that before introducing the needle foot 6, the bushing 8 is placed onto the needle 7 to guide the needle during passage through the wider nose 4, as described hereinabove. More particularly, as shown in Fig. 3D, the casing 1, the needle foot 6, and the piston 9 are made with a somewhat triangular cross-section, the piston rod 10 being made with three ribs.
• the piston 9 and the needle foot 6 are then guided non-rotatably in the casing 1.
• the lugs 21 are situated on the sides of the triangular casing wall, whereas the hooks 24 of the needle foot are situated opposite the corners.
• the lugs 21 are pushed away by the bevelled piston head 13, by which action the foot 6 is freed, so that after engaging of the hooks 24 with the piston 9, the needle foot 6 can be drawn inwards together with the piston 9.
• the ring 18 Upon drawing outwards of the piston rod, the ring 18 is retained by one or more abutment surfaces 28 on the other side of the tongues 15, so that the ring 18 is pressed onto the first support surface 16, the diameter of the ring decreasing to such an extent that it can slide away under the abutment 27 when the piston rod 10 is pressed back in for the expulsion of air, after which the operation continues as described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2.
• the abutments 28 may for instance be circumferentially staggered in relation to the tongues 15. In the initial position, the ring 18 is then locked between the abutments 27 and 28 and is freed from both abutments during shifting towards the surface 16.
• Fig. 5 shows a preffered embodiment in which this drawback does not exist, and in which the operation forthe ring 18 cannot be influenced from the outside.
• the ring 18 is now seated in a widened seat 29 with a transverse shoulder 30 in the end portion 2, the end surface 31 of the ring 18 resting against this shoulder 30.
• the ring 18 has an internal shoulder 32 adjoined by an diverging sloping surface 33, which ends in a somewhat sloping end surface 34.
• the piston rod 10 shown in the initial position has a draw hook 35 adjoined by a sloping surface 36 which is generally parallel to the internal surface 33 of the ring 18.
• the underlying portion of the piston rod has a central aperture 37 which makes the intermediate piston rod portion 38 somewhat inwardly resilient.On the outside of the hook 35 there is a somewhat sloping shoulder 39 which is generally parallel with the end surface 34 of the ring 18.
• FIG. 6A shows a somewhat modified embodiment, there being provided within the seat 29 between the hook 35 and the shoulder 39 a filler piece 41 which may be connected to the casing 1 by a flexible strip 42.
• the filler piece 41 prevents pressing inwards of the piston rod 10, but, when drawing outwards the latter for the first time, is drawn outwards by the hook 35, because a transverse surface 43 thereof engages the draw hook 35 of the piston rod 10, after which the filler piece can fall away or stay attached to the strip 42.
• a divided ring may be used, which, like the ring 18, can be slid on over the piston rod end.
• Figs. 6B and 6C show two extreme inward end positions of the piston rod, viz. after the expulsion of air and liquid, respectively, the filler piece 41 being already removed, so that these positions apply equally to the embodiment according to Fig. 5.
• the shoulder 30 of the piston rod 10 abuts the ring 18 which is still situated in the seat 29, which limits the inward stroke length, while in the position of Fig. 6C the ring 18 e p s on r por on an s re a ne y the end surface 20' of the casing end 2; the stroke length is then no longer limited.
• Fig. 7 shows yet another embodiment, the stroke limiting means being situated near the piston 9.
• the piston further has two pairs of hooks 44 and 45, the hooks 44 at least being outwardly resilient.
• the hooks 44 each have at their piston sides a sloping surface 46, and on the other side a straight head surface 47.
• the piston rod 10 has a head surface 46, which, in the initial position illustrated in Fig. 7A, rests against the rear surface of the piston 9, while a narrowed portion 49 is provided with a bevel 50, which engages the sloping surface 46 of the hook 44. At a certain distance of the bevel 50 the narrowed portion 49 adjoins a transverse surface 51, which in this position is close to or against the end surface of the second hook 45.
• the actual length of the piston rod is now increased by the length of the hooks 44, so that upon subsequent pressing inwards of the piston rod for the expulsion of liquid the piston 9 can be pressed inwards over a correspondingly greater distance, this distance being sufficient to bring about coupling with the needle foot.
• Additional abutments (not shown) on the piston rod 10 and the casing 1 may limit the inward shifting of the piston rod to a distance at which in the. position of Fig.. 7 coupling between the piston 9 and the needle foot 6 cannot take place. In this situation, the syringe can readily be packaged.
• a syringe according to Figs. 1..7 may be packaged in a generally sterile condition, it is necessary for drawing in liquid from a liquid bottle first to fill the syringe internally with air. If this is ambient air, there is a risk that this air, which is pressed into the storage bottle, may pollute its contents and those of the syringe.
• a cap 52 may be provided on the needle 7, as shown in Fig. 8A, which is loosely fitted onto the end 4 of the casing 1 and is provided with a filter 53 adapted to block out dust from the air. To stick the needle into a liquid container the cap will have to be removed. It is also possible, as shown in Fig.
• Fig. 9 shows yet another embodiment of the open end of a syringe according to the invention, and of an assembly of a piston 9 and a piston rod 10 to be inserted in the syringe, wherein without additional means undesired shifting of the piston rod can be prevented.
• the ring 18 is accommodated in the support surface 29 in the end part of the casing 1, so that the ring can rotate but cannot slide, and is kept in position by means of one or more shoulders 55 which can move outwards resiliently when inserting the ring, but prevent later removal of .the ring.
• the piston rod 10 is provided with three first ribs 56. It is also possible to provide the piston rod with two ribs lying in the same plane, whereas it is also possible to work with only one rib. However, the use of two or more ribs 56 is preferred.
• each of these 5 ribs 56 changes into a shorter second rib 57, parallel to and staggered over a certain angle distance in respect of the corresponding first rib 56, whereby between each first rib 56 and the corresponding second rib 57 an inclined connecting piece 58 is situated of which the upper rim 59 is somewhat
• two lugs 61b and 61c are each situated on a cut-out resilient tongue 62. These tongues project so far inwards that an outward movement thereof is possible within the support surface 29.
• the width of the space between two lugs 61 corresponds approximately with the thickness of a rib 56 or
• Fig. 9 shows only one set of lugs 61, but it may be advantageous to provide as many sets of lugs as there are ribs 56 and 57.
• Fig. 10A shows the starting position in which the piston is wholly pushed in. In this condition a packed syringe is sold. The second rib 57 is then situated between the lugs 61a en 61b, whereas the shoulder 60 abuts on the rim 63 of the ring 18.
• a small guiding plate 66 can be arranged parallel to the rib 56 but at such a distance from the inclined connecting piece 58 that between them a passage remains for passing a lug 61, as clearly appears from Fig. 10B.
• this guiding plate 66 arrives between the lugs 61b and 61c, thus preventing the turning of the ring 18, whereas at the same time the lug 61b is ambiguously guided over the chamfered side 59.
• said needle foot After the coupling of the needle foot, said needle foot can be drawn inwards as in the preceding embodiments, where ⁇ after, if necessary, the needle can be destroyed by pushing the piston rod 10 inwards again.
• Fig. 11 shows, in even more simplified diagrams, a some ⁇ what modified embodiment in positions which correspond with those of Figs. 10A, B, C, and D.
• the or each rib 56 is widened at its upper side, the lateral edge of this widened part being aligned with the edge of the corresponding rib 57.
• the chamfered rim 59 is now situated at the beginning of this widened part near the inclined connecting piece 58.
• the operation of this embodiment mainly corresponds with the working as shown in Fig. 10.
• Fig. 11A shows the starting position which is equal to the one of Fig. 10A.
• FIG. 11B shows the position at the beginning of the rotation of the ring 18 because the first lug 61a is pressed away along the inclined edge 58, the second lug 61b now sliding over the chamfer 59 onto the widened part of the rib, in which position it remains further on as is shown in Fig. 11C.
• Fig. 11D which corresponds with the one of Fig. 10D, the lug 61b slides off the widened rib 56 and then arrives behind the inclined edge 58. In this case the small guiding plate 66 is no more required.
• the third lug 61c is not strictly necessary, but it provides an additional safeguard against undesired turning back of the ring 18.
• the ring 18 will, under all circumstances, turn with respect to the piston rod 10, also when said piston rod would- itself turn with respect to the casing 1.
• the casing has a triangular shape so that turning the piston 9 is not possible, but also with a cylindrical casing, when such rotation is possible, this has no influence on the interaction between the ring 18 and the piston rod 10.

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Vascular Medicine (AREA)
• Anesthesiology (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
• Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=19859976

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (7)

Families Citing this family (10)

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• 1991
  • 1991-11-28 NL NL9101994A patent/NL9101994A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
• 1992
  • 1992-11-27 JP JP5510014A patent/JPH07501960A/ja active Pending
  • 1992-11-27 EP EP93901504A patent/EP0683682A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1992-11-27 AU AU32679/93A patent/AU3267993A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1992-11-27 CA CA 2124574 patent/CA2124574A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1992-11-27 BR BR9206841A patent/BR9206841A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1992-11-27 WO PCT/NL1992/000217 patent/WO1993010842A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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