EP0650370A1 - Procedes et compositions permettant de cibler des tissus specifiques - Google Patents

Procedes et compositions permettant de cibler des tissus specifiques

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Publication number
EP0650370A1
EP0650370A1 EP93914334A EP93914334A EP0650370A1 EP 0650370 A1 EP0650370 A1 EP 0650370A1 EP 93914334 A EP93914334 A EP 93914334A EP 93914334 A EP93914334 A EP 93914334A EP 0650370 A1 EP0650370 A1 EP 0650370A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
vehicle
cells
population
sub
viral
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP93914334A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0650370A4 (fr
Inventor
Yuet Wai Kan
Noriyuki Kasahara
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of California
Original Assignee
University of California
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of California filed Critical University of California
Publication of EP0650370A1 publication Critical patent/EP0650370A1/fr
Publication of EP0650370A4 publication Critical patent/EP0650370A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6901—Conjugates being cells, cell fragments, viruses, ghosts, red blood cells or viral vectors

Definitions

  • the invention is directed to methods and compositions for preferentially targeting the delivery of a substance, such as a nucleic acid, to specific tissue.
  • cancers originate from one cell type.
  • chemotherapy is the most widely-used approach to control cancer.
  • Such chemotherapy is not tissue specific in terms of delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent. Rather, the adverse effects imparted upon the rapidly dividing cancer cells are also imposed upon normal cells.
  • the invention includes a vehicle for preferentially targeting the delivery of a substance to a sub-population of mammalian cells.
  • the cell sub-population is characterized by the presence of a sub-population-specific first member of a binding pair on the surface of the cells.
  • the vehicle comprises an envelope comprising a recombinant targeting moiety defining a compartment and a substance contained in the compartment.
  • the recombinant targeting moiety comprises first and second domains.
  • the first domain is capable of forming or associating with the envelope of the vehicle whereas the second domain is capable interacting with the first binding member on the surface of the sub- population of cells.
  • the invention also includes methods for preferentially targeting the delivery of a substance to the above sub- population of mammalian cells comprising contacting a population of mammalian cells containing the sub-population with the above vehicle.
  • FIG. 1 depicts the construction of a hybrid erythropoietin-viral envelope gene.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the Western blot analysis of packaging cell sub-clones including the detection of the erythropoietin sequence.
  • FIG. 3 depicts the flow cytometric analysis of packaging cell lines based upon a detection of cell surface EPO epitopes by polyclonal anti-EPO antibodies.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the survivability of HeLa cells (wild- type or expressing the erythropoietin receptor) which have been exposed to neomycin or the retroviral vector encoding a neomycin resistant gene containing the EPO-env protein followed by a treatment with neomycin.
  • FIG. 5 depicts a similar experiment with NIH3T3 cells.
  • a virus containing a hybrid viral envelope protein containing an amino acid sequence corresponding to a portion of the sequence of erythropoietin is capable of preferentially infecting cells displaying the erythropoietin receptor on their surface.
  • a "vehicle" of the invention is defined as any composition comprising an envelope defining a compartment and a substance contained therein that is capable of preferentially targeting the delivery of the substance to a specific sub-population of mammalian cells.
  • the sub-population of mammalian cells is characterized by the presence of a first member of a binding pair on the surface of the sub-population.
  • the vehicle is further defined by the envelope which comprises a "recombinant targeting moiety" capable of forming or associating with the envelope and which imparts cell specificity to the vehicle.
  • the targeting moiety contains at least two domains .
  • the first domain is capable of forming or associating with the envelope of the vehicle whereas the second domain is capable of interacting with the first member of the binding pair on the surface of the sub- population of mammalian cells.
  • the vehicle comprises a "viral vehicle”.
  • the vehicle comprises a "liposome vehicle”.
  • the viral vehicles of the invention are generally formed from naturally occurring viruses and in particular those viruses capable of infecting eukaryotic cells, such as mammalian cells.
  • viruses contain a genome comprising either RNA or DNA which encode a variety of genes necessary for viral transfection and reproduction. Included within the viral genome are nucleic acid sequences encoding various enzymes, e.g., DNA or RNA polymerases and the like and structural proteins which surround the viral genome referred to as "viral coat proteins".
  • capsid protein makes up that part of the virus particle known as the capsid.
  • some viruses further contain a lipid bilayer surrounding the capsid which often contains viral envelope proteins.
  • the capsid protein or envelope protein is used to form the targeting moiety for the viral vehicle of the invention.
  • the targeting moiety contains a domain which is capable of forming or associating with the envelope of the virus vehicle, all or part of the viral coat protein is used to construct the recombinant target moiety. When only a portion of the coat protein is used, that portion of the coat protein which is necessary and sufficient for envelope formation is used.
  • viral envelope proteins such necessary and essential features include the anchoring region and transmembrane region utilized by the envelope protein to display the envelope protein on an infected cell. When a virus containing an envelope protein is used, it is preferred that the targeting moiety contain such anchor and transmembrane regions .
  • the second domain of the target moiety is capable of interacting with the first member of a binding pair which is on the surface of a sub-population of mammalian cells.
  • a binding pair includes receptor-ligand complexes, antigen-antibody complexes, enzyme-substrate complexes and the like.
  • a sub-population of cells can be defined by the presence of one of the binding pairs on the surface of the cells of the population.
  • those cells containing an erythropoietin receptor define a cellular sub-population that can be targeted by utilizing erythropoietin (ligand) in the targeting moiety of the invention as the second domain capable of interacting with the erythropoietin receptor.
  • the receptor can be used in the targeting moiety and the ligand displayed on the surface of the cells of the sub-population.
  • a sub-population of cells can be defined by the presence of an antigen or antibody on the surface of the cells contained within that population.
  • a surface marker contained on the surface of a sub- population of cells can be used to generate monoclonal antibodies by methods well known to those ' skilled in the art.
  • Monoclonal antibodies (especially those containing anchor and transmembrane regions or engineered through cloning and modification of cDNA to contain such sequences) can be used either as the targeting moiety alone (e.g., in a liposome vehicle) or in combination with a protein capable of associating with a viral surface.
  • the targeting moiety essentially comprises a chimeric antibody containing an anchoring and transmembrane region from a viral envelope protein coupled to at least the variable region of a heavy chain Ig molecule which is also associated with the light chain from the antibody.
  • the vehicle of the invention can target a sub-population of lymphoid cells displaying a membrane bound form of an immunoglobulin.
  • the antigen to the membrane bound antibody is used to form the second domain of the targeting moiety.
  • the recombinant targeting moiety used to form the vehicle of the invention contains all or part of the second member of the binding pair.
  • the interaction between binding pairs is based upon an interaction involving a continuous epitope.
  • the minimal component of the second member of the binding pair that can be used in forming a targeting moiety consists of that epitope.
  • the interaction involves a discontinuous epitope.
  • two or more regions within the primary amino acid sequence of the protein are brought into close physical proximity in the tertiary structure of the protein to form the binding epitope.
  • targeting moiety When only a portion of such a protein is used to form the targeting moiety, that portion of the primary amino acid sequence which encompasses such binding regions are preferably included in the targeting moiety so as to provide the strongest possible interaction with the other member of the binding pair located on the sub-population of mammalian cells.
  • the vehicle of the invention preferentially targets the delivery of substance to a sub-population of mammalian cells.
  • Such preferential targeting is defined by comparing delivery of the substance to the sub-population of mammalian cells containing the first member of a binding pair as compared to a different population of a mammalian cell of the same species which does not display the first member of the binding pair.
  • the increase in delivery as measured by binding of the vehicle to the sub-population or transferral of the substance of the vehicle into the sub- population cells is generally greater than two-fold.
  • an increase in efficiency in infection by the viral vehicle disclosed therein ranged from 10-fold to about 30- to 40-fold as compared to wild-type cells not containing the receptor used in that experiment .
  • the recombinant targeting moiety comprises a carboxy terminal portion of the envelope protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) .
  • the second domain comprises an amino terminal portion of erythropoietin.
  • a viral vehicle of the invention is formed.
  • the recombinant targeting moiety is associated with the envelope (corresponding to the membrane and MoMLV envelope protein) defining a compartment that contains the remainder of the virus particle.
  • the substance contained within the viral compartment can comprise protein surrounding the viral genome or the genome itself.
  • preformed proteins capable of being packaged with viral capsid proteins can comprise the substance contained in the compartment.
  • the substance of interest contained within such a viral vehicle is a recombinant DNA sequence introduced into the genome of the virus.
  • Viral vehicles are preferred when the substance to be delivered to a sub-population of cells is a nucleic acid.
  • the viral vehicle of the invention is then designed to contain a recombinant targeting moiety capable of forming or associating with the envelope of a selected virus such that the thus modified virus is capable of recognizing and binding the selected surface marker.
  • a recombinant targeting moiety capable of forming or associating with the envelope of a selected virus such that the thus modified virus is capable of recognizing and binding the selected surface marker.
  • the size of the recombinant nucleic acid to be incorporated into the viral genome is determined to facilitate the choice of virus to be used.
  • the genome of the virus must be such that it can either accommodate the selected recombinant nucleic acid or be modified to delete nonessential sequences such that the recombinant nucleic acid can be incorporated into the viral genome and still be packaged to form an intact viral particle containing the recombinant targeting moiety.
  • the genome of the wild type virus be modified not only to accommodate the recombinant nucleic acid to be incorporated but further to attenuate the virulence of the modified virus.
  • modifications include but are not limited to the deletion of the viral genes encoding one or more DNA or RNA polymerases .
  • viruses which can be used in practicing the invention include retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses (Berkner, K.L. (1988) BioTechni ues 6 . :616-629) .
  • the Examples describe viral vehicles that demonstrate preferential targeting to cultured mammalian cells expressing the erythropoietin receptor.
  • the viral vehicle targets those cells within the organism expressing the erythropoietin receptor.
  • a specific utility for such a vehicle is the treatment of hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell anemia and ⁇ - thalassemia. These diseases involve a genetic defect wherein either an abnormal globin chain is made or little if any /3-globin chain is produced.
  • the resulting virus vehicle is capable of preferentially recognizing not only red blood cells but also those precursors of red blood cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells that have committed to erythroid differentiation as evidenced by the display of the erythropoietin receptor.
  • the virus transfects such erythroid progenitor cells, the /3-globin gene is integrated into the genome of the progenitor cells.
  • a normal /3-globin gene becomes integrated into the genome and is capable of modulating the disease by producing either normal amounts of /3-globin or the wild type /3-globin protein.
  • the viral vehicles of the invention can also be used to target the delivery of therapeutic agents to diseased cells such as cancer cells.
  • diseased cells such as cancer cells.
  • an appropriate targeting moiety can be used to target a viral vehicle to bind to such preferentially expressed markers.
  • the genome of the viral vehicle is recombined with a nucleic acid expression unit capable of expressing for example toxic polypeptides such as ricin, diphtheria toxin and the like. Upon recognition, binding and transfection into the cancer cell, the expression unit produces the toxic polypeptide to preferentially kill the cancer cell.
  • the expression unit comprises nucleic acid encoding the toxic polypeptide and one or more expression regulation sequences that are operably linked to the nucleic acid such that the nucleic acid is expressed in the transfected cancer cell so as to produce the toxic polypeptide.
  • expression regulation sequences are preferably those which demonstrate tissue specific specificity to the cell type from which the cancer cell differentiated, more preferably an expression regulation sequence expressed exclusively by the cancer cell and most preferably the expression regulation sequence controlling the expression of the preferentially expressed surface marker.
  • the preferred virus of choice is selected from the retrovirus family. Retroviruses are preferred because they require an actively dividing cell to efficiently integrate into the genome of its host. If non- cancerous cells also express the surface marker preferentially displayed on a cancer cell, the viral vehicle of the invention is also capable of recognizing, binding and transfecting such cells. This background level depends upon the amount of the surface marker found on such normal cells and the environment within which the marker is displayed. Further, to the extent that the viral vehicle contains a normal viral coat protein, e.g., envelope protein, present in combination with the recombinant targeting moiety, the viral vehicle may also have the ability to non-specifically transfect cells independent of the presence of the surface marker utilized for recognition by the targeting moiety. When a retrovirus is used to practice the invention to treat cancer cells, however, such background infections in non-cancer cells are less likely to cause damage to normal cells that are not rapidly dividing since viral integration and expression of the toxic gene is less likely to occur.
  • retrovirus is used to practice the invention to treat cancer cells, however, such background
  • oncogenes The overexpression of oncogenes is often associated with the onset and development of cancer.
  • the oncogenes expressed encode receptors which are located on the surface of the cancer cell .
  • the proto- oncogene HER2 encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase whose overexpression has been correlated with several human malignancies, including breast, ovarian, gastric and endometrial cancers as well as non-small cell lung adeno carcinoma. See Holmes, et al. (1992) Science 256.
  • the protein heregulin-o has a single affinity binding site for tumor cell lines expressing the HER2 oncogene.
  • the heregulin- ⁇ . protein is therefore a candidate for use in treating the above identified cancers according to the teachings disclosed herein.
  • T-cell mediated autoimmune disease is characterized by a sub- population of T-cells containing a T-cell antigen receptor
  • mice which is capable of recognizing and interacting with a self-antigen to elicit the autoimmune response.
  • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a myelin basic protein induced demyelinating disease in mice. Recently, it has been shown that this disease is based, in part, upon the presence of a sub-population of T-cells containing well-defined variable regions containing specific segment subsets from the T-cell antigen receptor repertoire. It has also been recently reported that mice treated with monoclonal antibodies specific to epitopes contained within the /3-chain of the TCAR of the sub- population of T-cells responsible for the autoimmune disease is capable of preventing onset of the disease when the animal is challenged with myelin basic protein.
  • the vehicle of the invention can be used as an alternate approach to treating or preventing such autoimmune diseases.
  • a monoclonal antibody specific for the TCAR responsible for the autoimmune disease is used to form the vehicle of the invention.
  • the substance contained within the virus is preferably a toxic gene capable of being expressed when transfected into those T- cells containing the autoimmune inducing TCAR.
  • the substance contained therein can be a nucleic acid containing an expressible gene encoding a toxic polypeptide or a therapeutic agent such as a chemotherapeutic agent capable of killing the cell, e.g., the ricin or diphtheria toxin proteins.
  • liposome vehicles can be used to practice the invention.
  • Liposomes are well known to those skilled in the art and generally comprise membranous vesicles containing lipid bilayers which are capable of encapsulating various drugs or other chemicals. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,053,585; 4,397,846; 4,411,894; 4,427,649, and Papahadjopolous, et al . (1967) Biochem. Biophvs. Acta. 135 :639; Bangham, J. et al . (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12:238, 252; Bapzri and Korn (1973) Biochem. Biophys . Acta. 298 :1015; and Miyamato, et al . (1971) "Preparation and Characteristics of Lipid Vesicles", J. Membrane Biol. 4:252-269.
  • a drug or other chemical When a drug or other chemical is incorporated into a liposome, that substance is generally included in the reaction mixture used to synthesize the liposome. Accordingly, in practicing the invention to form liposome vehicles, the substance to be contained in the compartment of the liposome vehicle, e.g., nucleic acid, drug or therapeutic agent, is included during liposome synthesis. Further, the targeting moiety of the invention is also included during the formation of the liposome.
  • the targeting moiety When using a liposome, the targeting moiety preferably contains a anchoring region and a transmembrane region, e.g., from immunoglobulin or other membrane bound protein, so as to associate with the lipid bilayer of the liposome. It, of course, also contains the domain capable of interacting with the first member of the binding pair contained on the sub-population of mammalian cells.
  • a preferred targeting moiety comprises a monoclonal antibody (preferably IgM) specific for a cell surface antigen or an antibody that has been engineered through cloning and modification to contain an anchoring and transmembrane region.
  • the thus formed liposome contains targeting moiety wherein the domain capable of interacting with the first binding member is displayed on the inner and outer surface of the liposome membrane.
  • This example describes the construction of hybrid erythropoietin + viral envelope (EPO-env) genes in eukaryotic expression vectors.
  • EPO-env erythropoietin + viral envelope
  • LTR 5' -MoMLV-long terminal repeat sequence
  • gag and pol structural genes which are normally spliced out of the env message (Weiss, R., N. Teich, H. Varmus, J. Coffin, eds. (1984) "RNA Tumor Viruses: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses", 2d edition, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, Cold Springs Harbor, NY) , were deleted, thus leaving only a small sequence in between the splicing signals remaining to be spliced.
  • Portions of the envelope were then selected for removal and replaced with the EPO coding sequence.
  • gp70 In the center of the outer protein subunit (gp70) of the envelope lies a proline-rich region which is a likely candidate domain for cell receptor recognition (Koch, W. et al . (1983) J. Virol. 4 . 5:1-9) .
  • Other sites include two regions which flank a region of homology in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule (Mark, G.E. et al . (1984) J. Virol. 49:530-539) , and sites at which point mutations give rise to a paralytogenic mutant of MoMLV (Szurek, P.F. et al . (1988) J. Virol. 6_2 .
  • EPO-env hybrid was also constructed to insert the EPO sequence in a more central location, directly overlapping the proline-rich region. Since no convenient restriction sites exist in this region, unique sites were created at positions 6250 and 6750 by means of PCR-mediated mutagenesis. These new restriction sites were used to delete the intervening env sequence and insert the EPO sequence.
  • the EPO-env constructs were transfected into the cell line PA317 (Mann, R. et al . (1983) Cell 3_3:153-159; and
  • the PA317 cell line is a derivative of NIH3T3 cells into which MoMLV genes have been stably integrated; the PA317 cells possess the gag and pol genes as well as the amphotropic env gene, but the psi packaging signal sequence is deleted. Thus, these cells produce viral proteins without assembling them into wild type
  • EPO-env plasmids were co-transfected into the PA317 cell line, along with a methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene as a selectable marker (Simonsen, C.S. et al . (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16:2235- 2246) , using the calcium phosphate precipitation method (Wigler, M. et al. (1979) Cell 16:77) .
  • DHFR methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase
  • the cells were selected for stable integration of the env sequences in medium containing methotrexate.
  • Cells which had stably integrated the sequence into their genomes were methotrexate-resistant and therefore survived in this medium, growing as isolated colonies when the plating density was low enough. Stable clones were picked in this manner and grown in separate wells.
  • polyclonal anti-EPO-antiserum and fluorescein-labeled secondary antibodies were used to detect EPO expression on the cell surface of hybrid EPO-env-containing cell lines by flow cytometry ( Figure 3) .
  • Example 3 Packaging of retroviral vectors This Example discloses the use of the cell lines of Example 2 to package replication-defective retroviral vectors containing the neomycin-resistance (neo R ) gene and the /3-galactosidase (/3-gal) gene.
  • neo R neomycin-resistance
  • /3-gal /3-galactosidase
  • Stable transfectants producing high levels of recombinant envelope proteins were transfected, by means of the calcium phosphate precipitation method, with replication-defective retroviral vectors which contain the psi-packaging signal, but whose gag, pol , and env genes have been deleted and replaced with genes encoding neomycin resistance (neo R ) and /3-galactosidase (/3-gal) .
  • neo R neomycin resistance
  • /3-galactosidase /3-gal
  • the target cells consisted of four types: (1) wild type HeLa cells, which are non-murine and do not express the EPO receptor (D'Andrea, A. et al. (1989) Cell 57:277- 285) , (2) HeLa cells which have been stably transfected with the EPO receptor, (3) wild type NIH3T3 cells, which are murine fibroblasts and do not express the EPO receptor, and (4) NIH3T3 cells which have been stably transfected with the EPO receptor.
  • HeLa and NIH3T3 cells were co-transfected with the EPO receptor cDNA cloned into an appropriate eukaryotic expression vector containing a methotrexate-resistant DHFR gene (Simonsen, C.S. et al . (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16 . :2235-2246) . After selection with methotrexate, the surviving colonies were isolated and expression of the EPO receptor was determined by a radioligand ( 125 I-EPO) binding assay (D'Andrea, A. et al . (1989) Cell 57:277-285) .
  • a radioligand 125 I-EPO binding assay
  • the sub-clone showing the highest levels of EPO receptor expression was selected and further grown in medium containing increasing concentrations of methotrexate, in order to further amplify the expression of EPO receptor.
  • Receptor levels in these cells was calculated to be on the order of about 1000 receptors per cell.
  • the Neo R //3-gal vector alone, (unpackaged) was transfected into both cell types by calcium phosphate precipitation, to confirm that the neomycin-resistance gene, whose expression is directed by the MoMLV LTR, is expressed efficiently in these cells.

Abstract

Procédés et compositions permettant de cibler de manière préférentielle l'apport d'une substance à une sous-population de cellules de mammifère. Le vecteur de l'invention comprend une fraction de ciblage pouvant s'associer avec la substance devant être apportée à la sous-population de cellules, ou pouvant former une enveloppe définissant un compartiment qui contient cette substance. La fraction de ciblage contient également un domaine pouvant interagir avec un élément d'une paire de liaison située sur la surface de la sous-population de cellules.
EP93914334A 1992-06-08 1993-06-03 Procedes et compositions permettant de cibler des tissus specifiques. Withdrawn EP0650370A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US90609292A 1992-06-08 1992-06-08
US906092 1992-06-08
PCT/US1993/005260 WO1993025234A1 (fr) 1992-06-08 1993-06-03 Procedes et compositions permettant de cibler des tissus specifiques

Publications (2)

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EP0650370A1 true EP0650370A1 (fr) 1995-05-03
EP0650370A4 EP0650370A4 (fr) 1995-11-22

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EP93914334A Withdrawn EP0650370A4 (fr) 1992-06-08 1993-06-03 Procedes et compositions permettant de cibler des tissus specifiques.

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EP (1) EP0650370A4 (fr)
JP (1) JPH07507689A (fr)
WO (1) WO1993025234A1 (fr)

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