EP0588143A1 - Earth drill for placing a concrete pile in situ - Google Patents

Earth drill for placing a concrete pile in situ Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0588143A1
EP0588143A1 EP93113869A EP93113869A EP0588143A1 EP 0588143 A1 EP0588143 A1 EP 0588143A1 EP 93113869 A EP93113869 A EP 93113869A EP 93113869 A EP93113869 A EP 93113869A EP 0588143 A1 EP0588143 A1 EP 0588143A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drill
sleeve
screw
earth
shaft
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Granted
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EP93113869A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0588143B1 (en
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Sa spie Fondations
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STRABAG HOCH- und INGENIEURBAU AG
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
    • E02D5/36—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same making without use of mouldpipes or other moulds
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/26—Drilling without earth removal, e.g. with self-propelled burrowing devices
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
    • E02D7/22—Placing by screwing down
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/44—Bits with helical conveying portion, e.g. screw type bits; Augers with leading portion or with detachable parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/22—Rods or pipes with helical structure

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an earth drill for producing a cast-in-place concrete pile, with a tubular shaft which has a detachable drill tip at its lower end and a displacement body which surrounds the shaft at a distance from the lower end, and at least between the drill tip and displacement body on the outer circumference of the shaft a screw rib is arranged.
  • an earth drill of the type described in more detail at the outset is known (EP-B1-0228138), the screw rib of which runs from the drill tip to the displacement body and the displacement body of which has a screw surface adjoining the screw rib, which initially spirals up to the outside diameter the screw rib expanded and then narrowed again spirally to the circumference of the shaft, but in this upper region has a direction of rotation opposite to the screw rib.
  • This known earth drill has the disadvantage that the continuous screw rib loosens the soil surrounding the drill strongly when the drill is brought down and conveys it upwards when the feed speed of the drill in the axial direction is less than the slope of the screw rib. The raised soil is then pressed radially outwards by the spiral surfaces of the displacer and also downwards by the upper spiral.
  • a strong compaction and such a significant increase in friction occurs in the area of the displacer that the drill seizes itself in the ground and cannot penetrate deeper into the ground when its displacer has reached the upper horizon of the ground layer in which the Stake is to be brought down.
  • the length of the piles to be manufactured can therefore not be greater than the shank length of the drill between its drill tip and the displacer. Effective compaction of the soil is therefore achieved with the known earth drill only in the vicinity of the earth's surface, but not in deeper layers, where the continuous screw rib has loosened the soil, which cannot be removed again before the drill is pulled.
  • the object of the invention is to avoid these disadvantages and to provide an earth auger of the type explained in more detail above, which can be brought down and pulled out in various soils, in particular also in uneven soils and great depths, so that loosening of the soil surrounding the pile largely avoided and immediately eliminated again and again.
  • a sleeve is arranged at the lower end of the drill shaft, the outer diameter of which is at least as large as the outer diameter of the screw rib and its axial length is greater than the axial thickness of the screw rib or the smallest distance between two screw threads of the rib.
  • This embodiment has the advantage that the piling loosened from the drill tip during drilling and pushed aside is pushed from the collar into the laterally adjacent soil and compacted there.
  • the sleeve smoothes the borehole wall and at the same time seals it against the ascending in-situ concrete, which is filled into the borehole from above through the tubular shaft when the drill is pulled while the drill bit remains at the bottom of the borehole.
  • the cuff is expediently a metal ring which is firmly connected to the shaft and has at least one bottom entry opening on its lower end face.
  • This configuration has the advantage that part of the soil loosened from the drill tip can enter the screw threads of the screw rib and can increase and compact the soil loosened there when the drill is brought down. At the same time, this reduces the tip resistance when the drill is brought down.
  • a partial screw surface expediently emerges, which extends from the upper end face of the sleeve and which can connect to the screw threads of the screw rib. The loosened soil is then easily passed into the screw threads of the rib.
  • the outer peripheral surface of the sleeve can be cylindrical. However, it is particularly expedient if the outer circumferential surface of the sleeve widens conically towards its lower end face. This configuration has the advantage that loosened soil located in the area of the screw rib easily reaches the conical circumferential surface of the sleeve when the drill is pulled up and is pressed by it against the borehole wall and compacted therein.
  • the displacement body has an upwardly widening, smooth-walled, conical part, the largest outer diameter of which is at least as large as the outer diameter of the screw rib.
  • the displacer has a smooth-walled, cylindrical part above its conical part, the borehole wall compressed by the conical part is additionally stabilized when the drill is brought down.
  • the releasable drilling tip can be a substantially flat plate, which has a soil loosening strip extending across the plate on its underside.
  • a drill bit is inexpensive to manufacture with simple means and can remain at the bottom of the borehole if the drill is pulled out and the borehole is simultaneously filled with concrete.
  • the drill bit plate is expediently connected to the tubular shaft of the drill by a bayonet or claw lock. It then sits firmly when the drill is brought down and securely closes the lower tube opening. On the other hand, it can detach itself from its claws by turning the drill shaft back a little, if in-situ concrete is to be poured into the borehole from above and the earth drill is to be pulled out upwards.
  • 10 denotes the lower end of an earth auger which is used to produce an in-situ concrete displacement pile.
  • the earth drill 10 consists of a cylindrical, tubular shaft 11, which carries at its lower end a drill bit 12 which closes the cylindrical interior 13 of the drill 10 and is releasably fastened to the lower end of the shaft 11 with a claw closure (not shown).
  • the drill bit 12 consists of an in the western flat plate 14, which at its Underside carries a soil loosening strip 15 extending across the plate 14, which is a straight strip in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5 and is shaped according to an S in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 6.
  • the shaft 11 of the earth auger 10 carries on its outer circumference a screw rib 16 which, in the exemplary embodiments shown, has only two screw turns 17 and 18, but can also be designed with more screw turns.
  • the screw rib is welded onto the outer circumferential surface 19 of the shaft 11 in the form of a narrow steel band and is designed in such a way that the pitch of the upper screw pitch 18 is greater than the pitch of the lower screw pitch.
  • the upper screw path 18 ends at a displacement body 20 which is arranged at a distance from the lower end 11a of the shaft 11, surrounds it concentrically and can also be made in one piece with the shaft.
  • the displacement body consists of an upwardly widening, smooth-walled conical part 21 and a smooth-walled cylindrical part 22, the outer diameter D of which is as large as the outer diameter S of the screw rib 16.
  • the shaft 11 of the earth auger 10 carries a sleeve 23 made of steel, which is welded onto the shaft of the tube, but can also be made in one piece with it.
  • the largest outer diameter M of the sleeve 23 is as large as the outer diameter S of the screw rib and the axial length L of the sleeve 23 is greater than the axial thickness a of the screw rib 16.
  • the screw rib has a greater axial thickness and the individual screw threads are only a small distance apart, the axial length L should be greater than the smallest distance between two screw threads of the rib.
  • the axial length L should be greater than the smallest distance between two screw threads of the rib.
  • the cuff has 23 on its lower end face 24 two projecting claws 25, which serve to loosen the soil when the drill is brought down.
  • the cuff 23 also has at least one bottom entry opening 26 on its lower end face 24, into which a partial screw surface 27 opens, which extends from the upper end face 28 of the cuff 23 and to which the lower screw thread 17 of the screw rib 16 adjoins upwards.
  • the sleeve 23 has a cylindrical larger peripheral surface.
  • the outer circumferential surface 30 of the sleeve 23 is conical in such a way that it widens towards the lower end face 24. It can be seen from FIG. 4 that the largest outer diameter M on the lower end face of the sleeve 23 is larger than the outer diameter S of the screw rib 16, which corresponds to the outer diameter on the upper end face 28 of the sleeve 23.
  • the mode of operation of the earth auger shown and described is as follows: When the earth drill 10 is brought down into the ground, the drill is axially displaced in the direction of arrow 31 under pressure and at the same time slowly rotated clockwise in the direction of arrow 32 in the circumferential direction. Loosen the claws 25 on the lower end face 24 of the collar 23 and the soil loosening strip 15 on the drill bit plate 12 and thereby loosen the soil under the drill bit. A part of this loosened soil travels over the screw part surface 27 between the screw threads 17 and from there further between the screw threads 18 of the screw rib 16.
  • the loosened earth then reaches the area of the conical part 21 of the displacer 20, which drifts downwards with the drill and that pressing the earth into its area against the borehole wall and compacting it there.
  • the cylindrical part 22 then smoothes the compressed borehole wall and guides the drill in the borehole.
  • the bayonet lock between the lower end of the shaft and the drill bit plate 12 is released by a brief rotation counterclockwise as shown by the arrow 32.
  • a suitable pile reinforcement has been introduced into the interior 13 of the shank 11
  • fresh concrete is poured into this interior 13 and the earth drill 10 is slowly pulled up in the direction of the arrow 32, the earth drill being rotated very slowly in the direction of the arrow 32.
  • the fresh concrete emerges from the lower end of the tubular shaft 11 and rises in the borehole, the borehole wall being sealed off from the fresh concrete by the collar 23.
  • the sleeve 29 smoothes the borehole wall and compresses the soil in the region of the borehole wall, which is still loosened by the screw threads 17 and 18 of the screw rib 16. A particularly good compression is achieved here if the sleeve 23 has a conical outer circumferential surface 30 shown in FIG. 4.
  • the invention is not limited to the illustrated and described embodiments, but several changes and additions are possible without leaving the scope of the invention.
  • more than two screw turns can also be provided and it can also prove expedient to carry out all screw turns of the screw rib with the same pitch.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

Earth drill for placing a concrete pile in situ, the tubular shank (11) of which has a cylindrical or conical sleeve (23) at the bottom end (11a). The sleeve (23) has a relatively large length (L) in the axial direction of the drill and presses and compacts the earth, loosened by the flights (17) and (18) of a helical rib (16) arranged above the sleeve (23), against the borehole wall upon withdrawal of the drill and at the same time smooths the borehole wall and seals it off from the cast-in-situ concrete occurring at the underside of the hollow drill. By a continuous, smooth-walled displacement body (20) above the helical rib (16), the loosened earth is also displaced and compacted upon sinking the drill into the borehole wall. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Erdbohrer zum Herstellen eines Ortbeton-Verdrängungspfahles, mit einem rohrförmigen Schaft, der an seinem unteren Ende eine lösbare Bohrspitze und im Abstand vom unteren Ende einen den Schaft kontrisch umgebenden Verdrängungskörper aufweist und wobei zwischen Bohrspitze und Verdrängungskörper auf dem Außenumfang des Schaftes mindestens eine Schraubenrippe angeordnet ist.The invention relates to an earth drill for producing a cast-in-place concrete pile, with a tubular shaft which has a detachable drill tip at its lower end and a displacement body which surrounds the shaft at a distance from the lower end, and at least between the drill tip and displacement body on the outer circumference of the shaft a screw rib is arranged.

Beim Herstellen von Bohrpfählen aus Ortbeton geschieht es häufig, daß beim Herstellen des Bohrloches das umgebende Erdreich vom Erdbohrer aufgelockert wird. Eine Lockerung des Bodengefüges muß jedoch unbedingt vermieden werden, da sonst die Wandreibung des das Bohrloch ausfüllenden Ortbetonpfahles herabgesetzt und die Tragfähigkeit des Pfahles vermindert wird. Der Hohlraum für den Ortbetonpfahl im Boden wird deshalb nicht dadurch hergestellt, daß der beim Niederbringen des Bohrers gelöste Boden zu Tage gefördert wird, sondern der gelöste Boden wird beim Niederbringen des Bohrers seitlich und nach oben hin in das anstehende Erdreich verdrängt, wobei der das Bohrloch umgebende Boden zusätzlich verdichtet wird.When producing bored piles from in-situ concrete, it often happens that the surrounding earth is loosened by the earth drill when the borehole is being made. A loosening of the soil structure must be avoided at all costs, otherwise the wall friction of the in-situ concrete pile filling the borehole will be reduced and the load-bearing capacity of the pile will be reduced. The cavity for the in-situ concrete pile in the ground is therefore not created by the fact that the soil loosened when the drill is brought down is brought to light, but the loosened soil is displaced laterally and upwards into the soil when the drill is brought down, whereby the borehole surrounding soil is additionally compacted.

Zum Herstellen von Ortbeton-Verdrängungspfählen ist ein Erdbohrer der eingangs näher erläuterten Art bekannt (EP-B1-0228138), dessen Schraubenrippe von der Bohrspitze bis zum Verdrängungskörper durchläuft und dessen Verdrängungskörper eine an die Schraubenrippe anschließende Schraubenfläche aufweist, die sich zunächst spiralförmig bis zum Außendurchmesser der Schraubenrippe erweitert und dann wieder spiralförmig auf den Umfang des Schaftes verengt, in diesem oberen Bereich jedoch einen zur Schraubenrippe gegenläufigen Drehsinn aufweist.For the production of in-situ concrete displacement piles, an earth drill of the type described in more detail at the outset is known (EP-B1-0228138), the screw rib of which runs from the drill tip to the displacement body and the displacement body of which has a screw surface adjoining the screw rib, which initially spirals up to the outside diameter the screw rib expanded and then narrowed again spirally to the circumference of the shaft, but in this upper region has a direction of rotation opposite to the screw rib.

Dieser bekannte Erdbohrer hat den Nachteil, daß die durchgehende Schraubenrippe das den Bohrer umgebende Erdreich beim Niederbringen des Bohrers stark auflockert und nach oben fördert, wenn die Vorschubgeschwindigkeit des Bohrers in Axialrichtung kleiner ist als sie der Steigung der Schraubenrippe entspricht. Der hoch geförderte Boden wird dann von den Spiralflächen des Verdrängungskörpers radial nach außen und von der oberen Spirale auch nach unten gedrückt. Hierbei tritt aber eine so starke Verdichtung und eine so bedeutende Erhöhung der Reibung im Bereich des Verdrängungskörpers ein, daß sich der Bohrer im Boden festfrißt und nicht tiefer in den Boden eindringen kann, wenn sein Verdrängungskörper den oberen Horizont der Bodenschicht erreicht hat, in der der Pfahl niedergebracht werden soll. Die Länge der herzustellenden Pfähle kann deshalb nicht größer sein als die Schaftlänge des Bohrers zwischen dessen Bohrspitze und dem Verdrängungskörper. Eine wirksame Verdichtung des Bodens wird deshalb mit dem bekannten Erdbohrer nur in der Nähe der Erdoberfläche erreicht, nicht aber in tieferen Schichten, wo die durchlaufende Schraubenrippe eine Lockerung des Bodens bewirkt hat, die vor dem Ziehen des Bohrers nicht wieder beseitigt werden kann.This known earth drill has the disadvantage that the continuous screw rib loosens the soil surrounding the drill strongly when the drill is brought down and conveys it upwards when the feed speed of the drill in the axial direction is less than the slope of the screw rib. The raised soil is then pressed radially outwards by the spiral surfaces of the displacer and also downwards by the upper spiral. Here, however, such a strong compaction and such a significant increase in friction occurs in the area of the displacer that the drill seizes itself in the ground and cannot penetrate deeper into the ground when its displacer has reached the upper horizon of the ground layer in which the Stake is to be brought down. The length of the piles to be manufactured can therefore not be greater than the shank length of the drill between its drill tip and the displacer. Effective compaction of the soil is therefore achieved with the known earth drill only in the vicinity of the earth's surface, but not in deeper layers, where the continuous screw rib has loosened the soil, which cannot be removed again before the drill is pulled.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, diese Nachteile zu vermeiden und einen Erdbohrer der eingangs näher erläuterten Art zu schaffen, der in verschiedenen Böden, insbesondere auch in rolligen Böden und großen Tiefen so niedergebracht und wieder herausgezogen werden kann, daß eine Auflockerung des den Pfahl umgebenden Bodens weitgehend vermieden und immer wieder sofort beseitigt wird.The object of the invention is to avoid these disadvantages and to provide an earth auger of the type explained in more detail above, which can be brought down and pulled out in various soils, in particular also in uneven soils and great depths, so that loosening of the soil surrounding the pile largely avoided and immediately eliminated again and again.

Diese Aufgabe wird mit der Erfindung dadurch gelöst, daß am unteren Ende des Bohrerschaftes eine Manschette angeordnet ist, deren Außendurchmesser mindestens ebenso groß ist wie der Außendurchmesser der Schraubenrippe und deren axiale Länge größer ist als die axiale Dicke der Schraubenrippe oder der kleinste Abstand zwischen zwei Schraubengängen der Rippe.This object is achieved with the invention in that a sleeve is arranged at the lower end of the drill shaft, the outer diameter of which is at least as large as the outer diameter of the screw rib and its axial length is greater than the axial thickness of the screw rib or the smallest distance between two screw threads of the rib.

Diese Ausgestaltung hat den Vorteil, daß das beim Bohren von der Bohrspitze gelöste und zur Seite gedrängte Haufwerk von der Manschette in den seitlich anstehenden Boden gedrängt und dort verdichtet wird. Beim Hochziehen des Bohrers, das mit einer ganz langsamen Drehung des Bohrers um seine Längsachse durchgeführt wird, glättet die Manschette die Bohrlochwandung und dichtet sie gleichzeitig gegen den aufsteigenden Ortbeton ab, der von obenher durch den rohrförmigen Schaft beim Ziehen des Bohrers in das Bohrloch eingefüllt wird, während die Bohrspitze am Grund des Bohrloches zurückbleibt.This embodiment has the advantage that the piling loosened from the drill tip during drilling and pushed aside is pushed from the collar into the laterally adjacent soil and compacted there. When the drill is pulled up, which is carried out with a very slow rotation of the drill around its longitudinal axis, the sleeve smoothes the borehole wall and at the same time seals it against the ascending in-situ concrete, which is filled into the borehole from above through the tubular shaft when the drill is pulled while the drill bit remains at the bottom of the borehole.

Die Manschette ist zweckmäßig ein mit dem Schaft festverbundener Metallring, der an seiner unteren Stirnseite mindestens eine Bodeneintrittsöffnung aufweist. Diese Ausgestaltung hat den Vorteil, daß ein Teil des von der Bohrspitze gelösten Bodens in die Schraubengänge der Schraubenrippe eintreten und den dort gelockerten Boden beim Niederbringen des Bohrers vermehren und verdichten kann. Gleichzeitig wird hierdurch der Spitzenwiderstand beim Niederbringen des Bohrers verringert.The cuff is expediently a metal ring which is firmly connected to the shaft and has at least one bottom entry opening on its lower end face. This configuration has the advantage that part of the soil loosened from the drill tip can enter the screw threads of the screw rib and can increase and compact the soil loosened there when the drill is brought down. At the same time, this reduces the tip resistance when the drill is brought down.

In die Bodeneintrittsöffnung der Manschette mündet zweckmäßig eine Schraubenteilfläche, die von der oberen Stirnseite der Manschette ausgeht und die sich an die Schraubengänge der Schraubenrippe anschließen kann. Der gelöste Boden wird dann ohne weiteres in die Schraubengänge der Rippe geleitet.In the bottom entry opening of the sleeve, a partial screw surface expediently emerges, which extends from the upper end face of the sleeve and which can connect to the screw threads of the screw rib. The loosened soil is then easily passed into the screw threads of the rib.

Die äußere Umfangsfläche der Manschette kann zylindrisch sein. Besonders zweckmäßig ist es jedoch, wenn sich die äußere Umfangsfläche der Manschette zu deren unterer Stirnseite hin konisch erweitert. Diese Ausgestaltung hat den Vorteil, daß im Bereich der Schraubenrippe befindlicher gelockerter Boden beim Hochziehen des Bohrers leicht an die konische Umfangsfläche der Manschette gelangt und von dieser gegen die Bohrlochwandung gedrückt und darin verdichtet wird.The outer peripheral surface of the sleeve can be cylindrical. However, it is particularly expedient if the outer circumferential surface of the sleeve widens conically towards its lower end face. This configuration has the advantage that loosened soil located in the area of the screw rib easily reaches the conical circumferential surface of the sleeve when the drill is pulled up and is pressed by it against the borehole wall and compacted therein.

Hiermit wird zugleich eine gute Abdichtung gegen den am unteren Rand des Bohrers auftretenden Ortbeton erzielt.This also provides a good seal against the in-situ concrete occurring at the lower edge of the drill.

Besonders zweckmäßig ist es, wenn der Verdrängungskörper einen sich nach oben erweiternden, glattwandigen, konischen Teil aufweist, dessen größter Außendurchmesser mindestens ebenso groß ist wie der Außendurchmesser der Schraubenrippe. Mit einem solchen kegelstumpfförmigen Verdrängungskörper gelingt es, den beim Niederbringen des Bohrers gelockerten Boden zwischen den Schraubengängen nach Außen zu drängen und zu verdichten, so daß die Bohrlochwandung standfest bleibt. Da die Umfangsfläche des Verdrängungskörpers glattwandig ist, gleitet er leicht an der Bohrlochwandung entlang und ermöglicht so dem Bohrer, auch in größere Tiefen vorzudringen, ohne daß die Gefahr besteht, daß sich der Bohrer beim Verdichten der Bohrlochwandung festfrist.It is particularly expedient if the displacement body has an upwardly widening, smooth-walled, conical part, the largest outer diameter of which is at least as large as the outer diameter of the screw rib. With such a truncated cone-shaped displacement body, it is possible to push the soil loosened when the drill is brought down between the screw threads outwards and to compact it, so that the borehole wall remains stable. Since the circumferential surface of the displacer is smooth-walled, it slides easily along the wall of the borehole and thus enables the drill to penetrate to greater depths without the risk of the drill becoming fixed in time when the borehole wall is compacted.

Wenn der Verdrängungskörper oberhalb seines konischen Teiles einen an diesen anschließenden, glattwandigen, zylindrischen Teil aufweist, wird die durch den konischen Teil verdichtete Bohrlochwandung beim Niederbringen des Bohrers zusätzlich stabilisiert.If the displacer has a smooth-walled, cylindrical part above its conical part, the borehole wall compressed by the conical part is additionally stabilized when the drill is brought down.

Die lösbare Bohrspitze kann eine im wesentlichen ebene Platte sein, die an ihrer Unterseite eine sich quer über die Platte erstreckende Bodenlockerungsleiste aufweist. Eine derartig gestaltete Bohrspitze ist mit einfachen Mitteln preiswert herzustellen und kann am Grund des Bohrloches zurückbleiben, wenn der Bohrer herausgezogen und gleichzeitig das Bohrloch mit Beton gefüllt wird. Die Bohrspitzenplatte ist zweckmäßig durch ein Bajonet- oder Klauenverschluß mit dem rohrförmigen Schaft des Bohrers verbunden. Sie sitzt dann beim Niederbringen des Bohrers an diesem fest und verschließt dessen untere Rohröffnung sicher. Andererseits kann sie sich durch eine geringe Rückdrehung des Bohrerschaftes aus dessen Klauen lösen, wenn durch den Bohrerschaft von obenher Ortbeton in das Bohrloch eingefüllt und der Erdbohrer nach oben herausgezogen werden soll.The releasable drilling tip can be a substantially flat plate, which has a soil loosening strip extending across the plate on its underside. Such a drill bit is inexpensive to manufacture with simple means and can remain at the bottom of the borehole if the drill is pulled out and the borehole is simultaneously filled with concrete. The drill bit plate is expediently connected to the tubular shaft of the drill by a bayonet or claw lock. It then sits firmly when the drill is brought down and securely closes the lower tube opening. On the other hand, it can detach itself from its claws by turning the drill shaft back a little, if in-situ concrete is to be poured into the borehole from above and the earth drill is to be pulled out upwards.

Da die Schraubenrippe den Bohrer beim Niederbringen nur führen, aber das den Bohrerschaft umgebende Erdreich nicht lockern oder lösen soll, genügen zwei Schraubengange für die Schraubenrippe.Since the screw rib only the drill when bringing it down lead, but should not loosen or loosen the soil surrounding the drill shaft, two screw turns are sufficient for the screw rib.

Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung und den Zeichnungen, in denen bevorzugte Ausführungsformen der Erfindung an Beispielen näher erläutert sind. Es zeigt:

  • Fig. 1 den unteren Teil eines Bohrers nach der Erfindung in einer ersten Seitenansicht,
  • Fig. 2 den Erdbohrer nach Fig. 1 in einer um 90° ver drehten Seitenansicht,
  • Fig. 3 den Erdbohrer nach den Fig. 1 und 2 mit nach unter herausgezogener Bohrspitzenplatte in einem dia - metralen Längsschnitt,
  • Fig. 4 eine etwas andere Ausführungsform eines Erdbohrers nach der Erfindung, der mit einer Bohrspitzenplatte verschlossen ist in einer der Fig. 3 entsprechenden Darstellung,
  • Fig. 5 den Gegenstand der Fig. 3 in einer Untersicht und
  • Fig. 6 die Untersicht auf eine Bohrspitzenplatte in einer etwas anderen Ausführungsform.
Further features and advantages of the invention result from the following description and the drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail by means of examples. It shows:
  • 1 shows the lower part of a drill according to the invention in a first side view,
  • 1 in a side view rotated by 90 °,
  • 3 shows the earth auger according to FIGS. 1 and 2 with the drill bit plate pulled out under it in a diametrical longitudinal section,
  • 4 shows a slightly different embodiment of an earth auger according to the invention, which is closed with a drill bit plate in a representation corresponding to FIG. 3,
  • Fig. 5 shows the subject of Fig. 3 in a bottom view and
  • Fig. 6 shows the bottom view of a drill bit plate in a slightly different embodiment.

In den Zeichnungen ist mit 10 das untere Ende eines Erdbohrers bezeichnet, der zum Herstellen eines Ortbeton-Verdrängungspfahles verwendet wird. Der Erdbohrer 10 besteht aus einem zylindrischen, rohrförmigen Schaft 11, der an seinem unteren Ende eine Bohrspitze 12 trägt, die den zylindrischen Innenraum 13 des Bohrers 10 verschließt und mit einem nicht näher dargestellten Klauenverschluß am unteren Ende des Schaftes 11 lösbar befestigt ist. Die Bohrspitze 12 besteht aus einer im westentlichen ebenen Platte 14, die an ihrer Unterseite eine sich quer über die Platte 14 erstreckende Bodenlockerungsleiste 15 trägt, die bei dem in Fig. 5 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel eine gerade Leiste ist und bei dem in Fig. 6 dargestellten Auführungsbeispiel nach einem S geformt ist.In the drawings, 10 denotes the lower end of an earth auger which is used to produce an in-situ concrete displacement pile. The earth drill 10 consists of a cylindrical, tubular shaft 11, which carries at its lower end a drill bit 12 which closes the cylindrical interior 13 of the drill 10 and is releasably fastened to the lower end of the shaft 11 with a claw closure (not shown). The drill bit 12 consists of an in the western flat plate 14, which at its Underside carries a soil loosening strip 15 extending across the plate 14, which is a straight strip in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5 and is shaped according to an S in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 6.

Der Schaft 11 des Erdbohrers 10 trägt auf seinem Außenumfang eine Schraubenrippe 16, die bei den dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen nur zwei Schraubengänge 17 und 18 hat, aber auch noch mit mehr Schraubengängen ausgeführt sein kann. Die Schraubenrippe ist in Form eines schmalen Stahlbandes auf die äußere Umfangsfläche 19 des Schaftes 11 aufgeschweißt und so ausgebildet, daß die Steigung des oberen Schraubenganges 18 größer ist als die Steigung des unteren Schraubenganges. Der obere Schraubengang 18 endet an einem Verdrängungskörper 20, der im Abstand vom unteren Ende 11a des Schaftes 11 angeordnet ist, diesen konzentrisch umgibt und auch mit dem Schaft aus einem Stück hergestellt sein kann. Der Verdrängungskörper besteht aus einem sich nach obenhin erweiternden, glattwandigen konischen Teil 21 und aus einem glattwandigen zylindrischen Teil 22, dessen Außendurchmesser D ebenso groß ist wie der Außendurchmesser S der Schraubenrippe 16.The shaft 11 of the earth auger 10 carries on its outer circumference a screw rib 16 which, in the exemplary embodiments shown, has only two screw turns 17 and 18, but can also be designed with more screw turns. The screw rib is welded onto the outer circumferential surface 19 of the shaft 11 in the form of a narrow steel band and is designed in such a way that the pitch of the upper screw pitch 18 is greater than the pitch of the lower screw pitch. The upper screw path 18 ends at a displacement body 20 which is arranged at a distance from the lower end 11a of the shaft 11, surrounds it concentrically and can also be made in one piece with the shaft. The displacement body consists of an upwardly widening, smooth-walled conical part 21 and a smooth-walled cylindrical part 22, the outer diameter D of which is as large as the outer diameter S of the screw rib 16.

An seinem unteren Ende 11a trägt der Schaft 11 des Erdbohrers 10 eine Manschette 23 aus Stahl, die auf den Schaft des Rohres aufgeschweißt ist, aber auch mit diesem aus einem Stück bestehen kann. Der größte Außendurchmesser M der Manschette 23 ist ebenso groß wie der Außendurchmesser S der Schraubenrippe und die axiale Länge L der Manschette 23 ist größer als die axiale Dicke a der Schraubenrippe 16.At its lower end 11a, the shaft 11 of the earth auger 10 carries a sleeve 23 made of steel, which is welded onto the shaft of the tube, but can also be made in one piece with it. The largest outer diameter M of the sleeve 23 is as large as the outer diameter S of the screw rib and the axial length L of the sleeve 23 is greater than the axial thickness a of the screw rib 16.

Wenn bei einer anderen Ausführungsform die Schraubenrippe eine größere axiale Dicke hat und die einzelnen Schraubengänge nur einen geringen Abstand voneinander haben, soll die axiale Länge L größer sein als der kleinste Abstand zwischen zwei Schraubengängen der Rippe. Eine solche Ausführungsform ist in den Zeichnungen jedoch nicht dargestellt.If, in another embodiment, the screw rib has a greater axial thickness and the individual screw threads are only a small distance apart, the axial length L should be greater than the smallest distance between two screw threads of the rib. However, such an embodiment is not shown in the drawings.

Wie aus den Figuren 1 bis 5 hervorgeht, hat die Manschette 23 an ihrer unteren Stirnseite 24 zwei vorspringende Klauen 25, die zum Auflockern des Bodens beim Niederbringen des Bohrers dienen. Die Manschette 23 hat an ihrer unteren Stirnseite 24 ferner mindestens eine Bodeneintrittsöffnung 26, in die eine Schraubenteilfläche 27 mündet, die von der oberen Stirnseite 28 der Manschette 23 ausgeht und an die sich der untere Schraubengang 17 der Schraubenrippe 16 nach obenhin anschließt.As can be seen from FIGS. 1 to 5, the cuff has 23 on its lower end face 24 two projecting claws 25, which serve to loosen the soil when the drill is brought down. The cuff 23 also has at least one bottom entry opening 26 on its lower end face 24, into which a partial screw surface 27 opens, which extends from the upper end face 28 of the cuff 23 and to which the lower screw thread 17 of the screw rib 16 adjoins upwards.

Bei der in den Figuren 1 bis 3 dargestellten ersten Ausführungsform hat die Manschette 23 eine zylindrische größere Umfangsfläche. Bei der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 4 dagegen ist die äußere Umfangsfläche 30 der Manschette 23 derart konisch, daß sie sich zur unteren Stirnseite 24 hin erweitert. Man erkennt aus Fig. 4, daß der größte Außendurchmesser M an der unteren Stirnseite der Manschette 23 größer ist als der Außendurchmesser S der Schraubenrippe 16, die dem Außendurchmesser an der oberen Stirnseite 28 der Manschette 23 entspricht.In the first embodiment shown in Figures 1 to 3, the sleeve 23 has a cylindrical larger peripheral surface. In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, on the other hand, the outer circumferential surface 30 of the sleeve 23 is conical in such a way that it widens towards the lower end face 24. It can be seen from FIG. 4 that the largest outer diameter M on the lower end face of the sleeve 23 is larger than the outer diameter S of the screw rib 16, which corresponds to the outer diameter on the upper end face 28 of the sleeve 23.

Die Wirkungsweise des dargestellten und beschriebenen Erdbohrers ist folgende:
Beim Niederbringen des Erdbohrers 10 ins Erdreich wird der Bohrer in Richtung des Pfeiles 31 unter Druck axial verschoben und zugleich in Richtung des Pfeiles 32 in Umfangsrichtung im Uhrzeigersinn langsam gedreht. Die Klauen 25 an der unteren Stirnseite 24 der Manschette 23 und die Bodenlockerungsleiste 15 an der Bohrspitzenplatte 12 lockern und lösen hierbei das Erdreich unter der Bohrspitze. Ein Teil dieses gelösten Erdreiches wandert über die Schraubentteilfläche 27 zwischen die Schraubengänge 17 und von dort weiter zwischen die Schraubengänge 18 der Schraubenrippe 16. Die gelöste Erde gelangt dann in den Bereich des konischen Teiles 21 des Verdrängungskörpers 20, der mit dem Bohrer abwärts wandert und das in seinen Bereich gelangende Erdreich nach Außen gegen die Bohrlochwandung preßt und dort verdichtet. Der zylindrische Teil 22 glättet dann die verdichtete Bohrlochwandung und führt den Bohrer im Bohrloch.The mode of operation of the earth auger shown and described is as follows:
When the earth drill 10 is brought down into the ground, the drill is axially displaced in the direction of arrow 31 under pressure and at the same time slowly rotated clockwise in the direction of arrow 32 in the circumferential direction. Loosen the claws 25 on the lower end face 24 of the collar 23 and the soil loosening strip 15 on the drill bit plate 12 and thereby loosen the soil under the drill bit. A part of this loosened soil travels over the screw part surface 27 between the screw threads 17 and from there further between the screw threads 18 of the screw rib 16. The loosened earth then reaches the area of the conical part 21 of the displacer 20, which drifts downwards with the drill and that pressing the earth into its area against the borehole wall and compacting it there. The cylindrical part 22 then smoothes the compressed borehole wall and guides the drill in the borehole.

Ein weiterer Teil des an der unteren Stirnseite der Bodenspitze gelockerten Bodens wird nach außen gedrängt und von der äußeren Umfangsfläche 29 der Manschette 23 gegen die Bohrlochwandung gedrängt.Another part of the soil loosened at the lower end face of the bottom tip is pushed outwards and pushed against the borehole wall by the outer peripheral surface 29 of the sleeve 23.

Sobald der Erdbohrer 10 die gewünschte Tiefe erreicht hat, wird durch eine kurze Drehung entgegen dem durch den Pfeil 32 dargestellten Uhrzeigersinn der Bajonetverschluß zwischen dem unteren Schaftende und der Bohrspitzenplatte 12 gelöst. Nachdem in den Innenraum 13 des Schaftes 11 eine geeignete Pfahlbewehrung eingebracht wurde, wird in diesen Innenraum 13 Frischbeton eingefüllt und der Erdbohrer 10 langsam in Richtung des Pfeiles 32 hochgezogen, wobei der Erdbohrer in Richtung des Pfeiles 32 sehr langsam gedreht wird. Der Frischbeton tritt hierbei am unteren Ende des rohrförmigen Schaftes 11 aus und steigt im Bohrloch hoch, wobei die Bohrlochwandung durch die Manschette 23 gegen den Frischbeton abgedichtet wird. Zugleich glättet die Manschette 29 die Bohrlochwandung und verdichtet das durch die Schraubengänge 17 und 18 der Schraubenrippe 16 noch gelockerte Erdreich im Bereich der Bohrlochwandung. Hierbei wird eine besonders gute Verdichtung dann erreicht, wenn die Manschette 23 eine in Fig. 4 gezeigte konische äußere Umfangsfläche 30 hat.As soon as the earth drill 10 has reached the desired depth, the bayonet lock between the lower end of the shaft and the drill bit plate 12 is released by a brief rotation counterclockwise as shown by the arrow 32. After a suitable pile reinforcement has been introduced into the interior 13 of the shank 11, fresh concrete is poured into this interior 13 and the earth drill 10 is slowly pulled up in the direction of the arrow 32, the earth drill being rotated very slowly in the direction of the arrow 32. The fresh concrete emerges from the lower end of the tubular shaft 11 and rises in the borehole, the borehole wall being sealed off from the fresh concrete by the collar 23. At the same time, the sleeve 29 smoothes the borehole wall and compresses the soil in the region of the borehole wall, which is still loosened by the screw threads 17 and 18 of the screw rib 16. A particularly good compression is achieved here if the sleeve 23 has a conical outer circumferential surface 30 shown in FIG. 4.

Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die dargestellten und beschriebenen Ausführungsformen beschränkt, sondern es sind mehrere Änderungen und Ergänzungen möglich, ohne den Rahmen der Erfindung zu verlassen. Wie bereits erwähnt, können auch mehr als zwei Schraubengänge vorgesehen sein und es kann sich auch als zweckmäßig erweisen, alle Schraubengänge der Schraubenrippe mit der gleichen Steigung auszuführen. Ferner ist es auch möglich, die Manschette am unteren Ende des rohrförmigen Schaftes geschlossen auszuführen und ihr eine in Axialrichtung ballige Umfangsfläche zu geben, so daß der Bohrer leichter ins Erdreich eindringt und sowohl beim Niederbringen als auch beim Ziehen des Bohrers eine Verdichtung des Erdreiches der Bohrlochwandung bewirkt. Es ist auch möglich, beim Ziehen des Bohrers diesen rückwärts, d. h. entgegen dem durch Pfeil 32 dargestellten Uhrzeigersinn zu drehen oder durch langsames Hin- und Herdrehen des Bohrers dessen Herausziehen aus dem Bohrloch zu erleichtern.The invention is not limited to the illustrated and described embodiments, but several changes and additions are possible without leaving the scope of the invention. As already mentioned, more than two screw turns can also be provided and it can also prove expedient to carry out all screw turns of the screw rib with the same pitch. Furthermore, it is also possible to make the sleeve closed at the lower end of the tubular shaft and to give it a spherical surface which is convex in the axial direction, so that the drill penetrates the soil more easily and, when the drill is brought down and pulled, the soil of the borehole wall is compacted causes. It is also possible to pull the drill backwards, i.e. H. to turn counterclockwise as shown by arrow 32 or to facilitate its pulling out of the borehole by slowly turning the drill bit back and forth.

Claims (10)

Erdbohrer zum Herstellen eines Ortbeton-Verdrängungspfahles, mit einem rohrförmigen Schaft, der an seinem unteren Ende eine lösbare Bohrspitze und im Abstand vom unteren Ende einen den Schaft konzentrisch umgebenden Verdrängungskörper aufweist und wobei zwischen Bohrspitze und Verdrängungskörper auf dem Außenumfang des Schaftes mindestens eine Schraubenrippe angeordnet ist, welche den Schaft mindestens teilweise umgibt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß am unteren Ende des Schaftes (11) eine Manschette (23) angeordnet ist, deren Außendurchmesser (M) mindestens ebenso groß ist wie der Außendurchmesser (S) der Schraubenrippe (16) und deren axiale Länge (L) größer ist als die axiale Dicke (a) der Schraubenrippe (16) oder der kleinste Abstand zwischen zwei Schraubengängen (17,18) der Rippe (16).Earth drill for producing a cast-in-place concrete pile, with a tubular shaft that has a detachable drill tip at its lower end and a displacement body concentrically surrounding the shaft at a distance from the lower end, and wherein at least one screw rib is arranged on the outer circumference of the shaft between the drill tip and displacement body which at least partially surrounds the shaft, characterized in that a sleeve (23) is arranged at the lower end of the shaft (11), the outer diameter (M) of which is at least as large as the outer diameter (S) of the screw rib (16) and its axial length (L) is greater than the axial thickness (a) of the screw rib (16) or the smallest distance between two screw threads (17, 18) of the rib (16). Erdbohrer nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Manschette (23) ein mit dem Schaft (11) fest verbundener Metallring ist, der an seiner unteren Stirnseite (24) mindestens eine Bodeneintrittsöffnung (26) aufweist.Earth drill according to Claim 1, characterized in that the sleeve (23) is a metal ring which is firmly connected to the shaft (11) and has at least one bottom entry opening (26) on its lower end face (24). Erdbohrer nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in der Bodeneintrittsöffnung (26) der Manschette (23) eine Schraubenteilfläche (27) mündet, die von der oberen Stirnseite (28) der Manschette (23) ausgeht.Earth drill according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the bottom entry opening (26) of the sleeve (23) opens a partial screw surface (27) which starts from the upper end face (28) of the sleeve (23). Erdbohrer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußere Umfangsfläche (29) der Manschette (23) zylindrisch ist.Earth drill according to one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the outer circumferential surface (29) of the sleeve (23) is cylindrical. Erdbohrer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die äußere Umfangsfläche (30) der Manschette (23) sich zu deren unterer Stirnseite (24) hin konisch erweitert.Earth drill according to one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the outer peripheral surface (30) of the sleeve (23) widens conically towards its lower end face (24). Erdbohrer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verdrängungskörper (20) einen sich nach oben erweiternden, glattwandigen, konischen Teil (21) aufweist, dessen größter Außendurchmesser (D) mindestens ebenso groß ist wie der Außendurchmesser (S) der Schraubenrippe (16).Earth drill according to one of claims 1-5, characterized in that the displacement body (20) has an upwardly widening, smooth-walled, conical part (21), the largest outer diameter (D) of which is at least as large as the outer diameter (S) of the Screw rib (16). Erdbohrer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verdrängungskörper (20) oberhalb seines konischen Teiles (21) einen an diesen anschließenden, glattwandigen, zylindrischen Teil (22) aufweist.Earth drill according to one of claims 1-6, characterized in that the displacement body (20) has a smooth-walled, cylindrical part (22) above its conical part (21). Erdbohrer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die lösbare Bohrspitze (12) eine im wesentlichen ebene Platte (14) ist, die an ihrer Unterseite eine sich quer über die Platte (14) erstreckende Bodenlockerungsleiste (15) aufweist.Earth drill according to one of claims 1-7, characterized in that the releasable drilling tip (12) is an essentially flat plate (14) which has on its underside a soil loosening strip (15) extending transversely across the plate (14). Erdbohrer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bohrspitzenplatte (14) durch einen Bajonett- oder Klauenverschluß mit dem rohrförmigen Schaft (11) des Bohrers (10) verbunden ist.Earth drill according to one of claims 1-8, characterized in that the drill bit plate (14) is connected to the tubular shaft (11) of the drill (10) by a bayonet or claw lock. Erdbohrer nach einem der Ansprüche 1-9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schraubenrippe (16) nur zwei Schraubengänge (17,18) aufweist und an die Schraubenteilfläche (27) der Manschette (23) anschließt.Earth drill according to one of claims 1-9, characterized in that the screw rib (16) has only two screw threads (17, 18) and adjoins the partial screw surface (27) of the sleeve (23).
EP93113869A 1992-09-01 1993-08-31 Earth drill for placing a concrete pile in situ Expired - Lifetime EP0588143B1 (en)

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DE4228580A DE4228580C1 (en) 1992-09-01 1992-09-01 Earth drill for the manufacture of an in-situ concrete displacement pile

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US6881014B2 (en) 1998-03-10 2005-04-19 Nippon Steel Corporation Screwed steel pile and method of construction management therefor
EP1118718A2 (en) * 2000-01-20 2001-07-25 Compagnie Du Sol Rotary displacement piling equipment
EP1118718A3 (en) * 2000-01-20 2002-10-23 Compagnie Du Sol Rotary displacement piling equipment
EP1277887A3 (en) * 2001-07-17 2004-09-08 Compagnie Du Sol Displacement drilling tool and equipment using said tool
NL1027112C2 (en) * 2004-09-24 2006-03-27 Ecodrie B V Earth auger useful for fabricating foundation piles comprises a cylindrical drill body with a drill tip whose outer surface is indented with respect to the drill body
NL1027150C2 (en) * 2004-09-30 2006-04-03 Ecodrie B V Earth auger useful for fabricating foundation piles comprises a helical blade that extends over just part of a cylindical tube near the bottom end
EP1726718A1 (en) * 2005-05-20 2006-11-29 SOILMEC S.p.A. Bit for excavation and compaction equipment for erecting piles, and excavation equipment provided with said bit
US7357199B2 (en) 2005-05-20 2008-04-15 Soilmec S.P.A. Bit for excavation and compaction equipment for erecting piles, and excavation equipment provided with said bit
CN106457360A (en) * 2014-04-10 2017-02-22 森泰克有限公司 Soil auger and method of manufacture
EP3129172A4 (en) * 2014-04-10 2017-11-22 Sentek Pty Ltd. Soil auger and method of manufacture
US10589332B2 (en) 2014-04-10 2020-03-17 Sentek Pty Ltd Soil auger and method of manufacture
CN109630041A (en) * 2018-12-19 2019-04-16 中铁上海工程局集团有限公司 The method for improving fine sand transfer efficiency when long bolt drilling rod and its drawing hole construction of utilization
CN109630041B (en) * 2018-12-19 2024-01-23 中铁上海工程局集团有限公司 Long screw rod drill rod and method for improving fine sand conveying efficiency during hole guiding construction by using same
BE1027995B1 (en) * 2020-01-16 2021-08-16 Olivier Ind Nv SOIL DISPLACEMENT DRILL AND PROCEDURE FOR FORMING A SMOOTH FOUNDATION PILE WITH SUCH DISPLACEMENT DRILL

Also Published As

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EP0588143B1 (en) 1995-05-10
DE59300184D1 (en) 1995-06-14
DE4228580C1 (en) 1993-10-28
DK0588143T3 (en) 1995-07-17

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