EP0554682B1 - Method to produce abrasion resistant surfaces - Google Patents

Method to produce abrasion resistant surfaces Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0554682B1
EP0554682B1 EP93100454A EP93100454A EP0554682B1 EP 0554682 B1 EP0554682 B1 EP 0554682B1 EP 93100454 A EP93100454 A EP 93100454A EP 93100454 A EP93100454 A EP 93100454A EP 0554682 B1 EP0554682 B1 EP 0554682B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plate
pegs
wear
casting
metal
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP93100454A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0554682A1 (en
Inventor
Gopal Subray Revankar
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Deere and Co
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Deere and Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
    • B22D19/08—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for building-up linings or coverings, e.g. of anti-frictional metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
    • C22C1/1036—Alloys containing non-metals starting from a melt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12049—Nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12056—Entirely inorganic
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12063—Nonparticulate metal component
    • Y10T428/12139—Nonmetal particles in particulate component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
    • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12146—Nonmetal particles in a component

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for impregnating or embedding hard, wear-resistant phases in surface layers of metal products, which are produced by pouring liquid metal, according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • metal products for example made of iron
  • the surfaces are coated, for example, by flame spray coating or plasma spray coating.
  • flame spray coating or plasma spray coating a disadvantage of these processes is that the surface layers can flake off during the coating process and when the products are used. There are also high procedural costs.
  • the mechanical properties of cast iron made by an EPC process are inferior to that of sand or core castings due to the presence of carbon defects. Furthermore, the EPC process requires special precautionary measures to keep small changes in shape during casting.
  • the EPC process in a conventional foundry requires the installation of special devices.
  • the cast products can have shape deviations which can be attributed to shape deviations of the foam models.
  • the sand molding method for casting carbides known from the prior art requires carbide balls, which can make the process more expensive. Increased costs can also result from the requirement that the wear-resistant surface be made flat. In this case, the cast product must be smoothed and a surface layer removed, which corresponds approximately to half the diameter of the spherical particles.
  • GB-A-2 074 912 discloses a process for the production of cast iron parts, in particular bogie bolsters for railway carriages, in the surface of which a separate wear plate of high hardness is embedded.
  • the wear plate is made of iron with the addition of carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium and molybdenum. It is attached to a mold before pouring.
  • In order to mechanically anchor the wear plate on the surface of the cast part it has a wedge-shaped configuration on its circumference, which is held in the manner of a dovetail behind the outer surface of the cast part.
  • the aim is to mechanically hook the wear plate with its circumference to the cast part in order to facilitate removal and replacement of worn wear plates.
  • the wear plate with its surface limited by the circumference is not fused to the cast part surface, but only rests on it, it can be cut into strips and removed with a cutting torch.
  • this training is unsuitable for applications in which a permanent anchoring of hard, wear-resistant surfaces on metal products is required and where high dimensional accuracy is also important.
  • the invention provides a remedy here and proposes a method for embedding layers of hard, wear-resistant material in surface layers of metal products which are produced by pouring liquid metal into casting molds.
  • the layers contain protruding pins, anchors or hooks, which consist of the hard, wear-resistant material and through which the wear-resistant layer is "mechanically” attached to the casting surface.
  • the present invention can basically be applied to the casting of any known metal.
  • cast iron especially spheroidal graphite cast iron or gray cast iron
  • suitable metals include non-ferrous alloys and high heat resistance superalloys.
  • a first step involves the formation of a disc or plate made of wear-resistant material.
  • the invention can be used with any sinterable, hard phase known from the prior art.
  • Such hard phases are, for example, tungsten carbide, chromium carbide and the like.
  • the wear-resistant material can be a metallic binder included, the z. B. belongs to the iron group, such as preferably cobalt for use with tungsten carbides or nickel for use with chromium carbides etc. If, for example, ductile iron is used as the metal to be cast, particles are preferred which are made of tungsten carbide with a weight fraction of 14 to 17% cobalt are composed.
  • the disc is produced by mixing a powder made of hard, wear-resistant material (to which a metal binder is preferably added) with a suitable organic binder, for example a 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution (PVA), and a suitable plasticizer, for example 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl Phosphate, phosphate ester plasticizer (e.g. KRONITEX 3600 from FMC Corporation, USA) or a mixture of plasticizers.
  • PVA polyvinyl alcohol solution
  • plasticizer for example 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl Phosphate, phosphate ester plasticizer (e.g. KRONITEX 3600 from FMC Corporation, USA) or a mixture of plasticizers.
  • the mixture forms a flowable mass with suitable rheological properties, so that the mass can be shaped like a disk.
  • any plasticizer and / or organic binder that can be processed effectively with a certain hard, wear-resistant material is suitable.
  • Fine-grained particles having a mesh size of 140/200 (approx. 110 to 74 microns) or finer are preferably used in the process according to the invention.
  • a pattern is then applied to an outwardly facing surface of the pane, the structure of which results in an improvement in the impregnation of the iron.
  • the shape of the pattern on the disc can take any structure that prevents lateral movement of the disc on a component surface during use, that is, the structure is intended to intercept shear forces that act tangentially on the disc surface.
  • a waffle structure is applied to the outer surface of the pane (FIG. 1).
  • the pattern can be molded by suitable means, for example by pressing a stamp on the surface of the still flowable, plastic thin plate, which has the desired pattern.
  • the same mixture of wear-resistant material, organic binder and plasticizer that is used to form the disc is preferably also used to form pins or anchors that are attached to the disc.
  • the pins or anchors can take any shape that enables the disk to be mechanically held on the casting surface. Two examples of suitable pins are shown in FIG. 2 in a side view and in a top view. Other cone shapes can include, for example, flat carbide disks with waffle-like surface textures.
  • These cones are cast separately and then, for example, dried in an oven at approximately 100 ° C., so that dimensionally stable solid bodies are formed. They are glued to the disc, on the side of the disc on which the pattern is to form the wear-resistant layer, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1.
  • the number of pins that are attached to the disc is chosen so that the pins can absorb the separation forces that could be applied to the disc surface without the disc becoming detached.
  • four anchors are provided in the embodiment of FIG. 1.
  • the number can also be e.g. B. vary between 1 and 8.
  • the pins can be attached to the disk. They can also be pre-sintered before fastening. In any case, they become an integral part of the disc as soon as it is sintered together with the pins.
  • the disc is then at low Temperatures of, for example, 320 to 340 ° C heated to remove volatile components of the organic binder and plasticizer.
  • This sintering of unbound disks takes place under conditions in which the disks and pins become completely compact.
  • Such sintering processes are known.
  • sintering can take place in a vacuum at temperatures between 1450 and 1475 ° C. over a period of 50 to 75 minutes.
  • the composition of the pins or anchors preferably coincides with that of the associated disk, the disk with the anchors attached to it is essentially stress-free after cooling from the sintering temperature to room temperature. After sintering, the pins are thus integral components of the associated disks (FIG. 3).
  • binders and plasticizers are used in accordance with the method described above for forming the washers and pins, methods can also be used in which these additives are omitted.
  • the carbide powder with a suitable proportion of metallic binders can be pressed directly into a disc with a flat pin within a cold mold. Such disks can then be sintered in the same manner as described above, with the exception that now neither binders nor plasticizers have to be freed of their volatile components by heating to low temperatures.
  • the sintered wear-resistant layer or disk can now be attached in a known manner on a suitable mold surface, for example that of a sand core.
  • a suitable mold surface for example that of a sand core.
  • for. B. uses a high-temperature adhesive according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the layer is then, for example heated to 100 ° C. in an oven so that the evaporating constituents are expelled from the adhesive and the adhesive cures.
  • the high-temperature adhesive must have a flow temperature that is higher than the casting temperature of the metal.
  • any adhesive in this regard is suitable, but an inorganic high-temperature adhesive is particularly preferred.
  • a binder which contains a high-temperature ceramic adhesive for. B. a high temperature binder, which is sold by Aremco Products, Inc., USA under the trade name Ceramabond 569 and contains, for example, oxides of aluminum, silicon and potassium in an aqueous colloidal suspension which has a maximum service temperature of approximately 1650 ° C. .
  • the liquid metal penetrates into the pores of the layer made of hard, wear-resistant material.
  • Any of the known casting processes for example casting using gravity, pressure die casting, vacuum casting or the like, can be used. However, gravity-based casting is preferred because of its ease of handling. 3 shows, for example, spheroidal graphite cast iron with tungsten carbide impregnation.
  • the method according to the invention can be used to produce metal products which cover a wide range of applications. Furthermore, the method can be used with a large number of metals and their alloys, since it is not necessary when the method is carried out that the metal is metallurgically coated with the layer of wear-resistant material responds.
  • the mechanical anchoring by the pins is essentially sufficient for fastening.
  • an additional metallurgical reaction has been identified which further strengthens the iron-carbide bond. The formation of this reaction can be improved by forming a waffle pattern on the disk.
  • the surface conversion can already be carried out successfully during the casting process and requires neither subsequent soldering or welding, nor additional casting devices, such as may be associated with a dissolving foam core (EPC process) during casting.
  • the method according to the invention can be used without difficulty in known sand molding processes.
  • Fine tungsten carbide powder with 14 to 17% cobalt powder as a metal binder (mesh size 140/200 or finer) is mixed with a suitable organic binder, for example a 10% aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution, and a suitable plasticizer (2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate or KRONITEX 3600 from FMC Corporation, USA) or a mixture of plasticizers to form a flowable mass with adequate rheological properties, which can be poured into sheets or thin plates or rolled out.
  • a pattern with a waffle structure, as shown in FIG. 1, is then placed on the disk emerges, imprinted. After the disc has dried and set, it becomes solid.
  • cones of a suitable shape (FIG. 2) are cast separately and dried in an oven at 100 ° C. until they also become solid. These pins are glued to the wafer-shaped side of the disk as long as it is still plastic, for example before the binder resin has set.
  • FIG. 1 A corresponding arrangement is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the carbide disk, which has not yet set, is then sintered in vacuo at 1460 ° C. for 60 minutes, the disk and the pins connecting to one another to form a compact unit (FIG. 3).
  • the sintered carbide disc is then attached to a sand core with Ceramabond 569 adhesive from Aremco.
  • the sand core and carbide disk are heated in an oven at 100 ° C. for 60 to 120 minutes in order to drive off the volatile constituents from the binder and to bind it. This can also be done at room temperature, but then requires a considerably longer period of time.
  • the cast iron is poured around the carbide disk by means of a conventional casting process, so that when the metal solidifies, the carbide disk is firmly connected to the metal surface.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Imprägnieren oder Einbetten von harten, verschleißfesten Phasen in Oberflächenschichten von Metallerzeugnissen, die durch Abgießen von flüssigem Metall hergestellt werden, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method for impregnating or embedding hard, wear-resistant phases in surface layers of metal products, which are produced by pouring liquid metal, according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

Es sind verschiedene Verfahren bekannt, durch die Metallerzeugnisse, beispielsweise aus Eisen, mit harten, verschleißfesten oder abriebsbeständigen Oberflächen versehen werden können. Die Beschichtung der Oberflächen erfolgt beispielsweise durch Flammspritzbeschichtung oder Plasmaspritzbeschichtung. Nachteilig bei diesen Verfahren ist jedoch, daß die Oberflächenschichten beim Beschichtungsverfahren und bei der Verwendung der Erzeugnisse abplatzen können. Ferner treten hohe Verfahrenskosten auf.Various methods are known by means of which metal products, for example made of iron, can be provided with hard, wear-resistant or abrasion-resistant surfaces. The surfaces are coated, for example, by flame spray coating or plasma spray coating. However, a disadvantage of these processes is that the surface layers can flake off during the coating process and when the products are used. There are also high procedural costs.

Aus der US-PS 4,119,459 ist es auch bekannt, Karbide in die Oberfläche einzuschmelzen, indem Karbidmakroteilchen auf ein Gießmodel aufgebracht werden und anschließend das Werkstück gegossen wird. Es ist jedoch hierbei schwierig, die Karbidmakroteilchen genau an den gewünschten Stellen und in dem gewünschten Verteilungsmuster zu plazieren.It is also known from US Pat. No. 4,119,459 to melt carbides into the surface by applying carbide macro particles to a casting model and then casting the workpiece. However, it is difficult to place the carbide macro particles precisely in the desired locations and in the desired distribution pattern.

Ferner sind für die Herstellung von Eisenprodukten einige Verfahren zum Angießen harter Oberflächen an die Eisenwerkstücke in Verbindung mit der Anwendung von Polystyrolmodellen bekannt. Ein solches Verfahren wurde beispielsweise von Hansen et al, "Application of Cast-On Ferrochrome-Based Hard Surfacings to Polystyrene Pattern Castings", Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8942, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1985, beschrieben. Bei diesem Verfahren wird zunächst eine Paste, die ein Haftmittel und das gewünschte harte Material, wie z. B. Wolframkarbidpulver, enthält, auf solche Oberflächen eines Polystyrolmodelles aufgetragen, die den zum Verschleiß neigenden Oberflächen des resultierenden Gusses entsprechen. Dann wird vor dem Abgießen des Metalls eine hitzebeständige Beschichtung auf das ganze Modell aufgetragen. Dieses Verfahren ist als "Evaporative Pattern Casting"-Verfahren oder EPC-Verfahren bekannt.Also known for the manufacture of iron products are some methods for casting hard surfaces onto the iron workpieces in connection with the use of polystyrene models. Such a method has been described, for example, by Hansen et al, "Application of Cast-On Ferrochrome-Based Hard Surfacings to Polystyrene Pattern Castings", Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8942, US Department of the Interior, 1985. In this method, a paste containing an adhesive and the desired hard material, such as. B. tungsten carbide powder, applied to those surfaces of a polystyrene model that correspond to the wear-prone surfaces of the resulting cast. Then a heat-resistant coating is applied to the entire model before the metal is poured off. This process is known as the "Evaporative Pattern Casting" process or EPC process.

Dieses Verfahren leidet jedoch an der mangelnden Haftfähigkeit zwischen der verschleißfesten Schicht, die beispielsweise aus Wolframkarbid besteht, und dem Schaummodell aus Polystyrol, die vor allem darauf zurückzuführen ist, daß die fast trockene Paste die Oberfläche des geschäumten Kunstharzes nicht ausreichend benetzt. Daher dringt das Eisen vor seinem Erstarren manchmal nicht in die Schicht ein, und anstatt das Eisen getränkt zu haben, platzt das Karbid von dem Erzeugnis ab. Ferner ist dieses Verfahren komplex und unwirtschaftlich und läßt sich nicht wirkungsvoll bei einer Produktion im großen Stil anwenden.However, this process suffers from the lack of adhesion between the wear-resistant layer, which consists for example of tungsten carbide, and the foam model made of polystyrene, which is mainly due to the fact that the almost dry paste does not adequately wet the surface of the foamed synthetic resin. Therefore, the iron sometimes does not penetrate the layer before it solidifies, and instead of having soaked the iron, the carbide flakes off the product. Furthermore, this process is complex and uneconomical and cannot be used effectively in large-scale production.

Die mechanischen Eigenschaften von Eisenguß, der durch ein EPC-Verfahren hergestellt wurde, sind wegen der Anwesenheit von Kohlenstoffdefekten minderwertiger als die von Sand- oder Kerngußerzeugnissen. Ferner erfordert das EPC-Verfahren besondere Vorsichtsmaßnahmen, um geringe Formänderungen beim Gießen einzuhalten.The mechanical properties of cast iron made by an EPC process are inferior to that of sand or core castings due to the presence of carbon defects. Furthermore, the EPC process requires special precautionary measures to keep small changes in shape during casting.

Aus der EP-A-0 421 374 und der EP-A-0 470 503 sind ferner unterschiedliche Verfahren bekannt, durch die das Imprägnieren von Metalloberflächen mit Karbiden während des Gießprozesses verbessert wird, indem Schichten aus Karbidteilchen auf einen Schaumstoffkern bzw. einen Sandkern übertragen werden, der dem Abgießen des herzustellenden, aus Eisen oder Aluminium bestehenden Werkstückes dient.Various processes are also known from EP-A-0 421 374 and EP-A-0 470 503, by means of which the impregnation of metal surfaces with carbides is improved during the casting process by transferring layers of carbide particles to a foam core or a sand core be the the casting of the workpiece to be manufactured, made of iron or aluminum.

Auch wenn diese letztgenannten Verfahren eine erhebliche Verbesserung mit sich brachten, sind sie immer noch nicht voll befriedigend. Beispielsweise erfordert das EPC-Verfahren in einer konventionellen Gießerei die Einrichtung spezieller Vorrichtungen. Ferner können die Gußerzeugnisse Formabweichungen aufweisen, die auf Formabweichungen der Schaumstoffmodelle zurückzuführen sind. Die aus dem Stand der Technik bekannte Sandformmethode zum Eingießen von Karbiden erfordert Karbidkugeln, durch die das Verfahren sich verteuern kann. Erhöhte Kosten können sich auch dadurch ergeben, daß gefordert wird, die verschleißfeste Oberfläche eben auszubilden. In diesem Fall muß das Gußerzeugnis geglättet und eine Oberflächenschicht abgetragen werden, die ungefähr dem halben Durchmesser der kugelförmigen Teilchen entspricht.Even though these latter methods have brought about a significant improvement, they are still not entirely satisfactory. For example, the EPC process in a conventional foundry requires the installation of special devices. Furthermore, the cast products can have shape deviations which can be attributed to shape deviations of the foam models. The sand molding method for casting carbides known from the prior art requires carbide balls, which can make the process more expensive. Increased costs can also result from the requirement that the wear-resistant surface be made flat. In this case, the cast product must be smoothed and a surface layer removed, which corresponds approximately to half the diameter of the spherical particles.

Aus der GB-A-2 074 912 geht ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Eisengußteilen, insbesondere Drehgestellschemeln für Eisenbahnwagen, hervor, in deren Oberfläche eine gesonderte Verschleißplatte hoher Härte eingelassen ist. Die Verschleißplatte besteht aus Eisen mit Zusätzen von Kohlenstoff, Mangan, Silizium, Chrom und Molybdän. Sie wird vor dem Abgießen auf einer Gießform befestigt. Um die Verschleißplatte mechanisch auf der Gußteiloberfläche zu verankern, enthält sie auf ihrem Umfang eine keilförmige Ausbildung, die nach Art eines Schwalbenschwanzes hinter der außen vorstehenden Gußteiloberfläche festgehalten wird. Ziel ist es, die Verschleißplatte lediglich mit ihrem Umfang mechanisch an dem Gußteil zu verhaken, um ein Entfernen und den Austausch abgenutzter Verschleißplatten zu erleichtern. Da die Verschleißplatte mit ihrer von dem Umfang begrenzten Oberfläche nicht mit der Gußteiloberfläche verschmolzen ist, sondern lediglich auf dieser aufliegt, läßt sie sich mit einem Schneidbrenner in Streifen schneiden und entfernen. Diese Ausbildung ist jedoch für Anwendungen ungeeignet, bei denen eine dauerhafte Verankerung harter, verschleißfester Oberflächen auf Metallerzeugnissen verlangt wird und wo es überdies auf hohe Maßhaltigkeit ankommt.GB-A-2 074 912 discloses a process for the production of cast iron parts, in particular bogie bolsters for railway carriages, in the surface of which a separate wear plate of high hardness is embedded. The wear plate is made of iron with the addition of carbon, manganese, silicon, chromium and molybdenum. It is attached to a mold before pouring. In order to mechanically anchor the wear plate on the surface of the cast part, it has a wedge-shaped configuration on its circumference, which is held in the manner of a dovetail behind the outer surface of the cast part. The aim is to mechanically hook the wear plate with its circumference to the cast part in order to facilitate removal and replacement of worn wear plates. Since the wear plate with its surface limited by the circumference is not fused to the cast part surface, but only rests on it, it can be cut into strips and removed with a cutting torch. However, this training is unsuitable for applications in which a permanent anchoring of hard, wear-resistant surfaces on metal products is required and where high dimensional accuracy is also important.

Es besteht daher weiterhin das Bedürfnis nach einem Verfahren zur Imprägnierung von Metalloberflächen, insbesondere von Eisenerzeugnisoberflächen mit einem harten, verschleißfesten Material, durch welches sich die eingangs genannten Probleme der bekannten Verfahren überwinden lassen.There is therefore still a need for a method for impregnating metal surfaces, in particular iron product surfaces, with a hard, wear-resistant material, by means of which the problems of the known methods mentioned at the outset can be overcome.

Die Erfindung schafft hier Abhilfe und schlägt ein Verfahren zum Einbetten von Schichten aus hartem, verschleißfestem Material in Oberflächenschichten von Metallerzeugnissen, welche durch Gießen von flüssigem Metall in Gießformen hergestellt werden, vor. Die Schichten enthalten hervorstehende Zapfen, Anker oder Haken, die aus dem harten, verschleißfesten Material bestehen und durch die die verschleißfeste Schicht "mechanisch" an der Gußoberfläche befestigt ist.The invention provides a remedy here and proposes a method for embedding layers of hard, wear-resistant material in surface layers of metal products which are produced by pouring liquid metal into casting molds. The layers contain protruding pins, anchors or hooks, which consist of the hard, wear-resistant material and through which the wear-resistant layer is "mechanically" attached to the casting surface.

Die erfindungsgemäße Lehre wird durch den Patentanspruch 1 angegeben. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen und Weiterbildungen der Erfindung gehen aus den Unteransprüchen hervor.The teaching of the invention is given by claim 1. Further advantageous refinements and developments of the invention emerge from the subclaims.

Anhand der Zeichnung werden nachfolgend Ausführungsbeispiele sowie weitere Vorteile und vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung näher beschrieben und erläutert.Exemplary embodiments and further advantages and advantageous developments and refinements of the invention are described and explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing.

Es zeigt:

Fig. 1
eine gesinterte Karbidscheibe, die vier Karbidzapfen trägt,
Fig. 2
geeignete Formen für Karbidzapfen und
Fig. 3
die photographische Darstellung eines Sphärengußstücks mit einer Karbidscheibe, die einen Anker oder Zapfen als integrierenden Bestandteil enthält.
It shows:
Fig. 1
a sintered carbide disc that carries four carbide pins,
Fig. 2
suitable shapes for carbide cones and
Fig. 3
the photographic representation of a spherical casting with a carbide disc containing an anchor or pin as an integral part.

Die vorliegende Erfindung kann grundsätzlich beim Gießen jedes bekannten Metalls angewendet werden. Jedoch wird Gußeisen, insbesondere Kugelgraphitguß oder Grauguß bevorzugt. Andere Beispiele geeigneter Metalle umfassen Nichteisenlegierungen und Superlegierungen hoher Wärmebeständigkeit.The present invention can basically be applied to the casting of any known metal. However, cast iron, especially spheroidal graphite cast iron or gray cast iron, is preferred. Other examples of suitable metals include non-ferrous alloys and high heat resistance superalloys.

Gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung beinhaltet ein erster Schritt die Ausbildung einer Scheibe oder Platte, die aus verschleißfestem Material besteht. Hinsichtlich der Wahl des harten, verschleißfesten Materials läßt sich die Erfindung mit jeder aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten sinterfähigen, harten Phase anwenden. Solche harten Phasen sind beispielsweise Wolframkarbid, Chromkarbid und dergleichen. Ferner kann das verschleißfeste Material ein metallisches Bindemittel enthalten, das z. B. der Eisengruppe angehört, wie vorzugsweise Kobalt für die Verwendung bei Wolframkarbiden oder Nickel für die Verwendnung bei Chromkarbiden usw. Wird beispielsweise duktiles Eisen als zu gießendes Metall verwendet, so werden Teilchen bevorzugt, die aus Wolframkarbid mit einem Gewichtsanteil von 14 bis 17 % Kobalt zusammengesetzt sind.According to the present invention, a first step involves the formation of a disc or plate made of wear-resistant material. With regard to the choice of the hard, wear-resistant material, the invention can be used with any sinterable, hard phase known from the prior art. Such hard phases are, for example, tungsten carbide, chromium carbide and the like. Furthermore, the wear-resistant material can be a metallic binder included, the z. B. belongs to the iron group, such as preferably cobalt for use with tungsten carbides or nickel for use with chromium carbides etc. If, for example, ductile iron is used as the metal to be cast, particles are preferred which are made of tungsten carbide with a weight fraction of 14 to 17% cobalt are composed.

Die Herstellung der Scheibe erfolgt durch Vermischen eines Pulvers aus hartem verschleißfestem Material (dem vorzugsweise ein Metallbindemittel beigemischt ist) mit einem geeigneten organischen Bindemittel, beispielsweise einer 10 %-igen Polyvinylalkohollösung (PVA), und einem geeigneten Weichmacher, beispielsweise 2-Äthylhexyl-Diphenyl-Phosphat, Phosphatesterweichmacher (z. B. KRONITEX 3600 der Fa. FMC Corporation, USA) oder einem Gemisch aus Weichmachern. Die Mischung bildet eine fließfähige Masse mit geeigneten rheologischen Eigenschaften, so daß sich die Masse in die Form einer Scheibe bringen läßt. In diesem Sinne ist jeder Weichmacher und/oder organische Binder geeignet, der wirksam mit einem bestimmten harten verschleißfesten Material verarbeitet werden kann.The disc is produced by mixing a powder made of hard, wear-resistant material (to which a metal binder is preferably added) with a suitable organic binder, for example a 10% polyvinyl alcohol solution (PVA), and a suitable plasticizer, for example 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl Phosphate, phosphate ester plasticizer (e.g. KRONITEX 3600 from FMC Corporation, USA) or a mixture of plasticizers. The mixture forms a flowable mass with suitable rheological properties, so that the mass can be shaped like a disk. In this sense, any plasticizer and / or organic binder that can be processed effectively with a certain hard, wear-resistant material is suitable.

In dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren werden vorzugsweise feinkörnige Teilchen verwendet, die eine Maschenweite von 140/200 (ca. 110 bis 74 Mikrons) oder feiner haben.Fine-grained particles having a mesh size of 140/200 (approx. 110 to 74 microns) or finer are preferably used in the process according to the invention.

Auf eine nach außen weisende Oberfläche der Scheibe wird dann ein Muster aufgebracht, dessen Struktur eine Verbesserung der Imprägnierung des Eisens zur Folge hat. Die Form des Musters auf der Scheibe kann jede Struktur einnehmen, die eine laterale Bewegung der Scheibe auf einer Komponentenoberfläche während der Anwendung verhindert, d. h. die Struktur soll Scherkräfte, die tangential an der Scheibenoberfläche angreifen, abfangen. Beispielsweise ist gemäß einer Ausgestaltung auf die äußere Oberfläche der Scheibe eine Waffelstruktur aufgebracht (Fig. 1).A pattern is then applied to an outwardly facing surface of the pane, the structure of which results in an improvement in the impregnation of the iron. The shape of the pattern on the disc can take any structure that prevents lateral movement of the disc on a component surface during use, that is, the structure is intended to intercept shear forces that act tangentially on the disc surface. For example, according to one embodiment, a waffle structure is applied to the outer surface of the pane (FIG. 1).

Das Muster läßt sich durch geeignete Mittel abformen, indem beispielsweise ein Stempel auf die Oberfläche der noch fließfähigen, plastischen dünnen Platte aufgedrückt wird, der das gewünschte Muster aufweist.The pattern can be molded by suitable means, for example by pressing a stamp on the surface of the still flowable, plastic thin plate, which has the desired pattern.

Das gleiche Gemisch aus verschleißfestem Material, organischem Binder und Weichmacher, das für die Ausbildung der Scheibe verwendet wird, wird vorzugsweise auch für die Ausbildung von Zapfen oder Ankern benutzt, die an der Scheibe befestigt werden. Die Zapfen oder Anker können jede Form annehmen, die eine mechanische Halterung der Scheibe an der Abgußoberfläche ermöglicht. Zwei Beispiele geeigneter Zapfen sind in Fig. 2 jeweils in Seitenansicht und in Aufsicht dargestellt. Andere Zapfenformen können beispielsweise flache Karbidscheiben mit waffelförmigen Oberflächentexturen enthalten.The same mixture of wear-resistant material, organic binder and plasticizer that is used to form the disc is preferably also used to form pins or anchors that are attached to the disc. The pins or anchors can take any shape that enables the disk to be mechanically held on the casting surface. Two examples of suitable pins are shown in FIG. 2 in a side view and in a top view. Other cone shapes can include, for example, flat carbide disks with waffle-like surface textures.

Diese Zapfen werden gesondert gegossen und dann beispielsweise in einem Ofen bei ca 100°C getrocknet, so daß sich formbeständige feste Körper ausbilden. Sie werden auf die Scheibe geklebt, und zwar auf die Seite der Scheibe, auf der sich das Muster befindet, um die verschleißfeste Schicht zu bilden, wie es beispielsweise in Fig. 1 dargestellt ist.These cones are cast separately and then, for example, dried in an oven at approximately 100 ° C., so that dimensionally stable solid bodies are formed. They are glued to the disc, on the side of the disc on which the pattern is to form the wear-resistant layer, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1.

Die Anzahl der Zapfen, die auf der Scheibe befestigt werden, wird so gewählt, daß die Zapfen die Trennungskräfte, die an die Scheibenoberfläche angelegt werden könnten, aufnehmen können, ohne daß sich die Scheibe löst. Beispielsweise sind in dem Ausführungsbeispiel der Fig. 1 vier Anker vorgesehen. Die Anzahl kann jedoch auch z. B. zwischen 1 und 8 variieren.The number of pins that are attached to the disc is chosen so that the pins can absorb the separation forces that could be applied to the disc surface without the disc becoming detached. For example, four anchors are provided in the embodiment of FIG. 1. However, the number can also be e.g. B. vary between 1 and 8.

Die Zapfen können nach ihrem Trocknen an der Scheibe befestigt werden. Sie können auch vor der Befestigung vorgesintert werden. In jedem Fall werden sie integrierte Bestandteile der Scheibe, sobald diese zusammen mit den Zapfen fertig gesintert wird. Die Scheibe wird dann bei niedrigen Temperaturen von beispielsweise 320 bis 340°C erhitzt, um flüchtige Bestandteile der organischen Binder und Weichmacher zu entfernen.After drying, the pins can be attached to the disk. They can also be pre-sintered before fastening. In any case, they become an integral part of the disc as soon as it is sintered together with the pins. The disc is then at low Temperatures of, for example, 320 to 340 ° C heated to remove volatile components of the organic binder and plasticizer.

Dieses Sintern unabgebundener Scheiben erfolgt unter Bedingungen, unter denen die Scheiben und Zapfen völlig kompakt werden. Derartige Sinterverfahren sind bekannt. Beispielsweise kann das Sintern im Vakuum bei Temperaturen zwischen 1450 und 1475°C über einen Zeitraum von 50 bis 75 Minuten erfolgen.This sintering of unbound disks takes place under conditions in which the disks and pins become completely compact. Such sintering processes are known. For example, sintering can take place in a vacuum at temperatures between 1450 and 1475 ° C. over a period of 50 to 75 minutes.

Da die Zusammensetzung der Zapfen bzw. Anker vorzugsweise mit der der zugehörigen Scheibe übereinstimmt, ist die Scheibe mit den darauf befestigten Ankern nach dem Abkühlen von der Sintertemperatur auf Raumtemperatur im wesentlichen spannungsfrei. Damit sind nach dem Sintern die Zapfen integrale Bestandteile der zugehörigen Scheiben (Fig. 3).Since the composition of the pins or anchors preferably coincides with that of the associated disk, the disk with the anchors attached to it is essentially stress-free after cooling from the sintering temperature to room temperature. After sintering, the pins are thus integral components of the associated disks (FIG. 3).

Auch wenn gemäß dem oben beschriebenen Verfahren zur Ausbildung der Scheiben und Zapfen Binder und Weichmacher verwendet werden, so lassen sich auch Verfahren anwenden, bei denen diese Zusätze entfallen. Beispielsweise kann das Karbidpulver mit einem geeigneten Anteil von metallischen Bindern unmittelbar zu einer Scheibe mit einem flachen Zapfen innerhalb einer kalten Form gepreßt werden. Derartige Scheiben können dann auf die gleiche Weise gesintert werden, wie sie oben beschrieben wurde, jedoch mit der Ausnahme, daß nun weder Binder noch Weichmacher durch Erwärmen auf niedrige Temperaturen von ihren flüchtigen Bestandteilen befreit werden müssen.Even if binders and plasticizers are used in accordance with the method described above for forming the washers and pins, methods can also be used in which these additives are omitted. For example, the carbide powder with a suitable proportion of metallic binders can be pressed directly into a disc with a flat pin within a cold mold. Such disks can then be sintered in the same manner as described above, with the exception that now neither binders nor plasticizers have to be freed of their volatile components by heating to low temperatures.

Die gesinterte verschleißfeste Schicht oder Scheibe kann nun in bekannter Weise auf einer geeigneten Gußformoberfläche, beispielsweise der eines Sandkerns befestigt werden. Hierbei wird z. B. gemäß einer erfindungsgemäßen Ausgestaltung ein Hochtemperaturklebstoff verwendet. Die Schicht wird dann beispielsweise in einem Ofen auf 100°C erwärmt, so daß die verdampfenden Bestandteile aus dem Klebstoff ausgetrieben werden und der Klebstoff aushärtet.The sintered wear-resistant layer or disk can now be attached in a known manner on a suitable mold surface, for example that of a sand core. Here, for. B. uses a high-temperature adhesive according to an embodiment of the invention. The layer is then, for example heated to 100 ° C. in an oven so that the evaporating constituents are expelled from the adhesive and the adhesive cures.

Der Hochtemperaturklebstoff muß eine Fließtemperatur aufweisen, die höher ist als die Gießtemperatur des Metalls. Es ist grundsätzlich jeder diesbezügliche Klebstoff geeignet, jedoch wird ein anorganischer Hochtemperaturklebstoff besonders bevorzugt.The high-temperature adhesive must have a flow temperature that is higher than the casting temperature of the metal. In principle, any adhesive in this regard is suitable, but an inorganic high-temperature adhesive is particularly preferred.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird bei der Verarbeitung duktilen Eisens ein Binder bevorzugt, der einen Hochtemperaturkeramikklebstoff enthält, z. B. ein Hochtemperaturbinder, der durch die Fa. Aremco Products, Inc., USA unter der Warenbezeichnung Ceramabond 569 vertrieben wird und beispielsweise Oxide von Aluminium, Silizium und Kalium in einer wässrigen kolloidalen Suspension enthält, die eine maximale Gebrauchstemperatur von ungefähr 1650°C aufweist.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a binder which contains a high-temperature ceramic adhesive, for. B. a high temperature binder, which is sold by Aremco Products, Inc., USA under the trade name Ceramabond 569 and contains, for example, oxides of aluminum, silicon and potassium in an aqueous colloidal suspension which has a maximum service temperature of approximately 1650 ° C. .

Bei dieser Temperatur dringt das flüssige Metall in die Poren der Schicht aus hartem verschleißfestem Material ein. Dabei kann ein beliebiges der bekannten Gießverfahren, beispielsweise Gießen unter Ausnützung der Schwerkraft, Preßdruckgießen, Vakuumgießen oder dergleichen angewendet werden. Jedoch wird wegen dessen leichter Handhabbarkeit das Gießen unter Ausnützung der Schwerkraft bevorzugt. In Fig. 3 ist beispielsweise ein Kugelgraphitguß mit Wolframkarbidimprägnierung dargestellt.At this temperature, the liquid metal penetrates into the pores of the layer made of hard, wear-resistant material. Any of the known casting processes, for example casting using gravity, pressure die casting, vacuum casting or the like, can be used. However, gravity-based casting is preferred because of its ease of handling. 3 shows, for example, spheroidal graphite cast iron with tungsten carbide impregnation.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann zur Erzeugung von Metallerzeugnissen angewendet werden, die einen weiten Anwendungsbereich abdecken. Ferner läßt sich das Verfahren bei einer Vielzahl von Metallen und deren Legierungen anwenden, da es bei Ausführung des Verfahrens nicht erforderlich ist, daß das Metall metallurgisch mit der Schicht aus verschleißfestem Material reagiert. Zur Befestigung genügt im wesentlichen die mechanische Verankerung durch die Zapfen. Jedoch wurde in dem besonderen Fall von Eisenguß eine zusätzliche metallurgische Reaktion festgestellt, durch die die Eisen-Karbid-Bindung weiter verstärkt wird. Die Ausbildung dieser Reaktion kann durch Ausbildung eines Waffelmusters auf der Scheibe verbessert werden.The method according to the invention can be used to produce metal products which cover a wide range of applications. Furthermore, the method can be used with a large number of metals and their alloys, since it is not necessary when the method is carried out that the metal is metallurgically coated with the layer of wear-resistant material responds. The mechanical anchoring by the pins is essentially sufficient for fastening. However, in the particular case of cast iron, an additional metallurgical reaction has been identified which further strengthens the iron-carbide bond. The formation of this reaction can be improved by forming a waffle pattern on the disk.

Ferner können durch die Anwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens erhebliche Verfahrenskosten eingespart werden. Insbesondere kann die Oberflächenumwandlung schon während des Gießverfahrens erfolgreich durchgeführt werden und erfordert weder ein nachträgliches Löten oder Schweißen noch zusätzliche Gießeinrichtungen, wie sie beim Gießen mit einem sich auflösenden Schaumstoffkern (EPC-Verfahren) assoziiert sein können. Insbesondere läßt sich das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ohne Schwierigkeiten bei bekannten Sandformgießverfahren anwenden.Furthermore, considerable process costs can be saved by using the method according to the invention. In particular, the surface conversion can already be carried out successfully during the casting process and requires neither subsequent soldering or welding, nor additional casting devices, such as may be associated with a dissolving foam core (EPC process) during casting. In particular, the method according to the invention can be used without difficulty in known sand molding processes.

Zur näheren Beschreibung der vorliegenden Erfindung sowie weiterer Vorteile wird im folgenden ein Ausführungsbeispiel angegeben.For a more detailed description of the present invention and further advantages, an embodiment is given below.

Beispiel:Example:

Feines Wolframkarbidpulver mit 14 bis 17 % Kobaltpulver als Metallbinder (Maschenweite von 140/200 oder feiner) wird mit einem geeigneten organischen Binder, beispielsweise einer 10 %-igen wässrigen Polyvinylalkohollösung, und einem geeigneten Weichmacher (2-Äthylhexyl-Diphenyl-Phosphat oder KRONITEX 3600 der Fa. FMC Corporation, USA) oder einem Gemisch aus Weichmachern gemischt, um eine fließfähige Masse mit angemessenen rheologischen Eigenschaften auszubilden, die sich zu Scheiben oder dünnen Platten abgießen oder ausrollen läßt. Auf die Scheibe wird dann ein Muster mit Waffelstruktur, wie sie aus Fig. 1 hervorgeht, aufgeprägt. Nach dem Trocknen und Abbinden der Scheibe wird diese fest.Fine tungsten carbide powder with 14 to 17% cobalt powder as a metal binder (mesh size 140/200 or finer) is mixed with a suitable organic binder, for example a 10% aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution, and a suitable plasticizer (2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate or KRONITEX 3600 from FMC Corporation, USA) or a mixture of plasticizers to form a flowable mass with adequate rheological properties, which can be poured into sheets or thin plates or rolled out. A pattern with a waffle structure, as shown in FIG. 1, is then placed on the disk emerges, imprinted. After the disc has dried and set, it becomes solid.

Unter Benutzung des gleichen Gemisches aus Karbiden, Bindern und Weichmachern werden Zapfen geeigneter Form (Fig. 2) gesondert gegossen und in einem Ofen bei 100°C getrocknet, bis sie ebenfalls fest werden. Diese Zapfen werden auf die waffelförmige Seite der Scheibe geklebt, solange diese noch plastisch ist, beispielsweise bevor der Binderharz abgebunden hat. Eine entsprechende Anordnung zeigt Fig. 1. Die noch nicht abgebundene Karbidscheibe wird dann im Vakuum 60 Minuten lang bei 1460°C gesintert, wobei die Scheibe und die Zapfen sich zu einer kompakten Einheit miteinander verbinden (Fig. 3).Using the same mixture of carbides, binders and plasticizers, cones of a suitable shape (FIG. 2) are cast separately and dried in an oven at 100 ° C. until they also become solid. These pins are glued to the wafer-shaped side of the disk as long as it is still plastic, for example before the binder resin has set. A corresponding arrangement is shown in FIG. 1. The carbide disk, which has not yet set, is then sintered in vacuo at 1460 ° C. for 60 minutes, the disk and the pins connecting to one another to form a compact unit (FIG. 3).

Die gesinterte Karbidscheibe wird dann mit dem Klebstoff Ceramabond 569 der Fa. Aremco auf einem Sandkern befestigt. Sandkern und Karbidscheibe werden 60 bis 120 Minuten lang in einem Ofen auf 100°C erwärmt, um die flüchtigen Bestandteile aus dem Binder auszutreiben und diesen abzubinden. Dies kann auch bei Raumtemperatur erfolgen, erfordert dann jedoch einen erheblich längeren Zeitraum. Nun wird daß Gießeisen mittels eines üblichen Gießverfahrens um die Karbidscheibe gegossen, so daß bei der Metallerstarrung die Karbidscheibe fest mit der Metalloberfläche verbunden ist.The sintered carbide disc is then attached to a sand core with Ceramabond 569 adhesive from Aremco. The sand core and carbide disk are heated in an oven at 100 ° C. for 60 to 120 minutes in order to drive off the volatile constituents from the binder and to bind it. This can also be done at room temperature, but then requires a considerably longer period of time. Now the cast iron is poured around the carbide disk by means of a conventional casting process, so that when the metal solidifies, the carbide disk is firmly connected to the metal surface.

Claims (10)

  1. A method of embedding hard, wear-resistant surface layers in metal products by casting from liquid metal in moulds, in which a wear-resistant layer in the form of a thin plate or sheet is produced, which has anchoring means for mechanical attachment thereof to the cast surface and which is attached to a surface of the mould before casting the metal, characterized in that a wear-resistant material is mixed with at least one binder and optionally with at least one plasticiser and a prefabricated plate is made from the mixture and has at least one peg or anchor on its outer surface relative to the mould, and in that the prefabricated plate with pegs or anchors is sintered before its is attached to the mould.
  2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the plate is structured on its surface which has the pins or anchors, preferably with a waffle pattern structure.
  3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the plate has a plurality of integrally bonded pegs.
  4. A method according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the separately manufactured pegs are fixed on the plate and the plate is then sintered with the pegs.
  5. A method according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the pegs are sintered and then fixed on the plate and in that the plate with the pegs is then finally sintered.
  6. A method according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the mould has a sand core, to which the plate or sheet is attached with a high temperature adhesive, preferably a high temperature ceramic adhesive.
  7. A method according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the metal is iron, especially ductile iron.
  8. A method according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the hard wear-resistant material is tungsten carbide with a metal binder, preferably with 14 to 17% by weight of cobalt.
  9. A method according to any of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the plate is made from a mixture of non-wearing material powder, an organic binder and at least one plasticiser, preferably by casting.
  10. A method according to any of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the pegs are made from the same mixture as the plate, preferably by casting.
EP93100454A 1992-01-21 1993-01-14 Method to produce abrasion resistant surfaces Expired - Lifetime EP0554682B1 (en)

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US07/822,904 US5267600A (en) 1992-01-21 1992-01-21 Hard facing casting surfaces with wear-resistant sheets

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014041409A2 (en) 2012-09-14 2014-03-20 F. A. R. - Fonderie Acciaierie Roiale - Spa Method for manufacturing steel casts

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MX9300127A (en) 1993-07-01
EP0554682A1 (en) 1993-08-11
JPH0798262B2 (en) 1995-10-25
US5383513A (en) 1995-01-24
US5267600A (en) 1993-12-07
US5443916A (en) 1995-08-22
CA2086868A1 (en) 1993-07-22
JPH05261515A (en) 1993-10-12
DE59304769D1 (en) 1997-01-30
CA2086868C (en) 1998-07-21

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