EP0512956A1 - Numerically controlled grinding machine - Google Patents

Numerically controlled grinding machine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0512956A1
EP0512956A1 EP92810322A EP92810322A EP0512956A1 EP 0512956 A1 EP0512956 A1 EP 0512956A1 EP 92810322 A EP92810322 A EP 92810322A EP 92810322 A EP92810322 A EP 92810322A EP 0512956 A1 EP0512956 A1 EP 0512956A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dressing
tool
grinding
probe
turret
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92810322A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0512956B1 (en
Inventor
Maurice Guenin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Voumard Machines Co SA
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Voumard Machines Co SA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0512956A1 publication Critical patent/EP0512956A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
    • B24B49/18—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation taking regard of the presence of dressing tools
    • B24B49/186—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation taking regard of the presence of dressing tools taking regard of the wear of the dressing tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B47/00—Drives or gearings; Equipment therefor
    • B24B47/22—Equipment for exact control of the position of the grinding tool or work at the start of the grinding operation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
    • B24B49/18—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation taking regard of the presence of dressing tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/005—Positioning devices for conditioning tools
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/51—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
    • Y10T29/5152—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling with turret mechanism
    • Y10T29/5154—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling with turret mechanism tool turret
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/51—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
    • Y10T29/5152—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling with turret mechanism
    • Y10T29/5154—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling with turret mechanism tool turret
    • Y10T29/5155—Rotary tool holder

Definitions

  • the tool turret is often equipped at the present time with two, three or even four grinding tools which can intervene successively during each sequence of grinding operations carried out on a workpiece.
  • the workpiece table can be provided with a digital axis of rotation allowing the rectification of internal or external conical surfaces, of generally circular shapes. It must therefore be able to be oriented at will in a precise manner.
  • the machine is often equipped with several dressing tools, for example several diamond holders of different shapes and a rotary wheel. Each of these different tools is brought into the working position during each dressing operation carried out on one or other of the grinding wheels mounted on the tool-holder turret.
  • the specification EP-0 281 835 describes a dressing turret in which several dressing tools are mounted radially on a head, itself capable of pivoting about its axis on the turret.
  • the turret is integral with a tilting arm, the working position of which can be controlled by means of a probe cooperating with a reference surface.
  • the content of this booklet does not, however, indicate any means for carrying out a fully automatic dressing operation.
  • the document DE-3 524 690 relates to the measurement of the characteristics of a disc-shaped grinding wheel and in particular to the use of piezoelectric type probes for this measurement.
  • GB-2 002 545 relates more particularly to the conduct of grinding operations on internal cylindrical surfaces.
  • the parts are fixed in the clamp of a rotating spindle and the table on which the spindle is mounted carries a dressing tool so that displacements of this table perpendicular to the axis of the grinding wheel allow to draw that -this.
  • the operation is carried out according to data supplied by a measuring instrument, without any automation of the dressing operation being envisaged.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a machine by means of which it is possible to carry out a dressing operation fully automatically so that the difficulties indicated above are eliminated.
  • the present invention relates to a method of starting a grinding machine equipped with a workpiece table, a tool holder carrying at least one grinding tool, a dressing turret on which are mounted one or more dressing tools having a dressing edge, and a numerical control comprising a memory, for grinding operations on several different surfaces in the same room, characterized by the following stages: a probe having at least two detector faces is placed in a predetermined position on the tool holder, a measurement step is carried out in which the sensing faces of the probe are brought into predetermined relative positions with respect to one or more dressing edges of the dressing tool (s) and the positions of the corresponding tool holder are recorded in the memory at each of said predetermined relative positions, and after the measurement step, the position records stored are used to customize a program for an automatic dressing operation.
  • a second probe is also used located in a predetermined position relative to a machine reference and by means of this second probe, measurements are taken of the positions of the surfaces of the grinding tools, so that you can determine the initial dimensions of the tools and program the automatic dressing operation accordingly.
  • the object of the invention consists of a grinding machine comprising on a base a workpiece table, a dressing turret and a tool turret, respectively equipped with a drive spindle for a workpiece.
  • the grinding machine shown in fig. 1 comprises the following main equipment: a base 1, a workpiece table 2, a grinding tool holder turret 3 and a dressing turret 4.
  • the table 2 carries a workpiece spindle 5 driven in rotation around a horizontal axis. To this spindle is fixed a workpiece 6.
  • a motor 7 provides the drive of spindle 5 in rotation.
  • the workpiece table 2 is movable on the base 1, on the one hand around a vertical axis of rotation (axis B) and, on the other hand, by the fact that it is mounted on a movable table 8 moving on an axis parallel to the X axis. Table 8 could also be fixed.
  • the turret 3 comprises four grinding tools 9, 10, 11 and 12 which are fixed to a table 13 carried by a sliding system.
  • This comprises, according to fig. 1, a transverse slide 14 movable along the X axis and a longitudinal slide 15 movable along the Z axis on a slide 16.
  • the slide system could only comprise the Z axis (slide 15 movable on slide 16) .
  • the dressing unit 4 comprises a support 17 on which one or more rotating or fixed dressing tools can be fixed.
  • the machine shown in FIG. 1 comprises various elements, part of which is not shown.
  • This machine is a numerically controlled machine, so that a computer equipped with a memory and a data input device is associated with the machine.
  • a probe 18 with a head which carries two detectors each having a planar detector face. These are oriented along the X and Z axes, respectively.
  • the probe 18 is therefore capable of emitting signals at the moment when one or other of its detecting faces abuts on an obstacle or is at a predetermined minimum distance from the part to be detected.
  • the signals cause the position of the table 13 to be memorized when they are transmitted. They make it possible to order said table.
  • the movements of the probe are controlled by the movements of the table 13, that is to say by maneuvers of the slides 15 and 14 supporting this table.
  • the positions of the table 13 are identified, in the computer, with respect to a machine reference which can be constituted by a reference solid fixed materially at a predetermined location on the base 1 or which can also be simply incorporated in the memory of the machine.
  • the probe 18, which can be seen in FIG. 1 the support in the form of a fixed arm, can therefore be moved throughout the space swept by the movements of tables 14 and 15. It can in particular take position measurements of two reference faces of a solid 19 which has the in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped and which is fixed to the support of the dressing unit 17. As can be seen in FIG.
  • the vertical faces of the reference solid 19 are oriented along the axes X and Z.
  • the probe head 18 includes two position detectors whose vertical plane surfaces are oriented in the X and Z directions, these two plane faces being fixed one with respect to the other, it is possible, by a displacement of the base 13 in the direction Z, to bring the face Z of the probe against the corresponding face of the solid 19 and to measure the exact position of the dressing unit along the Z axis.
  • the position of the dressing unit can also be measured along the X axis.
  • a start-up program can therefore comprise instructions which move the table 13 as indicated above, and which, moreover, bring the faces X and Z of the sensors of the probe 18 into contact with selected edges on the various diamonds.
  • the position values thus determined and stored are then used to determine the exact positions of the diamonds relative to the machine reference.
  • the positions of table 13 are constantly referenced with respect to the reference of machine and, on the other hand, it is possible to impose on the grinding wheels set values for their diameter and the position of their front face, sufficient elements to program an automatic dressing operation are combined. These elements are introduced into the program, after which the table 13 is moved so that each of the grinding wheels 9a, 10a, 11a and 12a successively come into contact with a diamond placed in the working position.
  • the machining diameter of each grinding wheel as well as in any case the position of one of the flat faces of the grinding wheels can be entered as a target value in the program, the different dressing operations taking place until the values have been reached.
  • the dressing operation can be carried out in several successive phases until each of the grindstones has reached the shape and dimensions of the set point.
  • the axes are positioned taking into account the maximum diameter of the grinding wheels and these are moved until contact with the diamonds.
  • the probe 18 can also be used to measure and store the position of one or more surfaces of the part 6. This data then makes it possible to control the approach and the implementation of the tools during the machining of the first piece in the series. The machining of this first part can therefore be accelerated. Tool controls can be carried out at accelerated speed up to a short distance from the surfaces which must come into contact with the tools or with the probe, the rest of the movement taking place at slow speed.
  • Storing the position of the part attached to pin 5 can be of yet another benefit. It makes it possible to know in a way absolute the displacements that must be printed on table 13 for machining a surface if this surface is machined while the workpiece table 2 is placed in an oblique position relative to the Z axis. taking measurements, by means of the probe 18, of one or more surfaces of the part 6, makes it possible to locate the position of these surfaces relative to the center of rotation of the table 2, and consequently to calculate the corresponding position of these surfaces after the table has rotated.
  • the memorization of the positions of the essential edges of the diamonds, relative to the reference solid 19 thanks to the probe 18, presents not only the utility of allowing fully automatic dressing operations. It also allows a repetition, along the way, of the measurement taking operation on the dressing tools. Thus, possible wear of the diamonds can be detected and this can be taken into account in the intermediate dressing operations of the grinding wheels which must be carried out during the machining of a series of identical parts. Possible dimensional deviations due to diamond wear are avoided, and series of a large number of identical parts can be machined with precision, and this fully automatically.
  • the sensors of the probe 18 are elements known per se.
  • the flat surface of the detector may be one side of a patch secured to an electrical contact and supported by a spring opposite another contact which is fixed, all so that the closing of the switch takes place as soon as this patch touches a foreign body, which causes the sending of a signal in the detection circuit.
  • any other detector construction can be used, including those without contact allowing to approach rotating dressing tools.
  • the probe 18 will include at least two detectors, in some cases even three, two of which are oriented along the Z axis in opposite directions and the third along the X axis.
  • the probe 18 will be mounted in an eclipsable manner on the table 13, the arm of the support 18 being telescopic or pivoting, so as to free, during machining, the space that it occupies during start-up and allow these machining operations to take place freely.
  • the reference solid 19 could also be introduced into the rotary assembly of the diamond holders.
  • this reference solid would be integral with the diamond holders, but could be brought into an active position by rotation of the crew, each other rotational movement bringing an dressing tool into the active position.
  • Figs. 2 and 3 represent a different grinding machine from that of FIG. 1 and in which the means allowing the implementation of the start-up process described are partly designed differently.
  • the elements of the grinding machine which are of the same nature and play the same role as corresponding elements of the grinding machine of FIG. 1, are designated by the same reference signs.
  • the workpiece table also has a spindle 5 carrying a workpiece 6. It is movable in rotation around 'a vertical axis 8.
  • the tool-holder turret 3 is supported by a table 13. It can also move along the Z axis and along the X axis. It is equipped with four grinding devices 9, 10, 11, 12 each carrying a grinding wheel having a particular shape and dimensions. The axes of rotation of the grinding wheels are oriented either along the Z axis or along the X axis. They can be orientable on the X, Z plane.
  • the probe 18, the head of which comprises three position detectors, the surfaces of which are oriented for one perpendicular to the X axis and for the other two perpendicular to the Z axis, one in one direction, the other in the other.
  • the dressage turret has a special arrangement here. It has a base 20 which is mounted on a longitudinal support 21. We consider here a dressing turret according to FIG. 2, which is shown with three arms. It could however have a larger number of arms.
  • the base 20 supports a rotary body of horizontal axis 22, oriented parallel to the axis Z.
  • the three arms of the body 22 are designated by 23, 24 and 25, the arm 23 being, in the position of FIG. 3, oriented horizontally at the axis of the spindle 5 and the grinding tools 9 and 12.
  • the arm 24 When the arm 23 is in this position, the arm 24 is oriented vertically upwards and the arm 25 vertically downwards .
  • the dressing device therefore comprises a rest position when the body 22 is oriented so that the arm 23 is directed towards the rear of the machine. The space between the body 22 and the main axis of the machine is then completely freed.
  • the arm 23 constitutes a second feeler.
  • three detectors for example detectors formed from spring contact pads controlled when the flat outer surface of a pad touches the object to be measured.
  • the flat surfaces of these pellets are oriented for two detectors along the Z axis, one in one direction, the other in the other, and for the third along the X axis as seen in the plan view of fig. 2.
  • the arm 24 carries a diamond, while the arm 25 carries a diamond wheel driven in rotation by a motor housed in the arm 25.
  • there is no reference solid similar to the solid 19 of the first form execution but the function of this solid will be fulfilled by the surfaces of the detectors of the arm 23, as will be seen below. Note, however, that in a variant, a reference solid similar to that of 19 could also be fixed against the support 20 or on another arm.
  • this probe is intended to make it possible to store data relating to the grinding wheels 9a, 10a, 11a and 12a, in particular their effective dimensions before the dressing operation, so as to allow this drive to be carried out with precision surgery.
  • the start-up process begins as described with reference to FIG. 1, by taking measurements of the positions of the determining edges of the dressing tools.
  • the table 13 is therefore moved so that the sensing surfaces of the probe 18 come into contact with the reference solid and with each of the tools carried by the turret 20.
  • the detectors fitted to the probe 23 will be elements whose actuating force will be a multiple of the force necessary to actuate the probe 18. These detectors can therefore play the role of the reference solid for the probe 18.
  • the program includes a step of measuring the actual dimensions of the grinding wheels.
  • the table 13 is moved along the axes X and Z, so that certain characteristic surfaces of the tools 9a, 10a, 11a and 12a come into contact with the detection surfaces of the probe 23.
  • These characteristic surfaces will be the cylindrical surface and for example the front face for a cylindrical wheel.
  • the identification of the surfaces will be carried out on the front face and on the largest diameter.
  • the data obtained will be stored in relative values, i.e. in the form of position dimensions relative to the reference machine. For this, the data obtained by the probe 18 will be used beforehand, on the positions of the detection surfaces of the probe 23.
  • the positioning of a grinding wheel on the feeler is determined according to the shape of the wheel. It is the highest point of the profile which is used for probing the diameter of the grinding tool and the most forward point for the front probing.
  • the programming requires entering other values into the computer.
  • the means described here allow without great difficulty to carry out all the operations automatically without exaggerated complication. It is possible to measure the dimensions between the various diamonds mounted on the dressing device with very high precision.
  • one or the other of the tools mounted on the base 13 is a grinding tool, such as a diamond wheel, the characteristics of which do not allow, and do not require, dressing
  • the measurements taken by the second probe 23 will only be used to determine the effective position of this tool.
  • this tool is not brought into contact with the diamonds.
  • the position data recorded can be used to conduct the grinding operation on the workpiece.
  • the automatic start-up process can be implemented under very varied conditions. It can be implemented not only on grinding machines whose tool-holder turret is movable along X and Z with respect to the workpiece carrier and the dressing turret, but also in the case of grinding machines in which the tool-holder turret is movable only in one direction, for example the Z axis, and it is the workpiece table and the dressing turret which can be moved in the X direction.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Constituent Portions Of Griding Lathes, Driving, Sensing And Control (AREA)

Abstract

The tool-holder turret (3) is movable along the X and Z directions with respect to the workpiece-holder table (2), so that it is possible for each of the tools (9a, 10a, 11a, 12a) to machine a surface on the workpiece (6). The support (20) of the trueing unit (4) supports a rotating body (22), the arm (23) of which is provided at its end with a tracer, while the two vertical arms are equipped with diamonds. The tracer (18), which is firmly secured to the table (13) makes it possible to detect the exact positions of the trueing tools with respect to a reference which can consist of the detecting surfaces of the tracer (23). The measurements carried out by displacing the tracer (18) are stored in memory. Other measurements relating to the dimensions and to the real shape of the grinding tools (9a, 10a, 11a, 12a) are also taken by displacing the table (13), so that these tools are traced by the detecting surfaces of the tracer (23). These data make it possible to customise the trueing programme, which is thereupon carried out automatically and causes the wheels to take on a well determined reference shape. Following which, the grinding operation on the workpiece (6) can be controlled automatically. <IMAGE>

Description

Les développements récents dans le domaine des rectifieuses ont placé les concepteurs devant des difficultés de différents ordres.Recent developments in the field of grinding machines have placed designers facing difficulties of various kinds.

Les machines devenant de plus en plus puissantes, elles ont été équipées de façon à pouvoir exécuter des opérations de plus en plus variées. C'est ainsi par exemple que la tourelle porte-outils est souvent équipée à l'heure actuelle de deux, trois ou même quatre outils de meulage qui peuvent intervenir successivement au cours de chaque séquence d'opérations de rectifiage effectuée sur une pièce. La table porte-pièce peut être pourvue d'un axe numérique de rotation permettant la rectification de surfaces coniques intérieures ou extérieures, de formes généralement circulaires. Elle doit donc pouvoir être orientée à volonté d'une façon précise. De plus, la machine est souvent équipée de plusieurs outils de dressage, par exemple de plusieurs porte-diamants de formes différentes et d'une molette tournante. Chacun de ces différents outils est amené en position de travail lors de chaque opération de dressage effectuée sur l'une ou l'autre des meules montées sur la tourelle porte-outils.As the machines became more and more powerful, they were equipped so as to be able to carry out more and more varied operations. For example, the tool turret is often equipped at the present time with two, three or even four grinding tools which can intervene successively during each sequence of grinding operations carried out on a workpiece. The workpiece table can be provided with a digital axis of rotation allowing the rectification of internal or external conical surfaces, of generally circular shapes. It must therefore be able to be oriented at will in a precise manner. In addition, the machine is often equipped with several dressing tools, for example several diamond holders of different shapes and a rotary wheel. Each of these different tools is brought into the working position during each dressing operation carried out on one or other of the grinding wheels mounted on the tool-holder turret.

On se rend compte que ces équipements complexes tendent à compliquer et à rendre délicate et longue toute opération de mise en train d'une rectifieuse en vue de l'exécution des opérations de rectifiage sur une série de pièces identiques.We realize that this complex equipment tends to complicate and make delicate and long any operation of setting up a grinding machine for the execution of grinding operations on a series of identical parts.

D'autre part, avec l'augmentation des vitesses de rotation des broches et de la complexité de l'agencement des tourelles porte-outils, les risques encourus par les opérateurs qui vérifient le positionnement exact des outils lors des opérations de dressage des meules augmentent considérablement. Pour cette raison d'ailleurs, des prescriptions ont été imposées aux fabricants concernant des dispositifs de sécurité à mettre en oeuvre lors du fonctionnement des rectifieuses. Ces dernières doivent être équipées de portes qui ne peuvent s'ouvrir sans que des mesures de sécurité aient été prises et sans notamment que les broches rotatives aient été arrêtées.On the other hand, with the increase in spindle rotation speeds and the complexity of the arrangement of tool-holder turrets, the risks run by operators who check the positioning tools during grinding wheel dressing operations increase considerably. For this reason, moreover, regulations have been imposed on manufacturers concerning safety devices to be used during the operation of grinding machines. The latter must be fitted with doors which cannot be opened without safety measures having been taken and in particular without the rotary spindles having been stopped.

Ces difficultés et d'autres encore ont donc poussé à la recherche de solutions. Or, on s'est aperçu qu'il était possible de venir à bout des difficultés énoncées ci-dessus, avec des moyens relativement simples, et la présente invention vise à définir de tels moyens permettant notamment, dans la mise en train d'une séquence d'opérations de rectifiage : de simplifier le travail de l'opérateur, de diminuer fortement le temps de réglage, de dressage des meules et d'usinage jusqu'à l'obtention d'une première pièce acceptable, d'augmenter la sécurité de l'opération.These and other difficulties have therefore led to the search for solutions. However, it has been realized that it was possible to overcome the difficulties set out above, with relatively simple means, and the present invention aims to define such means making it possible, in particular, in the setting in motion of a sequence of grinding operations: to simplify the work of the operator, to greatly reduce the time of adjustment, dressing of the grinding wheels and machining until obtaining an acceptable first part, to increase safety of the operation.

Il est connu dans le domaine des rectifieuses travaillant de manière linéaire (DE-37 36 463) de fixer un support d'outils de dressage sur la table porte-pièce et un palpeur solidaire du porte-outils. Ces moyens permettent de déterminer la position exacte des outils de dressage et par conséquent de conduire en connaisance de cause des opérations de dressage de la meule. Il est connu également, d'après le même document, de prévoir un second palpeur dans une position fixe et de vérifier, au moyen de ce palpeur les dimensions finales des pièces, ce qui permet de connaître de manière indirecte, l'usure des outils de dressage. Toutefois, l'enseignement de ce document ne s'applique qu'à des rectifieuses linéaies ayant une meule dont seule la surface cylindrique est active. En outre, le document ne suggère pas des moyens permettant de commander automatiquement une opération de dressage.It is known in the field of grinding machines working in a linear fashion (DE-37 36 463) to fix a support for dressing tools on the workpiece table and a probe integral with the tool holder. These means make it possible to determine the exact position of the dressing tools and therefore to drive knowingly the dressing dressing operations. It is also known, from the same document, to provide a second probe in a fixed position and to check, by means of this probe the final dimensions of the parts, which makes it possible to know indirectly the wear of the tools. dressage. However, the teaching of this document only applies to linear grinding machines having a grinding wheel of which only the cylindrical surface is active. In addition, the document does not suggest means for automatically controlling a training operation.

Le fascicule EP-0 281 835 décrit une tourelle de dressage dans laquelle plusieurs outils de dressage sont montés radialement sur une tête, elle-même capable de pivoter autour de son axe sur la tourelle. La tourelle est solidaire d'un bras basculant dont la position de travail peut être contrôlée au moyen d'un palpeur coopérant avec une surface de référence. Le contenu de ce fascicule n'indique cependant pas de moyens pour réaliser une opération de dressage de manière entièrement automatique.The specification EP-0 281 835 describes a dressing turret in which several dressing tools are mounted radially on a head, itself capable of pivoting about its axis on the turret. The turret is integral with a tilting arm, the working position of which can be controlled by means of a probe cooperating with a reference surface. The content of this booklet does not, however, indicate any means for carrying out a fully automatic dressing operation.

Le fascicule DE-3 524 690 se rapporte à la mesure des caractéristiques d'une meule en forme de disque et en particulier à l'utilisation de palpeurs de type piézoélectrique pour effectuer cette mesure.The document DE-3 524 690 relates to the measurement of the characteristics of a disc-shaped grinding wheel and in particular to the use of piezoelectric type probes for this measurement.

Enfin, le fascicule GB-2 002 545 concerne plus particulièrement la conduite d'opérations de rectifiage sur des surfaces cylindriques intérieures. Dans ce cas, les pièces sont fixées dans la pince d'une broche tournante et la table sur laquelle la broche est montée porte un outil de dressage de sorte que des déplacements de cette table perpendiculairement à l'axe de la meule permettent de dresser celle-ci. L'opération est conduite en fonction de données fournies par un instrument de mesure, sans qu'une automatisation de l'opération de dressage soit envisagée.Finally, GB-2 002 545 relates more particularly to the conduct of grinding operations on internal cylindrical surfaces. In this case, the parts are fixed in the clamp of a rotating spindle and the table on which the spindle is mounted carries a dressing tool so that displacements of this table perpendicular to the axis of the grinding wheel allow to draw that -this. The operation is carried out according to data supplied by a measuring instrument, without any automation of the dressing operation being envisaged.

Le but de la présente invention est de proposer un procédé et une machine au moyen desquels il est possible de réaliser une opération de dressage de manière entièrement automatique de sorte que les difficultés indiquées plus haut sont éliminées.The object of the present invention is to provide a method and a machine by means of which it is possible to carry out a dressing operation fully automatically so that the difficulties indicated above are eliminated.

Sous un premier aspect, la présente invention a pour objet un procédé de mise en train d'une rectifieuse équipée d'une table porte-pièce, d'un porte-outil portant au moins outil de meulage, d'une tourelle de dressage sur laquelle sont montés un ou plusieurs outils de dressage ayant une arête de dressage, et d'une commande numérique comportant une mémoire, en vue d'opérations de rectifiage sur plusieurs surfaces différentes d'une même pièce, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes:
   on place un palpeur ayant au moins deux faces détectrices dans une position prédéterminée sur le porte-outil,
   on effectue une étape de prise de mesures dans laquelle on amène les faces détectrices du palpeur dans des positions relatives prédéterminées par rapport à une ou plusieurs arêtes de dressage du ou des outils de dressage et on enregistre dans la mémoire les positions du porte-outil correspondant à chacune des dites positions relatives prédéterminées,
   et après l'étape de prise de mesure, on utilise les enregistrements de positions mis en mémoire pour particulariser un programme d'une opération de dressage automatique. Dans une forme plus élaborée de mise en oeuvre de ce procédé, on utilise également un second palpeur situé dans une position prédéterminée par rapport à une référence de machine et au moyen de ce second palpeur, on prend des mesures de positions de surfaces du ou des outils de meulage, de manière à pouvoir déterminer les dimensions initiales des outils et programmer l'opération de dressage automatique en conséquence.In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a method of starting a grinding machine equipped with a workpiece table, a tool holder carrying at least one grinding tool, a dressing turret on which are mounted one or more dressing tools having a dressing edge, and a numerical control comprising a memory, for grinding operations on several different surfaces in the same room, characterized by the following stages:
a probe having at least two detector faces is placed in a predetermined position on the tool holder,
a measurement step is carried out in which the sensing faces of the probe are brought into predetermined relative positions with respect to one or more dressing edges of the dressing tool (s) and the positions of the corresponding tool holder are recorded in the memory at each of said predetermined relative positions,
and after the measurement step, the position records stored are used to customize a program for an automatic dressing operation. In a more elaborate form of implementation of this method, a second probe is also used located in a predetermined position relative to a machine reference and by means of this second probe, measurements are taken of the positions of the surfaces of the grinding tools, so that you can determine the initial dimensions of the tools and program the automatic dressing operation accordingly.

Sous un second aspect, l'objet de l'invention consiste en une rectifieuse comprenant sur un socle une table porte-pièce, une tourelle de dressage et une tourelle porte-outils, équipées respectivement d'une broche d'entraînement pour une pièce à usiner, d'au moins un outil de dressage, et d'au moins un outil de meulage, ces tourelles étant capables de déplacements relatifs au moins sur un des axes X et Z entre la tourelle porte-outils d'une part et le porte-pièce et la tourelle de dressage d'autre part, caractérisée en ce que la tourelle porte-outils et une autre partie de la machine sont équipées respectivement d'un premier palpeur de positions et d'un solide de référence, la commande numérique étant agencée pour l'exécution automatique d'une opération de mise en train comportant une étape de prise de mesures au cours de laquelle ledit palpeur est amené successivement dans des positions relatives prédéterminées par rapport à au moins un des outils de dressage et par rapport à au moins une des surfaces du solide de référence.In a second aspect, the object of the invention consists of a grinding machine comprising on a base a workpiece table, a dressing turret and a tool turret, respectively equipped with a drive spindle for a workpiece. machining, at least one dressing tool, and at least one dressing tool grinding, these turrets being capable of relative displacements at least on one of the axes X and Z between the tool-holder turret on the one hand and the workpiece carrier and the dressing turret on the other hand, characterized in that the turret carries -tools and another part of the machine are respectively equipped with a first position probe and a reference solid, the digital control being arranged for the automatic execution of a start-up operation comprising a setting step of measurements during which said probe is successively brought into predetermined relative positions with respect to at least one of the dressing tools and with respect to at least one of the surfaces of the reference solid.

Les caractéristiques essentielles ainsi que certaines particularités optionnelles du procédé de mise en train et de la machine définie ci-dessus sont décrits ci-après à titre d'exemple en se référant au dessin annexé, dont

  • la fig. 1 est une vue en perspective schématique d'une rectifieuse équipée en vue de la mise en oeuvre du procédé,
  • la fig. 2 est une vue en plan de dessus d'une rectifieuse d'un type différent de celui de la fig. 1 également équipée pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé, et
  • la fig. 3 est une vue en coupe selon la ligne A-A de la fig. 2.
The essential characteristics as well as certain optional features of the start-up process and of the machine defined above are described below by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing, of which
  • fig. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a grinding machine equipped for the implementation of the method,
  • fig. 2 is a top plan view of a grinding machine of a type different from that of FIG. 1 also equipped for implementing the method, and
  • fig. 3 is a sectional view along line AA of FIG. 2.

La rectifieuse représentée à la fig. 1 comporte les différents équipements principaux suivants : un socle 1, une table porte-pièce 2, une tourelle porte-outils de meulage 3 et une tourelle de dressage 4. La table 2 porte une broche porte-pièce 5 entraînée en rotation autour d'un axe horizontal. A cette broche est fixée une pièce à usiner 6. Un moteur 7 assure l'entraînement de la broche 5 en rotation. La table porte-pièce 2 est mobile sur le socle 1, d'une part autour d'un axe de rotation vertical (axe B) et, d'autre part, par le fait qu'elle est montée sur une table mobile 8 se déplaçant sur un axe parallèle à l'axe X. La table 8 pourrait aussi être fixe.The grinding machine shown in fig. 1 comprises the following main equipment: a base 1, a workpiece table 2, a grinding tool holder turret 3 and a dressing turret 4. The table 2 carries a workpiece spindle 5 driven in rotation around a horizontal axis. To this spindle is fixed a workpiece 6. A motor 7 provides the drive of spindle 5 in rotation. The workpiece table 2 is movable on the base 1, on the one hand around a vertical axis of rotation (axis B) and, on the other hand, by the fact that it is mounted on a movable table 8 moving on an axis parallel to the X axis. Table 8 could also be fixed.

La tourelle 3 comporte quatre outils de meulage 9, 10, 11 et 12 qui sont fixés sur une table 13 portée par un système à coulisse. Celui-ci comporte, selon la fig. 1, un coulisseau transversal 14 mobile selon l'axe X et un coulisseau longitudinal 15 mobile selon l'axe Z sur une glissière 16. En variante, le système à coulisse pourrait comprendre uniquement l'axe Z (coulisseau 15 mobile sur glissière 16).The turret 3 comprises four grinding tools 9, 10, 11 and 12 which are fixed to a table 13 carried by a sliding system. This comprises, according to fig. 1, a transverse slide 14 movable along the X axis and a longitudinal slide 15 movable along the Z axis on a slide 16. As a variant, the slide system could only comprise the Z axis (slide 15 movable on slide 16) .

Enfin, l'unité de dressage 4 comporte un support 17 sur lequel peuvent être fixés un ou plusieurs outils de dressage tournants ou fixes.Finally, the dressing unit 4 comprises a support 17 on which one or more rotating or fixed dressing tools can be fixed.

Pour permettre la mise en oeuvre du procédé, la machine représentée à la fig. 1 comporte divers éléments dont une partie n'est pas représentée. Cette machine est une machine à commande numérique, de sorte qu'un ordinateur équipé d'une mémoire et d'un dispositif d'entrée de données est associé à la machine. D'autre part, sur la table 13 est fixé un palpeur 18 avec une tête qui porte deux détecteurs ayant chacun une face détectrice plane. Celles-ci sont orientées selon les axes X et Z, respectivement. Le palpeur 18 est donc capable d'émettre des signaux au moment où l'une ou l'autre de ses faces détectrices bute sur un obstacle ou se trouve à une distance minimum prédéterminée, de la pièce à détecter. Les signaux provoquent la mémorisation de la position de la table 13 au moment où ils sont émis. Ils permettent de commander ladite table. Les déplacements du palpeur sont commandés par l'intermédiaire des déplacements de la table 13, c'est-à-dire par des manoeuvres des coulisseaux 15 et 14 supportant cette table. Les positions de la table 13 sont repérées, dans l'ordinateur, par rapport à une référence de machine qui peut être constituée par un solide de référence fixé matériellement à un emplacement prédéterminé du socle 1 ou qui peut également être simplement incorporé à la mémoire de la machine. Le palpeur 18, dont on voit à la fig. 1 le support en forme de bras fixe, peut donc être déplacé dans tout l'espace balayé par les déplacements des tables 14 et 15. Il peut en particulier prendre des mesures de positions de deux faces de référence d'un solide 19 qui a la forme d'un parallélépipède rectangle et qui est fixé au support de l'unité de dressage 17. Comme on le voit à la fig. 1, les faces verticales du solide de référence 19 sont orientées selon les axes X et Z. Comme la tête du palpeur 18 comprend deux détecteurs de positions dont les surfaces planes verticales sont orientées dans les directions X et Z, ces deux faces planes étant fixes l'une par rapport à l'autre, on peut, par un déplacement de l'embase 13 dans le sens Z, amener la face Z du palpeur contre la face correspondante du solide 19 et mesurer la position exacte de l'unité de dressage le long de l'axe Z. Par une opération similaire, on peut également mesurer la position de l'unité de dressage le long de l'axe X.To allow the implementation of the method, the machine shown in FIG. 1 comprises various elements, part of which is not shown. This machine is a numerically controlled machine, so that a computer equipped with a memory and a data input device is associated with the machine. On the other hand, on the table 13 is fixed a probe 18 with a head which carries two detectors each having a planar detector face. These are oriented along the X and Z axes, respectively. The probe 18 is therefore capable of emitting signals at the moment when one or other of its detecting faces abuts on an obstacle or is at a predetermined minimum distance from the part to be detected. The signals cause the position of the table 13 to be memorized when they are transmitted. They make it possible to order said table. The movements of the probe are controlled by the movements of the table 13, that is to say by maneuvers of the slides 15 and 14 supporting this table. The positions of the table 13 are identified, in the computer, with respect to a machine reference which can be constituted by a reference solid fixed materially at a predetermined location on the base 1 or which can also be simply incorporated in the memory of the machine. The probe 18, which can be seen in FIG. 1 the support in the form of a fixed arm, can therefore be moved throughout the space swept by the movements of tables 14 and 15. It can in particular take position measurements of two reference faces of a solid 19 which has the in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped and which is fixed to the support of the dressing unit 17. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the vertical faces of the reference solid 19 are oriented along the axes X and Z. As the probe head 18 includes two position detectors whose vertical plane surfaces are oriented in the X and Z directions, these two plane faces being fixed one with respect to the other, it is possible, by a displacement of the base 13 in the direction Z, to bring the face Z of the probe against the corresponding face of the solid 19 and to measure the exact position of the dressing unit along the Z axis. By a similar operation, the position of the dressing unit can also be measured along the X axis.

Un programme de mise en train peut donc comporter des instructions qui déplacent la table 13 comme indiqué ci-dessus, et qui, de plus, amènent les faces X et Z des détecteurs du palpeur 18 en contact avec des arêtes choisies sur les différents diamants. Les valeurs de positions ainsi déterminées et mémorisées sont ensuite utilisées pour déterminer les positions exactes des diamants par rapport à la référence de machine. Comme d'une part les positions de la table 13 sont constamment référenciées par rapport à la référence de machine et, d'autre part, on peut imposer aux meules des valeurs de consigne pour leur diamètre et la position de leur face avant, des éléments suffisants pour programmer une opération de dressage automatique sont réunis. Ces éléments sont introduits dans le programme, après quoi la table 13 est déplacée de façon que chacune des meules 9a, 10a, 11a et 12a viennent successivement en contact avec un diamant mis en position de travail. Le diamètre d'usinage de chacune des meules ainsi qu'en tout cas la position d'une des faces planes des meules peuvent être introduits comme valeur de consigne dans le programme, les différentes opérations de dressage se déroulant jusqu'à ce que les valeurs de consigne aient été atteintes. Ainsi, l'opération de dressage peut s'effectuer en plusieurs phases successives jusqu'à ce que chacune des meules ait atteint la forme et les dimensions de consigne. Dans cette forme de mise en oeuvre du procédé, les axes sont positionnés en tenant compte du diamètre maximum des meules et celles-ci sont déplacées jusqu'au contact avec les diamants.A start-up program can therefore comprise instructions which move the table 13 as indicated above, and which, moreover, bring the faces X and Z of the sensors of the probe 18 into contact with selected edges on the various diamonds. The position values thus determined and stored are then used to determine the exact positions of the diamonds relative to the machine reference. As on the one hand the positions of table 13 are constantly referenced with respect to the reference of machine and, on the other hand, it is possible to impose on the grinding wheels set values for their diameter and the position of their front face, sufficient elements to program an automatic dressing operation are combined. These elements are introduced into the program, after which the table 13 is moved so that each of the grinding wheels 9a, 10a, 11a and 12a successively come into contact with a diamond placed in the working position. The machining diameter of each grinding wheel as well as in any case the position of one of the flat faces of the grinding wheels can be entered as a target value in the program, the different dressing operations taking place until the values have been reached. Thus, the dressing operation can be carried out in several successive phases until each of the grindstones has reached the shape and dimensions of the set point. In this form of implementation of the method, the axes are positioned taking into account the maximum diameter of the grinding wheels and these are moved until contact with the diamonds.

Le palpeur 18 peut également être utilisé pour mesurer et mettre en mémoire la position d'une ou de plusieurs surfaces de la pièce 6. Ces données permettent ensuite de piloter l'approche et la mise en oeuvre des outils lors de l'usinage de la première pièce de la série. L'usinage de cette première pièce peut donc être accéléré. En effet, les commandes d'outils peuvent se faire à vitesse accélérée jusqu'à faible distance des surfaces qui doivent entrer en contact avec les outils ou avec le palpeur, le reste du déplacement s'effectuant à vitesse lente.The probe 18 can also be used to measure and store the position of one or more surfaces of the part 6. This data then makes it possible to control the approach and the implementation of the tools during the machining of the first piece in the series. The machining of this first part can therefore be accelerated. Tool controls can be carried out at accelerated speed up to a short distance from the surfaces which must come into contact with the tools or with the probe, the rest of the movement taking place at slow speed.

La mise en mémoire de la position de la pièce fixée à la broche 5 peut être encore d'une autre utilité. Elle permet en effet de connaître de manière absolue les déplacements qu'il faut imprimer à la table 13 pour l'usinage d'une surface si cette surface est usinée alors que la table porte-pièce 2 est placée dans une position oblique par rapport à l'axe Z. En effet, la prise de mesures, au moyen du palpeur 18, d'une ou de plusieurs surfaces de la pièce 6, permet de situer la position de ces surfaces par rapport au centre de rotation de la table 2, et par conséquent de calculer la position correspondante de ces surfaces après que la table a pivoté.Storing the position of the part attached to pin 5 can be of yet another benefit. It makes it possible to know in a way absolute the displacements that must be printed on table 13 for machining a surface if this surface is machined while the workpiece table 2 is placed in an oblique position relative to the Z axis. taking measurements, by means of the probe 18, of one or more surfaces of the part 6, makes it possible to locate the position of these surfaces relative to the center of rotation of the table 2, and consequently to calculate the corresponding position of these surfaces after the table has rotated.

La mise en mémoire des positions des arêtes essentielles des diamants, par rapport au solide de référence 19 grâce au palpeur 18, présente non seulement l'utilité de permettre des opérations de dressage entièrement automatiques. Elle permet aussi une répétition, en cours de route, de l'opération de prise de mesures sur les outils de dressage. Ainsi, une éventuelle usure des diamants peut être décelée et on peut en tenir compte dans les opérations intermédiaires de dressage des meules qu'on doit effectuer au cours de l'usinage d'une série de pièces identiques. Des éventuelles dérives de cote dues à l'usure des diamants sont évitées, et des séries d'un grand nombre de pièces identiques peuvent être usinées avec précision, et cela de manière entièrement automatique.The memorization of the positions of the essential edges of the diamonds, relative to the reference solid 19 thanks to the probe 18, presents not only the utility of allowing fully automatic dressing operations. It also allows a repetition, along the way, of the measurement taking operation on the dressing tools. Thus, possible wear of the diamonds can be detected and this can be taken into account in the intermediate dressing operations of the grinding wheels which must be carried out during the machining of a series of identical parts. Possible dimensional deviations due to diamond wear are avoided, and series of a large number of identical parts can be machined with precision, and this fully automatically.

Les détecteurs du palpeur 18 sont des éléments connus en soi. Ainsi par exemple, la surface plane du détecteur peut être une face d'une pastille solidaire d'un contact électrique et supportée par un ressort en face d'un autre contact qui est fixe, le tout de manière que la fermeture de l'interrupteur ait lieu dès que cette pastille touche un corps étranger, ce qui provoque l'envoi d'un signal dans le circuit de détection. Cependant, toute autre construction de détecteur peut être utilisée, y compris ceux sans contact permettant de s'approcher d'outils de dressage tournants. Afin de pouvoir travailler de manière complète, le palpeur 18 comportera au moins deux détecteurs, dans certains cas même trois, dont deux sont orientés selon l'axe Z dans des sens opposés et le troisième selon l'axe X.The sensors of the probe 18 are elements known per se. Thus, for example, the flat surface of the detector may be one side of a patch secured to an electrical contact and supported by a spring opposite another contact which is fixed, all so that the closing of the switch takes place as soon as this patch touches a foreign body, which causes the sending of a signal in the detection circuit. However, any other detector construction can be used, including those without contact allowing to approach rotating dressing tools. In order to be able to work completely, the probe 18 will include at least two detectors, in some cases even three, two of which are oriented along the Z axis in opposite directions and the third along the X axis.

D'autre part, dans une construction privilégiée du dispositif décrit, le palpeur 18 sera monté de façon éclipsable sur la table 13, le bras du support 18 étant téléscopique ou pivotant, de façon à libérer, lors de l'usinage, l'espace qu'il occupe pendant la mise en train et permettre que ces opérations d'usinage se déroulent librement.On the other hand, in a preferred construction of the device described, the probe 18 will be mounted in an eclipsable manner on the table 13, the arm of the support 18 being telescopic or pivoting, so as to free, during machining, the space that it occupies during start-up and allow these machining operations to take place freely.

En ce qui concerne les effets avantageux du procédé décrit, on peut en citer encore d'autres que ceux qui ont été mentionnés jusqu'à maintenant. Ainsi notamment, comme les positions des diamants et de la pièce ont été déterminées par le palpeur et mémorisées, le programme de la commande numérique peut réaliser à tout instant un contrôle de fonctionnement sur ces positions.With regard to the advantageous effects of the process described, there may be mentioned still others than those which have been mentioned until now. Thus in particular, as the positions of the diamonds and of the workpiece have been determined by the probe and stored, the program of the digital control can at any time carry out a functional check on these positions.

De plus, à partir des positions mémorisées, il est encore possible de réaliser un contrôle de compatibilité anti-collision du programme d'usinage introduit dans la commande numérique. Ce contrôle de compatibilité peut par exemple provoquer l'enclenchement d'une alarme en cas de risque de mise en danger des outils ou de la pièce. On peut également prévoir une visualisation graphique des risques de collision sur l'écran de commande.In addition, from the stored positions, it is still possible to carry out an anti-collision compatibility check of the machining program introduced in the digital control. This compatibility check can, for example, trigger an alarm if there is a risk of endangering the tools or the workpiece. It is also possible to provide a graphical display of the risks of collision on the control screen.

On décrira ci-après une autre forme d'exécution d'une rectifieuse permettant l'exécution du programme de mise en train décrit. Mais avant de passer à la description de cette autre forme d'exécution, on mentionnera que dans une variante de la forme d'exécution de la fig. 1, le solide de référence 19 pourrait aussi être introduit dans l'équipage rotatif des porte-diamants. Dans ce cas, ce solide de référence serait solidaire des porte-diamants, mais pourrait être amené dans une position active par rotation de l'équipage, chaque autre mouvement de rotation amenant en position active un outil de dressage.Another embodiment of a grinding machine enabling the execution of the start-up program described will be described below. But before moving on to the description of this other embodiment, it will be mentioned that in a variant of the embodiment of fig. 1, the reference solid 19 could also be introduced into the rotary assembly of the diamond holders. In this case, this reference solid would be integral with the diamond holders, but could be brought into an active position by rotation of the crew, each other rotational movement bringing an dressing tool into the active position.

Les fig. 2 et 3 représentent une rectifieuse différente de celle de la fig. 1 et dans laquelle les moyens permettant la mise en oeuvre du procédé de mise en train décrit sont conçus en partie différemment. Aux fig. 2 et 3, les éléments de la rectifieuse qui sont de même nature et jouent le même rôle que des éléments correspondants de la rectifieuse de la fig. 1, sont désignés par les mêmes signes de référence. Ainsi, on retrouve un socle 1, une table porte-pièce 2, une tourelle porte-outils 3 et une tourelle de dressage 4. La table porte-pièce comporte aussi une broche 5 portant une pièce 6. Elle est mobile en rotation autour d'un axe vertical 8.Figs. 2 and 3 represent a different grinding machine from that of FIG. 1 and in which the means allowing the implementation of the start-up process described are partly designed differently. In fig. 2 and 3, the elements of the grinding machine which are of the same nature and play the same role as corresponding elements of the grinding machine of FIG. 1, are designated by the same reference signs. Thus, there is a base 1, a workpiece table 2, a tool turret 3 and a dressing turret 4. The workpiece table also has a spindle 5 carrying a workpiece 6. It is movable in rotation around 'a vertical axis 8.

La tourelle porte-outils 3 est supportée par une table 13. Elle peut également se déplacer selon l'axe Z et selon l'axe X. Elle est équipée de quatre dispositifs de meulage 9, 10, 11, 12 portant chacun une meule ayant une forme et des dimensions particulières. Les axes de rotation des meules sont orientés soit selon l'axe Z, soit selon l'axe X. Ils peuvent être orientables sur le plan X, Z. On voit également à la fig. 2 le palpeur 18 dont la tête comporte trois détecteurs de position dont les surfaces sont orientées pour l'un perpendiculairement à l'axe X et pour les deux autres perpendiculairement à l'axe Z, l'un dans un sens, l'autre dans l'autre.The tool-holder turret 3 is supported by a table 13. It can also move along the Z axis and along the X axis. It is equipped with four grinding devices 9, 10, 11, 12 each carrying a grinding wheel having a particular shape and dimensions. The axes of rotation of the grinding wheels are oriented either along the Z axis or along the X axis. They can be orientable on the X, Z plane. We also see in FIG. 2 the probe 18, the head of which comprises three position detectors, the surfaces of which are oriented for one perpendicular to the X axis and for the other two perpendicular to the Z axis, one in one direction, the other in the other.

La tourelle de dressage présente ici une disposition particulière. Elle comporte un socle 20 qui est monté sur un support longitudinal 21. On considère ici une tourelle de dressage selon la fig. 2, qui est représentée avec trois bras. Celle-ci pourrait toutefois avoir un nombre de bras plus important. Le socle 20 supporte un corps rotatif d'axe horizontal 22, orienté parallèlement à l'axe Z. Les trois bras du corps 22 sont désignés par 23, 24 et 25, le bras 23 étant, dans la position de la fig. 3, orienté horizontalement au niveau de l'axe de la broche 5 et des outils de meulage 9 et 12. Lorsque le bras 23 se trouve dans cette position, le bras 24 est orienté verticalement vers le haut et le bras 25 verticalement vers le bas. Le dispositif de dressage comporte donc une position de repos lorsque le corps 22 est orienté de façon que le bras 23 soit dirigé vers l'arrière de la machine. L'espace situé entre le corps 22 et l'axe principal de la machine est alors entièrement libéré.The dressage turret has a special arrangement here. It has a base 20 which is mounted on a longitudinal support 21. We consider here a dressing turret according to FIG. 2, which is shown with three arms. It could however have a larger number of arms. The base 20 supports a rotary body of horizontal axis 22, oriented parallel to the axis Z. The three arms of the body 22 are designated by 23, 24 and 25, the arm 23 being, in the position of FIG. 3, oriented horizontally at the axis of the spindle 5 and the grinding tools 9 and 12. When the arm 23 is in this position, the arm 24 is oriented vertically upwards and the arm 25 vertically downwards . The dressing device therefore comprises a rest position when the body 22 is oriented so that the arm 23 is directed towards the rear of the machine. The space between the body 22 and the main axis of the machine is then completely freed.

Le bras 23 constitue un second palpeur. En effet, à son extrémité sont montés trois détecteurs, par exemple des détecteurs formés de pastilles à contact à ressort commandées lorsque la surface extérieure plane d'une pastille touche l'objet à mesurer. Les surfaces planes de ces pastilles sont orientées pour deux détecteurs selon l'axe Z l'une dans un sens, l'autre dans l'autre, et pour la troisième selon l'axe X comme on le voit à la vue en plan de la fig. 2. Le bras 24 porte un diamant, tandis que le bras 25 porte une molette diamantée entraînée en rotation par un moteur logé dans le bras 25. Dans cette disposition, on ne retrouve pas de solide de référence analogue au solide 19 de la première forme d'exécution, mais la fonction de ce solide sera remplie par les surfaces des détecteurs du bras 23, comme on va le voir ci-après. On notera cependant que dans une variante, un solide de référence analogue à celui de 19 pourrait également être fixé contre le support 20 ou sur un autre bras.The arm 23 constitutes a second feeler. In fact, at its end are mounted three detectors, for example detectors formed from spring contact pads controlled when the flat outer surface of a pad touches the object to be measured. The flat surfaces of these pellets are oriented for two detectors along the Z axis, one in one direction, the other in the other, and for the third along the X axis as seen in the plan view of fig. 2. The arm 24 carries a diamond, while the arm 25 carries a diamond wheel driven in rotation by a motor housed in the arm 25. In this arrangement, there is no reference solid similar to the solid 19 of the first form execution, but the function of this solid will be fulfilled by the surfaces of the detectors of the arm 23, as will be seen below. Note, however, that in a variant, a reference solid similar to that of 19 could also be fixed against the support 20 or on another arm.

Les fonctions du palpeur 23 sont les suivantes : ce palpeur est destiné à permettre de mémoriser des données relatives aux meules 9a, 10a, 11a et 12a, notamment leurs dimensions effectives avant l'opération de dressage, de façon à permettre de conduire avec précision cette opération.The functions of the probe 23 are as follows: this probe is intended to make it possible to store data relating to the grinding wheels 9a, 10a, 11a and 12a, in particular their effective dimensions before the dressing operation, so as to allow this drive to be carried out with precision surgery.

Avec la rectifieuse des fig. 2 et 3, le procédé de mise en train débute comme décrit à propos de la fig. 1, par une prise de mesures de positions des arêtes déterminantes des outils de dressage. La table 13 est donc déplacée de manière que les surfaces détectrices du palpeur 18 viennent en contact avec le solide de référence et avec chacun des outils portés par la tourelle 20. Dans le cas où c'est le palpeur 23 qui joue le rôle du solide de référence, les détecteurs équipant le palpeur 23 seront des éléments dont la force d'actionnement sera un multiple de la force nécessaire pour actionner le palpeur 18. Ces détecteurs peuvent donc jouer le rôle du solide de référence pour le palpeur 18. Une fois que le palpeur 18 a repéré les positions des outils de dressage, et éventuellement celle de la pièce, le programme comporte une étape de mesure des dimensions réelles des meules. La table 13 est déplacée selon les axes X et Z, de manière que certaines surfaces caractéristiques des outils 9a, 10a, 11a et 12a viennent en contact avec les surfaces de détection du palpeur 23. Ces surfaces caractéristiques seront la surface cylindrique et par exemple la face avant pour une meule cylindrique. Dans le cas d'une meule conique, comme par exemple la meule 12a, le repérage des surfaces s'effectuera sur la face avant et sur le plus grand diamètre. Les données obtenues seront mémorisées en valeurs relatives, c'est-à-dire sous forme de cotes de position par rapport à la référence machine. Pour cela, on utilisera les données obtenues par le palpeur 18 au préalable, sur les positions des surfaces de détection du palpeur 23.With the grinding machine of fig. 2 and 3, the start-up process begins as described with reference to FIG. 1, by taking measurements of the positions of the determining edges of the dressing tools. The table 13 is therefore moved so that the sensing surfaces of the probe 18 come into contact with the reference solid and with each of the tools carried by the turret 20. In the case where it is the probe 23 which plays the role of the solid reference, the detectors fitted to the probe 23 will be elements whose actuating force will be a multiple of the force necessary to actuate the probe 18. These detectors can therefore play the role of the reference solid for the probe 18. Once the probe 18 has identified the positions of the dressing tools, and possibly that of the workpiece, the program includes a step of measuring the actual dimensions of the grinding wheels. The table 13 is moved along the axes X and Z, so that certain characteristic surfaces of the tools 9a, 10a, 11a and 12a come into contact with the detection surfaces of the probe 23. These characteristic surfaces will be the cylindrical surface and for example the front face for a cylindrical wheel. In the case of a conical grinding wheel, such as for example the grinding wheel 12a, the identification of the surfaces will be carried out on the front face and on the largest diameter. The data obtained will be stored in relative values, i.e. in the form of position dimensions relative to the reference machine. For this, the data obtained by the probe 18 will be used beforehand, on the positions of the detection surfaces of the probe 23.

On notera encore que dans la variante décrite ici dans laquelle on utilise un deuxième palpeur sous la forme du palpeur 23, pour déterminer les dimensions des meules avant le dressage, le positionnement d'une meule sur le palpeur est déterminé en fonction de la forme de la meule. C'est le point le plus haut du profil qui intervient pour le palpage du diamètre de l'outil de meulage et le point le plus en avant pour le palpage de face. Avec certaines meules de forme spéciale, il est possible que l'établissement du programme nécessite d'entrer d'autres valeurs dans l'ordinateur. Toutefois, les moyens décrits ici permettent sans grosses difficultés d'effectuer toutes les opérations de manière automatique sans complication exagérée. Il est possible de mesurer les cotes entre les divers diamants montés sur le dispositif de dressage avec une très grande précision.It will also be noted that in the variant described here in which a second feeler is used in the shape of feeler 23, to determine the dimensions of the grinding wheels before dressing, the positioning of a grinding wheel on the feeler is determined according to the shape of the wheel. It is the highest point of the profile which is used for probing the diameter of the grinding tool and the most forward point for the front probing. With some specially shaped grinding wheels, it may be that the programming requires entering other values into the computer. However, the means described here allow without great difficulty to carry out all the operations automatically without exaggerated complication. It is possible to measure the dimensions between the various diamonds mounted on the dressing device with very high precision.

Dans certains cas où l'un ou l'autre des outils montés sur l'embase 13 est un outil de meulage, comme une meule diamantée dont les caractéristiques ne permettent pas, et ne nécessitent pas, un dressage, les prises de mesures effectuées par le second palpeur 23 ne seront utilisées que pour déterminer la position effective de cet outil. Lors du dressage automatique, cet outil n'est pas amené en contact avec les diamants. En revanche, les données de position relevées peuvent être utilisées pour conduire l'opération de rectifiage sur la pièce.In some cases where one or the other of the tools mounted on the base 13 is a grinding tool, such as a diamond wheel, the characteristics of which do not allow, and do not require, dressing, the measurements taken by the second probe 23 will only be used to determine the effective position of this tool. During automatic dressing, this tool is not brought into contact with the diamonds. However, the position data recorded can be used to conduct the grinding operation on the workpiece.

Comme on l'a vu sur la base des deux exemples précédents, le procédé de mise en train automatique peut être mis en oeuvre dans des conditions très variées. Il peut être mis en oeuvre non seulement sur des rectifieuses dont la tourelle porte-outils est mobile selon X et Z par rapport au porte-pièce et à la tourelle de dressage, mais également dans le cas de rectifieuses dans lesquelles la tourelle porte-outils n'est mobile que dans une direction, par exemple l'axe Z, et c'est la table porte-pièce et la tourelle de dressage qui peuvent être déplacées dans le sens X.As seen on the basis of the two preceding examples, the automatic start-up process can be implemented under very varied conditions. It can be implemented not only on grinding machines whose tool-holder turret is movable along X and Z with respect to the workpiece carrier and the dressing turret, but also in the case of grinding machines in which the tool-holder turret is movable only in one direction, for example the Z axis, and it is the workpiece table and the dressing turret which can be moved in the X direction.

Claims (14)

Procédé de mise en train d'une rectifieuse équipée d'une table porte-pièce, d'un porte-outil portant au moins un outil de meulage, d'une tourelle de dressage sur laquelle sont montés un ou plusieurs outils de dressage ayant une arête de dressage, et d'une commande numérique comportant une mémoire, en vue d'opérations de rectifiage sur plusieurs surfaces différentes d'une même pièce, caractérisé par les étapes suivantes:
   on place un palpeur ayant au moins deux faces détectrices dans une position prédéterminée sur le porte-outil,
   on effectue une étape de prise de mesures dans laquelle on amène les faces détectrices du palpeur dans des positions relatives prédéterminées par rapport à une ou plusieurs arêtes de dressage du ou des outils de dressage et on enregistre dans la mémoire les positions du porte-outil correspondant à chacune des dites positions relatives prédéterminées,
   et après l'étape de prise de mesure, on utilise les enregistrements de positions mis en mémoire pour particulariser un programme d'une opération de dressage automatique.Method of starting a grinding machine equipped with a workpiece table, a tool holder carrying at least one grinding tool, a dressing turret on which are mounted one or more dressing tools having a dressing edge, and of a digital control comprising a memory, for grinding operations on several different surfaces of the same part, characterized by the following steps:
a probe having at least two detector faces is placed in a predetermined position on the tool holder,
a measurement step is carried out in which the sensing faces of the probe are brought into predetermined relative positions with respect to one or more dressing edges of the dressing tool (s) and the positions of the corresponding tool holder are recorded in the memory at each of said predetermined relative positions,
and after the measurement step, the position records stored are used to customize a program for an automatic dressing operation. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'étape de prise de mesures comporte des déplacements relatifs du palpeur vers un solide de référence associé à la tourelle de dressage et vers chacun des outils de dressage.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the step of taking measurements comprises relative displacements of the probe towards a reference solid associated with the dressing turret and towards each of the dressing tools. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, dans l'étape de prise de mesures, un second palpeur, situé dans une position fixe et prédéterminée par rapport à une référence de machine, prend des mesures de positions de surfaces d'un ou des outils de meulage, ces mesures sont utilisées pour déterminer des dimensions initiales du ou des outils de meulage, et ces dimensions initiales sont également utilisées pour particulariser le programme de dressage.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step of taking measurements, a second probe, located in a fixed and predetermined position relative to a machine reference, takes measurements of the surface positions of one or more grinding tools, these measurements are used to determine the initial dimensions of the grinding tool or tools, and these initial dimensions are also used to particularize the training program. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte une étape de préparation au rectifiage dans laquelle le palpeur associé au porte-outil prend au moins une mesure de position d'une surface de la pièce et cette mesure est enregistrée dans la mémoire pour particulariser un programme de rectifiage.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a step of preparation for grinding in which the probe associated with the tool holder takes at least one position measurement of a surface of the workpiece and this measurement is recorded in the memory to specialize a grinding program. Procédé selon la revendication 4, appliqué à une rectifieuse dans laquelle un axe numérique angulaire est associé à la table porte-pièce, caractérisé en ce que la ou les mesures de positions de surfaces de la pièce sont utilisées pour déterminer la position relative de la pièce par rapport au centre de rotation de la table porte-pièce, et par conséquent, les positions de la pièce après tout mouvement angulaire de la table porte-pièce.Method according to claim 4, applied to a grinding machine in which an angular numerical axis is associated with the workpiece table, characterized in that the workpiece surface position measurement (s) are used to determine the relative position of the workpiece relative to the center of rotation of the workpiece table, and therefore the positions of the workpiece after any angular movement of the workpiece table. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une partie des opérations effectuées au cours de l'étape de prise de mesures sont répétées au cours de l'usinage d'une série de pièces identiques et les mesures sont utilisées pour corriger le dit programme de dressage en tenant compte d'une usure des outils de dressage déterminée au moyen desdites mesures prises de façon répétées.Method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least part of the operations carried out during the step of taking measurements are repeated during the machining of a series of identical parts and the measurements are used to correct said dressing program taking into account a wear of the dressing tools determined by means of said measures taken repeatedly. Procédé selon la revendication 3, appliqué à une rectifieuse comportant un outil de meulage dont les caractéristiques ne permettent pas un dressage, caractérisé en ce que les mesures de positions de surface de cet outil sont utilisées uniquement pour déterminer la position de l'outil.Method according to claim 3, applied to a grinding machine comprising a grinding tool whose characteristics do not allow dressing, characterized in that the measurements of the surface positions of this tool are used only to determine the position of the tool. Rectifieuse à commande numérique comprenant sur un socle une table porte-pièce, une tourelle de dressage et une tourelle porte-outils, équipées respectivement d'une broche d'entraînement pour une pièce à usiner, d'au moins un outil de dressage, et d'au moins un outil de meulage, ces tourelles étant capables de déplacements relatifs au moins sur un des axes X et Z entre la tourelle porte-outils d'une part et le porte-pièce et la tourelle de dressage d'autre part, caractérisée en ce que la tourelle porte-outils et une autre partie de la machine sont équipées respectivement d'un premier palpeur de positions et d'un solide de référence, la commande numérique étant agencée pour l'exécution automatique d'une opération de mise en train comportant une étape de prise de mesures au cours de laquelle ledit palpeur est amené successivement dans des positions relatives prédéterminées par rapport à au moins un des outils de dressage et par rapport à au moins une des surfaces du solide de référence.CNC grinding machine comprising on a base a workpiece table, a dressing turret and a tool turret, equipped respectively with a drive spindle for a workpiece, at least one dressing tool, and at least one grinding tool, these turrets being capable of relative movements at least on one of the axes X and Z between the tool-holder turret on the one hand and the workpiece carrier and the dressing turret on the other hand, characterized in that the tool-holder turret and another part of the machine are respectively equipped with a first position probe and a reference solid, the digital control being arranged for the automatic execution of a setting operation in train comprising a step of taking measurements during which said probe is successively brought into predetermined relative positions with respect to at least one of the dressing tools and with respect to at least one of the surfboards aces of the reference solid. Rectifieuse selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que la tourelle de dressage est équipée d'un second palpeur dont les positions relatives par rapport aux outils de dressage sont mémorisées, les déplacements relatifs de la tourelle porte-outils, par rapport à la tourelle de dressage, permettant des prises de mesures de positions sur une ou plusieurs surfaces de chaque outil de meulage par ledit second palpeur.Grinding machine according to claim 8, characterized in that the dressing turret is equipped with a second feeler whose relative positions with respect to the dressing tools are memorized, the relative displacements of the tool turret, with respect to the turret dressing, allowing position measurements to be taken on one or more surfaces of each grinding tool by said second probe. Rectifieuse selon les revendications 8 ou 9, caractérisée en ce que chaque palpeur comporte au moins deux détecteurs présentant une face détectrice plane, et en ce que ces faces sont orientées par paires selon les axes X et Z, les deux faces de chaque paire étant fixes l'une par rapport à l'autre.Grinding machine according to claims 8 or 9, characterized in that each probe has at least two detectors having a plane detector face, and in that these faces are oriented in pairs along the X and Z axes, the two faces of each pair being fixed one in relation to the other. Rectifieuse selon la revendication 10, caractérisée en ce qu'au moins un palpeur comporte un troisième détecteur dont la face détectrice est orientée selon l'axe Z et placée de manière à pouvoir effectuer une mesure de position d'une face arrière d'un outil de dressage ou de meulage.Grinding machine according to claim 10, characterized in that at least one probe has a third detector, the detector face of which is oriented along the Z axis and placed so as to be able to measure the position of a rear face of a tool dressing or grinding. Rectifieuse selon la revendication 10 ou la revendication 11, caractérisée en ce que lesdites faces détectrices du second palpeur jouent le rôle des surfaces du solide de référence.Grinding machine according to claim 10 or claim 11, characterized in that said detector faces of the second probe act as the surfaces of the reference solid. Rectifieuse selon la revendication 8, caractérisée en ce que le premier palpeur est porté par un bras et monté de manière éclipsable sur la tourelle porte-outils.Grinding machine according to claim 8, characterized in that the first probe is carried by an arm and mounted eclipsably on the tool turret. Rectifieuse selon la revendication 9, caractérisée en ce que le second palpeur est solidaire d'un bras faisant partie d'un équipage tournant, comportant en outre un ou plusieurs outils de dressage et monté autour d'un axe sur la tourelle de dressage.Grinding machine according to claim 9, characterized in that the second feeler is integral with an arm forming part of a rotating equipment, further comprising one or more dressing tools and mounted around an axis on the dressing turret.
EP92810322A 1991-05-07 1992-05-04 Numerically controlled grinding machine Expired - Lifetime EP0512956B1 (en)

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DE69200382T2 (en) 1995-03-23
US5323572A (en) 1994-06-28
DE69200382D1 (en) 1994-10-13
JPH0732984B2 (en) 1995-04-12
EP0512956B1 (en) 1994-09-07
JPH05162070A (en) 1993-06-29

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