EP0481417A1 - Vorrichtung zur Speisung eines Strahlungselementes für zwei orthogonale Polarisationen - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zur Speisung eines Strahlungselementes für zwei orthogonale Polarisationen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0481417A1
EP0481417A1 EP91117514A EP91117514A EP0481417A1 EP 0481417 A1 EP0481417 A1 EP 0481417A1 EP 91117514 A EP91117514 A EP 91117514A EP 91117514 A EP91117514 A EP 91117514A EP 0481417 A1 EP0481417 A1 EP 0481417A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cavity
line
radiating element
une
cavities
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91117514A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0481417B1 (de
Inventor
Gérard Raguenet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Alcatel Espace Industries SA
Alcatel Lucent NV
Original Assignee
Alcatel Espace Industries SA
Alcatel NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcatel Espace Industries SA, Alcatel NV filed Critical Alcatel Espace Industries SA
Publication of EP0481417A1 publication Critical patent/EP0481417A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0481417B1 publication Critical patent/EP0481417B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/045—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means
    • H01Q9/0457—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna with particular feeding means electromagnetically coupled to the feed line
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
    • H01Q13/18—Resonant slot antennas the slot being backed by, or formed in boundary wall of, a resonant cavity ; Open cavity antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0075—Stripline fed arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/064—Two dimensional planar arrays using horn or slot aerials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/378—Combination of fed elements with parasitic elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/50—Feeding or matching arrangements for broad-band or multi-band operation
    • H01Q5/55—Feeding or matching arrangements for broad-band or multi-band operation for horn or waveguide antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0414—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna in a stacked or folded configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H01Q9/0428—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna radiating a circular polarised wave
    • H01Q9/0435—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna radiating a circular polarised wave using two feed points

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for supplying a radiating element operating in double polarization, which may be of the printed antenna type or of the waveguide type.
  • the first two approaches have been widely described and studied insofar as they are on the one hand a priori easy achievements and have a similarity in propagation behavior with the radiating element itself which can be approximated by a microstrip line.
  • the solutions belonging to the third category mark a step in the feeding technique by decoupling the radiating element from the main line.
  • the increase in the number of parameters thus allows better management of the bandwidth performance of the assembly.
  • the supply of a printed antenna can also be carried out from a microstrip line. Again these types of food are widely known. This feeding method is widely used and does not require any particular process other than that of the etching of the "patch" itself. It is thus possible to supply the radiating elements and produce the distribution elements according to the same surface.
  • the supply of a printed antenna can, finally, be carried out by electromagnetic coupling technique.
  • This supply mode allows RE energy to be transferred from a main line without any contact or mechanical connection between the conductors.
  • they allow better management of the adaptive capacities of aerials. From microstrip lines it is possible to supply a dipole or a patch-type antenna. It is also possible to supply a radiating element from a triplate line. This can offer certain interesting aspects in comparison with the electrical situation of the microstrip which is an open line.
  • the object of the present invention is to respond to the problem thus defined
  • the invention provides an original device for supplying a radiating element operating in double polarization, characterized in that it comprises a first supply line penetrating into a first cavity situated under said radiating element, and a second supply line, arranged in a geometry orthogonal to the first line, penetrating into a second cavity located in the extension of the first, a conductive part forming a coupling slot between these two cavities.
  • the device of the invention makes it possible to considerably simplify the distribution architecture, the production technology, and the cost of the sub-networks of the radiating elements.
  • This "open" cavity is produced by a set of conductive cylinder 15, for example metallic, of diameter 0 a and two metallic tracks 10 at level N, and 16 at level N-2, which thus produce the "covers” "of said cylinder.
  • the access window 20 of the line 11 to the cavity 13 is dimensioned according to rules known to those skilled in the art in accordance with the distribution of the fields along the line 11.
  • the second line 12 of the second distributor arranged in a geometry orthogonal to the first line 11, enters a second cylindrical cavity 14 of diameter 0 b located at a level N-3 lower than that of the first cavity 13 and concentric with it.
  • This second cavity 14 is produced by all of the electric cylindrical walls 17, a metallized bottom 18 as well as the metal part 16 which also constitutes the bottom of the first cavity 13.
  • the two cavities 13 and 14 are therefore located one above the other and have a common part 16 which has a vital role in the operation of the double-stage device which is described below. They contain, in the example shown, dielectric spacer devices 40, 41 and 42, 43 allowing the positioning of the two lines 11 and 12, arranged in two blocks 44 and 45 for example of brass.
  • the cavity 13 acts as a directional coupler with respect to the lower stages so that no transfer of energy takes place from the first line 11 to the second line 12 which therefore has a high degree of coupling .
  • the energy conveyed by the first line 11 is therefore completely transferred to the radiating element 10 without coupling to the line 12.
  • the second line 12 which is located at level N-3 has a configuration of compatible field lines of the slot (s) 19. Therefore, these make it possible to couple the RF energy contained in the second cavity 14 to the first cavity 13.
  • the only suitable outlet presented by the assembly is the radiating element 10 so that no energy initially conveyed by line 12 can couple to line 11, due to the orthogonality conditions imposed field lines with respect to line 11.
  • the excitation of the radiating element 10 according to the polarization of the second line 12 therefore involves the two cavities 13 and 14 as well as a selective coupling device 16 and 19 in polarization.
  • the adaptation of the radiating element 10 to the line 12 therefore brings into play all of the characteristics of the conductors and their respective geometries.
  • FIG. 3 shows the geometry of a radiating element with double orthogonal polarizations, produced in KU band, which corresponds to the principles described above.
  • FIG. 6 is a curve illustrating the decoupling between accesses as a function of the frequency.
  • the device has decoupling in the entire band greater than 30 dB and on average close to 33 dB between the upper and lower ports.
  • a similar distributor for the other polarization can be integrated completely independently at the corresponding level.
  • the radiating element 10 can excite a passive resonator so as to produce a broadband radiating element.
  • the device thus described whether or not using a passive resonator, can be used to supply, in a manner known to those skilled in the art, a microwave element of the waveguide or radiating horn type (corrugated, dual mode , etc .).

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Waveguide Aerials (AREA)
  • Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
EP91117514A 1990-10-18 1991-10-14 Vorrichtung zur Speisung eines Strahlungselementes für zwei orthogonale Polarisationen Expired - Lifetime EP0481417B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9012896A FR2668305B1 (fr) 1990-10-18 1990-10-18 Dispositif d'alimentation d'un element rayonnant fonctionnant en double polarisation.
FR9012896 1990-10-18

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0481417A1 true EP0481417A1 (de) 1992-04-22
EP0481417B1 EP0481417B1 (de) 1996-08-14

Family

ID=9401356

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91117514A Expired - Lifetime EP0481417B1 (de) 1990-10-18 1991-10-14 Vorrichtung zur Speisung eines Strahlungselementes für zwei orthogonale Polarisationen

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6091373A (de)
EP (1) EP0481417B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3288059B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2053643C (de)
DE (1) DE69121352T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2668305B1 (de)

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0518271A1 (de) * 1991-06-10 1992-12-16 Alcatel Espace Mikrowellen-Antennenelement mit zwei Polarisationen
FR2700067A1 (fr) * 1992-12-29 1994-07-01 France Telecom Antenne plaquée à double polarisation et dispositif d'émission/réception correspondant.
EP0735611A2 (de) * 1995-03-31 1996-10-02 Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd Streifenleitergruppenantenne für den gleichzeitigen Empfang von doppelt polarisierten Signalen
WO1999066594A1 (fr) * 1998-06-12 1999-12-23 Kunjie Zhuang Element d'antenne en reseau microbande a large gamme de frequences
AU738670B2 (en) * 1997-07-29 2001-09-20 Alcatel Dual polarised patch antenna
WO2003030301A1 (en) * 2001-10-01 2003-04-10 Raytheon Company Slot coupled, polarized radiator
EP1775795A1 (de) 2005-10-11 2007-04-18 M/A-Com, Inc. Breitbandige, nahgekoppelte, hohlraumgestützte Patchantenne
WO2007046055A2 (en) * 2005-10-16 2007-04-26 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Dual polarization planar array antenna and radiating element therefor
US7636063B2 (en) 2005-12-02 2009-12-22 Eswarappa Channabasappa Compact broadband patch antenna
WO2009133448A3 (en) * 2008-04-30 2009-12-23 Topcon Gps Llc Broadband patch antenna system
US7859835B2 (en) 2009-03-24 2010-12-28 Allegro Microsystems, Inc. Method and apparatus for thermal management of a radio frequency system
US8279131B2 (en) 2006-09-21 2012-10-02 Raytheon Company Panel array
US8355255B2 (en) 2010-12-22 2013-01-15 Raytheon Company Cooling of coplanar active circuits
US8363413B2 (en) 2010-09-13 2013-01-29 Raytheon Company Assembly to provide thermal cooling
US8427371B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2013-04-23 Raytheon Company RF feed network for modular active aperture electronically steered arrays
US8508943B2 (en) 2009-10-16 2013-08-13 Raytheon Company Cooling active circuits
US8537552B2 (en) 2009-09-25 2013-09-17 Raytheon Company Heat sink interface having three-dimensional tolerance compensation
US8810448B1 (en) 2010-11-18 2014-08-19 Raytheon Company Modular architecture for scalable phased array radars
US8981869B2 (en) 2006-09-21 2015-03-17 Raytheon Company Radio frequency interconnect circuits and techniques
US9019166B2 (en) 2009-06-15 2015-04-28 Raytheon Company Active electronically scanned array (AESA) card
US9124361B2 (en) 2011-10-06 2015-09-01 Raytheon Company Scalable, analog monopulse network
US9130278B2 (en) 2012-11-26 2015-09-08 Raytheon Company Dual linear and circularly polarized patch radiator
WO2021128175A1 (zh) * 2019-12-26 2021-07-01 瑞声声学科技(深圳)有限公司 阵列天线和基站

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FR2778802B1 (fr) * 1998-05-15 2000-09-08 Alsthom Cge Alcatel Dispositif d'emission et de reception d'ondes hyperfrequences polarisees circulairement
DE10023497A1 (de) * 2000-05-13 2001-11-15 Endress Hauser Gmbh Co Füllstandsmeßgerät
AU2002245218A1 (en) * 2001-01-06 2002-08-06 Telisar Corporation An integrated antenna system
US6727776B2 (en) * 2001-02-09 2004-04-27 Sarnoff Corporation Device for propagating radio frequency signals in planar circuits
FR2827430A1 (fr) * 2001-07-11 2003-01-17 France Telecom Antenne a couplage reactif comportant deux elements rayonnants
DE10154839A1 (de) * 2001-11-08 2003-05-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Antennenanordnung für eine Radar-Sende- und Empfangseinrichtung und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
IL154525A (en) 2003-02-18 2011-07-31 Starling Advanced Comm Ltd Low profile satellite communications antenna
US7973733B2 (en) * 2003-04-25 2011-07-05 Qualcomm Incorporated Electromagnetically coupled end-fed elliptical dipole for ultra-wide band systems
US7158089B2 (en) * 2004-11-29 2007-01-02 Qualcomm Incorporated Compact antennas for ultra wide band applications
US7864113B2 (en) * 2005-03-31 2011-01-04 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Module, filter, and antenna technology for millimeter waves multi-gigabits wireless systems
IL171450A (en) * 2005-10-16 2011-03-31 Starling Advanced Comm Ltd Antenna board
US7586410B2 (en) * 2006-03-09 2009-09-08 Zih Corp. RFID UHF stripline coupler
DE102006014010B4 (de) * 2006-03-27 2009-01-08 Vega Grieshaber Kg Hohlleiterübergang mit Entkopplungselement für planare Hohlleitereinkopplungen
JP5028068B2 (ja) * 2006-05-31 2012-09-19 キヤノン株式会社 アクティブアンテナ発振器
US9172145B2 (en) 2006-09-21 2015-10-27 Raytheon Company Transmit/receive daughter card with integral circulator
EP2097945A4 (de) * 2006-12-21 2010-01-20 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Zweifach polarisierte wellenleiterzuführungsanordnung
US7825868B2 (en) * 2007-06-15 2010-11-02 Emag Technologies, Inc. Hand held reader antenna for RFID and tire pressure monitoring system
NL2001238C2 (nl) * 2008-01-30 2009-08-03 Cyner Substrates B V Antenne-inrichting en werkwijze.
US8120536B2 (en) * 2008-04-11 2012-02-21 Powerwave Technologies Sweden Ab Antenna isolation
JP5184562B2 (ja) * 2010-02-02 2013-04-17 日本電信電話株式会社 フィンライン型導波管構造、偏波分離器およびフィンライン型導波管構造の製造方法
DE102010040809A1 (de) * 2010-09-15 2012-03-15 Robert Bosch Gmbh Planare Gruppenantenne mit in mehreren Ebenen angeordneten Antennenelementen
CA2831325A1 (en) 2012-12-18 2014-06-18 Panasonic Avionics Corporation Antenna system calibration
CA2838861A1 (en) 2013-02-12 2014-08-12 Panasonic Avionics Corporation Optimization of low profile antenna(s) for equatorial operation
US10186775B2 (en) * 2015-08-11 2019-01-22 The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Patch antenna element with parasitic feed probe
KR102589762B1 (ko) * 2016-06-20 2023-10-17 주식회사 에이치엘클레무브 레이더 장치 및 레이더 신호 처리 방법
WO2018205278A1 (en) * 2017-05-12 2018-11-15 Tongyu Communication Inc. Integrated antenna element, antenna unit, multi-array antenna, transmission method and receiving method of same
KR102425821B1 (ko) * 2017-11-28 2022-07-27 삼성전자주식회사 커플링 급전을 이용한 이중 대역 안테나 및 그것을 포함하는 전자 장치
US10693235B2 (en) 2018-01-12 2020-06-23 The Government Of The United States, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Patch antenna elements and parasitic feed pads
US10854978B2 (en) * 2018-04-23 2020-12-01 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Antenna apparatus and antenna module
CN110400779B (zh) * 2018-04-25 2022-01-11 华为技术有限公司 封装结构
US10770781B1 (en) * 2019-02-26 2020-09-08 Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc Resonant cavity and plate hybrid antenna
CN110212300B (zh) * 2019-05-22 2021-05-11 维沃移动通信有限公司 一种天线单元及终端设备
WO2023089207A1 (es) * 2021-11-17 2023-05-25 Airbus Defence And Space, S.A. Antena de parches apilados

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EP0123350A1 (de) * 1983-04-22 1984-10-31 Laboratoires D'electronique Et De Physique Appliquee L.E.P. Flache Mikrowellenantenne mit einer völlig hängenden Mikrostreifengruppe
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Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0518271A1 (de) * 1991-06-10 1992-12-16 Alcatel Espace Mikrowellen-Antennenelement mit zwei Polarisationen
FR2700067A1 (fr) * 1992-12-29 1994-07-01 France Telecom Antenne plaquée à double polarisation et dispositif d'émission/réception correspondant.
EP0605338A1 (de) * 1992-12-29 1994-07-06 France Telecom Streifenleitungsantenne mit zwei Polarisationen und entsprechende Vorrichtung zum Senden/Empfangen
EP0735611A2 (de) * 1995-03-31 1996-10-02 Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd Streifenleitergruppenantenne für den gleichzeitigen Empfang von doppelt polarisierten Signalen
EP0735611A3 (de) * 1995-03-31 1998-05-06 Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd Streifenleitergruppenantenne für den gleichzeitigen Empfang von doppelt polarisierten Signalen
AU738670B2 (en) * 1997-07-29 2001-09-20 Alcatel Dual polarised patch antenna
WO1999066594A1 (fr) * 1998-06-12 1999-12-23 Kunjie Zhuang Element d'antenne en reseau microbande a large gamme de frequences
WO2003030301A1 (en) * 2001-10-01 2003-04-10 Raytheon Company Slot coupled, polarized radiator
US6624787B2 (en) 2001-10-01 2003-09-23 Raytheon Company Slot coupled, polarized, egg-crate radiator
EP1764863A1 (de) 2001-10-01 2007-03-21 Raython Company Schlitzgekoppelter, polarisierter Strahler
AU2002334695B2 (en) * 2001-10-01 2007-07-12 Raytheon Company Slot coupled, polarized radiator
EP1775795A1 (de) 2005-10-11 2007-04-18 M/A-Com, Inc. Breitbandige, nahgekoppelte, hohlraumgestützte Patchantenne
WO2007046055A2 (en) * 2005-10-16 2007-04-26 Starling Advanced Communications Ltd. Dual polarization planar array antenna and radiating element therefor
WO2007046055A3 (en) * 2005-10-16 2007-12-06 Starling Advanced Comm Ltd Dual polarization planar array antenna and radiating element therefor
US7636063B2 (en) 2005-12-02 2009-12-22 Eswarappa Channabasappa Compact broadband patch antenna
US8279131B2 (en) 2006-09-21 2012-10-02 Raytheon Company Panel array
US8981869B2 (en) 2006-09-21 2015-03-17 Raytheon Company Radio frequency interconnect circuits and techniques
US8174450B2 (en) 2008-04-30 2012-05-08 Topcon Gps, Llc Broadband micropatch antenna system with reduced sensitivity to multipath reception
WO2009133448A3 (en) * 2008-04-30 2009-12-23 Topcon Gps Llc Broadband patch antenna system
US7859835B2 (en) 2009-03-24 2010-12-28 Allegro Microsystems, Inc. Method and apparatus for thermal management of a radio frequency system
US9019166B2 (en) 2009-06-15 2015-04-28 Raytheon Company Active electronically scanned array (AESA) card
US8537552B2 (en) 2009-09-25 2013-09-17 Raytheon Company Heat sink interface having three-dimensional tolerance compensation
US8508943B2 (en) 2009-10-16 2013-08-13 Raytheon Company Cooling active circuits
US8427371B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2013-04-23 Raytheon Company RF feed network for modular active aperture electronically steered arrays
US8363413B2 (en) 2010-09-13 2013-01-29 Raytheon Company Assembly to provide thermal cooling
US8810448B1 (en) 2010-11-18 2014-08-19 Raytheon Company Modular architecture for scalable phased array radars
US8355255B2 (en) 2010-12-22 2013-01-15 Raytheon Company Cooling of coplanar active circuits
US9124361B2 (en) 2011-10-06 2015-09-01 Raytheon Company Scalable, analog monopulse network
US9397766B2 (en) 2011-10-06 2016-07-19 Raytheon Company Calibration system and technique for a scalable, analog monopulse network
US9130278B2 (en) 2012-11-26 2015-09-08 Raytheon Company Dual linear and circularly polarized patch radiator
WO2021128175A1 (zh) * 2019-12-26 2021-07-01 瑞声声学科技(深圳)有限公司 阵列天线和基站

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69121352D1 (de) 1996-09-19
DE69121352T2 (de) 1996-12-12
FR2668305A1 (fr) 1992-04-24
EP0481417B1 (de) 1996-08-14
JPH04271605A (ja) 1992-09-28
JP3288059B2 (ja) 2002-06-04
CA2053643C (fr) 1995-03-21
US6091373A (en) 2000-07-18
FR2668305B1 (fr) 1992-12-04

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