EP0476496B1 - Process for fabrication of a bimetallic casting and a wear resisting part according to said process - Google Patents
Process for fabrication of a bimetallic casting and a wear resisting part according to said process Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0476496B1 EP0476496B1 EP91115332A EP91115332A EP0476496B1 EP 0476496 B1 EP0476496 B1 EP 0476496B1 EP 91115332 A EP91115332 A EP 91115332A EP 91115332 A EP91115332 A EP 91115332A EP 0476496 B1 EP0476496 B1 EP 0476496B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- inserts
- casting
- insert
- roller
- mould
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/08—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for building-up linings or coverings, e.g. of anti-frictional metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C13/00—Disintegrating by mills having rotary beater elements ; Hammer mills
- B02C13/26—Details
- B02C13/28—Shape or construction of beater elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C15/00—Disintegrating by milling members in the form of rollers or balls co-operating with rings or discs
- B02C15/004—Shape or construction of rollers or balls
- B02C15/005—Rollers or balls of composite construction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C4/00—Crushing or disintegrating by roller mills
- B02C4/28—Details
- B02C4/30—Shape or construction of rollers
- B02C4/305—Wear resistant rollers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D19/00—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product
- B22D19/06—Casting in, on, or around objects which form part of the product for manufacturing or repairing tools
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28D—WORKING STONE OR STONE-LIKE MATERIALS
- B28D1/00—Working stone or stone-like materials, e.g. brick, concrete or glass, not provided for elsewhere; Machines, devices, tools therefor
- B28D1/18—Working stone or stone-like materials, e.g. brick, concrete or glass, not provided for elsewhere; Machines, devices, tools therefor by milling, e.g. channelling by means of milling tools
- B28D1/181—Working stone or stone-like materials, e.g. brick, concrete or glass, not provided for elsewhere; Machines, devices, tools therefor by milling, e.g. channelling by means of milling tools using cutters loosely mounted on a turning tool support
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
- B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
- B02C2210/00—Codes relating to different types of disintegrating devices
- B02C2210/02—Features for generally used wear parts on beaters, knives, rollers, anvils, linings and the like
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a bimetallic foundry part as well as to a wear part produced by this process, in particular shredder frets.
- the part exposed to abrasion consists of chromium cast iron with high abrasion resistance supported by a more ductile steel core. This reduces wear on the part, while allowing machining of the core and avoiding breakage. In addition, it is possible to reduce its manufacturing cost by a judicious choice of its components.
- patent LU-64303 proposes a process for manufacturing composite parts by successive castings of materials with different or complementary properties.
- this technique has two constraints. First, the process necessarily implies the existence of a horizontal separation surface between the two cast metals. In addition, the room must be relatively massive to allow the two metals to flow successively while obtaining a correct metallurgical bond between them.
- Brazing at high temperature offers mechanical properties comparable to welding, but it requires careful operating precautions and the use of special ovens, especially vacuum ovens, in order to obtain a reliable assembly. This results in a relatively high manufacturing cost.
- Patent US-4,099,988 proposes the implementation of the technique of inserts for the production of bimetallic armor plates for blast furnaces.
- inserts are first poured into first molds, these inserts are then placed in a second mold in which the part is cast around the inserts so as to form a metallurgical bond between the inserts and the support material.
- This process has the disadvantage that the inserts undergo thermal shocks during the casting of the parts. These thermal shocks generate internal tensions and cracks which propagate, not only through the inserts but, because of the metallurgical bond, also through the support.
- the aim of the present invention is to provide a new method for manufacturing a bimetallic foundry part with a high insertion rate, the properties of which result not only from the properties specific to each component, but also from a useful synergistic effect generated. by the juxtaposition of the two components and due either to the morphology, or to the dimensioning, or to the choice of the materials of the components.
- the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a bimetallic foundry part according to claim 1.
- This preparation can for example consist, when the massiveness of the inserts is not too high, in a simple heat treatment.
- the massivity increases, it is possible to provide the inserts with a refractory coating forming a thermal barrier.
- the massivity is very high, one can even consider providing the inserts with a ceramic coating.
- the process allows, by a judicious choice of the nature and morphology of the two components, to generate, in service, a wear profile which will maintain or optimize the work of the part.
- Each insert may comprise a part of substantially parallelepiped shape constituting a wear part extended radially towards the center of the hoop by a longitudinal constriction with a section in the form of a "dovetail” forming the zone of mechanical connection with ductile iron. .
- the "dovetail” section can also be replaced by fluted sections.
- the spacing between the adjacent inserts can be determined by projecting radial ribs provided on the longitudinal sides of the inserts.
- the inserts extend from one of the bases of the hoop and end before the opposite base to define there a peripheral ring of ductile iron.
- the grinding rollers are, in general, constituted by a frustoconical or cylindrical annular hoop, mounted on a hub. On the one hand, they must have sufficient resistance to wear caused by grinding and, at the same time, be able to be machined to be mounted on the hub.
- the known hoops are generally cast in Ni-hard cast iron or in chrome cast iron and then machined with great precision (internal diameter with H6 tolerance in certain cases) before being mounted on their hub.
- the profile of the working surfaces changes and the backlash adjustment system no longer makes it possible to restore optimal grinding conditions.
- the sliding between the material to be ground and the surface of the hoop accelerates wear and reduces the flow rate, especially if the material to be ground is wet.
- the present invention proposes, in its application to the crusher, to produce the hoops with inserts as shown in FIG. 3.
- a hoop therefore consists of an annular support 42 of ductile and machinable cast iron, in which peripheral inserts 44 are embedded in a material with high abrasion resistance, for example in chromium cast iron and forming the working and wearing surface of the hoop.
- the inserts 44 are first cast separately in suitable molds. These inserts 44 advantageously have the shape shown in perspective in Figure 4. They consist of an outer part 46 of substantially parallelepiped shape with slightly frustoconical section along the radius of curvature of the hoop. This part is extended towards the base, or inside the hoop, by a strangled longitudinal foot 48 with a radial section in the form of a "dovetail" and forming the connection zone with the support 42. Each insert 44 comprises on at least one of its longitudinal sides of the part 46, in the embodiment shown, two projecting ribs 50.
- the inserts 44 are then placed in the mold for the casting of the frets so as to fill the entire periphery of the mold.
- the inserts 44 are juxtaposed so that their ribs 50 are in mutual contact to define between two juxtaposed inserts a space 52 more or less wide depending on the size of the ribs 50.
- the purpose of these ribs 50 is to cause, during casting of support 42, a spreading of the ductile iron in the spaces 52 to form between all of the neighboring inserts 44 a thin radial fin made of ductile iron.
- the hoop is cast in such a way as to avoid a metallurgical connection between the support 42 and the inserts 44.
- the inserts 44 can undergo a prior preparation, for example a heat treatment to reduce the risk of cracking. If the massiveness of the inserts 44 is relatively large compared to the support 42 it is inter alia possible to coat the inserts 44 before the casting of the hoop, with a refractory coating intended to form a thermal barrier.
- the temperature of the material forming the support 42 must therefore no longer be as high, during the casting of the hoop, compared to the case of a casting with the formation of a metallurgical bond. This has the advantage of reducing the thermal shocks that the inserts 44 undergo during this casting. These are therefore less exposed to the risks of crack formation. If, despite this precaution, a crack should form in an insert 44, this crack would only propagate through the insert since the absence of metallurgical bond prevents its progression through the material of the support 42. In other words , the method proposed by the invention reduces the risk of cracks occurring in the inserts 44 and also prevents their progression in the support.
- the purpose of the fins 52 is to cause, by the work of the roller, preferential wear of the ductile alloy and the formation of grooves between the inserts 44 for the purpose of gripping the material to be ground. In order to have the optimum yield, it is therefore necessary to choose the spacing between the inserts 44 as a function of the friction characteristics of the material used, of its particle size and of its angularity.
- the morphology and the shape of the inserts 44 is therefore dictated by several criteria. Their width and spacing must allow a circumferential pitch providing optimal training of the material used.
- the profile of the part 48 of each insert 44 allows an excellent mechanical connection between the inserts 44 and the support 42 with a minimum of tension concentration in the chromium cast iron of the inserts.
- the radial height of the inserts 44 allows a large usable thickness and a good mechanical connection until the end of the service life.
- the ribs 50 allow easy adjustment and positioning of the inserts 44 in the mold.
- a hoop produced with inserts as described above has several advantages over known frets.
- the machining and hooping operation is less delicate and less costly because of the ductility of the support 42. This ductility also reduces the risk of sudden rupture over the entire section of the part following static stresses of hooping and fatigue in service. It is possible to use castings with a high chromium content, that is to say of very high hardness (greater than 65 Rc), the machining of which is extremely difficult and expensive. At the same time, the manufacturing process allows a better utilization rate of the expensive chrome cast iron.
- the combination of these materials generates a synergistic effect offering other advantages.
- This compression of the working surface has a positive effect on the resistance to fatigue and also, in certain cases, on abrasion resistance.
- the hoops produced according to the proposed method offer increased wear resistance, increased mechanical reliability and increased flow during their period of use.
- the hoop 60 has inserts 62 which do not extend over the entire length of the generator so as to leave a peripheral nose 64a forming part of the support 64 in the outer edge of the rollers.
- ductile iron We therefore deliberately cause wear in this region of the roller faster to compensate for the fact that this region normally wears less quickly.
- Figure 7 shows the evolution of the wear of such a hoop 60.
- the profile identified by A represents the outer periphery of the hoop 60 in the unused new state.
- Line B represents the evolution of the wear profile when the hoop has a uniform hardness over the entire length of the generator
- dashed line C represents the evolution of the wear profile as corrected by a hoop according to Figure 6 with an outer edge 64a more ductile.
- the particular shape of the inserts 44 especially their dovetail shape 48 contributes to consolidating the mechanical connection between the inserts 44 and the support 42.
- the inserts are relatively massive, it is possible, to increase the contact surface while avoiding having to make cuts that are too deep to form the dovetail shapes, to provide inserts as shown in FIG. 8.
- Such an insert 64 is comparable to the inserts 44 of FIG. 4, with the difference that the inner part 66 has on its two longitudinal sides corrugations or grooves 68 forming a sort of multiple dovetail.
- the mechanical connection zone is therefore separate and is, in fact, behind the wear zone, which avoids a certain number of drawbacks at the end of life compared to the simple dovetail flush with the work surface.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Crushing And Grinding (AREA)
- Component Parts Of Construction Machinery (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Adornments (AREA)
- Crushing And Pulverization Processes (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un procédé de fabrication d'une pièce de fonderie bimétallique ainsi qu'une pièce d'usure réalisée par ce procédé, notamment des frettes de broyeurs .The present invention relates to a process for manufacturing a bimetallic foundry part as well as to a wear part produced by this process, in particular shredder frets.
De nombreuses pièces d'usure, par exemple dans le domaine des broyeurs, sont soumises à des sollicitations mécaniques élevées dans la masse et à une forte usure par abrasion sur leur surface travaillante, de sorte qu'il est souhaitable que ces pièces présentent une forte résistance pour résister à l'abrasion et une certaine ductilité pour pouvoir résister aux sollicitations mécaniques de chocs, et éventuellement pour pouvoir être usinées. Or, il est bien connu que ces propriétés ne sont pas conciliables. Certes, il est possible de choisir un acier présentant un compromis entre ces deux propriétés opposées, mais ceci doit nécessairement se faire aux dépens de la résistance à l'usure ou de la ductilité.Many wearing parts, for example in the field of shredders, are subjected to high mechanical stresses in the mass and to high wear by abrasion on their working surface, so it is desirable that these parts have a high resistance to resist abrasion and a certain ductility to be able to withstand mechanical stresses of shocks, and possibly to be able to be machined. However, it is well known that these properties cannot be reconciled. Of course, it is possible to choose a steel presenting a compromise between these two opposite properties, but this must necessarily be done at the expense of wear resistance or ductility.
Pour éviter de tels compromis, il est connu de réaliser des pièces composites dont la partie exposée à l'abrasion est constituée de fonte au chrome à forte résistance à l'abrasion supportée par un noyau en acier plus ductile. Ceci permet de réduire l'usure de la pièce, tout en permettant l'usinage du noyau et en évitant sa casse. En outre, il est possible de réduire son coût de fabrication par un choix judicieux de ses composants.To avoid such compromises, it is known to produce composite parts, the part exposed to abrasion consists of chromium cast iron with high abrasion resistance supported by a more ductile steel core. This reduces wear on the part, while allowing machining of the core and avoiding breakage. In addition, it is possible to reduce its manufacturing cost by a judicious choice of its components.
On connaît plusieurs procédés de fabrication de telles pièces composites ou bimétalliques. Ainsi, par exemple, le brevet LU-64303 propose un procédé de fabrication de pièces composites par coulées successives de matériaux a propriétés différentes ou complémentaires. Cette technique présente toutefois deux contraintes. D'abord, le procédé implique nécessairement l'existence d'une surface de séparation horizontale entre les deux métaux coulés. En outre, la pièce doit être relativement massive pour permettre de couler successivement les deux métaux tout en obtenant une liaison métallurgique correcte entre ceux-ci. Ces deux contraintes limitent le champ d'application de la solution proposée par le brevet précité.Several processes are known for manufacturing such composite or bimetallic parts. Thus, for example, patent LU-64303 proposes a process for manufacturing composite parts by successive castings of materials with different or complementary properties. However, this technique has two constraints. First, the process necessarily implies the existence of a horizontal separation surface between the two cast metals. In addition, the room must be relatively massive to allow the two metals to flow successively while obtaining a correct metallurgical bond between them. These two constraints limit the scope of the solution proposed by the aforementioned patent.
Il est également connu de réaliser des pièces d'usure bimétalliques par assemblage soudé. Si, théoriquement, l'assemblage soudé ne présente pas de limites au niveau de la morphologie des composantes à assembler, en pratique de telles limites existent et elles dépendent du procédé de soudage utilisé. De plus, tout les procédés de soudage appliqués à des matériaux fragiles exigent une maîtrise parfaite de leur cycle d'échauffement et de refroidissement, ainsi qu'un positionnement très précis des surfaces à assembler. Il en résulte que l'assemblage soudé est une technique relativement chère et peu polyvalente.It is also known to produce bimetallic wear parts by welded assembly. If, theoretically, the welded joint has no limits in terms of the morphology of the components to be assembled, in practice such limits exist and they depend on the welding process used. In addition, all the welding processes applied to fragile materials require perfect control of their heating and cooling cycles, as well as very precise positioning of the surfaces to be assembled. As a result, the welded joint is a relatively expensive and not very versatile technique.
Il est également connu de réaliser des pièces bimétalliques par assemblage brasé. Cette technique offre la possibilité d'assembler des composants de formes diverses, mais elle exige toujours un usinage très précis des surfaces de contact et des dispositifs de positionnement tout aussi précis.It is also known to produce bimetallic parts by brazed assembly. This technique offers the possibility of assembling components of various shapes, but it still requires very precise machining of the contact surfaces and equally precise positioning devices.
Le brasage à haute température offre des propriétés mécaniques comparables à la soudure, mais il exige des précautions opératoires minutieuses et l'usage de fours spéciaux, notamment des fours sous vide, si l'on veut obtenir un assemblage fiable. Il en résulte un coût de fabrication relativement élevé.Brazing at high temperature offers mechanical properties comparable to welding, but it requires careful operating precautions and the use of special ovens, especially vacuum ovens, in order to obtain a reliable assembly. This results in a relatively high manufacturing cost.
Quant au brasage à basse température, tout comme le collage, il est certes moins coûteux, mais les caractéristiques mécaniques de l'assemblage sont nettement inférieures, voir insuffisantes pour des pièces d'usure fortement sollicitées.As for low temperature brazing, like bonding, it is certainly less expensive, but the mechanical characteristics of the assembly are much lower, or even insufficient for wear parts that are highly stressed.
Ces différentes techniques sont notamment préconisées par le document EP-A2-0 271 336 pour la réalisation de frettes de broyeurs. La surface d'une telle frette est exposée à des tensions importantes qui engendrent des fissures se propageant à travers le support de la frette pour rendre celle-ci rapidement inutilisable.These different techniques are in particular recommended by document EP-A2-0 271 336 for the production of grinder hoops. The surface of such a hoop is exposed to significant tensions which generate cracks propagating through the support of the hoop to make it quickly unusable.
Le brevet US-4,099,988 propose la mise en oeuvre de la technique des inserts pour la réalisation de plaques de blindage bimétalliques pour hauts fourneaux. Selon ce brevet, on coule d'abord des inserts dans des premiers moules, on dispose ensuite ces inserts dans un second moule dans lequel la pièce est coulée autour des inserts de manière à former une liaison métallurgique entre les inserts et le matériau de support. Ce procédé présente l'inconvénient que les inserts subissent des chocs thermiques lors de la coulée des pièces. Ces chocs thermiques engendrent des tensions internes et des fissures qui se propagent, non seulement à travers les inserts mais, à cause de la liaison métallurgique, également à travers le support. Cet inconvénient se manifeste davantage lorsque le taux d'insertion est élevé, c'est à dire que la masse des inserts est relativement importante par rapport à la masse du support, car dans ce cas, il faut, pour assurer la formation de la liaison métallurgique lors de la coulée de la pièce, élever davantage la température de coulée du matériau coulé en second lieu, ce qui intensifie les chocs thermiques et augmente les risques de fissuration des inserts.Patent US-4,099,988 proposes the implementation of the technique of inserts for the production of bimetallic armor plates for blast furnaces. According to this patent, inserts are first poured into first molds, these inserts are then placed in a second mold in which the part is cast around the inserts so as to form a metallurgical bond between the inserts and the support material. This process has the disadvantage that the inserts undergo thermal shocks during the casting of the parts. These thermal shocks generate internal tensions and cracks which propagate, not only through the inserts but, because of the metallurgical bond, also through the support. This disadvantage manifests itself more when the insertion rate is high, that is to say that the mass of the inserts is relatively large compared to the mass of the support, because in this case, it is necessary, to ensure the formation of the bond metallurgical during the casting of the part, raise the casting temperature of the cast material further, which intensifies thermal shock and increases the risk of cracking of the inserts.
Le but de la présente invention est de prévoir un nouveau procédé de fabrication d'un pièce de fonderie bimétallique à taux d'insertion élevé, dont les propriétés résultent non seulement des propriétés propres à chaque composant, mais aussi d'un effet synergique utile engendré par la juxtaposition des deux composants et dû, soit à la morphologie, soit au dimensionnement, soit au choix des matériaux des composants.The aim of the present invention is to provide a new method for manufacturing a bimetallic foundry part with a high insertion rate, the properties of which result not only from the properties specific to each component, but also from a useful synergistic effect generated. by the juxtaposition of the two components and due either to the morphology, or to the dimensioning, or to the choice of the materials of the components.
Pour atteindre cet objectif, la présente invention propose un procédé de fabrication d'une pièce de fonderie bimétallique conformément à la revendication 1.To achieve this objective, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a bimetallic foundry part according to claim 1.
Pour éviter la formation d'une liaison métallurgique entre les inserts et le support et pour réduire l'effet de chocs thermiques, il est possible, suivant la massivité des inserts, de faire subir a ceux-ci une préparation préalable. Cette préparation peut par exemple consister, lorsque la massivité des inserts n'est pas trop élevée, en un simple traitement thermique. Lorsque la massivité augmente, il est possible de munir les inserts d'un enduit réfractaire formant une barrière thermique. Lorsque la massivité est très élevée, on peut même envisager de munir les inserts d'un enduit céramique.To avoid the formation of a metallurgical bond between the inserts and the support and to reduce the effect of thermal shock, it is possible, depending on the mass of the inserts, to subject them to a prior preparation. This preparation can for example consist, when the massiveness of the inserts is not too high, in a simple heat treatment. When the massivity increases, it is possible to provide the inserts with a refractory coating forming a thermal barrier. When the massivity is very high, one can even consider providing the inserts with a ceramic coating.
Le procédé permet, par un choix judicieux de la nature et de la morphologie des deux composants, de générer, en service, un profil d'usure qui maintiendra ou optimalisera le travail de la pièce.The process allows, by a judicious choice of the nature and morphology of the two components, to generate, in service, a wear profile which will maintain or optimize the work of the part.
L'invention prévoit également, à titre d'application avantageuse, une frette de broyeur conformément à la revendication 4
Chaque insert peut comporter une partie de forme sensiblement parallépipédique constituant une pièce d'usure prolongée radialement vers le centre de la frette par un étranglement longitudinal avec une section en forme de "queue d'aronde" formant la zone de liaison mécanique avec la fonte ductile. La section en forme de "queue d'aronde" peut aussi être remplacée par des sections cannelées.The invention also provides, as an advantageous application, a crusher hoop according to claim 4
Each insert may comprise a part of substantially parallelepiped shape constituting a wear part extended radially towards the center of the hoop by a longitudinal constriction with a section in the form of a "dovetail" forming the zone of mechanical connection with ductile iron. . The "dovetail" section can also be replaced by fluted sections.
L'espacement entre les inserts adjacents peut être déterminé par des nervures radiales saillantes prévues sur les flancs longitudinaux des inserts.The spacing between the adjacent inserts can be determined by projecting radial ribs provided on the longitudinal sides of the inserts.
Selon un mode de réalisation avantageux, les inserts s'étendent à partir d'une des bases de la frette et se terminent avant la base opposée pour y définir une couronne périphérique en fonte ductile.According to an advantageous embodiment, the inserts extend from one of the bases of the hoop and end before the opposite base to define there a peripheral ring of ductile iron.
D'autres caractéristiques et particularités de l'invention ressortiront de la description détaillée de plusieurs modes d'exécution présentés ci-dessous, a titre d'illustration, en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels :
- la figure 1 montre schématiquement un broyeur vertical ;
- la figure 2 montre les détails d'un broyeur au niveau du broyage;
- la figure 3 montre une vue en perspective d'une frette d'un galet de broyage selon la présente invention;
- la figure 4 montre en perspective un premier mode de réalisation d'un insert selon la présente invention, d'une frette de broyage ;
- les figures 5 et 6 illustrent respectivement en coupe radiale et en coupe axiale une variante de la frette de la figure 3;
- la figure 7 illustre l'usure périphérique d'une frette.
- la figure 8 montre une vue analogue à la figure 4 d'un deuxième mode de réalisation d'un insert d'une frette de broyage;
- Figure 1 schematically shows a vertical mill;
- Figure 2 shows the details of a grinder at the grinding level;
- Figure 3 shows a perspective view of a hoop of a grinding roller according to the present invention;
- Figure 4 shows in perspective a first embodiment of an insert according to the present invention, a grinding hoop;
- Figures 5 and 6 illustrate respectively in radial section and in axial section a variant of the hoop of Figure 3;
- Figure 7 illustrates the peripheral wear of a hoop.
- Figure 8 shows a view similar to Figure 4 of a second embodiment of an insert of a grinding hoop;
Les galets de broyage sont, en général, constitués par une frette annulaire tronconique ou cylindrique, montée sur un moyeu. Elles doivent, d'une part, avoir une résistance suffisante à l'usure occasionnée par le broyage et, en même temps, pouvoir être usinées pour être montées sur le moyeu. Les frettes connues sont en général coulées en fonte Ni-hard ou en fonte au chrome et ensuite usinées avec une grande précision (diamètre intérieur avec tolérance H6 dans certains cas) avant d'être montées sur leur moyeu.The grinding rollers are, in general, constituted by a frustoconical or cylindrical annular hoop, mounted on a hub. On the one hand, they must have sufficient resistance to wear caused by grinding and, at the same time, be able to be machined to be mounted on the hub. The known hoops are generally cast in Ni-hard cast iron or in chrome cast iron and then machined with great precision (internal diameter with H6 tolerance in certain cases) before being mounted on their hub.
En service, l'usure d'une telle frette progresse généralement uniformément en tous points suivant une ligne circulaire sur une section radiale. Par contre, l'usure est généralement variable, le long d'une même génératrice, les extrémités, surtout les extrémités périphériques s'usant moins vite que la partie centrale. En plus, il se produit un polissage progressif de la surface de travail, avec comme conséquence un risque accru de patinage entre la frette et la matière à broyer.In service, the wear of such a hoop generally progresses uniformly at all points along a circular line on a radial section. On the other hand, wear is generally variable, along the same generator, the ends, especially the peripheral ends, wear out less quickly than the central part. In addition, there is a gradual polishing of the work surface, with the consequence of an increased risk of slippage between the hoop and the material to be ground.
Il en résulte que le profil des surfaces travaillantes se modifie et le système de rattrapage des jeux ne permet plus de restaurer des conditions optimales de broyage. En outre, la surface extérieure se polissant, le glissement entre la matière à broyer et la surface de la frette accélère l'usure et réduit le débit, surtout si la matière à broyer est humide.As a result, the profile of the working surfaces changes and the backlash adjustment system no longer makes it possible to restore optimal grinding conditions. In addition, as the outer surface is polished, the sliding between the material to be ground and the surface of the hoop accelerates wear and reduces the flow rate, especially if the material to be ground is wet.
Pour remédier à ces inconvénients, la présente invention propose, dans son application au broyeur, de réaliser les frettes avec des inserts comme représentées sur la figure 3. Une telle frette est donc constituée par un support annulaire 42 en fonte ductile et usinable, dans laquelle sont noyés des inserts périphériques 44 en un matériau à haute résistance à l'abrasion, par exemple en fonte au chrome et formant la surface de travail et d'usure de la frette.To remedy these drawbacks, the present invention proposes, in its application to the crusher, to produce the hoops with inserts as shown in FIG. 3. Such a hoop therefore consists of an
Les inserts 44 sont d'abord coulés séparément dans des moules appropriés. Ces inserts 44 ont avantageusement la forme représentée en perspective sur la Figure 4. Ils sont constitués par une partie extérieure 46 de forme sensiblement parallélépipédique à section légèrement tronconique suivant le rayon de courbure de la frette. Cette partie est prolongée vers la base, ou l'intérieur de la frette, par un pied longitudinal étranglé 48 avec une section radiale en forme de "queue d'aronde" et formant la zone de liaison avec le support 42. Chaque insert 44 comporte sur au moins l'un de ses flancs longitudinaux de la partie 46, dans le mode de réalisation représenté, deux nervures saillantes 50.The
Les inserts 44 sont ensuite placés dans le moule pour la coulée des frettes de manière à garnir toute la périphérie du moule. Les inserts 44 sont juxtaposés de manière que leurs nervures 50 soient en contact mutuel pour définir entre deux inserts juxtaposés un espace 52 plus ou moins large suivant l'importance des nervures 50. Le but de ces nervures 50 est de provoquer, lors de la coulée du support 42, un étalement de la fonte ductile dans les espaces 52 pour former entre tous les inserts voisins 44 une fine ailette radiale en fonte ductile.The
Selon une des particularités de la présente invention la coulée de la frette est effectuée de manière à éviter une liaison métallurgique entre le support 42 et les inserts 44. A cet effet les inserts 44 peuvent subir une préparation préalable, par exemple un traitement thermique pour réduire les risques de fissuration. Si la massivité des inserts 44 est relativement importante par rapport au support 42 il est entre autres possible d'enduire les inserts 44 avant la coulée de la frette, d'un enduit réfractaire destiné à former une barrière thermique.According to one of the features of the present invention, the hoop is cast in such a way as to avoid a metallurgical connection between the
La température du matériau formant le support 42 ne doit donc plus être aussi élevée, lors de la coulée de la frette, comparé au cas d'une coulée avec formation d'une liaison métallurgique. Ceci a l'avantage de réduire les chocs thermiques que subissent les inserts 44 lors de cette coulée. Ceux-ci sont, par conséquent, moins exposés aux risques de formation de fissures. Si, malgré cette précaution, une fissure devait se former dans un insert 44, cette fissure ne se propagerait qu'à travers l'insert étant donné que l'absence de liaison métallurgique empêche sa progression à travers le matériau du support 42. Autrement dit, le procédé proposé par l'invention réduit les risques de naissance de fissures dans les inserts 44 et empêche, en outre, leur progression dans le support.The temperature of the material forming the
Le but des ailettes 52 est de provoquer, par le travail du galet, une usure préférentielle de l'alliage ductile et la formation de rainures entre les inserts 44 dans le but d'agripper la matière à broyer. Pour avoir le rendement optimal il faut donc choisir l'espacement entre les inserts 44 en fonction des caractéristiques de frottement du matériau employé, de sa granulométrie et de son angularité.The purpose of the
La morphologie et la forme des inserts 44 est donc dictée par plusieurs critères. Leur largeur et leur espacement doivent permettre un pas circonférentiel offrant un entraînement optimal de la matière employée. Le profil de la partie 48 de chaque insert 44 permet une excellente liaison mécanique entre les inserts 44 et le support 42 avec un minimum de concentration de tension dans la fonte au chrome des inserts. La hauteur radiale des inserts 44 permet une grande épaisseur usable et une bonne liaison mécanique jusqu'à la fin de la durée de vie. Enfin, les nervures 50 permettent un ajustement et un positionnement aisé des inserts 44 dans le moule.The morphology and the shape of the
Une frette réalisée avec des inserts tels que décrits ci-dessus présente plusieurs avantages par rapport aux frettes connues. L'opération d'usinage et de frettage est moins délicate et moins coûteuse à cause de la ductilité du support 42. Cette ductilité réduit également les risques de rupture brutale sur toute la section de la pièce suite aux sollicitations statiques de frettage et de fatigue en service. Il est possible d'utiliser des fontes à haute teneur en chrome, c'est-à-dire de très haute dureté (supérieure à 65 Rc) dont l'usinage est extrêmement difficile et coûteux. En même temps, le procédé de fabrication permet un meilleur taux d'utilisation de la fonte au chrome coûteuse.A hoop produced with inserts as described above has several advantages over known frets. The machining and hooping operation is less delicate and less costly because of the ductility of the
En plus des avantages énumérés ci-dessus, et qui, en fait, sont des avantages intrinsèques dus aux propriétés de chacun des matériaux en présence, l'association de ces matériaux engendre un effet synergique offrant d'autres avantages. Ainsi, par exemple, il est possible de réaliser une mise en compression des inserts par le gonflement de la fonte au chrome lors de sa transformation martensitique à la trempe, alors que la fonte ductile termine son refroidissement avec un retrait linéaire. Cette mise en compression de la surface travaillante a un effet positif sur la résistance à la fatigue et aussi, dans certains cas, sur la résistance a l'abrasion. En outre, il est possible de générer une surface d'usure conservant le profil initial , avec, en plus, des creux entre les inserts qui favorisent l'entraînement de la matière. Bref, les frettes réalisées selon le procédé proposé offrent une résistance à l'usure accrue, une fiabilité mécanique accrue et un débit accru pendant leur durée d'utilisation.In addition to the advantages listed above, and which, in fact, are intrinsic advantages due to the properties of each of the materials present, the combination of these materials generates a synergistic effect offering other advantages. Thus, for example, it is possible to achieve compression of the inserts by the swelling of the chromium cast iron during its martensitic transformation on quenching, while the ductile cast iron finishes its cooling with a linear shrinkage. This compression of the working surface has a positive effect on the resistance to fatigue and also, in certain cases, on abrasion resistance. In addition, it is possible to generate a wear surface retaining the initial profile, with, in addition, recesses between the inserts which promote the entrainment of the material. In short, the hoops produced according to the proposed method offer increased wear resistance, increased mechanical reliability and increased flow during their period of use.
On va maintenant décrire en référence aux figures 5 à 7 un mode d'exécution d'une frette permettant une compensation du profil d'usure suivant la génératrice. En effet, un profil d'usure irrégulier suivant la génératrice est particulièrement gênant dans le cas de broyeurs verticaux à galets selon la Figure 1, où la matière est déplacée radialement sur la piste suivant la génératrice des galets et ou la formation d'une poche entre le galet et la piste est responsable de conséquences néfastes. En effet, le débit peut chuter jusqu'à 50 % du débit nominal obligeant à remplacer prématurément ou à réusiner les galets avant que toute l'épaisseur utilisable de la couche d'usure soit usée. En outre, entre les extrémités peu usées du galet et de la piste se produit un contact métal sur métal qui occasionne une détérioration rapide de ces pièces d'usure. Ces inconvénients sont encore plus prononcés dans le cas de pistes planes et de galets à génératrice droite comme ceux de la figure 1. Dans un tel cas il y a intérêt à exploiter les possibilités du procédé de fabrication selon la présente invention pour bénéficier de la présence de deux matériaux de propriétés différentes pour accélérer l'usure des régions qui s'usent moins que d'autres en modifiant en conséquence la morphologie des inserts.We will now describe with reference to FIGS. 5 to 7 an embodiment of a hoop allowing compensation for the wear profile according to the generator. Indeed, an irregular wear profile along the generator is particularly troublesome in the case of vertical roller mills according to Figure 1, where the material is moved radially on the track following the roller generator and or the formation of a pocket between the pebble and the track is responsible for harmful consequences. In fact, the flow rate can drop up to 50% of the nominal flow rate, forcing the rollers to be replaced prematurely or to be re-machined before the entire usable thickness of the wear layer is used up. In addition, between the slightly worn ends of the roller and the track occurs a metal on metal contact which causes rapid deterioration of these wearing parts. These drawbacks are even more pronounced in the case of flat tracks and rollers with a straight generator like those in FIG. 1. In such a case, it is advantageous to exploit the possibilities of the manufacturing process according to the present invention to benefit from the presence of two materials with different properties to accelerate the wear of regions which wear less than others by modifying the morphology of the inserts accordingly.
Comme le montrent les figures 5 et 6, la frette 60 comporte des inserts 62 qui ne s'étendent pas sur toute la longueur de la génératrice de manière à laisser subsister sur le bord extérieur des galets un nez périphérique 64a faisant partie du support 64 en fonte ductile. On provoque donc volontairement dans cette région du galet une usure plus rapide pour compenser le fait que cette région s'use normalement moins vite. La Figure 7 montre l'évolution de l'usure d'une telle frette 60. Le profil identifié par A représente le pourtour extérieur de la frette 60 à l'état neuf non use. La ligne B représente l'évolution du profil d'usure lorsque la frette présente une dureté uniforme sur toute la longueur de la génératrice, tandis que la ligne en trait interrompu C représente l'évolution du profil d'usure tel que corrigé par une frette selon la figure 6 avec un bord extérieur 64a plus ductile.As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the hoop 60 has inserts 62 which do not extend over the entire length of the generator so as to leave a peripheral nose 64a forming part of the
Comme mentionné ci-dessus, la forme particulière des inserts 44, notamment leur forme 48 en queue d'aronde contribue à consolider la liaison mécanique entre les inserts 44 et le support 42. Lorsque les inserts sont relativement massifs, il est possible, pour augmenter la surface de contact tout en évitant de devoir faire des entailles trop profondes pour former les formes en queue d'aronde, de prévoir des inserts tels que représentés sur la figure 8. Un tel insert 64 est comparable aux inserts 44 de la figure 4, à la différence que la partie intérieure 66 comporte sur ses deux côtés longitudinaux des ondulations ou cannelures 68 formant une sorte de queue d'aronde multiple. La zone de liaison mécanique est donc séparée et est, en fait, derrière la zone d'usure, ce qui évite un certain nombre d'inconvénients en fin de vie par rapport à la simple queue d'aronde affleurant a la surface de travail.As mentioned above, the particular shape of the
Il existe d'autres applications susceptibles de bénéficier des avantages offerts par la présente invention, notamment des applications avec des pièces d'usure composites à taux d'insertion élevé, par exemple les frettes utilisées sur des désagglomérateurs à cylindre utilisés à la sortie des refroidisseurs pour désagréger le calcaire et dans lesquels le taux d'insertion peut être de l'ordre de 80 %.There are other applications capable of benefiting from the advantages offered by the present invention, in particular applications with composite wearing parts with a high insertion rate, for example the hoops used on cylinder deagglomerators used at the outlet of the coolers. to disaggregate limestone and in which the insertion rate can be around 80%.
Claims (9)
- Method of manufacturing a bimetal casting consisting in casting inserts of a material with a high resistance to wear in a first mould, in disposing the inserts thus cast in a second mould and in casting the part in this second mould around the insert with a more ductile material resistant to mechanical stresses, characterised in that the casting in the first mould is carried out in such a way that the inserts comprise on at least one of their longitudinal sides at least one protruding rib or similar means determining a spacing between adjacent inserts, in that the inserts are placed at the periphery of the second mould, side by side, so that adjacent inserts are separated by a spacing defined by said protruding ribs or said similar means, in that the more ductile material is cast in the second mould to fill the remaining space thereof as well as the spacings between the inserts in such a way as to avoid any metallurgical bond between the inserts and the more ductile material, the bond being a mechanical bond reinforced by an appropriate shape of the inserts.
- Method in accordance with claim 1, characterised in that the inserts are submitted to heat treatment in order to reduce cracking risks during the casting prior being placed in the second mould.
- Method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 2, characterised in that the inserts are provided with a refractory coating providing a thermal barrier.
- Mill roller of cylindrical or truncated cone shape with a central bore for receiving a support hub produced by a method in accordance with any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising a cast support made from machinable ductile casting on the surface of which are embedded longitudinally in the direction of the generatrix, wear inserts (44) made of a material with high resistance to wear each insert (44) comprising on at least one of its longitudinal sides at least one protruding radial rib or similar means determining spacings between adjacent inserts, each insert (44) being separated from the two adjacent inserts by a radial fin (52) constituted by a thin layer of said ductile casting, in which the mass of the inserts represents at least 30% of the mass of the roller and having a mechanical bond between the insert or inserts and the support, the said mechanical bond being reinforced by an appropriate geometric shape of the inserts.
- Roller according to claim 4, characterised in that each insert (44) comprises a section (46) of substantially parallelepipedic shape constituting a wearing part, radially prolonged towards the centre of the roller by a longitudinal narrowing (48) having a "dovetail" shaped cross-section forming a bond zone with the ductile casting of the support.
- Roller part according to claim 4, characterised in that each insert (64) comprises a section of substantially parallelepipedic shape constituting a wearing part, radially prolonged towards the centre of the roller by a section (66) comprising, on each side, longitudinal channels (68) forming a mechanical bond zone with the ductile casting of the support.
- Roller according to any one of claims 5 or 6, characterised in that each insert (44, 64) comprises on at least one of its longitudinal sides protruding radial ribs (50) determining the spacing with each adjacent insert and the thickness of said radial fin (52).
- Roller according to any one of claims 4 to 7, characterised in that the inserts (62) extend from one of the bases of the roller (60) and terminate before the opposite base in order to define a peripheral ring (64a) of ductile casting at that point.
- Roller according to any one of claims 4 to 8, characterised in that the inserts are of chrome iron having a very great hardness, at least equal to 65 Rc.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BE9000895 | 1990-09-20 | ||
BE9000895A BE1004573A4 (en) | 1990-09-20 | 1990-09-20 | Process for producing a piece bimetallic foundry and wear piece made thereby. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP0476496A1 EP0476496A1 (en) | 1992-03-25 |
EP0476496B1 true EP0476496B1 (en) | 1995-03-01 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91115332A Expired - Lifetime EP0476496B1 (en) | 1990-09-20 | 1991-09-11 | Process for fabrication of a bimetallic casting and a wear resisting part according to said process |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0476496B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2799250B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR0149031B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE119092T1 (en) |
BE (1) | BE1004573A4 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2051221C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69107746T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0476496T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2069156T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT99013B (en) |
Cited By (2)
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CN100425348C (en) * | 2004-03-03 | 2008-10-15 | 马格托国际股份有限公司 | Milling rollers for vertical miller |
CN107552767A (en) * | 2017-08-24 | 2018-01-09 | 昆明理工大学 | A kind of manufacture craft of novel wear-resistant bucket tooth |
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LU88246A1 (en) * | 1993-04-14 | 1994-12-01 | Magotteaux Int | Method for manufacturing composite wearing parts and parts produced by this method |
LU88549A1 (en) * | 1994-10-24 | 1995-02-01 | Magotteaux Int | Method for manufacturing a bimetallic grinding roller and grinding roller obtained by the implementation of this process |
DE19528512C2 (en) * | 1995-08-03 | 2001-02-22 | Swb Stahlformgusgmbh | Wear parts and process for their manufacture |
KR19990076793A (en) * | 1995-12-26 | 1999-10-15 | 아더 이. 푸리어 2세 | High Efficiency Polishing Roll for Coal Grinding |
LU88753A1 (en) * | 1996-04-30 | 1996-10-04 | Magotteaux Int | Track for shredders |
TR199900645T2 (en) | 1996-10-01 | 1999-07-21 | Fran�Ois Hubert | Bile�ik a��nma par�as�. |
EP0838288A1 (en) * | 1996-10-01 | 1998-04-29 | Hubert Francois | Wear resistant composite cast pieces |
LU90006B1 (en) * | 1997-01-15 | 1997-08-21 | Magotteaux Int | Insert for composite wearing parts process for manufacturing a wearing part using such inserts and wearing part thus produced |
ES2258158T3 (en) | 2001-12-04 | 2006-08-16 | Magotteaux International S.A. | FOUNDRY PARTS WITH AN INCREASED RESISTANCE TO WEAR. |
SE532815C2 (en) * | 2007-11-09 | 2010-04-13 | Combi Wear Parts Ab | Self-sharpening, auto-signaling wear part |
BE1018129A3 (en) | 2008-09-19 | 2010-05-04 | Magotteaux Int | COMPOSITE IMPACTOR FOR PERCUSSION CRUSHERS. |
CN103056343B (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2014-11-26 | 佳木斯大学 | Trimetal composite cast crusher hammer production process method |
BE1021839B1 (en) * | 2014-04-23 | 2016-01-21 | Magotteaux International S.A. | MILLING ROLL COMPRISING HIGH MASS INSERTS |
CN103977864A (en) * | 2014-06-11 | 2014-08-13 | 南京凯盛国际工程有限公司 | Novel vertical mill roll sleeve |
CN105413804A (en) * | 2015-12-03 | 2016-03-23 | 中钢集团安徽天源科技股份有限公司 | High-pressure grinding roller roll surface structure and manufacturing method |
CN111112583B (en) * | 2020-01-06 | 2021-09-24 | 南通高欣耐磨科技股份有限公司 | Manufacturing method of low-cost and repairable ceramic alloy composite grinding roller |
CN111408702A (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2020-07-14 | 聂章银 | Bimetal casting mould convenient to move |
CN111590053B (en) * | 2020-04-22 | 2021-09-03 | 南通高欣耐磨科技股份有限公司 | Manufacturing method of easily-machined and repairable high-wear-resistance metal ceramic composite grinding roller |
CN111571121B (en) * | 2020-04-22 | 2021-09-21 | 南通高欣耐磨科技股份有限公司 | Manufacturing method of easily-detachable and repairable high-wear-resistance ceramic alloy composite grinding roller |
CN111618277B (en) * | 2020-04-22 | 2021-09-21 | 南通高欣耐磨科技股份有限公司 | Manufacturing method of easily-detachable, easily-machined and repairable high-wear-resistance ceramic alloy composite grinding roller |
CN113368959A (en) * | 2021-06-11 | 2021-09-10 | 郑州机械研究所有限公司 | Wear-resistant structure without damaging parent and preparation method thereof |
CN114950636B (en) * | 2022-06-06 | 2024-04-26 | 唐山迁西大方科技有限公司 | Armor nail roller sleeve and preparation method thereof |
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US2155215A (en) * | 1936-02-27 | 1939-04-18 | Beament Thomas Geoffrey | Method of producing composite wear-resisting bodies |
LU64303A1 (en) * | 1971-11-22 | 1971-12-05 | ||
US4099988A (en) * | 1976-02-26 | 1978-07-11 | Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Composite material having wear- and impact-resisting surface and process for producing same |
AT375035B (en) * | 1979-12-13 | 1984-06-25 | Ver Edelstahlwerke Ag | METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METAL CHIMED MOLDED PARTS |
JPS63143949A (en) * | 1986-12-09 | 1988-06-16 | アイエヌジ商事株式会社 | Crushing surface member used for crusher |
DE3814433A1 (en) * | 1988-04-28 | 1989-11-09 | Krupp Polysius Ag | Roller mill and method for coating a roller |
-
1990
- 1990-09-20 BE BE9000895A patent/BE1004573A4/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1991
- 1991-01-31 JP JP3032033A patent/JP2799250B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-09-11 DK DK91115332.8T patent/DK0476496T3/en active
- 1991-09-11 EP EP91115332A patent/EP0476496B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-09-11 DE DE69107746T patent/DE69107746T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-09-11 ES ES91115332T patent/ES2069156T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-09-11 AT AT91115332T patent/ATE119092T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-09-12 CA CA002051221A patent/CA2051221C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-09-19 PT PT99013A patent/PT99013B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-09-19 KR KR1019910016444A patent/KR0149031B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN100425348C (en) * | 2004-03-03 | 2008-10-15 | 马格托国际股份有限公司 | Milling rollers for vertical miller |
CN107552767A (en) * | 2017-08-24 | 2018-01-09 | 昆明理工大学 | A kind of manufacture craft of novel wear-resistant bucket tooth |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE119092T1 (en) | 1995-03-15 |
ES2069156T3 (en) | 1995-05-01 |
EP0476496A1 (en) | 1992-03-25 |
CA2051221A1 (en) | 1992-03-21 |
KR0149031B1 (en) | 1998-11-16 |
KR920006061A (en) | 1992-04-27 |
CA2051221C (en) | 1999-03-30 |
DK0476496T3 (en) | 1995-07-17 |
DE69107746D1 (en) | 1995-04-06 |
JPH04231164A (en) | 1992-08-20 |
BE1004573A4 (en) | 1992-12-15 |
DE69107746T2 (en) | 1995-06-29 |
PT99013A (en) | 1993-10-29 |
JP2799250B2 (en) | 1998-09-17 |
PT99013B (en) | 1999-02-26 |
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