EP0461695B1 - Process and apparatus for cleaning dust-laden and noxious exhaust gases - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for cleaning dust-laden and noxious exhaust gases Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0461695B1
EP0461695B1 EP91201274A EP91201274A EP0461695B1 EP 0461695 B1 EP0461695 B1 EP 0461695B1 EP 91201274 A EP91201274 A EP 91201274A EP 91201274 A EP91201274 A EP 91201274A EP 0461695 B1 EP0461695 B1 EP 0461695B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
stage
liquid
collecting
electrodes
dust
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91201274A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0461695A1 (en
Inventor
Karl Steinbacher
Hermann Schmidt
Wilhelm Leussler
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GEA Group AG
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Metallgesellschaft AG
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Priority claimed from DE4018488A external-priority patent/DE4018488C1/en
Priority claimed from DE19904023723 external-priority patent/DE4023723C1/de
Application filed by Metallgesellschaft AG filed Critical Metallgesellschaft AG
Publication of EP0461695A1 publication Critical patent/EP0461695A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/45—Collecting-electrodes
    • B03C3/53—Liquid, or liquid-film, electrodes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40—Electrode constructions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/01—Pretreatment of the gases prior to electrostatic precipitation
    • B03C3/011—Prefiltering; Flow controlling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/017—Combinations of electrostatic separation with other processes, not otherwise provided for
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/02—Plant or installations having external electricity supply
    • B03C3/025—Combinations of electrostatic separators, e.g. in parallel or in series, stacked separators, dry-wet separator combinations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/74—Cleaning the electrodes
    • B03C3/76—Cleaning the electrodes by using a mechanical vibrator, e.g. rapping gear ; by using impact
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34—Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/88—Cleaning-out collected particles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for cleaning dust and pollutant-containing exhaust gases according to the preamble of claim 1 and to an apparatus for performing the method.
  • GB-A-988 350 describes a method for electrostatic dust separation in which the drying tower is followed by one or more dry-working electrostatic fields and one or more wet-working electrostatic fields.
  • the water sprayed through nozzles into the wet field (s) flows off as cloudy, is thickened by thickener and injected into the drying tower by steam or compressed air, where the evaporated liquid humidifies the hot dryer gas and thus prevents spraying back in the dry working fields.
  • US Pat. No. 1,766,422 also describes a process for the electrostatic cleaning of exhaust gases containing dust and pollutants, in which the exhaust gas laden with dust and pollutants is first fed to a dry electrostatic cleaning and then to a wet electrostatic cleaning.
  • the precipitation electrodes are wetted with a treatment liquid in the wet electrostatic cleaning stage.
  • the gas velocity in the electrostatic separator is chosen so high that the fine grain fraction is separated in the dry electrostatic cleaning stage, the coarse grain fraction in the wet electrostatic cleaning stage.
  • DE-A-29 07 081 describes a device for dry removal of dust from exhaust gas, consisting of a centrifugal separator with numerous dedusting cells and a downstream, horizontally flowed, dry electrostatic filter.
  • the teaching described in DE-A-29 07 081 is based on the task of designing the centrifugal separator in a simple and compact manner so that it can be arranged directly in front of the electrostatic filter without difficulty.
  • the device described in DE-A-29 07 081 has the disadvantage that the exhaust gases which are passed through the device can only be freed of dust and other pollutants contained in the exhaust gas remain in the exhaust gas.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to create a simplified method for cleaning exhaust gases containing dust and pollutants.
  • the invention is also based on the object of providing an apparatus for carrying out the method.
  • the object on which the invention is based is achieved in that the exhaust gases are cleaned in the first stage by means of a force separator.
  • Dust means the solid particles contained in the exhaust gas; For example, in sintering plants, the dust consists mainly of iron oxide-containing solid particles and in combustion plants, it consists of the small fly ash particles.
  • the term “pollutants” includes the acidic components contained in the exhaust gas such as HF, SO2, SO3 and HCl, and the non-ferrous metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg and As present in the exhaust gas in gaseous or sublimed form. Centrifugal separators, such as cyclones or multicyclones, can be used as mass force separators.
  • Metal plates, metal nets, plastic mesh or plates made of ceramic materials can be used as precipitation electrodes.
  • the liquid applied to the precipitation electrodes in the second stage is an aqueous solution.
  • the field strength is, for example, 1.5 to 5 kV / cm, and the precipitation area of the precipitation electrodes is in the range of 200 to 800 m2. It has surprisingly been found that the method according to the invention separates dust and pollutants in such a way that the limit values according to TA Lucas of 27.2.1986 for dust and pollutant concentrations in the clean gas are undershot.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is that the liquid is applied in the second stage at the upper ends of the precipitation electrodes and collected immediately below the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes and discharged laterally from the separator and that the substantially dry dust still accumulating in the second stage is fed to a dust collecting device.
  • a dust collecting device Various types of devices such as dust bunkers, dust collecting channels and discharge elements, such as screw conveyors, can be used as the dust collecting device. While in the first stage the vast majority of the dust is separated out in dry form, the dust still entering the second stage can also be separated out largely in dry form and thus separated from the pollutants. It is advantageous that no sludge is produced in the second stage, which in addition to the dust contains a relatively large amount of pollutants and which would have to be treated. This is achieved in that only the precipitation electrodes are wetted and that the liquid used for sprinkling is drained off directly below the precipitation electrodes in collecting channels, while the actual gas lane space and the space below the electrodes remain dry.
  • German patent application P 39 28 808 describes a process for the electrostatic cleaning of exhaust gases containing dust and pollutants in multi-field electrostatic precipitators, in which the exhaust gases are fed to dry electrostatic cleaning in a first stage and then in a second electrostatic stage in which liquid is wetted Precipitation electrodes are arranged, are freed from the pollutants.
  • the liquid applied is collected directly under the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes and discharged laterally from the separator and the essentially dry dust still accumulating in the second stage is fed to a dust collection device, it has surprisingly been found that also A separate separation of dry dust on the one hand and pollutants on the other hand is possible if the first stage is not a dry electrostatic precipitator but a mass force separator is executed. In the second stage of the process according to the invention, therefore, there is also no sludge loaded with pollutants, the disposal of which is problematic.
  • the residence time of the exhaust gases in the second stage is 2 to 6 seconds.
  • This measure has the effect that the gas temperature in the second stage only drops by approximately the temperature by which the gas temperature is reduced by the downstream one Fan increased again due to gas compression.
  • the water dew point is raised by only 4 ° C.
  • the distance between the gas temperature and the water dew point in the second stage is chosen so large that the water dew point is not fallen below and thus the acidic pollutants do not condense on the non-wetted dry parts of the second stage. Special measures to avoid corrosion in the second stage are therefore not necessary.
  • the residence time of the exhaust gases in the second stage is 2 to 6 seconds, the coarse grain fraction of the dust is separated in the first step and the fine grain fraction of the dust is separated in the second step.
  • the process can thus be carried out successfully at low gas speeds, the residence time in the second stage being sufficient to also remove the pollutants from the exhaust gas to a sufficient extent.
  • a further preferred embodiment of the invention consists in that an alkaline aqueous solution with a pH of 7 to 9 is used as the liquid.
  • an alkaline aqueous solution with a pH of 7 to 9 is used as the liquid.
  • NaOH and / or KOH and / or Ca (OH) 2 is added to the liquid.
  • These substances are readily soluble in water, so that the pH in the range from 7 to 9 can be adjusted quickly and easily in the aqueous solution.
  • the spray system of the second stage and / or the housing wall of the second stage is tapped. It has surprisingly been shown that the majority of the dust cleaned by the knocking is not deposited on the precipitation electrodes wetted with liquid, but partly in agglomerated form in the dry gas alley space or directly on the housing walls of the second stage and thus falls down is fed directly to the dust collecting device.
  • the tapping is not limited to the use of a specific tapping device.
  • the spray system is tapped once in 2 to 20 minutes.
  • minutes means the switch-on minutes in the operation of the second stage. If the spray system is tapped once in 2 to 20 minutes, the spray system is thoroughly cleaned without the actual process of electrostatic cleaning being adversely affected in the second stage.
  • the individual spray electrodes or the individual suspension devices of the spray system of a gas lane are tapped one after the other. This has the advantage that strong swirling of dust and briefly increased dust concentrations in the clean gas are avoided.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention is that the housing wall of the second stage in 20 to 120 Minutes is knocked once.
  • the term "minutes" means the switch-on minutes in the operation of the second stage.
  • the dead space between the precipitation electrodes and the housing wall is flushed with hot gas in the second stage.
  • the hot gas reaches the dead space via nozzles. This prevents condensation of the water vapor contained in the exhaust gas on the walls caused by the temperature falling below the dew point and the associated corrosion of the components of the second stage.
  • part of the clean gas discharged from the second stage is used as the hot gas. This measure ensures that pollutants do not reach the second stage again by flushing the dead space.
  • the injected clean gas is largely freed of pollutants, so that corrosion, especially on the housing walls of the multi-field separator, is almost completely avoided.
  • the object on which the invention is based is further achieved by the provision of a device for carrying out the method, which consists of a mass force separator arranged as a first stage and an electrostatic filter arranged as a second stage, liquid-wetted, gas-forming precipitation electrodes being arranged in the electrostatic filter. Dust and pollutants can be largely removed from the exhaust gas with the device at low gas speeds, so that the prescribed limit values for dust and pollutant concentrations are undershot.
  • overflow troughs are arranged at the upper ends of the precipitation electrodes and collecting troughs are arranged at the lower ends, the precipitation electrodes being fastened to the lower end of the respective overflow troughs.
  • this design ensures a uniform sprinkling of the precipitation electrodes, on the other hand it is ensured that the liquid loaded with the pollutants is caught relatively free of dust directly below the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes and then discharged.
  • the collecting troughs are dimensioned so that they can hold the amount of liquid, the throughput of which is usually 40 to 80 m3 / h with an exhaust gas amount of 100,000 m3 / h.
  • the overflow channels are dimensioned so that the precipitation electrodes are evenly wetted with a liquid film. If the precipitation electrodes of the second stage are attached to the lower end of the respective overflow channels, a uniform wetting of the precipitation electrodes - starting from their upper end - is achieved.
  • At least one edge of the individual overflow channels is comb-shaped. This measure ensures that the precipitation electrodes are uniformly wetted with a liquid film and that the thickness of the liquid film is approximately constant over the precipitation surface of the respective precipitation electrode. This enables a uniform separation of the pollutants in the second stage, whereby almost the entire precipitation electrode surface is available for the separation of the pollutants and oversizing of the individual precipitation electrode surfaces is reliably avoided.
  • a liquid distributor pipe connected to the liquid supply and provided with openings is arranged in each overflow channel. According to this arrangement, the liquid can be fed to the individual overflow channels directly from above. With this arrangement it is also possible to circulate the liquid.
  • each overflow channel is connected to the respective liquid distributor pipe. This measure ensures that each precipitation electrode is connected directly to the respective liquid distribution pipe via the respective overflow channel, which allows quick access to the precipitation electrode during repair work.
  • a tube is arranged at the upper end of each precipitation electrode of the second stage, which is connected directly to the precipitation electrode, which has holes on the side facing away from the precipitation electrode in the plane of the precipitation electrode and which is connected to the liquid supply, wherein collecting troughs are arranged at the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes of the second stage.
  • the tube can be connected to the precipitation electrode, for example, by welding, gluing or by a screw or rivet connection.
  • Another embodiment of the invention is that the diameter of the holes is 8 to 12 mm. This measure results in a particularly uniform distribution of the liquid on the respective precipitation electrode.
  • the hole spacing of the bores is 20 to 40 mm. If the hole spacing of the bores is 20 to 40 mm, the thickness of the liquid film on the precipitation electrode can be set particularly advantageously, since a liquid film with a constant thickness is already formed on the outer surface of the tube.
  • the diameter of the tube is 60 to 140 mm. This has the advantage that when such a tube is used, the usual throughputs for the liquid, which are between 40 and 80 m3 / h with an exhaust gas quantity of 100,000 m3 / h, can be applied to the precipitation electrodes without problems. If the tube has a diameter of 60 to 140 mm, it can be used in many ways, so that the costs for the device according to the invention are reduced by series production of the tube.
  • the tube is additionally connected to the precipitation electrode via at least one plate arranged in the longitudinal direction of the tube.
  • this measure ensures that the liquid film between the bores of the tube and the precipitation electrode does not tear off, on the other hand, strengthened the connection between the tube and the precipitation electrode.
  • Each plate can be connected to the pipe and the precipitation electrode, for example by welding, gluing or by a screw or rivet connection.
  • At least one plate is connected tangentially to the tube. This measure ensures a continuous transition of the liquid film between the tube and the plate.
  • a hot gas supply is arranged in the second stage.
  • the arrangement of a hot gas supply in the second stage enables the dead space between the precipitation electrodes and the housing wall of the separator to be flushed with hot gas in the second stage.
  • Another embodiment of the invention is that the edges of each precipitation electrode of the second stage are connected to a pipeline which is connected to the liquid supply. This has the advantage that the liquid can be fed directly to the individual precipitation electrodes, the individual gas lanes between the precipitation electrodes being kept free for the passage of gas, so that the separation process in the second stage of the multi-field separator is not hindered.
  • the pipeline is provided with openings at the lower edge of each precipitation electrode of the second stage.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section of the mass force separator arranged as the first stage (1) and of the electrostatic filter arranged as the second stage (2).
  • the exhaust gas loaded with dust and pollutants enters the first stage (1), in which the dry cleaning takes place in a mass separator, horizontally in the direction of the arrow.
  • a multicyclone is shown as a mass force separator.
  • the dry dust separated from the exhaust gas in the first stage (1) is collected in the lower, funnel-shaped part of the mass force separator and discharged via a lock (1 '').
  • the exhaust gas enters the second stage (2) immediately after the dry cleaning via the lock (1 ').
  • In the second stage (2) there are liquid-wetted precipitation electrodes (3) and spray electrodes (4) which are electrically insulated with post insulators (19).
  • the liquid loaded with pollutants runs down the respective precipitation electrode surfaces and reaches the respective collecting troughs (8).
  • a dust collecting device (5) and a discharge device (6) are provided for separating the dust which is dry in the second stage (2).
  • a hot gas supply (11) is arranged in the second stage (2). The hot gas (21) passes through the nozzles of the hot gas supply (11) into the dead spaces between the precipitation electrodes (3) and the housing wall (9) of the second stage (2). The clean gas leaves the second stage (2) horizontally in the direction of the arrow.
  • the dust collecting device (5) is designed according to FIG. 2 as a discharge screw which conveys the dry dust accumulating in the second stage (2) to a discharge member (6) feeds.
  • the liquid, which is collected by the collecting troughs (8) and is loaded with pollutants, is discharged laterally via an outlet (20). Via the outlet (20), the loaded liquid, in which dissolved salts are present, can be fed to a downstream crystallization system, in which the dissolved salts are obtained as solids.
  • a wetted precipitation electrode (3) with a liquid supply (13) and the collecting channel (8) is shown.
  • the liquid passes from the liquid supply (13) via the pipeline (12) to the overflow channel (7) and from there via the surface of the precipitation electrodes (3) into the collecting channel (8).
  • the loaded liquid is discharged via the outlet (20).
  • FIG. 4 shows a perspective section of some gas lanes between the precipitation electrodes (3) with hot gas supply (11), overflow channels (7) and collecting channels (8).
  • the liquid is fed through the pipeline (12) to the respective overflow channel (7) and reaches the precipitation electrode (3) via the edges (10) of the overflow channel (7).
  • the hot gas (21) is injected through the hot gas supply (11) into the dead space between the precipitation electrode (3) and the housing wall (9) of the separator.
  • a precipitation electrode (3) with overflow channel (7) and collecting channel (8) is shown, in which the liquid is supplied to the overflow channel (7) from above.
  • the liquid reaches the overflow channel (7) via a liquid distributor pipe (15) which is provided with openings (16) and is connected to the liquid supply (13).
  • the precipitation electrode (3) is through a weight (17) weighed down. This enables them to be fixed centrally in the collecting trough (8).
  • a valve (23) is arranged outside the housing wall (9) of the separator in the liquid feed (13) with which the amount of liquid can be metered exactly.
  • the liquid supply (13) and the liquid distributor pipe (15) are connected to the overflow channel (7) by webs (22).
  • the precipitation electrode (3) can thus be held on the liquid distributor pipe (15) and the liquid feed (13) via the overflow channel (7).
  • FIG. 9 shows a collecting trough (8) with a part of the pipeline (12) on the lower edge of a precipitation electrode (3). A portion of the liquid supplied reaches the collecting channel (8) via the openings (14) and rinses it out. The unloaded liquid is discharged together with the loaded liquid from the collecting trough (8).
  • spray electrodes (4) of the second stage (2) are shown schematically together with a tapping device.
  • Metal wires, metal strips or plastic fibers coated with electrically conductive substances can be used as spray electrodes, for example.
  • Each spray electrode (4) is clamped vertically in a frame (4a) belonging to the suspension device (18), on which an anvil (4b) is arranged.
  • the monkey (23) is firmly connected to a rotatably mounted shaft (24).
  • a lifting lever (25) is attached to the shaft (24) and is pivoted (26) is connected to a pull rod (27).
  • the pull rod (27) is arranged to be vertically displaceable through the bearing (28). If the pull rod (27) is now moved in the direction of the arrow, the monkey (23) strikes the anvil (4).
  • Fig. 11 the housing wall (9) of the second stage (2) is shown together with a knocking device.
  • the knocking device corresponds to the knocking device shown in FIG. 10. If the pull rod (27) is moved in the direction of the arrow, the monkey (23) strikes the anvil (9a), which is arranged directly on the housing wall (9).
  • FIG. 12 shows the top view of the knocking device shown in FIG. 11.
  • the shaft (24) is shown enlarged in FIG.
  • the monkey (23) is welded to the shaft (24).
  • the lifting lever (25) is also welded to the shaft (24).
  • the head device shown in FIGS. 10 to 12 is only given as an example. Other knocking devices can also be used.
  • FIG. 13 shows a tube (29) which is connected to the precipitation electrode (3).
  • the tube (29) On its side facing away from the precipitation electrode (3), the tube (29) has bores (30) in the plane (32) of the precipitation electrode (3) through which the liquid emerges from the inside of the tube.
  • the tube (29) is additionally connected to the precipitation electrode (3) via the plates (31a) and (31b).
  • the plates (31a) and (31b) are connected at points (X) and (X ') tangentially over the entire length of the tube (29) to the tube (29).
  • the liquid escaping through the bores (30) runs on the outer wall of the tube (29) towards the plates (31a) and (31b), whereby a liquid film with a constant thickness forms.
  • the liquid reaches the surface of the precipitation electrode (3) via the plates (31a) and (31b) and flows downwards.
  • FIG. 14 shows the section B-B through the tube (29) in the plane (32) of the precipitation electrode (3) according to FIG. 1.
  • the liquid is discharged to the outside in the direction of the arrow and forms a liquid film of almost constant thickness on the outer surface of the tube (29).
  • the amount of exhaust gas from a sintered belt is 400,000 Nm3 / h, whereby the exhaust gas has a temperature of 120 ° C, a dew point of 40 ° C and a dust content of 1.5 g / Nm3.
  • the exhaust gas is passed horizontally into a multi-cyclone arranged as the first stage (1).
  • the gas quantities are divided into many cyclones of small diameter, but arranged in parallel in a common housing, but with high centrifugal force.
  • the multicyclone used has the following fractional separation rates with regard to the grain size: Grain size in »m Fractional separation degrees in% 0-2 0 2 - 5 50 5 - 10 80 10-15 93 15-20 95 20-30 97 > 30 99
  • the overall efficiency of the multicyclone is 91.5%.
  • the exhaust gas with a dust content of 0.128 g / Nm3 thus enters the electrostatic filter arranged as the second stage (2).
  • the precipitation area of the precipitation electrodes (3) of the second stage (2) wetted with liquid is 1500 m2.
  • the throughput for the liquid for wetting the precipitation electrodes (3) is 300 m3 / h.
  • a residual dusty substance content after treatment is measured in the electrostatic filter arranged as second stage (2) of 18 mg / Nm3.
  • the emission values for dusty inorganic substances are below the second stage (2) for class I (Cd, Hg, etc.) below 0.2 mg / Nm3, for class II (from As, Ni etc.) 1.0 mg / Nm3 and for class III (Pb, F, Sn etc.) below 5.0 mg / Nm3 (classification of the dust-like inorganic substances according to TA-Luft from 27.2.1986).
  • the limit values for vaporous or gaseous inorganic substances - especially for SO2 with 500 mg / Nm3 - were not exceeded in the test.
  • the temperature drop in the area of the wetted precipitation electrodes (3) is approx. 25 ° C, causing the gas temperature to drop to 95 ° C and the dew point to be raised to 44 ° C.
  • the downstream fan increases the gas temperature by 24 ° C, which in turn raises it to 119 ° C.
  • the gas therefore has a gas inlet temperature at the chimney base of 119 ° C.
  • the relatively slight cooling of the exhaust gas which is brought about according to the invention in the second stage (2), achieves an energy saving of approximately 120 kW for the 3 MW blower used at a gas inlet temperature of 95 ° C. and a dew point of 44 ° C. .

Abstract

In the process described, the exhaust gases are initially subjected in a first step (1) to a dry cleaning in a mass separator and are then subjected in a second step (2) to an electrostatic cleaning in an electrostatic filter. In the second step (2), the exhaust gases are passed through one or more areas having liquid-moistened precipitation electrodes (3) forming gas passages. By means of the described process, the exhaust gases are freed from noxious substances and dust. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zur Reinigung staub- und schadstoffhaltiger Abgase nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 sowie auf eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens.The invention relates to a method for cleaning dust and pollutant-containing exhaust gases according to the preamble of claim 1 and to an apparatus for performing the method.

Verfahren zur Reinigung staubhaltiger Abgase sind bekannt. In der GB-A-988 350, aus des die Merkmale des Oberbegriffs des Anspruchs 1 bekannt sind, ist ein Verfahren zur elektrostatischen Staubabscheidung beschrieben, bei dem dem Trockenturm ein oder mehrere trockenarbeitende elektrostatische Felder sowie ein oder mehrere naßarbeitende elektrostatische Felder nachgeordnet sind. Das durch Düsen in das bzw. die Naßfelder eingesprühte Wasser fließt als Trübe ab, wird durch Eindicker eingedickt und durch Dampf oder Druckluft in den Trockenturm eingedüst, wo die verdampfte Flüssigkeit das heiße Trocknergas anfeuchtet und damit ein Rücksprühen in den trockenarbeitenden Feldern unterbindet.Methods for cleaning exhaust gases containing dust are known. GB-A-988 350, from which the features of the preamble of claim 1 are known, describes a method for electrostatic dust separation in which the drying tower is followed by one or more dry-working electrostatic fields and one or more wet-working electrostatic fields. The water sprayed through nozzles into the wet field (s) flows off as cloudy, is thickened by thickener and injected into the drying tower by steam or compressed air, where the evaporated liquid humidifies the hot dryer gas and thus prevents spraying back in the dry working fields.

In der US-A-1 766 422 ist ebenfalls ein Verfahren zur elektrostatischen Reinigung staub- und schadstoffhaltiger Abgase beschrieben, bei dem das mit Staub und Schadstoffen beladene Abgas zunächst einer trockenen elektrostatischen Reinigung und anschließend einer nassen elektrostatischen Reinigung zugeführt wird. Bei diesem Verfahren werden die Niederschlagselektroden in der nassen elektrostatisshen Reinigungsstufe mit einer Behandlungsflüssigkeit benetzt. Die Gasgeschwindigkeit wird im elektrostatischen Abscheider so hoch gewählt, daß die feine Kornfraktion in der trockenen elektrostatischen Reinigungsstufe, die grobe Kornfraktion in der nassen elektrostatischen Reinigungsstufe abgeschieden wird. Auch bei diesem Verfahren fällt im Sumpf der nassen elektrostatischen Reinigungsstufe ein Schlamm an, der neben dem Staub auch eine relativ große Menge an Schadstoffen enthält.US Pat. No. 1,766,422 also describes a process for the electrostatic cleaning of exhaust gases containing dust and pollutants, in which the exhaust gas laden with dust and pollutants is first fed to a dry electrostatic cleaning and then to a wet electrostatic cleaning. In this process, the precipitation electrodes are wetted with a treatment liquid in the wet electrostatic cleaning stage. The gas velocity in the electrostatic separator is chosen so high that the fine grain fraction is separated in the dry electrostatic cleaning stage, the coarse grain fraction in the wet electrostatic cleaning stage. With this method, too, a sludge accumulates in the sump of the wet electrostatic cleaning stage, which in addition to the dust also contains a relatively large amount of harmful substances.

In der DE-A-29 07 081 ist eine Vorrichtung zum trockenen Entfernen von Staub aus Abgas, bestehend aus einem Fliehkraftabscheider mit zahlreichen Entstaubungszellen und einem nachgeschalteten, horizontal durchströmten, trockenen Elektrofilter beschrieben. Der in der DE-A-29 07 081 beschriebenen Lehre liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, den Fliehkraftabscheider auf einfache und kompakte Weise auszubilden, so daß er ohne Schwierigkeiten unmittelbar vor dem Elektrofilter angeordnet werden kann. Die in der DE-A-29 07 081 beschriebene Vorrichtung hat jedoch den Nachteil, daß die Abgase, die durch die Vorrichtung geleitet werden, nur vom Staub befreit werden können und weitere im Abgas enthaltene Schadstoffe im Abgas verbleiben.DE-A-29 07 081 describes a device for dry removal of dust from exhaust gas, consisting of a centrifugal separator with numerous dedusting cells and a downstream, horizontally flowed, dry electrostatic filter. The teaching described in DE-A-29 07 081 is based on the task of designing the centrifugal separator in a simple and compact manner so that it can be arranged directly in front of the electrostatic filter without difficulty. However, the device described in DE-A-29 07 081 has the disadvantage that the exhaust gases which are passed through the device can only be freed of dust and other pollutants contained in the exhaust gas remain in the exhaust gas.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein vereinfachtes Verfahren zur Reinigung staub- und schadstoffhaltiger Abgase zu schaffen. Der Erfindung liegt ferner die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens zu schaffen.The object of the invention is therefore to create a simplified method for cleaning exhaust gases containing dust and pollutants. The invention is also based on the object of providing an apparatus for carrying out the method.

Die der Erfindung zugrundeliegende Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, daß die Reinigung der Abgase in der ersten Stufe durch einen Massenkraftabscheider erfolgt. Unter "Staub" sind die im Abgas enthaltenen Feststoffpartikel zu verstehen; beispielsweise besteht der Staub bei Sinteranlagen hauptsächlich aus eisenoxidhaltigen Feststoffteilchen und bei Feuerungsanlagen aus den kleinen Flugascheteilchen. Unter den Begriff "Schadstoffe" fallen die im Abgas enthaltenen sauren Komponenten wie HF, SO₂, SO₃ sowie HCl, und die im Abgas dampfförmig, gasförmig bzw. in sublimierter Form vorliegenden Nichteisenmetalle wie Pb, Cd, Hg und As. Als Massenkraftabscheider können Fliehkraftabscheider, wie beispielsweise Zyklone oder Multizyklone, verwendet werden. Als Niederschlagselektroden können Metallplatten, Metallnetze, Kunststoffgewebe oder Platten aus keramischen Materialien verwendet werden. Bei der auf die Niederschlagselektroden in der zweiten Stufe aufgegebenen Flüssigkeit handelt es sich um eine wässrige Lösung. Bei einer Abgasmenge von 100.000 m³/h beträgt die Feldstärke beispielsweise 1,5 bis 5 kV/cm, und die Niederschlagsfläche der Niederschlagselektroden liegt im Bereich von 200 bis 800 m². Es hat sich in überraschender Weise gezeigt, daß durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eine Abscheidung von Staub und Schadstoffen derart erfolgt, daß die Grenzwerte nach der TA Luft vom 27.2.1986 für Staub- und Schadstoffkonzentrationen im Reingas unterschritten werden.The object on which the invention is based is achieved in that the exhaust gases are cleaned in the first stage by means of a force separator. "Dust" means the solid particles contained in the exhaust gas; For example, in sintering plants, the dust consists mainly of iron oxide-containing solid particles and in combustion plants, it consists of the small fly ash particles. The term "pollutants" includes the acidic components contained in the exhaust gas such as HF, SO₂, SO₃ and HCl, and the non-ferrous metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg and As present in the exhaust gas in gaseous or sublimed form. Centrifugal separators, such as cyclones or multicyclones, can be used as mass force separators. Metal plates, metal nets, plastic mesh or plates made of ceramic materials can be used as precipitation electrodes. The liquid applied to the precipitation electrodes in the second stage is an aqueous solution. With an exhaust gas quantity of 100,000 m³ / h, the field strength is, for example, 1.5 to 5 kV / cm, and the precipitation area of the precipitation electrodes is in the range of 200 to 800 m². It has surprisingly been found that the method according to the invention separates dust and pollutants in such a way that the limit values according to TA Luft of 27.2.1986 for dust and pollutant concentrations in the clean gas are undershot.

Eine bevorzugte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht darin, daß die Flüssigkeit in der zweiten Stufe an den oberen Enden der Niederschlagselektroden aufgegeben wird und unmittelbar unter den unteren Enden der Niederschlagselektroden aufgefangen und aus dem Abscheider seitlich ausgetragen wird und daß der in der zweiten Stufe noch anfallende, im wesentlichen trockene Staub einer Staubsammelvorrichtung zugeführt wird. Als Staubsammelvorrichtung können verschiedenartige Vorrichtungen wie Staubbunker, Staubsammelrinnen und Austragsorgane, wie Förderschnecken, eingesetzt werden. Während in der ersten Stufe der weitaus größte Teil des Staubs in trockener Form abgeschieden wird, kann auch der noch in die zweite Stufe gelangende Staub weitgehend in trockener Form abgeschieden und damit von den Schadstoffen getrennt werden. Dabei ist vorteilhaft, daß in der zweiten Stufe kein Schlamm anfällt, welcher neben dem Staub eine relativ große Menge an Schadstoffen enthält und der aufbereitet werden müßte. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, daß nur die Niederschlagselektroden benetzt werden und daß die zur Berieselung verwendete Flüssigkeit unmittelbar unterhalb der Niederschlagselektroden in Sammelrinnen abgeführt wird, während der eigentliche Gasgassenraum sowie der Raum unterhalb der Elektroden trocken bleiben.A preferred embodiment of the invention is that the liquid is applied in the second stage at the upper ends of the precipitation electrodes and collected immediately below the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes and discharged laterally from the separator and that the substantially dry dust still accumulating in the second stage is fed to a dust collecting device. Various types of devices such as dust bunkers, dust collecting channels and discharge elements, such as screw conveyors, can be used as the dust collecting device. While in the first stage the vast majority of the dust is separated out in dry form, the dust still entering the second stage can also be separated out largely in dry form and thus separated from the pollutants. It is advantageous that no sludge is produced in the second stage, which in addition to the dust contains a relatively large amount of pollutants and which would have to be treated. This is achieved in that only the precipitation electrodes are wetted and that the liquid used for sprinkling is drained off directly below the precipitation electrodes in collecting channels, while the actual gas lane space and the space below the electrodes remain dry.

In der deutschen Patentanmeldung P 39 28 808 wird ein Verfahren zur elektrostatischen Reinigung staub- und schadstoffhaltiger Abgase in mehrfeldrigen elektrostatischen Abscheidern beschrieben, bei dem die Abgase in einer ersten Stufe einer trockenen elektrostatischen Reinigung zugeführt werden und anschließend in einer zweiten elektrostatischen Stufe, in welcher flüssigkeitsbenetzte Niederschlagselektroden angeordnet sind, von den Schadstoffen befreit werden. Obwohl bei diesem Verfahren die aufgegebene Flüssigkeit unmittelbar unter den unteren Enden der Niederschlagselektroden aufgefangen und aus dem Abscheider seitlich ausgetragen wird und der in der zweiten Stufe noch anfallende, im wesentlichen trockene Staub einer Staubsammelvorrichtung zugeführt wird, hat es sich in überraschender Weise gezeigt, daß auch eine gesonderte Abtrennung von trockenem Staub einerseits und Schadstoffen andererseits möglich ist, wenn die erste Stufe nicht als trockenes Elektrofilter, sondern als Massenkraftabscheider ausgeführt ist. In der zweiten Stufe des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens fällt daher ebenfalls kein mit Schadstoffen beladener Schlamm an, dessen Entsorgung problematisch ist.German patent application P 39 28 808 describes a process for the electrostatic cleaning of exhaust gases containing dust and pollutants in multi-field electrostatic precipitators, in which the exhaust gases are fed to dry electrostatic cleaning in a first stage and then in a second electrostatic stage in which liquid is wetted Precipitation electrodes are arranged, are freed from the pollutants. In this method, although the liquid applied is collected directly under the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes and discharged laterally from the separator and the essentially dry dust still accumulating in the second stage is fed to a dust collection device, it has surprisingly been found that also A separate separation of dry dust on the one hand and pollutants on the other hand is possible if the first stage is not a dry electrostatic precipitator but a mass force separator is executed. In the second stage of the process according to the invention, therefore, there is also no sludge loaded with pollutants, the disposal of which is problematic.

Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung beträgt die Verweilzeit der Abgase in der zweiten Stufe 2 bis 6 sec. Durch diese Maßnahme wird bewirkt, daß sich die Gastemperatur in der zweiten Stufe nur um annähernd die Temperatur absenkt, um welche sich die Gastemperatur durch das nachgeschaltete Gebläse infolge der Gaskompression wieder erhöht. Gleichzeitig erfolgt eine Anhebung des Wassertaupunktes um nur 4°C. Dies hat zur Folge, daß der Abstand zwischen Gastemperatur und Wassertaupunkt in der zweiten Stufe so groß gewählt ist, daß es nicht zu einer Unterschreitung des Wassertaupunktes und damit zu einer Kondensation der sauren Schadstoffe an den nicht benetzten trockenen Teilen der zweiten Stufe kommt. Besondere Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Korrosion in der zweiten Stufe sind somit nicht erforderlich. Beträgt die Verweilzeit der Abgase in der zweiten Stufe 2 bis 6 sec., so erfolgt eine Abscheidung der groben Kornfraktion des Staubes in der ersten Stufe und eine Abscheidung des Feinkornanteils des Staubes in der zweiten Stufe. Das Verfahren kann somit bei geringen Gasgeschwindigkeiten erfolgreich durchgeführt werden, wobei die Verweilzeit in der zweiten Stufe ausreicht, um auch die Schadstoffe aus dem Abgas in ausreichendem Maße zu entfernen.According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the residence time of the exhaust gases in the second stage is 2 to 6 seconds. This measure has the effect that the gas temperature in the second stage only drops by approximately the temperature by which the gas temperature is reduced by the downstream one Fan increased again due to gas compression. At the same time, the water dew point is raised by only 4 ° C. The consequence of this is that the distance between the gas temperature and the water dew point in the second stage is chosen so large that the water dew point is not fallen below and thus the acidic pollutants do not condense on the non-wetted dry parts of the second stage. Special measures to avoid corrosion in the second stage are therefore not necessary. If the residence time of the exhaust gases in the second stage is 2 to 6 seconds, the coarse grain fraction of the dust is separated in the first step and the fine grain fraction of the dust is separated in the second step. The process can thus be carried out successfully at low gas speeds, the residence time in the second stage being sufficient to also remove the pollutants from the exhaust gas to a sufficient extent.

Eine weitere bevorzugte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht darin, daß als Flüssigkeit eine alkalische wäßrige Lösung mit einem pH-Wert von 7 bis 9 verwendet wird. Bei Verwendung einer solchen Lösung werden die sauren Schadstoffe in relativ großer Menge gebunden, so daß das aus der zweiten Stufe abgeführte Reingas nahezu frei von sauren Schadstoffen ist.A further preferred embodiment of the invention consists in that an alkaline aqueous solution with a pH of 7 to 9 is used as the liquid. When using such a solution, the acidic pollutants are bound in a relatively large amount, so that the clean gas removed from the second stage is almost free of acidic pollutants.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird der Flüssigkeit NaOH und/oder KOH und/oder Ca(OH)₂ zugesetzt. Diese Stoffe sind in Wasser leicht löslich, so daß eine Einstellung des pH-Wertes im Bereich von 7 bis 9 in der wäßrigen Lösung schnell und unproblematisch erfolgen kann.According to a further embodiment of the invention, NaOH and / or KOH and / or Ca (OH) ₂ is added to the liquid. These substances are readily soluble in water, so that the pH in the range from 7 to 9 can be adjusted quickly and easily in the aqueous solution.

Gemäß einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird das Sprühsystem der zweiten Stufe und/oder die Gehäusewand der zweiten Stufe geklopft. Dabei hat sich in überraschender Weise gezeigt, daß der größte Teil des durch die Klopfung abgereinigten Staubs nicht an den mit Flüssigkeit benetzten Niederschlagselektroden angelagert wird, sondern teilweise in agglomerierter Form im trockenen Gasgassenraum bzw. unmittelbar an den Gehäusewänden der zweiten Stufe nach unten fällt und somit direkt der Staubsammelvorrichtung zugeführt wird. Die Durchführung der Klopfung ist dabei nicht auf die Verwendung einer bestimmten Klopfvorrichtung beschränkt.According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the spray system of the second stage and / or the housing wall of the second stage is tapped. It has surprisingly been shown that the majority of the dust cleaned by the knocking is not deposited on the precipitation electrodes wetted with liquid, but partly in agglomerated form in the dry gas alley space or directly on the housing walls of the second stage and thus falls down is fed directly to the dust collecting device. The tapping is not limited to the use of a specific tapping device.

Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird das Sprühsystem in 2 bis 20 Minuten einmal geklopft. Unter dem Begriff "Minuten" sind die Einschaltminuten im Betrieb der zweiten Stufe zu verstehen. Wird das Sprühsystem in 2 bis 20 Minuten einmal geklopft, so erfolgt eine gründliche Reinigung des Sprühsystems, ohne daß der eigentliche Prozeß der elektrostatischen Reinigung in der zweiten Stufe nachteilig beeinflußt wird.According to a further embodiment of the invention, the spray system is tapped once in 2 to 20 minutes. The term "minutes" means the switch-on minutes in the operation of the second stage. If the spray system is tapped once in 2 to 20 minutes, the spray system is thoroughly cleaned without the actual process of electrostatic cleaning being adversely affected in the second stage.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung werden die einzelnen Sprühelektroden oder die einzelnen Aufhängevorrichtungen des Sprühsystems einer Gasgasse nacheinander geklopft. Dies hat den Vorteil, daß starke Aufwirbelungen von Staub und kurzzeitig erhöhte Staubkonzentrationen im Reingas vermieden werden.According to a further embodiment of the invention, the individual spray electrodes or the individual suspension devices of the spray system of a gas lane are tapped one after the other. This has the advantage that strong swirling of dust and briefly increased dust concentrations in the clean gas are avoided.

Eine weitere bevorzugte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht darin, daß die Gehäusewand der zweiten Stufe in 20 bis 120 Minuten einmal geklopft wird. Unter dem Begriff "Minuten" sind die Einschaltminuten im Betrieb der zweiten Stufe zu verstehen. Durch diese Maßnahme wird die Gehäusewand während des Betriebes gründlich von Staub befreit, ohne daß der Prozeß der elektrostatischen Reinigung in der zweiten Stufe nachteilig beeinflußt wird.Another preferred embodiment of the invention is that the housing wall of the second stage in 20 to 120 Minutes is knocked once. The term "minutes" means the switch-on minutes in the operation of the second stage. By this measure, the housing wall is thoroughly cleaned of dust during operation without the process of electrostatic cleaning being adversely affected in the second stage.

Nach einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird der Totraum zwischen den Niederschlagselektroden und der Gehäusewand in der zweiten Stufe mit Heißgas gespült. Das Heißgas gelangt dabei über Düsen in den Totraum. Eine durch Taupunktunterschreitung verursachte Kondensation des im Abgas enthaltenen Wasserdampfs an den Wandungen und eine damit verbundene Korrosion der Bauteile der zweiten Stufe lassen sich dadurch vermeiden.According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the dead space between the precipitation electrodes and the housing wall is flushed with hot gas in the second stage. The hot gas reaches the dead space via nozzles. This prevents condensation of the water vapor contained in the exhaust gas on the walls caused by the temperature falling below the dew point and the associated corrosion of the components of the second stage.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird als Heißgas ein Teil des aus der zweiten Stufe abgeführten Reingases verwendet. Durch diese Maßnahme wird erreicht, daß durch das Spülen des Totraumes nicht erneut Schadstoffe in die zweite Stufe gelangen. Das eingedüste Reingas ist weitgehend von Schadstoffen befreit, so daß eine Korrosion speziell an den Gehäusewandungen des mehrfeldrigen Abscheiders fast vollständig vermieden wird.According to a further embodiment of the invention, part of the clean gas discharged from the second stage is used as the hot gas. This measure ensures that pollutants do not reach the second stage again by flushing the dead space. The injected clean gas is largely freed of pollutants, so that corrosion, especially on the housing walls of the multi-field separator, is almost completely avoided.

Die der Erfindung zugrundeliegende Aufgabe wird ferner durch die Schaffung einer Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens gelöst, die aus einem als erste Stufe angeordneten Massenkraftabscheider und einem als zweite Stufe angeordneten Elektrofilter besteht, wobei im Elektrofilter flüssigkeitsbenetzte, Gasgassen bildende Niederschlagselektroden angeordnet sind. Staub und Schadstoffe lassen sich mit der Vorrichtung bei geringen Gasgeschwindigkeiten weitgehend aus dem Abgas entfernen, so daß die vorgeschriebenen Grenzwerte für Staub- und Schadstoffkonzentrationen unterschritten werden.The object on which the invention is based is further achieved by the provision of a device for carrying out the method, which consists of a mass force separator arranged as a first stage and an electrostatic filter arranged as a second stage, liquid-wetted, gas-forming precipitation electrodes being arranged in the electrostatic filter. Dust and pollutants can be largely removed from the exhaust gas with the device at low gas speeds, so that the prescribed limit values for dust and pollutant concentrations are undershot.

Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind an den oberen Enden der Niederschlagselektroden jeweils Überlaufrinnen und an den unteren Enden jeweils Sammelrinnen angeordnet, wobei die Niederschlagselektroden am unteren Ende der jeweiligen Überlaufrinnen befestigt sind. Diese Ausführung bewirkt zum einen ein gleichmäßiges Berieseln der Niederschlagselektroden, zum anderen ist sichergestellt, daß die mit den Schadstoffen beladene Flüssigkeit unmittelbar unter den unteren Enden der Niederschlagselektroden relativ staubfrei aufgefangen und anschließend ausgetragen wird. Die Sammelrinnen sind dabei so dimensioniert, daß sie die Flüssigkeitsmenge, deren Durchsatz bei einer Abgasmenge von 100.000 m³/h in der Regel 40 bis 80 m³/h beträgt, aufnehmen können. Die Überlaufrinnen sind so dimensioniert, daß die Niederschlagselektroden gleichmäßig mit einem Flüssigkeitsfilm benetzt werden. Sind die Niederschlagselektroden der zweiten Stufe am unteren Ende der jeweiligen Überlaufrinnen befestigt, wird eine gleichmäßige Benetzung der Niederschlagselektroden - ausgehend von ihrem oberen Ende - erreicht.According to a further embodiment of the invention, overflow troughs are arranged at the upper ends of the precipitation electrodes and collecting troughs are arranged at the lower ends, the precipitation electrodes being fastened to the lower end of the respective overflow troughs. On the one hand, this design ensures a uniform sprinkling of the precipitation electrodes, on the other hand it is ensured that the liquid loaded with the pollutants is caught relatively free of dust directly below the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes and then discharged. The collecting troughs are dimensioned so that they can hold the amount of liquid, the throughput of which is usually 40 to 80 m³ / h with an exhaust gas amount of 100,000 m³ / h. The overflow channels are dimensioned so that the precipitation electrodes are evenly wetted with a liquid film. If the precipitation electrodes of the second stage are attached to the lower end of the respective overflow channels, a uniform wetting of the precipitation electrodes - starting from their upper end - is achieved.

Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist mindestens eine Kante der einzelnen Überlaufrinnen kammförmig ausgebildet. Durch diese Maßnahme ist sichergestellt, daß die Niederschlagselektroden gleichmäßig mit einem Flüssigkeitsfilm benetzt werden und daß die Dicke des Flüssigkeitsfilms über der Niederschlagsfläche der jeweiligen Niederschlagselektrode annähernd konstant ist. Dies ermöglicht eine gleichmäßige Abscheidung der Schadstoffe in der zweiten Stufe, wobei jeweils fast die gesamte Niederschlagselektrodenfläche für die Abscheidung der Schadstoffe zur Verfügung steht und Überdimensionierungen der einzelnen Niederschlagselektrodenflächen sicher vermieden werden.According to a further embodiment of the invention, at least one edge of the individual overflow channels is comb-shaped. This measure ensures that the precipitation electrodes are uniformly wetted with a liquid film and that the thickness of the liquid film is approximately constant over the precipitation surface of the respective precipitation electrode. This enables a uniform separation of the pollutants in the second stage, whereby almost the entire precipitation electrode surface is available for the separation of the pollutants and oversizing of the individual precipitation electrode surfaces is reliably avoided.

Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist in jeder Überlaufrinne ein an die Flüssigkeitszuführung angeschlossenes, mit Öffnungen versehenes Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr angeordnet. Gemäß dieser Anordnung kann die Flüssigkeit den einzelnen Überlaufrinnen direkt von oben zugeführt werden. Auch bei dieser Anordnung ist es möglich, die Flüssigkeit im Kreislauf zu führen.According to a further embodiment of the invention, a liquid distributor pipe connected to the liquid supply and provided with openings is arranged in each overflow channel. According to this arrangement, the liquid can be fed to the individual overflow channels directly from above. With this arrangement it is also possible to circulate the liquid.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist jede Überlaufrinne mit dem jeweiligen Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr verbunden. Durch diese Maßnahme wird erreicht, daß jede Niederschlagselektrode über die jeweilige Überlaufrinne direkt mit dem jeweiligen Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr verbunden ist, was bei Reparaturarbeiten einen schnellen Zugang zur Niederschlagselektrode zuläßt.According to a further embodiment of the invention, each overflow channel is connected to the respective liquid distributor pipe. This measure ensures that each precipitation electrode is connected directly to the respective liquid distribution pipe via the respective overflow channel, which allows quick access to the precipitation electrode during repair work.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist am oberen Ende jeder Niederschlagselektrode der zweiten Stufe ein Rohr angeordnet, das direkt mit der Niederschlagselektrode verbunden ist, das auf der der Niederschlagselektrode abgewandten Seite in der Ebene der Niederschlagselektrode Bohrungen aufweist und das mit der Flüssigkeitszuführung verbunden ist, wobei an den unteren Enden der Niederschlagselektroden der zweiten Stufe jeweils Sammelrinnen angeordnet sind. Dabei kann das Rohr beispielsweise durch Verschweißen, Kleben oder durch eine Schraub- oder Nietverbindung mit der Niederschlagselektrode verbunden sein. Es hat sich in überraschender Weise gezeigt, daß es bei dem Flüssigkeitsaustritt an den Bohrungen nicht zu einer Kristallbildung kommt, so daß ein gleichmäßiges Berieseln der Niederschlagselektroden über eine lange Betriebszeit gewährleistet ist. Mit der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung kann ferner die Dicke des Flüssigkeitsfilms durch Veränderung der zugeführten Flüssigkeitsmenge optimiert werden. Dabei kann es auch vorteilhaft sein, während der kontinuierlichen Zufuhr der Flüssigkeit den Durchsatz der Flüssigkeit in einem festgelegten Zyklus zu verändern.According to a further embodiment of the invention, a tube is arranged at the upper end of each precipitation electrode of the second stage, which is connected directly to the precipitation electrode, which has holes on the side facing away from the precipitation electrode in the plane of the precipitation electrode and which is connected to the liquid supply, wherein collecting troughs are arranged at the lower ends of the precipitation electrodes of the second stage. The tube can be connected to the precipitation electrode, for example, by welding, gluing or by a screw or rivet connection. Surprisingly, it has been shown that there is no crystal formation when the liquid exits at the bores, so that uniform spraying of the precipitation electrodes over a long operating time is ensured. With the device according to the invention, the thickness of the liquid film can also be optimized by changing the amount of liquid supplied. It can also be advantageous change the flow rate of the liquid in a fixed cycle during the continuous supply of the liquid.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht darin, daß der Durchmesser der Bohrungen 8 bis 12 mm beträgt. Durch diese Maßnahme wird eine besonders gleichmäßige Verteilung der Flüssigkeit auf der jeweiligen Niederschlagselektrode erzielt.Another embodiment of the invention is that the diameter of the holes is 8 to 12 mm. This measure results in a particularly uniform distribution of the liquid on the respective precipitation electrode.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung beträgt der Lochabstand der Bohrungen 20 bis 40 mm. Beträgt der Lochabstand der Bohrungen 20 bis 40 mm, so läßt sich die Dicke des Flüssigkeitsfilms auf der Niederschlagselektrode besonders vorteilhaft einstellen, da bereits auf der Außenfläche des Rohres ein Flüssigkeitsfilm mit konstanter Dicke gebildet wird.According to a further embodiment of the invention, the hole spacing of the bores is 20 to 40 mm. If the hole spacing of the bores is 20 to 40 mm, the thickness of the liquid film on the precipitation electrode can be set particularly advantageously, since a liquid film with a constant thickness is already formed on the outer surface of the tube.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht darin, daß der Durchmesser des Rohres 60 bis 140 mm beträgt. Dies hat den Vorteil, daß bei dem Einsatz eines solchen Rohres die üblichen Durchsätze für die Flüssigkeit, die bei einer Abgasmenge von 100000 m³/h zwischen 40 und 80 m³/h betragen, problemlos auf die Niederschlagselektroden aufgebracht werden können. Hat das Rohr einen Durchmesser von 60 bis 140 mm, so ist es vielseitig einsetzbar, so daß die Kosten für die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung durch eine Serienfertigung des Rohres verringert werden.Another embodiment of the invention is that the diameter of the tube is 60 to 140 mm. This has the advantage that when such a tube is used, the usual throughputs for the liquid, which are between 40 and 80 m³ / h with an exhaust gas quantity of 100,000 m³ / h, can be applied to the precipitation electrodes without problems. If the tube has a diameter of 60 to 140 mm, it can be used in many ways, so that the costs for the device according to the invention are reduced by series production of the tube.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist das Rohr zusätzlich über mindestens eine in Längsrichtung des Rohres angeordnete Platte mit der Niederschlagselektrode verbunden. Durch diese Maßnahme wird zum einen bewirkt, daß der Flüssigkeitsfilm zwischen den Bohrungen des Rohres und der Niederschlagselektrode nicht abreißt, zum anderen wird die Verbindung zwischen Rohr und Niederschlagselektrode verstärkt. Jede Platte kann dabei beispielsweise durch Schweißen, Kleben oder durch eine Schraub- oder Nietverbindung mit dem Rohr und der Niederschlagselektrode verbunden werden.According to a further embodiment of the invention, the tube is additionally connected to the precipitation electrode via at least one plate arranged in the longitudinal direction of the tube. On the one hand, this measure ensures that the liquid film between the bores of the tube and the precipitation electrode does not tear off, on the other hand, strengthened the connection between the tube and the precipitation electrode. Each plate can be connected to the pipe and the precipitation electrode, for example by welding, gluing or by a screw or rivet connection.

Nach einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist mindestens eine Platte tangential mit dem Rohr verbunden. Durch diese Maßnahme wird ein kontinuierlicher Übergang des Flüssigkeitsfilms zwischen Rohr und Platte erreicht.According to a further embodiment of the invention, at least one plate is connected tangentially to the tube. This measure ensures a continuous transition of the liquid film between the tube and the plate.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist in der zweiten Stufe eine Heißgaszuführung angeordnet. Die Anordnung einer Heißgaszuführung in der zweiten Stufe ermöglicht das Spülen des Totraumes zwischen den Niederschlagselektroden und der Gehäusewand des Abscheiders in der zweiten Stufe mit Heißgas.According to a further embodiment of the invention, a hot gas supply is arranged in the second stage. The arrangement of a hot gas supply in the second stage enables the dead space between the precipitation electrodes and the housing wall of the separator to be flushed with hot gas in the second stage.

Eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht darin, daß die Kanten jeder Niederschlagselektrode der zweiten Stufe mit einer Rohrleitung verbunden sind, die an die Flüssigkeitszuführung angeschlossen ist. Dies hat den Vorteil, daß die Flüssigkeit direkt den einzelnen Niederschlagselektroden zugeführt werden kann, wobei die einzelnen Gasgassen zwischen den Niederschlagselektroden für den Gasdurchtritt freigehalten werden, so daß der Abscheidevorgang in der zweiten Stufe des mehrfeldrigen Abscheiders nicht behindert wird.Another embodiment of the invention is that the edges of each precipitation electrode of the second stage are connected to a pipeline which is connected to the liquid supply. This has the advantage that the liquid can be fed directly to the individual precipitation electrodes, the individual gas lanes between the precipitation electrodes being kept free for the passage of gas, so that the separation process in the second stage of the multi-field separator is not hindered.

Gemäß einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, daß die Rohrleitung an der unteren Kante jeder Niederschlagselektrode der zweiten Stufe mit Öffnungen versehen ist. Dies hat den Vorteil, daß Flüssigkeit auch in die Sammelrinnen direkt eingedüst wird, so daß diese während der Durchführung des Verfahrens gleichzeitig gereinigt werden und somit ein Austrag der mit Schadstoffen beladenen Flüssigkeit aus den Sammelrinnen sichergestellt ist. Die Öffnungen sind dabei so ausgestaltet, daß die Flüssigkeit auch im Kreislauf geführt werden kann und trotzdem ein Zusetzen der Öffnungen durch bereits beladene Flüssigkeit vermieden wird.According to a further embodiment of the invention it is provided that the pipeline is provided with openings at the lower edge of each precipitation electrode of the second stage. This has the advantage that liquid is also injected directly into the collecting troughs, so that they are cleaned at the same time as the process is being carried out and thus discharge of the liquid laden with pollutants from the collecting troughs is ensured. The openings are designed so that the liquid can also be circulated and still avoid clogging of the openings by already loaded liquid.

Der Gegenstand der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnungen (Figuren 1 bis 14) näher erläutert.

Fig. 1
zeigt einen Längsschnitt durch den als erste Stufe angeordneten Massenkraftabscheider und das als zweite Stufe angeordnete Elektrofilter.
Fig. 2
zeigt einen Querschnitt durch die zweite Stufe des mehrfeldrigen Abscheiders.
Fig. 3
zeigt eine Niederschlagselektrode, deren Kanten mit einer Rohrleitung verbunden sind, mit Flüssigkeitszuführung und Sammelrinne.
Fig. 4
zeigt einen perspektivischen Ausschnitt einiger Gasgassen der zweiten Stufe des mehrfeldrigen Abscheiders.
Fig. 5
zeigt die perspektivische Darstellung einer benetzten Niederschlagselektrode mit einer Überlaufrinne und einem mit Öffnungen versehenen Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr, das an die Flüssigkeitszuführung angeschlossen ist.
Fig. 6
zeigt eine Seitenansicht der Niederschlagselektrode gemäß Fig. 5.
Fig. 7
zeigt einen Querschnitt durch den oberen Teil einer benetzten Niederschlagselektrode mit Überlaufrinne, Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr und Flüssigkeitszuführung.
Fig. 8a, 8b, 8c
zeigen verschiedene Ausführungsformen von Überlaufkanten der Überlaufrinnen.
Fig. 9
zeigt einen perspektivischen Ausschnitt einer Sammelrinne mit einer an der unteren Kante jeder Niederschlagselektrode verlaufenden Rohrleitung.
Fig. 10
zeigt Sprühelektroden der zweiten Stufe zusammen mit einem Klopfwerk.
Fig. 11
zeigt einen Schnitt durch die Gehäusewand der zweiten Stufe zusammen mit einem Klopfwerk.
Fig. 12
zeigt die Draufsicht auf ein Klopfwerk nach Schnitt A-A in Figur 11.
Fig. 13
zeigt den Schnitt durch ein Rohr, das mit der Niederschlagselektrode verbunden ist.
Fig. 14
zeigt den Schnitt B-B durch das Rohr gemäß Figur 13.
The subject matter of the invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawings (FIGS. 1 to 14).
Fig. 1
shows a longitudinal section through the mass force separator arranged as the first stage and the electrostatic filter arranged as the second stage.
Fig. 2
shows a cross section through the second stage of the multi-field separator.
Fig. 3
shows a precipitation electrode, the edges of which are connected to a pipeline, with liquid supply and collecting channel.
Fig. 4
shows a perspective section of some gas lanes of the second stage of the multi-field separator.
Fig. 5
shows the perspective view of a wetted precipitation electrode with an overflow channel and an apertured liquid distribution pipe, which is connected to the liquid supply.
Fig. 6
shows a side view of the precipitation electrode according to FIG. 5.
Fig. 7
shows a cross section through the upper part of a wetted precipitation electrode with overflow channel, liquid distribution pipe and liquid supply.
8a, 8b, 8c
show different embodiments of overflow edges of the overflow channels.
Fig. 9
shows a perspective section of a collecting trough with a pipeline running on the lower edge of each precipitation electrode.
Fig. 10
shows spray electrodes of the second stage together with a tapping mechanism.
Fig. 11
shows a section through the housing wall of the second stage together with a tapping mechanism.
Fig. 12
shows the top view of a tapping mechanism according to section AA in Figure 11.
Fig. 13
shows the section through a tube which is connected to the precipitation electrode.
Fig. 14
shows the section BB through the tube according to Figure 13.

In Fig. 1 ist ein Längsschnitt des als erste Stufe (1) angeordneten Massenkraftabscheiders und des als zweite Stufe (2) angeordneten Elektrofilters dargestellt. Das mit Staub und Schadstoffen beladene Abgas tritt in die erste Stufe (1), in welcher die trockene Reinigung in einem Massenkraftabscheider erfolgt, horizontal in Pfeilrichtung ein. Als Massenkraftabscheider ist ein Multizyklon dargestellt. Der aus dem Abgas in der ersten Stufe (1) abgeschiedene trockene Staub wird im unteren, trichterförmigen Teil des Massenkraftabscheiders gesammelt und über eine Schleuse (1'') abgeführt. Das Abgas tritt unmittelbar nach der trockenen Reinigung über die Schleuse (1') in die zweite Stufe (2) ein. In der zweiten Stufe (2) befinden sich flüssigkeitsbenetzte Niederschlagselektroden (3) und Sprühelektroden (4), die mit Stützisolatoren (19) elektrisch isoliert sind. Die mit Schadstoffen beladene Flüssigkeit läuft an den jeweiligen Niederschlagselektrodenflächen herunter und gelangt in die jeweiligen Sammelrinnen (8). Für die Abtrennung des in der zweiten Stufe (2) trocken anfallenden Staubs ist eine Staubsammelvorrichtung (5) und eine Austragsvorrichtung (6) vorgesehen. In der zweiten Stufe (2) ist eine Heißgaszuführung (11) angeordnet. Durch die Düsen der Heißgaszuführung (11) gelangt das Heißgas (21) in die Toträume zwischen den Niederschlagselektroden (3) und der Gehäusewand (9) der zweiten Stufe (2). Das Reingas verläßt in Pfeilrichtung horizontal die zweite Stufe (2).1 shows a longitudinal section of the mass force separator arranged as the first stage (1) and of the electrostatic filter arranged as the second stage (2). The exhaust gas loaded with dust and pollutants enters the first stage (1), in which the dry cleaning takes place in a mass separator, horizontally in the direction of the arrow. A multicyclone is shown as a mass force separator. The dry dust separated from the exhaust gas in the first stage (1) is collected in the lower, funnel-shaped part of the mass force separator and discharged via a lock (1 ''). The exhaust gas enters the second stage (2) immediately after the dry cleaning via the lock (1 '). In the second stage (2) there are liquid-wetted precipitation electrodes (3) and spray electrodes (4) which are electrically insulated with post insulators (19). The liquid loaded with pollutants runs down the respective precipitation electrode surfaces and reaches the respective collecting troughs (8). A dust collecting device (5) and a discharge device (6) are provided for separating the dust which is dry in the second stage (2). A hot gas supply (11) is arranged in the second stage (2). The hot gas (21) passes through the nozzles of the hot gas supply (11) into the dead spaces between the precipitation electrodes (3) and the housing wall (9) of the second stage (2). The clean gas leaves the second stage (2) horizontally in the direction of the arrow.

In Fig. 2 ist ein Querschnitt durch die zweite Stufe (2) des mehrfeldrigen Abscheiders mit den Niederschlagselektroden (3), den Sprühelektroden (4) zusammen mit Überlaufrinnen (7), Sammelrinnen (8) und der Heißgaszuführung (11) dargestellt. Die Staubsammelvorrichtung (5) ist nach Fig. 2 als Austragsschnecke ausgeführt, welche den in der zweiten Stufe (2) anfallenden trockenen Staub einem Austragsorgan (6) zuführt. Die von den Sammelrinnen (8) aufgefangene, mit Schadstoffen beladene Flüssigkeit wird über einen Ablauf (20) seitlich ausgetragen. Über den Ablauf (20) kann dabei die beladene Flüssigkeit, in welcher gelöste Salze vorhanden sind, einer nachgeschalteten Kristallisationsanlage zugeführt werden, in der die gelösten Salze als Feststoffe gewonnen werden.2 shows a cross section through the second stage (2) of the multi-field separator with the precipitation electrodes (3), the spray electrodes (4) together with overflow channels (7), collecting channels (8) and the hot gas supply (11). The dust collecting device (5) is designed according to FIG. 2 as a discharge screw which conveys the dry dust accumulating in the second stage (2) to a discharge member (6) feeds. The liquid, which is collected by the collecting troughs (8) and is loaded with pollutants, is discharged laterally via an outlet (20). Via the outlet (20), the loaded liquid, in which dissolved salts are present, can be fed to a downstream crystallization system, in which the dissolved salts are obtained as solids.

In Fig. 3 ist eine benetzte Niederschlagselektrode (3) mit einer Flüssigkeitszuführung (13) und der Sammelrinne (8) dargestellt. Die Flüssigkeit gelangt von der Flüssigkeitszuführung (13) über die Rohrleitung (12) zur Überlaufrinne (7) und von dort über die Fläche der Niederschlagselektroden (3) in die Sammelrinne (8). Der Austrag der beladenen Flüssigkeit erfolgt über den Ablauf (20).In Fig. 3 a wetted precipitation electrode (3) with a liquid supply (13) and the collecting channel (8) is shown. The liquid passes from the liquid supply (13) via the pipeline (12) to the overflow channel (7) and from there via the surface of the precipitation electrodes (3) into the collecting channel (8). The loaded liquid is discharged via the outlet (20).

In Fig. 4 ist ein perspektivischer Ausschnitt einiger Gasgassen zwischen den Niederschlagselektroden (3) mit Heißgaszuführung (11), Überlaufrinnen (7) und Sammelrinnen (8) dargestellt. Die Flüssigkeit wird durch die Rohrleitung (12) der jeweiligen Überlaufrinne (7) zugeführt und gelangt über die Kanten (10) der Überlaufrinne (7) zu der Niederschlagselektrode (3). Das Heißgas (21) wird durch die Heißgaszuführung (11) in den Totraum zwischen Niederschlagselektrode (3) und Gehäusewand (9) des Abscheiders eingedüst.4 shows a perspective section of some gas lanes between the precipitation electrodes (3) with hot gas supply (11), overflow channels (7) and collecting channels (8). The liquid is fed through the pipeline (12) to the respective overflow channel (7) and reaches the precipitation electrode (3) via the edges (10) of the overflow channel (7). The hot gas (21) is injected through the hot gas supply (11) into the dead space between the precipitation electrode (3) and the housing wall (9) of the separator.

In den Fig. 5, 6 und 7 ist eine Niederschlagselektrode (3) mit Überlaufrinne (7) und Sammelrinne (8) dargestellt, bei der die Flüssigkeit von oben der Überlaufrinne (7) zugeführt wird. Die Flüssigkeit gelangt über ein mit Öffnungen (16) versehenes Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr (15), das an die Flüssigkeitszuführung (13) angeschlossen ist, in die Überlaufrinne (7). Die Niederschlagselektrode (3) ist durch ein Gewicht (17) beschwert. Dies ermöglicht ihre zentrische Fixierung in der Sammelrinne (8). In Fig. 6 ist außerhalb der Gehäusewand (9) des Abscheiders in der Flüssigkeitszuführung (13) ein Ventil (23) angeordnet, mit welchem die Menge der Flüssigkeit genau dosiert werden kann. Wie in Fig. 7 dargestellt, ist die Flüssigkeitszuführung (13) und das Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr (15) durch Stege (22) mit der Überlaufrinne (7) verbunden. Somit kann die Niederschlagselektrode (3) über die Überlaufrinne (7) an dem Flüssigkeitsverteilerrohr (15) und der Flüssigkeitszuführung (13) gehaltert werden.5, 6 and 7, a precipitation electrode (3) with overflow channel (7) and collecting channel (8) is shown, in which the liquid is supplied to the overflow channel (7) from above. The liquid reaches the overflow channel (7) via a liquid distributor pipe (15) which is provided with openings (16) and is connected to the liquid supply (13). The precipitation electrode (3) is through a weight (17) weighed down. This enables them to be fixed centrally in the collecting trough (8). In Fig. 6 a valve (23) is arranged outside the housing wall (9) of the separator in the liquid feed (13) with which the amount of liquid can be metered exactly. As shown in Fig. 7, the liquid supply (13) and the liquid distributor pipe (15) are connected to the overflow channel (7) by webs (22). The precipitation electrode (3) can thus be held on the liquid distributor pipe (15) and the liquid feed (13) via the overflow channel (7).

Die Fig. 8a, 8b und 8c zeigen verschiedene Ausbildungsformen der Kanten (10) der Überlaufrinnen (7). Die kammförmige Ausbildung ermöglicht im Gegensatz zu einer glatten Kante eine gleichmäßige Zuführung der Flüssigkeit zur Niederschlagselektrode (3).8a, 8b and 8c show different forms of the edges (10) of the overflow channels (7). In contrast to a smooth edge, the comb-shaped design enables the liquid to be fed evenly to the precipitation electrode (3).

In Fig. 9 ist eine Sammelrinne (8) mit einem Teil der Rohrleitung (12) an der unteren Kante einer Niederschlagselektrode (3) dargestellt. Ein Teil der zugeführten Flüssigkeit gelangt über die Öffnungen (14) direkt in die Sammelrinne (8) und spült diese aus. Die unbeladene Flüssigkeit wird zusammen mit der beladenen Flüssigkeit aus der Sammelrinne (8) ausgetragen.9 shows a collecting trough (8) with a part of the pipeline (12) on the lower edge of a precipitation electrode (3). A portion of the liquid supplied reaches the collecting channel (8) via the openings (14) and rinses it out. The unloaded liquid is discharged together with the loaded liquid from the collecting trough (8).

In Fig. 10 sind Sprühelektroden (4) der zweiten Stufe (2) zusammen mit einer Klopfvorrichtung schematisch dargestellt. Als Sprühelektroden können beispielsweise Metalldrähte, Metallbänder oder mit elektrisch leitfähigen Stoffen beschichtete Kunststoffasern verwendet werden. Jede Sprühelektrode (4) ist in einen zur Aufhängevorrichtung (18) gehörenden Rahmen (4a) vertikal eingespannt, an welchem ein Amboß (4b) angeordnet ist. Der Fallhammer (23) ist mit einer drehbar gelagerten Welle (24) fest verbunden. An der Welle (24) ist ein Hubhebel (25) befestigt, der über ein Gelenk (26) mit einer Zugstange (27) verbunden ist. Die Zugstange (27) ist durch das Lager (28) vertikal verschiebbar angeordnet. Wird nun die Zugstange (27) in Pfeilrichtung verschoben, so schlägt der Fallhammer (23) gegen den Amboß (4).In Fig. 10 spray electrodes (4) of the second stage (2) are shown schematically together with a tapping device. Metal wires, metal strips or plastic fibers coated with electrically conductive substances can be used as spray electrodes, for example. Each spray electrode (4) is clamped vertically in a frame (4a) belonging to the suspension device (18), on which an anvil (4b) is arranged. The monkey (23) is firmly connected to a rotatably mounted shaft (24). A lifting lever (25) is attached to the shaft (24) and is pivoted (26) is connected to a pull rod (27). The pull rod (27) is arranged to be vertically displaceable through the bearing (28). If the pull rod (27) is now moved in the direction of the arrow, the monkey (23) strikes the anvil (4).

In Fig. 11 ist die Gehäusewand (9) der zweiten Stufe (2) zusammen mit einer Klopfvorrichtung dargestellt. Die Klopfvorrichtung entspricht derjenigen Klopfvorrichtung, die in Figur 10 dargestellt ist. Wird die Zugstange (27) in Pfeilrichtung verschoben, so schlägt der Fallhammer (23) gegen den Amboß (9a), welcher direkt an der Gehäusewand (9) angeordnet ist.In Fig. 11 the housing wall (9) of the second stage (2) is shown together with a knocking device. The knocking device corresponds to the knocking device shown in FIG. 10. If the pull rod (27) is moved in the direction of the arrow, the monkey (23) strikes the anvil (9a), which is arranged directly on the housing wall (9).

Fig. 12 zeigt die Draufsicht auf die Klopfvorrichtung, die in Fig. 11 dargestellt ist. Zur besseren Übersicht ist die Welle (24) in Figur 12 vergrößert dargestellt. Der Fallhammer (23) ist mit der Welle (24) verschweißt. Auch der Hubhebel (25) ist mit der Welle (24) verschweißt.FIG. 12 shows the top view of the knocking device shown in FIG. 11. For a better overview, the shaft (24) is shown enlarged in FIG. The monkey (23) is welded to the shaft (24). The lifting lever (25) is also welded to the shaft (24).

Die in den Figuren 10 bis 12 dargestellte Kopfvorrichtung ist nur beispielhaft angeführt. Es können auch andere Klopfvorrichtungen eingesetzt werden.The head device shown in FIGS. 10 to 12 is only given as an example. Other knocking devices can also be used.

In Fig. 13 ist ein Rohr (29), das mit der Niederschlagselektrode (3) verbunden ist, dargestellt. Auf seiner der Niederschlagselektrode (3) abgewandten Seite weist das Rohr (29) in der Ebene (32) der Niederschlagselektrode (3) Bohrungen (30) auf, durch welche die Flüssigkeit aus dem Inneren des Rohres nach außen tritt. Das Rohr (29) ist zusätzlich über die Platten (31a) und (31b) mit der Niederschlagselektrode (3) verbunden. Die Platten (31a) und (31b) sind dabei an den Stellen (X) bzw. (X') tangential über die gesamte Länge des Rohres (29) mit dem Rohr (29) verbunden. Die durch die Bohrungen (30) ausgetretene Flüssigkeit läuft an der Außenwand des Rohres (29) den Platten (31a) und (31b) zu, wobei sich ein Flüssigkeitsfilm mit einer konstanten Dicke ausbildet. Die Flüssigkeit gelangt über die Platten (31a) und (31b) direkt auf die Fläche der Niederschlagselektrode (3) und fließt nach unten ab.13 shows a tube (29) which is connected to the precipitation electrode (3). On its side facing away from the precipitation electrode (3), the tube (29) has bores (30) in the plane (32) of the precipitation electrode (3) through which the liquid emerges from the inside of the tube. The tube (29) is additionally connected to the precipitation electrode (3) via the plates (31a) and (31b). The plates (31a) and (31b) are connected at points (X) and (X ') tangentially over the entire length of the tube (29) to the tube (29). The liquid escaping through the bores (30) runs on the outer wall of the tube (29) towards the plates (31a) and (31b), whereby a liquid film with a constant thickness forms. The liquid reaches the surface of the precipitation electrode (3) via the plates (31a) and (31b) and flows downwards.

In Fig. 14 ist der Schnitt B-B durch das Rohr (29) in der Ebene (32) der Niederschlagselektrode (3) gemäß Figur 1 dargestellt. Durch die Bohrungen (30) wird die Flüssigkeit in Pfeilrichtungen nach außen abgeführt und bildet auf der Außenfläche des Rohres (29) einen Flüssigkeitsfilm mit nahezu konstanter Dicke aus.FIG. 14 shows the section B-B through the tube (29) in the plane (32) of the precipitation electrode (3) according to FIG. 1. Through the bores (30), the liquid is discharged to the outside in the direction of the arrow and forms a liquid film of almost constant thickness on the outer surface of the tube (29).

Der Gegenstand der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines Beispiels näher beschrieben:
Die Abgasmenge eines Sinterbandes beträgt 400.000 Nm³/h, wobei das Abgas eine Temperatur von 120°C, einen Taupunkt von 40°C und einen Staubgehalt von 1,5 g/Nm³ hat. Das Abgas wird horizontal in einen als erste Stufe (1) angeordneten Multizyklon geleitet. In dem Multizyklon werden die Gasmengen auf viele, in einem gemeinsamen Gehäuse parallel angeordnete Zyklone von kleinem Durchmesser, aber mit hoher Fliehkraft aufgeteilt. Der verwendete Multizyklon weist bezüglich der Körnung die folgenden Fraktionsabscheidegrade auf: Körnung in »m Fraktionsabscheidegrade in % 0 - 2 0 2 - 5 50 5 - 10 80 10 - 15 93 15 - 20 95 20 - 30 97 > 30 99 The subject matter of the invention is described in more detail below using an example:
The amount of exhaust gas from a sintered belt is 400,000 Nm³ / h, whereby the exhaust gas has a temperature of 120 ° C, a dew point of 40 ° C and a dust content of 1.5 g / Nm³. The exhaust gas is passed horizontally into a multi-cyclone arranged as the first stage (1). In the multicyclone, the gas quantities are divided into many cyclones of small diameter, but arranged in parallel in a common housing, but with high centrifugal force. The multicyclone used has the following fractional separation rates with regard to the grain size: Grain size in »m Fractional separation degrees in% 0-2 0 2 - 5 50 5 - 10 80 10-15 93 15-20 95 20-30 97 > 30 99

Der Gesamtabscheidegrad des Multizyklons beträgt 91,5 %. Somit gelangt das Abgas mit einem Staubgehalt von 0,128 g/Nm³ in das als zweite Stufe (2) angeordnete Elektrofilter. Die Niederschlagsfläche der mit Flüssigkeit benetzten Niederschlagselektroden (3) der Zweiten Stufe (2) beträgt 1500 m².The overall efficiency of the multicyclone is 91.5%. The exhaust gas with a dust content of 0.128 g / Nm³ thus enters the electrostatic filter arranged as the second stage (2). The precipitation area of the precipitation electrodes (3) of the second stage (2) wetted with liquid is 1500 m².

Der Durchsatz für die Flüssigkeit zur Benetzung der Niederschlagselektroden (3) beträgt 300 m³/h. Bei einer Feldstärke im Bereich von 1,5 bis 5 kV/cm wird ein Restgehalt an staubförmigen Stoffen nach Behandlung in dem als zweite Stufe (2) angeordneten Elektrofilter von 18 mg/Nm³ gemessen. Die Emissionswerte für staubförmige anorganische Stoffe stellen sich auf Werte hinter der zweiten Stufe (2) für die Klasse I (Cd, Hg, usw.) unter 0,2 mg/Nm³, für die Klasse II (ab As, Ni usw.) unter 1,0 mg/Nm³ und für die Klasse III (Pb, F, Sn usw.) unter 5,0 mg/Nm³ (Klasseneinteilung der staubförmigen anorganischen Stoffe nach TA-Luft vom 27.2.1986) ein. Die Grenzwerte für dampf- oder gasförmige anorganische Stoffe - insbesondere für SO₂ mit 500 mg/Nm³ - wurden in dem Versuch nicht überschritten.The throughput for the liquid for wetting the precipitation electrodes (3) is 300 m³ / h. With a field strength in the range from 1.5 to 5 kV / cm, a residual dusty substance content after treatment is measured in the electrostatic filter arranged as second stage (2) of 18 mg / Nm³. The emission values for dusty inorganic substances are below the second stage (2) for class I (Cd, Hg, etc.) below 0.2 mg / Nm³, for class II (from As, Ni etc.) 1.0 mg / Nm³ and for class III (Pb, F, Sn etc.) below 5.0 mg / Nm³ (classification of the dust-like inorganic substances according to TA-Luft from 27.2.1986). The limit values for vaporous or gaseous inorganic substances - especially for SO₂ with 500 mg / Nm³ - were not exceeded in the test.

Der Temperaturabfall im Bereich der benetzten Niederschlagselektroden (3) liegt bei ca. 25°C, wodurch die Gastemperatur auf 95°C abfällt und der Taupunkt auf 44°C angehoben wird. Durch das nachgeschaltete Gebläse erhöht sich die Gastemperatur um 24°C, wodurch diese wieder auf 119°C angehoben wird. Das Gas hat somit eine Gaseintrittstemperatur am Kaminfuß von 119°C. Des weiteren wird durch die in der zweiten Stufe (2) erfindungsgemäß herbeigeführte, relativ geringfügige Abkühlung des Abgases eine Energieeinsparung für das verwendete 3-MW-Gebläse von ca. 120 kW bei einer Gaseintrittstemperatur von 95°C und einem Taupunkt von 44°C erreicht.The temperature drop in the area of the wetted precipitation electrodes (3) is approx. 25 ° C, causing the gas temperature to drop to 95 ° C and the dew point to be raised to 44 ° C. The downstream fan increases the gas temperature by 24 ° C, which in turn raises it to 119 ° C. The gas therefore has a gas inlet temperature at the chimney base of 119 ° C. Furthermore, the relatively slight cooling of the exhaust gas, which is brought about according to the invention in the second stage (2), achieves an energy saving of approximately 120 kW for the 3 MW blower used at a gas inlet temperature of 95 ° C. and a dew point of 44 ° C. .

Claims (25)

  1. A method for the purification of dust-containing and pollutant-containing exhaust gases, in which the exhaust gases are firstly subjected in a first stage (1) to dry purification and then in a second stage (2) to electrostatic purification in an electrostatic precipitator, the exhaust gases in the second stage (2) being passed through one or more fields provided with liquid-wetted collecting electrodes (3) forming gas passages, characterised in that the purification in the first stage takes place in an inertial force separator.
  2. A method according to Claim 1, characterised in that the liquid in the second stage (2) is charged at the upper ends of the collecting electrodes (3) and is collected immediately below the lower ends of the collecting electrodes (3) and is discharged laterally from the precipitator, and that the substantially dry dust still produced in the second stage (2) is sent to a dust-collecting apparatus (5).
  3. A method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the dwell time of the exhaust gases in the second stage (2) is 2 to 6 seconds.
  4. A method according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that an alkaline, aqueous solution having a pH value of 7 to 9 is used as the liquid.
  5. A method according to Claim 4, characterised in that NaOH and/or KOH and/or Ca(OH)₂ are added to the liquid.
  6. A method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the corona discharge system of the second stage (2) and/or the housing wall (9) of the second stage (2) is rapped.
  7. A method according to Claim 6, characterised in that the corona discharge system is rapped once in 2 to 20 minutes.
  8. A method according to Claim 6 or 7, characterised in that the individual corona discharge electrodes or the individual suspending structures of the corona discharge system of a gas passage are rapped consecutively.
  9. A method according to Claim 6, characterised in that the housing wall (9) of the second stage (2) is rapped once in 20 to 120 minutes.
  10. A method according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterised in that the dead space between the collecting electrodes (3) and the housing wall (9) in the second stage (2) is purged with hot gas (21).
  11. A method according to Claim 10, characterised in that a portion of the pure gas removed from the second stage (2) is used as the hot gas (21).
  12. An apparatus for performing the method according to Claim 1, characterised in that it consists of an inertial force separator arranged as the first stage (1) and of an electrostatic precipitator arranged as the second stage (2), with liquid-wetted collecting electrodes (3) which form gas passages being located in the electrostatic filter.
  13. An apparatus according to Claim 12, characterised in that overflow channels (7) are located at the upper ends of each of the collecting electrodes (3) and collecting channels (8) are located at the lower ends of each of the collecting electrodes (3), the collecting electrodes (3) being attached to the lower end of the respective overflow channels (7).
  14. An apparatus according to Claim 13, characterised in that at least one edge (10) of the individual overflow channels (7) is in the shape of a comb.
  15. An apparatus according to one of Claims 12 to 14, characterised in that a liquid distribution pipe (15) which is provided with openings (16) and is connected to the liquid supply line (13) is located in each overflow channel (7).
  16. An apparatus according to one of Claims 13, 14 or 15, characterised in that each overflow channel (7) is connected to the respective liquid distribution pipe (15).
  17. An apparatus according to Claim 12, characterised in that a pipe (29) is located at the upper end of each collecting electrode (3) of the second stage, which pipe is connected directly to the collecting electrode (3), has bores (30) on the side remote from the collecting electrode (3) in the plane (32) of the collecting electrode (3) and which is connected to the liquid supply line (13), and that collecting channels (8) are located at the lower ends of each of the collecting electrodes (3) of the second stage (2).
  18. An apparatus according to Claim 17, characterised in that the diameter of the bores (30) is 8 to 12 mm.
  19. An apparatus according to Claim 17 or 18, characterised in that the hole spacing of the bores (30) is 20 to 40 mm.
  20. An apparatus according to Claim 17, characterised in that the diameter of the pipe (29) is 60 to 140 mm.
  21. An apparatus according to Claim 17 or 20, characterised in that the pipe (29) is additionally connected to the collecting electrode (3) by at least one plate (31a) or (31b) located in the longitudinal direction of the pipe (29).
  22. An apparatus according to Claim 21, characterised in that at least one plate (31a) or (31b) is connected tangentially to the pipe (29).
  23. An apparatus according to one of Claims 12 to 22, characterised in that a hot gas supply line (11) is located in the second stage (2).
  24. An apparatus according to one of Claims 12 to 23, characterised in that the edges of each collecting electrode (3) of the second stage (2) are connected to piping (12) which is connected to the liquid supply line (13).
  25. An apparatus according to Claim 24, characterised in that the piping (12) is provided with openings (14) on the lower edge of each collecting electrode (3) of the second stage (2).
EP91201274A 1990-06-09 1991-05-29 Process and apparatus for cleaning dust-laden and noxious exhaust gases Expired - Lifetime EP0461695B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4018488A DE4018488C1 (en) 1990-06-09 1990-06-09 Removing dust and hazardous materials from waste gases - by sepg. dust in dry multi-cyclone stage, and wet electrostatic precipitator stage
DE4018488 1990-06-09
DE4023723 1990-07-26
DE19904023723 DE4023723C1 (en) 1989-08-31 1990-07-26

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EP0461695B1 true EP0461695B1 (en) 1995-02-15

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EP (1) EP0461695B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH04227075A (en)
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AU (1) AU643794B2 (en)
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AU643794B2 (en) 1993-11-25
ATE118371T1 (en) 1995-03-15
EP0461695A1 (en) 1991-12-18
DE59104573D1 (en) 1995-03-23
KR920000359A (en) 1992-01-29
AU7823291A (en) 1991-12-12
JPH04227075A (en) 1992-08-17
US5160510A (en) 1992-11-03

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