EP0423516B2 - Scaffolding tube with connecting head - Google Patents

Scaffolding tube with connecting head Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0423516B2
EP0423516B2 EP90118546A EP90118546A EP0423516B2 EP 0423516 B2 EP0423516 B2 EP 0423516B2 EP 90118546 A EP90118546 A EP 90118546A EP 90118546 A EP90118546 A EP 90118546A EP 0423516 B2 EP0423516 B2 EP 0423516B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
face
tube
connecting head
scaffolding
wedge
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP90118546A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0423516B1 (en
EP0423516A2 (en
EP0423516A3 (en
Inventor
Ruth Geb. Layher Langer
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Wilhelm Layher Vermoegensverwaltungs GmbH
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Individual
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G7/00Connections between parts of the scaffold
    • E04G7/30Scaffolding bars or members with non-detachably fixed coupling elements
    • E04G7/302Scaffolding bars or members with non-detachably fixed coupling elements for connecting crossing or intersecting bars or members
    • E04G7/306Scaffolding bars or members with non-detachably fixed coupling elements for connecting crossing or intersecting bars or members the added coupling elements are fixed at several bars or members to connect
    • E04G7/307Scaffolding bars or members with non-detachably fixed coupling elements for connecting crossing or intersecting bars or members the added coupling elements are fixed at several bars or members to connect with tying means for connecting the bars or members
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G7/00Connections between parts of the scaffold
    • E04G7/30Scaffolding bars or members with non-detachably fixed coupling elements
    • E04G7/32Scaffolding bars or members with non-detachably fixed coupling elements with coupling elements using wedges
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/30Laterally related members connected by latch means, e.g., scaffold connectors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a scaffold tube with a tube and at least one connection head, the outer boundary surfaces which is wedge-like on a center are designed to converge, the one wedge opening has that of cast steel, malleable cast iron or forged Steel exists and is welded to the center of the pipe is, the pipe end of the Connection head one suitable for welding Has formation of its connection area and suitable centering auxiliary parts protruding into the pipe has and an abutment ring surface (51) for the tube (21) is formed on the connection head (25).
  • connection heads are usually made from malleable cast iron and have to be welded for centering Tube at least three pins or centering tabs, which are matched to the inside diameter of the scaffold tube are.
  • the outer parts of the positioning surface are in the areas of lateral, vertical, slightly inclined towards the back of the scaffold tube Interrupted areas. So comes for attachment not an evenly continuous all around Seam bottom. Rather, it sometimes becomes an L-seam base offered and must in the side areas a 1-seam can be made. Because of this and through the material conditions result from all-round welding with welding machines irregularities with its consequences.
  • the invention is not only for the specifically known Design suitable, but also for others, similar Terminal heads with associated elements where similar problems arise.
  • connection head known for a cup-like connection, which for the Engagement in the end of the elongated scaffolding element a centering insert with rounded end formation has, which is inserted into the pipe end. there puts the inner edge of the pipe end on the rounded Transition between connection head and spigot in a little precisely defined form.
  • a chamfer on the pipe allows the application of a V-seam.
  • the invention has for its object the design the connection of the connection head with the scaffold tube to improve so that in compliance with the the modular system given dimensions of such Connection heads, with good centering and alignment conditions more favorable automatic welding conditions surrender.
  • connection head according to claim 4 in its about Parts of the scaffold tube protruding on the back of one on the cylindrical part in Connection area adjoining spherical surface be limited. So is that for the one resulting from the stress Force flow required amount of material arranged favorable places and there are sufficient Free space for all-round welding without interference the stability of the connection head with less Material expenditure and favorable space conditions achieved for the welding machine parts.
  • the stem 1 has stems 11 and scaffold floors 12, with the help of hanging claws in horizontal horizontal support bars 14 are suspended.
  • the stems 11 are based on height-adjustable feet 15 on the floor from.
  • connection elements in Form of perforated discs 17 attached to the stems 11.
  • Such perforated disks 17 can be but also with differently shaped holes and additional ones Auxiliary equipment.
  • With this preferred embodiment are different large holes 29 formed in a known manner; and for those to be connected to each other at right angles Scaffold elements 20, such as. B. the horizontal bars 18 and the support bars 14, the smaller holes 29.1 and for diagonally connected scaffolding elements 20, such as B. the diagonal bars 19, the larger holes 29.2.
  • the scaffolding elements 20 are primarily horizontal bars 18 and diagonal bars 19. These can vary depending on have different lengths for their intended use. Horizontal bars 18 can also - as shown above in Fig. 1 - be used as a railing.
  • the scaffolding elements are 20 with cylindrical scaffold tubes 21 which the connection heads 25 are welded, formed.
  • Appropriate wedge openings are known per se Wedges 26 guided and struck. They have one in the lower end area to protect against loss by protruding pin or rivet 27.
  • a side recess 28 is designed so that the wedge 26 in the Place the raised position parallel to the scaffold tube 21 can.
  • connection head 25 has a connection area 30, a perforated disc slot 31 and contact surfaces 32, by means of which it is supported on the handle 11, if he over with the perforated disc slot 31 a perforated disc 17 is inserted in a known manner. It has wedge openings vertically one above the other 33.1 and 33.2 through which the wedge 26 is guided.
  • the upper Wedge opening 33.1 is in the edge area with a inside protruding bead 34 for the installation of the designed to protect against loss of rivets 27. she is in the rear swivel range 33.3 in a known manner open so that you can swing the wedge 26 backwards can, if the heads of the rivet 27 on the opposite Support stop beads 34.
  • the wedge openings 33.1 and 33.2 are like this wide that the heads of the rivet 27 carried comfortably can be.
  • Perforated disc slot 31 rounded insertion corners 36 which are also designed in a known manner.
  • connection head 25 is - in plan view (Fig. 4) seen - wedge-like inwards on the stem and Disc center 37 designed tapered, the outer boundary surfaces 38.1 and 38.2 in the marginal contours their bulges projecting outwards are, as is also common with previous connection heads This is done so that you can also run diagonally Connect rods and their connection heads as close as possible to the outer boundary surfaces of the Connection heads of bars at right angles to each other can put on.
  • the outer boundary surfaces 38.1 and 38.2 have to save weight between their Bumped wells 39.1 and 39.2, which are also are designed essentially in a known manner.
  • the rear end surface 40 of the massive Material areas of the front connection headboard is in deviation from the previous type not as a level, but designed as an outward sloping surface, like 2 and 5 show it.
  • Elevate end surface parts of end surface 40 consist of partial cylinder surfaces 45, which are approximately the outer diameter 41 of the tube 21 have.
  • the top cylinder face 45 is only in the upper area in the middle quite a bit of the rear swivel range 33.3 upper wedge opening 33.1 cut.
  • top and the lower cylinder surface go in the vertical Border areas that are directly adjacent to the outer boundary surfaces Connect 38.1 and 38.2, in inclined surfaces 47.1 and 47.2 via - as is particularly the case in FIG. 5 - clearly shows. These sloping surfaces 47.1 and 47.2 are sufficient approximately up to the groove bottom 49 of the weld seam 50.
  • the groove base 49 is one over the whole Annealing surface 51 passing through the welding area limited.
  • the abutment ring surface 51 has an inner boundary a circle about the size of the inside diameter 53 of the scaffold tube 21. Your outer diameter 54 is chosen so that a cheap V-seam welding results. It joins the Bump ring surface 51 an expanding forward Cone surface 55, which together with the just cut End surface 56 of the scaffold tube 21 half V-seam limited for welding, this Cone surface 55 with only a very slight kink in the lateral inclined surfaces 47.1 and 47.2 practically continuously passes over so that there are no interruptions the material flow during continuous insertion the weld seam result.
  • the outer limit of the inner diameter 53 corresponds to the scaffold tube 21 and the in the remaining bevelled pass into the inner opening 61. They have a width that is slightly less than 1/8 of the Extent can be. Your size depends on the design options and the justifiable Weight, taking into account that they are Assembly and welding are sufficiently stable and not hinder. You are already similar in a similar way have been designed so far.
  • connection area 30 Due to the advantageous, new design of the connection area 30 with the abutment ring surface 51 and with the adjacent cone surface 55 and inclusion of the other sensible surface designs significantly improved welding conditions, which is essential to the security of the connection for the components promote and thus to the overall safety of the scaffolding contribute significantly.
  • Same connection heads can with the appropriate facilities at one short piece of scaffold tube also for connecting diagonal rods are used and also for other auxiliary facilities be used by the scaffold tube is designed accordingly.
  • connection head (25) for scaffolding with connecting devices has a connecting area (30) which has centering tabs (60) and has an abutting ring surface (51) and a conical surface (55) to create favorable welding conditions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
  • Mechanical Coupling Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Supports For Pipes And Cables (AREA)
  • Headphones And Earphones (AREA)
  • Ladders (AREA)
  • Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
  • Joints Allowing Movement (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Electric Cable Installation (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging Apparatus (AREA)
  • Non-Disconnectible Joints And Screw-Threaded Joints (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)

Abstract

The connecting head (25) for scaffolds with connecting devices has a connection region (30) which comprises centring lugs (60) and possesses an annular abutment surface (51) and a conical surface (55) for creating favourable welding conditions. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Gerüstrohr mit einem Rohr und mindestens einem Anschlußkopf, der Außenbegrenzungsflächen aufweist, die keilartig auf ein Zentrum zusammenlaufend gestaltet sind, der eine Keilöffnung aufweist, der aus Stahlguß, Temperguß oder geschmiedetem Stahl besteht und der am Rohr zentriert angeschweißt ist, wobei das rohrseitige Ende des Anschlußkopfes eine für das Verschweißen geeignete Ausbildung seines Verbindungsbereiches aufweist und dafür in das Rohr ragende, passende Zentrierhilfsteile hat und am Anschlußkopf (25) eine Anstoßringfläche (51) für das Rohr (21) gebildet ist.The invention relates to a scaffold tube with a tube and at least one connection head, the outer boundary surfaces which is wedge-like on a center are designed to converge, the one wedge opening has that of cast steel, malleable cast iron or forged Steel exists and is welded to the center of the pipe is, the pipe end of the Connection head one suitable for welding Has formation of its connection area and suitable centering auxiliary parts protruding into the pipe has and an abutment ring surface (51) for the tube (21) is formed on the connection head (25).

Gerüstrohre mit den vorstehend abgedruckten Merkmalen sind aus EP-A-0 276 487 A2 bekannt. Dabei sind an den Enden von Gerüstrohren aus Leichtmetall-Strang-Preßprofil Anschlußköpfe aus Stahlguß, Temperguß oder geschmiedetem Stahl vorgesehen, die mittels geeigneter Fortsätze in die Gerüstrohre eingesteckt und dort befestigt sind. Quer durch die Fortsätze erstrecken sich Befestigungsdurchbrechungen. In diese werden bei der Fertigung kalottenartige Verformungsbereiche des aufgesteckten und aufgepreßten Gerüstrohres zur Sicherung gegen Verdrehen und Abziehen hineingedrückt. Zusätzlich oder alternativ hierzu kann der jeweilige Anschlußkopf an dem Gerüstrohr mittels Schweißen befestigt sein. Hierzu weist der Anschlußkopf eine hintere Anlagestirnfläche auf, die nach außen hin durch eine senkrecht zu dieser und fluchtend zur äußeren Oberfläche des Gerüstrohres verlaufenden zylindrischen Fläche begrenzt wird, so daß sich eine Stoß-Naht ergibt. Dadurch bedingt und wegen der relativ langen, dickwandigen Gestaltung der Fortsätze ergeben sich ungünstige Wärmeleitverhältnisse und deshalb ungünstige Automatenschweißverhältnisse.Scaffolding tubes with the ones printed above Features are known from EP-A-0 276 487 A2. there are at the ends of scaffold tubes made of extruded light metal Connection heads made of cast steel, malleable cast iron or forged steel provided by means of suitable extensions inserted into the scaffold tubes and are attached there. Extend across the extensions fixing holes. In these become dome-like deformation areas during production of the attached and pressed on scaffold tube to prevent twisting and pulling pushed in. Additionally or alternatively, this can the respective connection head on the scaffold tube by means of Welding. The Connection head on a rear face, the outwards through a perpendicular to this and aligned with the outer surface of the scaffold tube extending cylindrical surface is limited, so that there is a butt seam. Because of this and because of the relatively long, thick-walled design of the Extensions result in unfavorable thermal conduction and therefore unfavorable automatic welding conditions.

Aus DE-PS 24 49 124 sind seit langem verwendete Gerüstrohre mit Anschlußköpfen bekannt. Die Anschlußköpfe werden in der Regel aus Temperguß gefertigt und haben für die Zentrierung im anzuschweißenden Rohr wenigstens drei Zapfen oder Zentrierlappen, die auf den Innendurchmesser des Gerüstrohres abgestimmt sind. Eine geringfügig über den Innendurchmesser überstehende stirnseitige Positionierungsfläche, die normal auf der Rohrachse steht, ist nur im Bereich des Innendurchmessers des Rohres durchlaufend ausgeführt. Die Außenteile der Positionierungsfläche sind in den Bereichen von seitlichen, vertikal verlaufenden, nach hinten in Richtung auf das Gerüstrohr leicht geneigten Flächen unterbrochen. So kommt für die Befestigung nicht ringsum ein gleichmäßig durchlaufender Nahtgrund zustande. Vielmehr wird teilweise ein L-Nahtgrund angeboten und in den Seitenbereichen muß eine 1-Naht gelegt werden. Dadurch und durch die Materialgegebenheiten ergeben sich beim Ringsum-Schweißen mit Schweißautomaten Ungleichmäßigkeiten mit ihren Folgen.From DE-PS 24 49 124 have long been used Scaffold tubes with connection heads known. The connection heads are usually made from malleable cast iron and have to be welded for centering Tube at least three pins or centering tabs, which are matched to the inside diameter of the scaffold tube are. A little over the inside diameter protruding face positioning surface, the is normal on the pipe axis, is only in the area of The inside diameter of the pipe is continuous. The outer parts of the positioning surface are in the areas of lateral, vertical, slightly inclined towards the back of the scaffold tube Interrupted areas. So comes for attachment not an evenly continuous all around Seam bottom. Rather, it sometimes becomes an L-seam base offered and must in the side areas a 1-seam can be made. Because of this and through the material conditions result from all-round welding with welding machines irregularities with its consequences.

Die Erfindung ist nicht nur für die konkret bekannte Gestaltung geeignet, sondern auch für andere, ähnliche Anschlußköpfe mit zugehörigen Elementen, bei denen sich ähnliche Probleme ergeben.The invention is not only for the specifically known Design suitable, but also for others, similar Terminal heads with associated elements where similar problems arise.

Aus DE 32 36 648 A1 ist ein Gerüst, insbesondere Baugerüst, mit tassenartigen Verbindungselementen auf den Stielen und in diese eingehängten Hakenanschlußköpfen bekannt. Solche Anschlußköpfe werden an den langgestreckten Gerüstelementen durch Schweißen befestigt. Dafür ist gemäß der zeichnerischen Darstellung ein Ansatz vorgesehen, der an das freie Ende des Horizontalriegels angepaßt und zweckmäßigerweise mittels einer Schweißnaht befestigt ist. Für das Einstecken, Zentrieren und Befestigen ist eine durchlaufende Konusfläche ohne besondere Ausricht-Hilfsmittel vorgesehen, die zu einer Verschweißung mit V-Naht oder L-Naht führt. Die genaue Ausrichtung zum Rohr bei der Verschweißung erfordert entsprechend ausrichtende Hilfsmittel, da eine Anstoßfläche bzw. Anstoßringfläche fehlt.DE 32 36 648 A1 describes a scaffold, in particular Scaffolding, with cup-like connecting elements on the stems and in these hooked connection heads known. Such connection heads will on the elongated scaffolding elements Welding attached. For this is according to the graphic Representation provided an approach to the Free end of the horizontal bar adjusted and expedient is attached by means of a weld seam. For insertion, centering and fastening is one continuous conical surface without special alignment aids provided for a weld with V-seam or L-seam leads. The exact alignment to Pipe when welding requires accordingly aligning aids, as a bump surface or bump ring surface is missing.

Aus DE 31 21 141 A1 - Fig. 7 - ist ein Anschlußkopf für eine tassenartige Verbindung bekannt, der für den Eingriff in das Ende des langgestreckten Gerüstelements einen Zentriereinsatz mit gerundeter Endausbildung aufweist, der in das Rohrende gesteckt wird. Dabei setzt der innere Rand des Rohrendes auf dem gerundeten Übergang zwischen Anschlußkopf und Zapfen in wenig genau definierter Form auf. Eine Fase am Rohr gestattet die Anbringung einer V-Naht.From DE 31 21 141 A1 - Fig. 7 - is a connection head known for a cup-like connection, which for the Engagement in the end of the elongated scaffolding element a centering insert with rounded end formation has, which is inserted into the pipe end. there puts the inner edge of the pipe end on the rounded Transition between connection head and spigot in a little precisely defined form. A chamfer on the pipe allows the application of a V-seam.

Bei der Verbindung eines schlüssellochartigen Steckelementes mit einem Gerüstrohr nach DE 27 04 398 A1 ist diese derart ausgeführt, daß ein Keilformteil mit einer geraden Fläche vor die gerade Abschnittfläche des Rohres gelegt und in Teilbereichen mit V-Nähten angeschweißt ist. Eine integrierte Ausrichthilfe am Keilformteil fehlt. Aus DE 30 05 128 A1 ist ein Anschlußkopf mit den vorn genannten Merkmalen zu entnehmen, der einen üblichen Ansatz für das Befestigen an einem Rohr enthält. Nähere Einzelheiten über die Verbindung sind der Schrift nicht zu entnehmen.When connecting a keyhole-like Plug-in element with a scaffold tube according to DE 27 04 398 A1 this is designed such that a wedge shaped part with a straight surface in front of the straight section surface of the pipe and in some areas with V-seams is welded on. An integrated alignment aid on the wedge molding is missing. DE 30 05 128 A1 is a connection head with the features mentioned above, the a common approach for attaching to a pipe contains. More details about the connection are not to be found in the writing.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Gestaltung der Verbindung des Anschlußkopfes mit dem Gerüstrohr so zu verbessern, daß sich unter Einhaltung der durch das Baukastensystem vorgegebenen Abmessungen solcher Anschlußköpfe, bei guten Zentrier- und Ausrichtbedingungen günstigere Automatenschweißbedingungen ergeben.The invention has for its object the design the connection of the connection head with the scaffold tube to improve so that in compliance with the the modular system given dimensions of such Connection heads, with good centering and alignment conditions more favorable automatic welding conditions surrender.

Erfindungsgemäß sind in der in den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4 beschriebenen Ausführungsform der Erfindung wenigstens die nachfolgend abgedruckten Merkmale vorgesehen:

  • daß die Anstoßringfläche (51) einen Außendurchmesser (54) aufweist, der kleiner als der Außendurchmesser (41) des Gerüstrohres (21) ist,
  • daß sich daran nach außen eine sich nach vom erweiternde Konusfläche anschließt,
  • daß sich an die Konusfläche eine Zylinderfläche anschließt, deren Durchmesser dem Außendurchmesser des Gerüstrohres gleich ist oder geringfügig größer als dieser ist, und
  • daß die obere Zylinderteilfläche im oberen Bereich der Mitte von dem hinteren Schwenkbereich der Keilöffnung ganz etwas angeschnitten ist.
According to the invention, at least the features printed below are provided in the embodiment of the invention described in claims 1 to 4:
  • that the abutment ring surface (51) has an outer diameter (54) which is smaller than the outer diameter (41) of the scaffold tube (21),
  • that this is followed by an outwardly extending conical surface,
  • that a conical surface adjoins the conical surface, the diameter of which is equal to or slightly larger than the outer diameter of the scaffold tube, and
  • that the upper cylinder partial surface in the upper area of the middle is slightly cut from the rear pivoting area of the wedge opening.

Dadurch, daß eine ringsum stetig durchlaufende, sich vom Innenrand nach außen mit gleicher Ringbreite erstreckende Anstoßringfläche ausgebildet ist, die auf ihrem Außendurchmesser in eine nach vorn sich erweiternde als Konusfläche bezeichnete Teilkegelfläche übergeht, ergibt sich ein durchlaufender Nutgrund, der die Form einer halben V-Naht hat, wobei die Rohrkante infolge des Schmelzvorganges gleichmäßig abgeschmolzen werden kann, während die angrenzende Tempergußwand überall nahezu gleichmäßige Bedingungen des Grundes bietet, die somit zu einem gleichmäßigen Abbrand, einem gleichmäßigen Nahtbild und damit zu einer ringsum gleichmäßigen, hochfesten Verschweißung gemäß den gewählten Materialbedingungen führt.
Dadurch, daß sich an die Konusfläche eine Zylinderfläche anschließt, deren Durchmesser dem Außendurchmesser des Gerüstrohres gleich ist oder geringfügig größer als dieser ist und dadurch, daß die obere Zylinderteilfläche im oberen Bereich der Mitte von dem hinteren Schwenkbereich der Keilöffnung angeschnitten ist, werden bei dem konstuktiv durch das Baukastensystem vorgegebenen Rahmen die Schweißbedingungen verbessert.
Due to the fact that an abutment ring surface which is continuous all the way around and extends from the inner edge to the outside with the same ring width and whose outer diameter merges into a part-conical surface which widens towards the front and is called a cone surface, this results in a continuous groove base which has the shape of a half V Seam has, whereby the pipe edge can be melted evenly as a result of the melting process, while the adjacent malleable cast iron wall offers almost uniform conditions of the bottom everywhere, which therefore leads to a uniform burn-off, a uniform seam pattern and thus to an evenly uniform, high-strength welding in accordance with the selected material conditions .
The fact that a conical surface adjoins the conical surface, the diameter of which is equal to or slightly larger than the outer diameter of the scaffold tube, and that the upper partial cylinder surface is cut in the upper region of the middle by the rear pivoting region of the wedge opening, are constructive in the latter the welding conditions are improved by the framework specified by the modular system.

Dazu trägt weiter bei, daß die Konusfläche und die Zylinderfläche in den im wesentlichen vertikalen seitlichen Randbereichen mit nahezu kontinuierlichem Übergang in die auf gleichem Außenradius und mit annähernd gleicher Neigung verlaufende Keilflächenteile übergeht.This also contributes to the fact that the conical surface and the Cylinder surface in the essentially vertical lateral Border areas with an almost continuous transition in the same outer radius and with approximately Wedge surface parts running at the same inclination transforms.

In weiterer sinnvoller Ausgestaltung kann der Anschlußkopf gemäß Anspruch 4 in seinen über den Durchmesser des Gerüstrohres hinausragenden Teilen rückseitig von einer sich an den zylindrischen Teil im Verbindungsbereich anschließenden Kugelteilfläche begrenzt sein. So ist die für den aus der Belastung resultierenden Kraftfluß erforderliche Materialmenge an günstigen Stellen angeordnet und es sind hinreichend Freiräume für das Ringsum-Verschweißen ohne Beeinträchtigung der Stabilität des Anschlußkopfes bei geringerem Materialaufwand und günstigen Platzbedingungen für die Schweißgeräteteile erzielt.In a further useful embodiment, the connection head according to claim 4 in its about Parts of the scaffold tube protruding on the back of one on the cylindrical part in Connection area adjoining spherical surface be limited. So is that for the one resulting from the stress Force flow required amount of material arranged favorable places and there are sufficient Free space for all-round welding without interference the stability of the connection head with less Material expenditure and favorable space conditions achieved for the welding machine parts.

Weitere Einzelheiten, Vorteile, Merkmale und Gesichtspunkte der Erfindung ergeben sich auch aus dem nachfolgenden, anhand der Zeichnungen abgehandelten Beschreibungsteil.Further details, advantages, features and points of view the invention also result from the following, dealt with by the drawings Description part.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der Zeichnungen näher erläutert und beschrieben.An embodiment of the invention is as follows explained in more detail with reference to the drawings and described.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
Die schematische Schrägansicht eines Teiles eines Gerüstes mit Anschlußköpfen, die gemäß den weiteren Figuren nach der Erfindung gestaltet sind;
Fig. 2
die Teil-Darstellung eines Anschlußknotens, teilweise im Vertikalschnitt und teilweise in der Seitenansicht, wobei der Anschlußkopf und die ihn umgebenden Bereiche dargestellt sind;
Fig. 3
eine vergrößerte Schnittdarstellung des in Fig. 2 mit einem Kreis 3 gekennzeichneten Bereiches im Zustand vor der Verschweißung;
Fig. 4
eine Teil-Darstellung eines Anschlußknotens mit Lochscheibe, wobei nur ein Anschlußkopf mit angrenzendem Gerüstrohrbereich und Teile der Lochscheibe dargestellt sind, teilweise im Schnitt und teilweise in der Draufsicht;
Fig. 5
eine Schrägansicht eines Anschlußkopfes schräg von hinten oben auf den Verbindungsbereich, wobei kein Gerüstrohr gezeigt ist.
Show it:
Fig. 1
The schematic oblique view of a part of a frame with connection heads, which are designed according to the other figures according to the invention;
Fig. 2
the partial representation of a connection node, partly in vertical section and partly in side view, the connection head and the areas surrounding it are shown;
Fig. 3
an enlarged sectional view of the area marked with a circle 3 in FIG. 2 in the state before welding;
Fig. 4
a partial representation of a connection node with perforated disc, only one connection head with adjacent scaffold tube area and parts of the perforated disc are shown, partly in section and partly in plan view;
Fig. 5
an oblique view of a connection head obliquely from behind on top of the connection area, wherein no scaffold tube is shown.

Das Gerüst 10 nach Fig. 1 hat Stiele 11 und Gerüstböden 12, die mit Hilfe von Einhängeklauen in horizontal liegende Tragriegel 14 eingehängt sind. Die Stiele 11 stützen sich auf höheneinstellbaren Füßen 15 am Boden ab. In einem dem Gerüst-Grundraster-Maßsystem entsprechenden Abstand 16 sind Anschlußelemente in Form von Lochscheiben 17 auf den Stielen 11 befestigt. Solche Lochscheiben 17 können mit den dargestellten, jedoch auch mit anders geformten Löchern und zusätzlichen Hilfseinrichtungen ausgestattet sein. Bei diesem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel sind unterschiedlich große Löcher 29 in bekannter Weise ausgebildet; und zwar für die unter rechten Winkeln zueinander anzuschließenden Gerüstelemente 20, wie z. B. die Horizotalriegel 18 und die Tragriegel 14, die kleineren Löcher 29.1 und für diagonal anzuschließende Gerüstelemente 20, wie z. B. die Diagonalstäbe 19, die größeren Löcher 29.2. Die Gerüstelemente 20 sind vor allem Horizontalriegel 18 und Diagonalstäbe 19. Diese können je nach ihrem Einsatzzweck unterschiedliche Längen haben. Horizontalriegel 18 können auch - wie oben in Fig. 1 dargestellt - als Geländer benutzt werden.1 has stems 11 and scaffold floors 12, with the help of hanging claws in horizontal horizontal support bars 14 are suspended. The stems 11 are based on height-adjustable feet 15 on the floor from. In a scaffold basic grid measurement system corresponding distance 16 are connection elements in Form of perforated discs 17 attached to the stems 11. Such perforated disks 17 can be but also with differently shaped holes and additional ones Auxiliary equipment. With this preferred embodiment are different large holes 29 formed in a known manner; and for those to be connected to each other at right angles Scaffold elements 20, such as. B. the horizontal bars 18 and the support bars 14, the smaller holes 29.1 and for diagonally connected scaffolding elements 20, such as B. the diagonal bars 19, the larger holes 29.2. The scaffolding elements 20 are primarily horizontal bars 18 and diagonal bars 19. These can vary depending on have different lengths for their intended use. Horizontal bars 18 can also - as shown above in Fig. 1 - be used as a railing.

Wie die weiteren Zeichnungen zeigen, sind die Gerüstelemente 20 mit zylindrischen Gerüstrohren 21, an die die Anschlußköpfe 25 angeschweißt sind, gebildet. Durch entsprechende Keilöffnungen sind an sich bekannte Keile 26 geführt und festgeschlagen. Sie haben im unteren Endbereich als Verliersicherung einen durch ragenden Stift oder Niet 27. Eine seitliche Ausnehmung 28 ist so gestaltet, daß man den Keil 26 in der hochgezogenen Stellung parallel zum Gerüstrohr 21 legen kann.As the other drawings show, the scaffolding elements are 20 with cylindrical scaffold tubes 21 which the connection heads 25 are welded, formed. Appropriate wedge openings are known per se Wedges 26 guided and struck. They have one in the lower end area to protect against loss by protruding pin or rivet 27. A side recess 28 is designed so that the wedge 26 in the Place the raised position parallel to the scaffold tube 21 can.

Jeder Anschlußkopf 25 hat einen Verbindungsbereich 30, einen Lochscheiben-Schlitz 31 sowie Anlageflächen 32, mittels deren er sich an dem Stiel 11 abstützt, wenn er mit dem Lochscheiben-Schlitz 31 über eine Lochscheibe 17 in bekannter Weise gesteckt ist. Er hat vertikal übereinander liegende Keilöffnungen 33.1 und 33.2, durch die der Keil 26 geführt ist. Die obere Keilöffnung 33.1 ist im Randbereich mit einem nach innen ragenden Anschlagwulst 34 für die Anlage des der Verliersicherung dienenden Nietes 27 gestaltet. Sie ist im hinteren Schwenkbereich 33.3 in bekannter Weise offen, so daß man den Keil 26 nach hinten schwenken kann, wenn sich die Köpfe des Niet 27 an den gegenüberliegenden Anschlagwülsten 34 abstützen.Each connection head 25 has a connection area 30, a perforated disc slot 31 and contact surfaces 32, by means of which it is supported on the handle 11, if he over with the perforated disc slot 31 a perforated disc 17 is inserted in a known manner. It has wedge openings vertically one above the other 33.1 and 33.2 through which the wedge 26 is guided. The upper Wedge opening 33.1 is in the edge area with a inside protruding bead 34 for the installation of the designed to protect against loss of rivets 27. she is in the rear swivel range 33.3 in a known manner open so that you can swing the wedge 26 backwards can, if the heads of the rivet 27 on the opposite Support stop beads 34.

Im übrigen sind die Keilöffnungen 33.1 und 33.2 so breit, daß die Köpfe des Niet 27 bequem durchgeführt werden können. Zur Verbesserung des Aufsteckens des Anschlußkopfes 25 auf die Lochscheibe 17 hat der Lochscheiben-Schlitz 31 ausgerundete Einführecken 36, die ebenfalls in bekannter Weise gestaltet sind.Otherwise, the wedge openings 33.1 and 33.2 are like this wide that the heads of the rivet 27 carried comfortably can be. To improve the attachment of the connection head 25 on the perforated disc 17 Perforated disc slot 31 rounded insertion corners 36, which are also designed in a known manner.

Der ganze Anschlußkopf 25 ist - in der Draufsicht (Fig. 4) gesehen - keilartig nach innen auf das Stiel- und Scheibenzentrum 37 zulaufend gestaltet, wobei die Außenbegrenzungsflächen 38.1 und 38.2 in den Randkonturen ihrer nach außen ragenden Wülste eben gestaltet sind, wie es auch bei bisherigen Anschlußköpfen üblich war Das ist so gemacht, damit man auch diagonal verlaufende Stäbe anschließen und deren Anschlußköpfe möglichst eng an die Außenbegrenzungsflächen der Anschlußköpfe rechtwinklig zueinander stehender Stäbe anlegen kann. Die Außenbegrenzungsflächen 38.1 und 38.2 haben zur Gewichtseinsparung zwischen ihren Wülsten Vertiefungen 39.1 und 39.2, die ebenfalls im wesentlichen in bekannter Weise gestaltet sind.The entire connection head 25 is - in plan view (Fig. 4) seen - wedge-like inwards on the stem and Disc center 37 designed tapered, the outer boundary surfaces 38.1 and 38.2 in the marginal contours their bulges projecting outwards are, as is also common with previous connection heads This is done so that you can also run diagonally Connect rods and their connection heads as close as possible to the outer boundary surfaces of the Connection heads of bars at right angles to each other can put on. The outer boundary surfaces 38.1 and 38.2 have to save weight between their Bumped wells 39.1 and 39.2, which are also are designed essentially in a known manner.

Die rückseitige Abschlußfläche 40 der massiven Materialbereiche des vorderen Anschluß-Kopfteiles ist in Abweichung von der bisherigen Art nicht als Ebene, sondern als nach außen geneigte Fläche gestaltet, wie es die Fig. 2 und 5 zeigen. Dabei wählt man zweckmäßig die Form einer Teilkugel. Dadurch erreicht man, daß bei unveränderter Stabilität des ganzen Anschlußkopfes 25 die für die Befestigung um den Verbindungsbereich herumzuführenden Schweißeinrichtungen freier geführt und geeigneter gestaltet werden können, um eine verbesserte Verschweißung im Verbindungsbereich 30 zu erzielen. Diese als Teilkugelflächen ausgebildeten Abschlußflächenteile der Abschlußfläche 40 erheben sich aus Zylinderteilflächen 45, die etwa den Außendurchmesser 41 des Rohres 21 haben. Die obere Zylinderteilfläche 45 ist nur im oberen Bereich in der Mitte ganz etwas von dem hinteren Schwenkbereich 33.3 der oberen Keilöffnung 33.1 angeschnitten. Die obere und die untere Zylinderteilfläche gehen in den vertikalen Randbereichen, die unmittelbar an die Außenbegrenzungsflächen 38.1 und 38.2 anschließen, in Schrägflächen 47.1 und 47.2 über - wie es inbesondere Fig. 5 - deutlich zeigt. Diese Schrägflächen 47.1 und 47.2 reichen in etwa bis zum Nutgrund 49 der Schweißnaht 50.The rear end surface 40 of the massive Material areas of the front connection headboard is in deviation from the previous type not as a level, but designed as an outward sloping surface, like 2 and 5 show it. One chooses expediently the shape of a partial sphere. Thereby one achieves that with unchanged stability of the entire connection head 25 for attachment around the connection area welding devices to be carried around freely can be managed and designed to be more suitable improved welding in the connection area 30 to achieve. These are designed as partial spherical surfaces Elevate end surface parts of end surface 40 consist of partial cylinder surfaces 45, which are approximately the outer diameter 41 of the tube 21 have. The top cylinder face 45 is only in the upper area in the middle quite a bit of the rear swivel range 33.3 upper wedge opening 33.1 cut. The top and the lower cylinder surface go in the vertical Border areas that are directly adjacent to the outer boundary surfaces Connect 38.1 and 38.2, in inclined surfaces 47.1 and 47.2 via - as is particularly the case in FIG. 5 - clearly shows. These sloping surfaces 47.1 and 47.2 are sufficient approximately up to the groove bottom 49 of the weld seam 50.

Der Nutgrund 49 wird von einer über den ganzen Schweißbereich durchlaufenden Anstoß-Ringfläche 51 begrenzt. Die Anstoß-Ringfläche 51 hat als innere Begrenzung einen Kreis, der etwa so groß ist wie der Innendurchmesser 53 des Gerüstrohres 21. Ihr Außendurchmesser 54 ist so gewählt, daß sich eine günstige V-Naht-Verschweißung ergibt. Es schließt sich an die Anstoß-Ringfläche 51 eine sich nach vorn erweiternde Konusfläche 55 an, die zusammen mit der gerade abgeschnittenen Endfläche 56 des Gerüstrohres 21 die halbe V-Naht zum Verschweißen begrenzt, wobei diese Konusfläche 55 nur mit ganz geringer Abknickung in die seitlichen Schrägflächen 47.1 und 47.2 praktisch kontinuierlich übergeht, so daß sich keine Unterbrechungen des Materialflusses beim durchlaufenden Einbringen der Schweißnaht ergeben. Durch die Vereinigung dieser Gestaltungsmerkmale ist gewährleistet, daß man einerseits zur Austauschbarkeit im Baukastensystem die bisher üblichen Abmessungen solcher Anschlußköpfe einhalten und andererseits trotzdem bessere Verschweißung erzielen kann.The groove base 49 is one over the whole Annealing surface 51 passing through the welding area limited. The abutment ring surface 51 has an inner boundary a circle about the size of the inside diameter 53 of the scaffold tube 21. Your outer diameter 54 is chosen so that a cheap V-seam welding results. It joins the Bump ring surface 51 an expanding forward Cone surface 55, which together with the just cut End surface 56 of the scaffold tube 21 half V-seam limited for welding, this Cone surface 55 with only a very slight kink in the lateral inclined surfaces 47.1 and 47.2 practically continuously passes over so that there are no interruptions the material flow during continuous insertion the weld seam result. By uniting this Design features ensure that one hand for interchangeability in the modular system previously common dimensions of such connection heads adhere and on the other hand still better welding can achieve.

Zur Zentrierung beim Aufsetzen des Anschlußkopfes 25 auf das Gerüstrohr 21 sind nach innen ragende, in das Gerüstrohr 21 passende Zentrierlappen 60 vorgesehen, deren äußere Begrenzung dem Innendurchmesser 53 des Gerüstrohres 21 entspricht und die im übrigen abgeschrägt in die Innenöffnung 61 übergehen. Sie haben eine Breite, die etwas weniger als 1/8 des Umfanges betragen kann. Ihre Größe richtet sich nach den Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten und dem vertretbaren Gewicht unter Berücksichtigung dessen, daß sie beim Montieren und Verschweißen hinreichend stabil sind und nicht behindern. Sie sind in ähnlicher Weise schon bisher gestaltet worden.For centering when attaching the connection head 25 on the scaffold tube 21 are inwardly protruding, provided in the scaffold tube 21 matching centering tabs 60, the outer limit of the inner diameter 53 corresponds to the scaffold tube 21 and the in the remaining bevelled pass into the inner opening 61. They have a width that is slightly less than 1/8 of the Extent can be. Your size depends on the design options and the justifiable Weight, taking into account that they are Assembly and welding are sufficiently stable and not hinder. You are already similar in a similar way have been designed so far.

Durch die vorteilhafte, neue Gestaltung des Verbindungsbereiches 30 mit der Anstoß-Ringfläche 51 und mit der angrenzenden Konusfläche 55 und Einbeziehung der übrigen sinnvollen Flächengestaltungen ergeben sich wesentlich verbesserte Schweißbedingungen, die die Sicherheit der Verbindung für die Bauteile wesentlich fördern und somit zur Gesamtsicherheit der Gerüste wesentlich beitragen. Gleiche Anschlußköpfe können mit den entsprechenden Einrichtungen an einem kurzen Gerüstrohrstück auch zum Anschluß von Diagonal stäben verwendet werden und auch für sonstige Hilfseinrichtungen benutzt werden, indem das Gerüstrohrstück entsprechend gestaltet wird.Due to the advantageous, new design of the connection area 30 with the abutment ring surface 51 and with the adjacent cone surface 55 and inclusion of the other sensible surface designs significantly improved welding conditions, which is essential to the security of the connection for the components promote and thus to the overall safety of the scaffolding contribute significantly. Same connection heads can with the appropriate facilities at one short piece of scaffold tube also for connecting diagonal rods are used and also for other auxiliary facilities be used by the scaffold tube is designed accordingly.

Zusammengefaßt kann die Erfindung auch wie folgt beschrieben werden:
Der Anschlußkopf (25) für Gerüste mit Verbindungsvorrichtungen hat einen Verbindungsbereich (30), der Zentrierlappen (60) aufweist und eine Anstoß-Ringfläche (51) sowie eine Konusfläche (55) zur Schaffung günstiger Schweißbedingungen besitzt.
In summary, the invention can also be described as follows:
The connection head (25) for scaffolding with connecting devices has a connecting area (30) which has centering tabs (60) and has an abutting ring surface (51) and a conical surface (55) to create favorable welding conditions.

Bezugszeichenliste:Reference symbol list:

1010th
Gerüstframework
1111
Stielstalk
1212th
GerüstbodenScaffolding floor
1414
TragriegelSupport bolt
1515
Fußfoot
1616
Abstanddistance
1717th
LochscheibePerforated disc
1818th
HorizontalriegelHorizontal bar
1919th
DiagonalstabDiagonal bar
2020th
GerüstelementScaffolding element
2121
GerüstrohrScaffold tube
2525th
AnschlußkopfConnection head
2626
Keilwedge
2727
Nietrivet
2828
AusnehmungRecess
2929
Lochhole
29.129.1
Lochhole
29.229.2
Lochhole
3030th
VerbindungsbereichConnection area
3131
Lochscheiben-SchlitzPerforated disc slot
3232
AnlageflächeContact surface
33.133.1
obere Keilöffnungupper wedge opening
33.233.2
KeilöffnungWedge opening
33.333.3
hinterer Schwenkbereichrear swivel range
3434
AnschlagwulstStop bead
3636
EinführeckeInsertion corner
3737
Stiel- und ScheibenzentrumStick and disc center
38.138.1
AußenbegrenzungsflächeExternal boundary area
38.238.2
AußenbegrenzungsflächeExternal boundary area
39.139.1
Vertiefungdeepening
39.239.2
Vertiefungdeepening
4040
AbschlußflächeFinal area
4141
Außendurchmesser von 21Outside diameter of 21
4545
ZylinderteilflächePartial cylinder surface
47.147.1
KeilflächeWedge surface
47.247.2
KeilflächeWedge surface
4949
NutgrundGroove base
5050
SchweißnahtWeld
5151
Anstoß-RingflächeBump ring surface
5353
Innendurchmesser von 21Inner diameter of 21
5454
Außendurchmesser von 51Outside diameter of 51
5555
KonusflächeConical surface
5656
Endfläche von 21End face of 21
6060
ZentrierlappenCentering rag
6161
InnenöffnungInside opening

Claims (4)

  1. A scaffolding tube
       having a tube (21) and at least one connecting head (25),
    which connecting head comprises external delimiting faces which are fashioned converging on to a centre in the manner of a wedge,
    which comprises a wedge aperture (33.1),
    which consists of cast steel, malleable cast steel or forged steel, and
    which is welded to and centred on the tube (21),
    wherein
       the end of the connecting head (25) on the tube side comprises a construction of its joint region (30) which is suitable for welding, and has auxiliary centring parts which are suitable for this purpose and which project into the tube (21), and an annular abutment face (51) for the tube (21) is formed on the connecting head (25),
    characterised in that
    the annular abutment face (51) has an outside diameter (54) which is smaller than the outside diameter (41) of the scaffolding tube (21),
    that a conical face (55) which widens towards the front outwardly adjoins the abutment face,
    that a cylindrical face (45) adjoins the conical face (55), the diameter of which cylindrical face is equal to the outside diameter (41) of the scaffolding tube (21) or is slightly larger than the latter, and
    that in the upper region of its middle the upper cylindrical partial face (45) is cut through to a limited extent by the rear swivelling region (33.3) of the wedge aperture (33.1).
  2. A scaffolding tube according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    in the substantially vertical edge regions of the connecting head (25) the conical face (55) extends into approximately equally sloping tapered face parts (47.1, 47.2).
  3. A scaffolding tube according to claims 1 or 2,
    characterised in that
    in the vertical edge regions the cylindrical face (45) extends into the tapered face parts (47.1, 47.2).
  4. A scaffolding tube according to at least one of the other claims,
    characterised in that
    in its parts which project beyond the outside diameter (41) of the tube (21) the connecting head (25) is provided with a rear terminating face (40) comprising spherical partial faces which slope towards the front and which are raised from the cylindrical partial faces (45).
EP90118546A 1989-10-19 1990-09-27 Scaffolding tube with connecting head Expired - Lifetime EP0423516B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3934857 1989-10-19
DE3934857A DE3934857A1 (en) 1989-10-19 1989-10-19 CONNECTING HEAD FOR SCAFFOLDING

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0423516A2 EP0423516A2 (en) 1991-04-24
EP0423516A3 EP0423516A3 (en) 1992-03-04
EP0423516B1 EP0423516B1 (en) 1996-11-27
EP0423516B2 true EP0423516B2 (en) 2001-03-07

Family

ID=6391775

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90118546A Expired - Lifetime EP0423516B2 (en) 1989-10-19 1990-09-27 Scaffolding tube with connecting head

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5127757A (en)
EP (1) EP0423516B2 (en)
JP (1) JP3043389B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE145696T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2027945C (en)
DE (2) DE3934857A1 (en)
DK (1) DK0423516T4 (en)
ES (1) ES2097125T5 (en)
FI (1) FI93136C (en)
NO (1) NO177913C (en)
PT (2) PT95621A (en)

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DE10308853B3 (en) * 2003-02-27 2004-09-09 Wilhelm Layher Vermögensverwaltungs-Gmbh Crash prevention device for structures with flat roofs comprises a rail and a bracket both having horizontally and/or diagonally running rod elements connected by vertical handles
DE10317842B4 (en) * 2003-04-16 2012-03-01 Wilhelm Layher Verwaltungs-Gmbh Suspension unit
DE102008006911A1 (en) 2008-01-24 2009-07-30 Wilhelm Layher Verwaltungs-Gmbh For the construction of a frame support, a support frame and / or a shoring tower certain vertical frame
DE102010000472A1 (en) 2010-02-19 2011-08-25 Wilhelm Layher Verwaltungs-GmbH, 74363 Scaffolding and method for mounting or dismounting such scaffolding
DE202010013128U1 (en) 2010-12-15 2011-03-03 Wilhelm Layher Verwaltungs-Gmbh Connecting head device for connection to a perforated disc of a scaffolding handle or for coupling a plurality of perforated discs scaffolding posts

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5127757A (en) 1992-07-07
PT8464U (en) 1995-09-12
PT8464T (en) 1992-10-30
ES2097125T5 (en) 2001-08-01
JPH03267466A (en) 1991-11-28
ES2097125T3 (en) 1997-04-01
DK0423516T4 (en) 2001-06-18
NO177913C (en) 1995-12-13
EP0423516B1 (en) 1996-11-27
EP0423516A2 (en) 1991-04-24
FI93136B (en) 1994-11-15
DE3934857A1 (en) 1991-04-25
NO177913B (en) 1995-09-04
EP0423516A3 (en) 1992-03-04
DE59010581D1 (en) 1997-01-09
FI93136C (en) 1995-02-27
NO904522D0 (en) 1990-10-18
CA2027945A1 (en) 1991-04-20
PT95621A (en) 1992-06-30
FI904814A0 (en) 1990-10-01
DK0423516T3 (en) 1997-04-07
NO904522L (en) 1991-04-22
JP3043389B2 (en) 2000-05-22
CA2027945C (en) 2000-01-11
ATE145696T1 (en) 1996-12-15

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