EP0389367A1 - Method of making very fine-grained copper pieces from continuously cast blanks - Google Patents

Method of making very fine-grained copper pieces from continuously cast blanks Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0389367A1
EP0389367A1 EP90400775A EP90400775A EP0389367A1 EP 0389367 A1 EP0389367 A1 EP 0389367A1 EP 90400775 A EP90400775 A EP 90400775A EP 90400775 A EP90400775 A EP 90400775A EP 0389367 A1 EP0389367 A1 EP 0389367A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piece
temperature
forging
under
rate
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EP90400775A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0389367B1 (en
Inventor
Marie-Thérèse Daumas
Jean Collard
Gérard Tost
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
    • F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
    • F42B1/036—Manufacturing processes therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J1/00—Preparing metal stock or similar ancillary operations prior, during or post forging, e.g. heating or cooling
    • B21J1/02—Preliminary treatment of metal stock without particular shaping, e.g. salvaging segregated zones, forging or pressing in the rough
    • B21J1/025—Preliminary treatment of metal stock without particular shaping, e.g. salvaging segregated zones, forging or pressing in the rough affecting grain orientation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K21/00—Making hollow articles not covered by a single preceding sub-group
    • B21K21/08—Shaping hollow articles with different cross-section in longitudinal direction, e.g. nozzles, spark-plugs
    • B21K21/10—Shaping hollow articles with different cross-section in longitudinal direction, e.g. nozzles, spark-plugs cone-shaped or bell-shaped articles, e.g. insulator caps
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/08—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
    • F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
    • F42B1/032—Shaped or hollow charges characterised by the material of the liner

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the working and forming of very high purity copper parts, and in particular, parts such as coatings for hollow charges.
  • hollow charge coatings are industrially manufactured from blanks in the form of a flat disc by a flow spinning process consisting in causing cold plastic deformation on a mandrel in order to transform the sheet metal disc into a cone.
  • the workpiece blank is placed on a high power spinning lathe. Different passes allow the part to be deformed without removal of material.
  • the metal retains the memory of its different deformations under the action of the wheel of the spinning lathe. The parts then obtained do not have a symmetrical stress state with respect to the axis of revolution.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy this drawback and to propose a manufacturing process which can be implemented and applied to the production of copper parts used in the formation of hollow charges.
  • the main object of the invention is a method for manufacturing copper parts, in particular for forming coatings of hollow charges, the grain size of which is less than 40 micrometers.
  • a piece produced by continuous casting and successively comprises: - a mixing cycle comprising the following stages: . a first delivery of the piece at a delivery rate R1 between 4, 8 and 5, under a first temperature T1 between 480 ° C and 420 ° C; . a first drawing of the piece at a rate E1 of between 2.1 and 2.5 and under a second temperature T2 of between 400 ° and 420 ° C; . a second discharge of the piece at a rate R2 of between 2.1 and 2.5, under the second temperature T2; and . a second drawing of the piece at a rate E2 of between 19.8 and 20.2, under the second temperature T2; - matrix forging comprising the following two stages: .
  • the method comprises, after the mixing cycle, a step of cutting the piece to provide blanks whose mass corresponds to that of the parts to be obtained.
  • a preferential implementation of the second stretch provides for several sub-phases to successively obtain a piece of square section, then of octagonal section, then of round section.
  • the kneading is preceded by a peeling phase.
  • die forging is preceded by a peeling phase.
  • the top of the cone to be formed is obtained during the last forging phase.
  • the recrystallization heat treatment is carried out at a temperature between 300 ° C and 440 ° C, under vacuum and for a period which varies from 30 to 60 minutes.
  • the copper coins to be obtained must have a crystalline structure whose grains are less than 40 micrometers in size.
  • the material used has been in the form of ordinary sheets.
  • the crystal structure of the latter allows flow forming, but does not allow the crystal structure of the finished parts to be of the order of the aforementioned fineness.
  • a feature of the invention consists in using a piece coming from a bar obtained by continuous casting.
  • the crystal structure of such a copper obtained by continuous casting is composed of grains with basalt growth. Their length can reach 8 centimeters. They are generally oriented radially with respect to the section of the bar obtained by casting. This radial structure is homogeneous as a function of the radius, which is not the case for sheets intended to be flow-rotated.
  • the method according to the invention comprises a first series of kneading phases.
  • the piece is successively pushed back and stretched. It is recalled that the drawing rate is the ratio of the initial and final sections of the part and that the delivery rate is the ratio of the final and initial sections.
  • the starting piece has a diameter slightly greater than 200 millimeters.
  • the different dimensions of the part will be specified to illustrate the invention and its successive phases more precisely.
  • the drawing and delivery rates cited being on the other hand parameters, the values of which must be respected in order to obtain the efficiency of the process.
  • the piece is preferably peeled beforehand with a diameter of 203 mm.
  • a first discharge phase is carried out at a temperature T1 of between 420 ° C and 480 ° C, preferably at the temperature of 450 ° C.
  • the delivery rate R1 which must be applied, is between 4.8 and 5, the value of 4.9 should preferably be used.
  • the diameter of the piece goes from 203 mm to 450 mm.
  • Such a discharge can be obtained using a hydraulic press operating with a force of 1,200 tonnes and whose descent of the piston is 60 m / min, or 1 m / s, and this at constant speed.
  • This repression is followed by stretching.
  • This operation is carried out at a temperature T2 slightly lower than the first discharge temperature T1.
  • T2 slightly lower than the first discharge temperature T1.
  • the temperature is therefore reduced.
  • this reduction must be meticulously dosed to avoid the appearance of a phenomenon of work hardening which is likely to occur for an excessive reduction in temperature. Consequently, the temperature T2 is between 400 ° C and 420 ° C, the value of 400 ° C corresponding to the value of 450 ° C for the discharge.
  • the piece is tilted 90 °, its axis being horizontal.
  • the draw ratio to be used is between 2.1 and 2.5, the value of 2.2 being preferred.
  • the diameter of the piece 2 is reduced from 450 mm to 300 mm for this same piece identified 3.
  • the drawing operation can be carried out on the same 1,200 ton press, with the same constant lowering speed of the piston, in l 'occurrence 60 m / min.
  • the piece 3 is tilted, so that its axis is vertical. It then undergoes a second discharge phase, always under the second temperature T2 between 400 and 420 ° C.
  • the delivery rate R2 is between 2.1 and 2.5, the value of 2.2 being preferred.
  • the piece 3 is then brought back in the form of a larger piece, marked 4 in FIG. 1C, its diameter in this case being 450 mm.
  • a second stretch follows the second delivery and is always carried out at the same temperature T2 between 400 and 420 ° C.
  • the piece 4 is replaced horizontally. It then undergoes several successive phases during which the stretching ratio E2 is between 19.8 and 20.2, the value of 20 being preferably chosen.
  • the piece 4 is put in the form of a square piece of 240 mm side.
  • the stretching continues and the square piece 5 is put in the form of an octagonal piece 6, the sides of which are approximately 100 mm.
  • the stretching ends with the transformation of the octagonal piece 6 into an elongated cylindrical piece 7, with a diameter of 100 mm ( Figure F).
  • This last shaping is carried out by means of a calibration carried out on a pestle hammer.
  • Plots produced by continuous casting, are generally much larger than that of the parts produced. Indeed, one of these pieces can commonly exceed 100 kg and have a length of the order of 500 mm. It is then necessary to cut this piece at the end of the last mixing phase, this piece having been stretched sufficiently for this purpose. Blanks 8 are therefore cut off with a mass equal to the mass of the part which is to be manufactured. This sectioning is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1G.
  • the second main part of the process according to the invention consists of matrix forging from the part obtained after the last wrought operation.
  • the preparation of the plot can also be completed by peeling with a diameter of 95 mm. There follows a pre-forging phase at room temperature during which the diameter of the part increases to take for example the value of 145 mm.
  • the part 10 undergoes the forging of a conical bearing 9.
  • the frustoconical base obtained 11 is intended to ensure the positioning of the part in the final forging tool.
  • the drop in temperature causes the grains in the crystal structure of the plot to be reduced.
  • the forging proper comprises at least one phase of forging at ambient temperature in a matrix 12 whose shape corresponds to the final shape to be obtained.
  • the number of forging phases depends on the final dimensions to be obtained.
  • the last forging phase includes the formation of the top 14 of the cone of the part to be forged 12.
  • the third main part of the process according to the invention consists of a heat treatment for recrystallization. Indeed, at the end of forging, after the various kneading, during which the cumulative kneading rate can reach 500, the grains are deformed by work hardening throughout the part and in the direction of the flow of metal.
  • FIG. 2B represents a detail of a cut made in the piece at the end of the forging, once the shaping of the part is finished. Given the scale, which is symbolized by the representation of 100 ⁇ m / 1 cm, it can be seen that the size of the grains has considerably decreased, these having a size of the order of 50 ⁇ m.
  • the heat treatment preferably consists of a heat treatment under vacuum, at the temperature T3 of 440 ° C.
  • this third temperature T3 is understood between 300 ° C and 440 ° C. This operation is carried out for a period of between 30 and 60 minutes.
  • the final grain size of the copper is less than 40 micrometers. For the application which has just been described, this size is between 10 and 30 micrometers.
  • FIG. 2C represents, on a 100 scale, the crystal structure of the finished part.
  • the size of the grains has further decreased and is around ten micrometers.
  • the process can be completed with a finishing phase.
  • the latter can be carried out by flow spinning, once the metallurgical structure obtained after the heat treatment by recrystallization is stabilized.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Abstract

Le procédé selon l'invention permet de former des pièces en cuivre de haute pureté et de structure fine.Il comprend, à partir d'un lopin (1) issu de coulée continue, les phases principales suivantes :- un malaxage du lopin (1, 4) constitué de cycles de refoulement et d'étirage ;- un tronçonnage du lopin en ébauches (8) destinées à former chacune une pièce finie ;- un formage en matrice (9, 12) à température ambiante ; et- un traitement thermique de recristallisation pour obtenir une taille de grain du cuivre inférieure à 40 micromètres.Application à la fabrication des revêtements internes des charges creuses.The process according to the invention makes it possible to form copper parts of high purity and of fine structure. It comprises, starting from a slug (1) resulting from continuous casting, the following main phases: , 4) consisting of upsetting and stretching cycles; - cutting of the blank into blanks (8) each intended to form a finished part; - die forming (9, 12) at ambient temperature; and- a recrystallization heat treatment to obtain a copper grain size of less than 40 micrometers. Application to the manufacture of internal linings for shaped charges.

Description

L'invention concerne le travail et le formage de pièces en cuivre de très haute pureté, et en particulier, des pièces telles que des revêtements pour charges creuses.The invention relates to the working and forming of very high purity copper parts, and in particular, parts such as coatings for hollow charges.

On trouve le besoin de fabriquer des pièces de moyennes et grandes dimensions en cuivre de haute pureté ayant, non seulement une symétrie de la géométrie, mais également une symétrie des contraintes internes. Certaines de ces pièces sont de révolution autour d'un axe de symétrie. Ce dernier peut être également un axe de symétrie vis-à-vis du fonctionnement du dispositif auquel appartient la pièce fabriquée.There is a need to manufacture medium and large pieces of high purity copper having, not only a symmetry of the geometry, but also a symmetry of the internal constraints. Some of these parts are of revolution around an axis of symmetry. The latter can also be an axis of symmetry with respect to the operation of the device to which the manufactured part belongs.

C'est le cas des revêtements coniques des charges creuses. Ces revêtements sont, dans un laps de temps de l'ordre de la microseconde, portés à une température très élevée et éjectés à très grande vitesse sous la forme d'un jet. La pièce doit donc avoir un équilibre statique et dynamique parfait.This is the case with conical shaped hollow charges. These coatings are, in a period of the order of a microsecond, brought to a very high temperature and ejected at very high speed in the form of a jet. The piece must therefore have a perfect static and dynamic balance.

Actuellement, on fabrique industriellement des revêtements de charges creuses à partir d'ébauches en forme de disque plan par un procédé de fluotournage consistant à provoquer une déformation plastique à froid sur un mandrin afin de transformer le disque de tôle en cône. L'ébauche de la pièce est placée sur un tour à fluotourner de forte puissance. Différentes passes permettent de déformer la pièce sans enlèvement de matière. Or, lors de ces différents changements de formes, le métal conserve la mémoire de ses différentes déformations sous l'action de la molette du tour à fluotourner. Les pièces alors obtenues n'ont pas un état de contrainte symétrique par rapport à l'axe de révolution.Currently, hollow charge coatings are industrially manufactured from blanks in the form of a flat disc by a flow spinning process consisting in causing cold plastic deformation on a mandrel in order to transform the sheet metal disc into a cone. The workpiece blank is placed on a high power spinning lathe. Different passes allow the part to be deformed without removal of material. However, during these different shape changes, the metal retains the memory of its different deformations under the action of the wheel of the spinning lathe. The parts then obtained do not have a symmetrical stress state with respect to the axis of revolution.

La présente invention a pour but de remédier à cet inconvénient et de proposer un procédé de fabrication pouvant être mis en oeuvre et être appliqué à la fabrication de pièces en cuivre rentrant dans la constitution de charges creuses.The object of the present invention is to remedy this drawback and to propose a manufacturing process which can be implemented and applied to the production of copper parts used in the formation of hollow charges.

A cet effet, l'objet principal de l'invention est un procédé de fabrication de pièces en cuivre, notamment pour constituer des revêtements de charges creuses, dont la taille des grains est inférieure à 40 micromètres.To this end, the main object of the invention is a method for manufacturing copper parts, in particular for forming coatings of hollow charges, the grain size of which is less than 40 micrometers.

Selon l'invention, il consiste à partir d'un lopin issu de coulée continue et comprend successivement :
- un cycle de malaxage comprenant les étapes suivantes :
. un premier refoulement du lopin à un taux de refoulement R₁ compris entre 4, 8 et 5, sous une première température T₁ comprise entre 480°C et 420°C ;
. un premier étirage du lopin à un taux E₁ compris entre 2,1 et 2,5 et sous une deuxième température T₂ comprise entre 400° et 420°C ;
. un deuxième refoulement du lopin à un taux R₂ compris entre 2,1 et 2,5, sous la deuxième température T₂ ; et
. un deuxième étirage du lopin à un taux E₂ compris entre 19,8 et 20,2, sous la deuxième température T₂ ;
- un forgeage en matrice comprenant les deux étapes suivantes :
. un préforgeage en matrice, à température ambiante, pour obtenir une ébauche avec formation d'une base tronconique ; et
. au moins un forgeage à température ambiante avec une matrice correspondant à la forme à obtenir ;
- un traitement thermique de recristallisation.According to the invention, it consists of a piece produced by continuous casting and successively comprises:
- a mixing cycle comprising the following stages:
. a first delivery of the piece at a delivery rate R₁ between 4, 8 and 5, under a first temperature T₁ between 480 ° C and 420 ° C;
. a first drawing of the piece at a rate E₁ of between 2.1 and 2.5 and under a second temperature T₂ of between 400 ° and 420 ° C;
. a second discharge of the piece at a rate R₂ of between 2.1 and 2.5, under the second temperature T₂; and
. a second drawing of the piece at a rate E₂ of between 19.8 and 20.2, under the second temperature T₂;
- matrix forging comprising the following two stages:
. matrix pre-forging, at room temperature, to obtain a blank with the formation of a frustoconical base; and
. at least one forging at room temperature with a matrix corresponding to the shape to be obtained;
- a recrystallization heat treatment.

Au cas où le lopin issu de coulée continue est de grandes dimensions, le procédé comprend, après le cycle de malaxage, une étape de tronçonnage du lopin pour fournir des ébauches dont la masse correspond à celle des pièces à obtenir.In the case where the piece produced by continuous casting is of large dimensions, the method comprises, after the mixing cycle, a step of cutting the piece to provide blanks whose mass corresponds to that of the parts to be obtained.

Une mise en oeuvre préférentielle du deuxième étirage prévoit plusieurs sous-phases pour obtenir successivement un lopin de section carrée, puis de section octogonale, puis de section ronde.A preferential implementation of the second stretch provides for several sub-phases to successively obtain a piece of square section, then of octagonal section, then of round section.

Selon un autre aspect de l'invention, le malaxage est précédé d'une phase d'écroûtage. De préférence, le forgeage en matrice est précédé d'une phase d'écroûtage.According to another aspect of the invention, the kneading is preceded by a peeling phase. Preferably, die forging is preceded by a peeling phase.

Selon l'invention, dans le cas de la fabrication de pièces coniques, le sommet du cône à former est obtenu au cours de la dernière phase de forgeage.According to the invention, in the case of the manufacture of conical parts, the top of the cone to be formed is obtained during the last forging phase.

De préférence, le traitement thermique de recristallisation s'effectue sous une température comprise entre 300°C et 440°C, sous vide et pendant une durée qui varie de 30 à 60 minutes.Preferably, the recrystallization heat treatment is carried out at a temperature between 300 ° C and 440 ° C, under vacuum and for a period which varies from 30 to 60 minutes.

L'invention et ses différentes caractéristiques techniques seront mieux comprises à la lecture de la description suivante. Celle-ci est accompagnée des figures représentant respectivement :

  • - figures 1A à 1I, les différentes phases du procédé de fabrication selon l'invention pour obtenir des pièces coniques, telles que des revêtements de charges creuses ;
  • - figures 2A, 2B et 2C, des coupes partielles montrant les structures syccessuves d'une pièce, au cours du procédé de fabrication selon l'invention.
The invention and its various technical characteristics will be better understood on reading the following description. This is accompanied by figures representing respectively:
  • - Figures 1A to 1I, the different phases of the manufacturing process according to the invention to obtain conical parts, such as coatings of hollow charges;
  • - Figures 2A, 2B and 2C, partial sections showing the syccessuves structures of a part, during the manufacturing process according to the invention.

Les pièces en cuivre à obtenir doivent avoir une structure cristalline dont les grains ont une taille inférieure à 40 micromètres. Jusqu'à présent, pour la mise en oeuvre industrielle de pièces en cuivre, telles que des revêtements de charges creuses, le matériau utilisé se présente sous la forme de tôles ordinaires. La structure cristalline de ces dernières permet le fluotournage, mais ne permet pas que la structure cristalline des pièces finies soit de l'ordre de la finesse sus-mentionnée.The copper coins to be obtained must have a crystalline structure whose grains are less than 40 micrometers in size. Until now, for the industrial use of copper parts, such as coatings of hollow charges, the material used has been in the form of ordinary sheets. The crystal structure of the latter allows flow forming, but does not allow the crystal structure of the finished parts to be of the order of the aforementioned fineness.

Une particularité de l'invention consiste à utiliser un lopin provenant d'une barre obtenue par coulée continue.A feature of the invention consists in using a piece coming from a bar obtained by continuous casting.

Comme le montre la figure 2A, la structure cristalline d'un tel cuivre obtenu par coulée continue est composée de grains à croissance basaltique. Leur longueur peut atteindre 8 centimètres. Ils sont généralement orientés radialement par rapport à la section de la barre obtenue par coulée. Cette structure radiale est homogène en fonction du rayon, ce qui n'est pas le cas des tôles destinée à être fluotournées. Pour permettre un travail par forgeage à l'aide de matrice, le procédé selon l'invention comprend une première série de phases de malaxage.As shown in FIG. 2A, the crystal structure of such a copper obtained by continuous casting is composed of grains with basalt growth. Their length can reach 8 centimeters. They are generally oriented radially with respect to the section of the bar obtained by casting. This radial structure is homogeneous as a function of the radius, which is not the case for sheets intended to be flow-rotated. To allow work by forging using a matrix, the method according to the invention comprises a first series of kneading phases.

Lors de ce malaxage, le lopin est successivement refoulé et étiré. On rappelle que le taux d'étirage est le rapport des sections initiale et finale de la pièce et que le taux de refoulement est le rapport des sections finale et initiale.During this mixing, the piece is successively pushed back and stretched. It is recalled that the drawing rate is the ratio of the initial and final sections of the part and that the delivery rate is the ratio of the final and initial sections.

Dans l'exemple de réalisation décrit, le lopin de départ a un diamètre légèrement supérieur à 200 millimètres. A titre explicatif, les différentes dimensions de la pièce seront précisées pour illustrer de manière plus précise l'invention et ses phases successives. Ceci n'est qu'un exemple de réalisation, les taux d'étirage et de refoulement cités étant par contre des paramètres, dont les valeurs doivent être respectées pour obtenir l'efficacité du procédé.In the example of embodiment described, the starting piece has a diameter slightly greater than 200 millimeters. By way of explanation, the different dimensions of the part will be specified to illustrate the invention and its successive phases more precisely. This is only an example of an embodiment, the drawing and delivery rates cited being on the other hand parameters, the values of which must be respected in order to obtain the efficiency of the process.

Pour effectuer le malaxage, le lopin est de préférence préalablement écroûté au diamètre de 203 mm.To carry out the mixing, the piece is preferably peeled beforehand with a diameter of 203 mm.

En référence à la figure 1A, une première phase de refoulement est effectuée à une température T₁ comprise entre 420°C et 480°C, de préférence à la température de 450°C. Le taux de refoulement R₁, qui doit être appliqué, est compris entre 4,8 et 5, la valeur de 4,9 devant être, de préférence, utilisée. Dans le cas du lopin précité, lors de ce refoulement, le diamètre du lopin passe de 203 mm à 450 mm. Un tel refoulement peut être obtenu à l'aide d'une presse hydraulique fonctionnant avec une force de 1 200 tonnes et dont la descente du piston est de 60 m/mn, soit 1 m/s, et ceci à vitesse constante.With reference to FIG. 1A, a first discharge phase is carried out at a temperature T₁ of between 420 ° C and 480 ° C, preferably at the temperature of 450 ° C. The delivery rate R₁, which must be applied, is between 4.8 and 5, the value of 4.9 should preferably be used. In the case of the aforementioned piece, during this pushing back, the diameter of the piece goes from 203 mm to 450 mm. Such a discharge can be obtained using a hydraulic press operating with a force of 1,200 tonnes and whose descent of the piston is 60 m / min, or 1 m / s, and this at constant speed.

Ce refoulement est suivi d'un étirage. Cette opération est effectuée sous une température T₂ légèrement inférieure à la première température de refoulement T₁. En effet, plus la température diminue, plus la taille des grains de la pièce traitée est petite. La finesse du grain étant un but du procédé selon l'invention, la température est donc diminuée. Par contre, cette diminution doit être méticuleusement dosée pour éviter l'apparition d'un phénomène d'écrouissage qui est susceptible de se produire pour une diminution de température trop importante. En conséquence, la température T₂ est comprise entre 400°C et 420°C, la valeur de 400°C correspondant à la valeur de 450°C pour le refoulement.This repression is followed by stretching. This operation is carried out at a temperature T₂ slightly lower than the first discharge temperature T₁. In fact, the more the temperature decreases, the more the grain size of the treated part is small. The fineness of the grain being an aim of the process according to the invention, the temperature is therefore reduced. On the other hand, this reduction must be meticulously dosed to avoid the appearance of a phenomenon of work hardening which is likely to occur for an excessive reduction in temperature. Consequently, the temperature T₂ is between 400 ° C and 420 ° C, the value of 400 ° C corresponding to the value of 450 ° C for the discharge.

Comme le montre la figure 1B, lors de cette phase d'étirage, le lopin est basculé de 90°, son axe étant horizontal. Le taux d'étirage à utiliser est compris entre 2,1 et 2,5, la valeur de 2,2 étant préférentielle. Le diamètre du lopin 2 est ramené de 450 mm à 300 mm pour ce même lopin repéré 3. L'opération d'étirage peut être effectuée sur la même presse de 1 200 tonnes, avec la même vitesse de descente constante du piston, en l'occurrence 60 m/mn.As shown in Figure 1B, during this stretching phase, the piece is tilted 90 °, its axis being horizontal. The draw ratio to be used is between 2.1 and 2.5, the value of 2.2 being preferred. The diameter of the piece 2 is reduced from 450 mm to 300 mm for this same piece identified 3. The drawing operation can be carried out on the same 1,200 ton press, with the same constant lowering speed of the piston, in l 'occurrence 60 m / min.

Ces deux premières étapes sont suivies de deux autres étapes analogues.These first two steps are followed by two other similar steps.

En effet, comme le montre la figure 1C, le lopin 3 est basculé, de manière à ce que son axe soit vertical. Il subit alors une deuxième phase de refoulement, toujours sous la deuxième température T₂ comprise entre 400 et 420°C. Pour cette opération, le taux de refoulement R₂ est compris entre 2,1 et 2,5, la valeur de 2,2 étant préférentielle. Le lopin 3 est alors ramené sous la forme d'un lopin plus large, repéré 4 sur la figure 1C, son diamètre étant dans ce cas de 450 mm.Indeed, as shown in Figure 1C, the piece 3 is tilted, so that its axis is vertical. It then undergoes a second discharge phase, always under the second temperature T₂ between 400 and 420 ° C. For this operation, the delivery rate R₂ is between 2.1 and 2.5, the value of 2.2 being preferred. The piece 3 is then brought back in the form of a larger piece, marked 4 in FIG. 1C, its diameter in this case being 450 mm.

Un deuxième étirage suit le deuxième refoulement et est effectué toujours à la même température T₂ comprise entre 400 et 420°C.A second stretch follows the second delivery and is always carried out at the same temperature T₂ between 400 and 420 ° C.

En référence aux figures 1D, 1E et 1F, le lopin 4 est replacé horizontalement. Il subit alors plusieurs phases successives au cours desquelles le taux d'étirage E₂ est compris entre 19,8 et 20,2, la valeur de 20 étant de préférence choisie.With reference to FIGS. 1D, 1E and 1F, the piece 4 is replaced horizontally. It then undergoes several successive phases during which the stretching ratio E₂ is between 19.8 and 20.2, the value of 20 being preferably chosen.

Comme le montre la figure 1D, le lopin 4 est mis sous la forme d'un lopin carré de 240 mm de côté.As shown in Figure 1D, the piece 4 is put in the form of a square piece of 240 mm side.

Comme le montre la figure 1E, l'étirage se poursuit et le lopin carré 5 est mis sous la forme d'un lopin octogonal 6, dont les côtés sont d'environ de 100 mm. L'étirage se termine par la transformation du lopin octogonal 6 en un lopin cylindrique allongé 7, de diamètre de 100 mm (Figure F). Cette dernière mise en forme est effectuée au moyen d'un calibrage réalisé sur un marteau pilon.As shown in FIG. 1E, the stretching continues and the square piece 5 is put in the form of an octagonal piece 6, the sides of which are approximately 100 mm. The stretching ends with the transformation of the octagonal piece 6 into an elongated cylindrical piece 7, with a diameter of 100 mm (Figure F). This last shaping is carried out by means of a calibration carried out on a pestle hammer.

Les lopins, issus de coulée continue, sont généralement de dimension bien supérieure à celle des pièces fabriquées. En effet, un de ces lopins peut dépasser couramment 100 kg et avoir une longueur de l'ordre de 500 mm. Il est alors nécessaire de tronçonner ce lopin à la fin de la dernière phase de malaxage, ce lopin ayant été étiré suffisamment à cet effet. Des ébauches 8 sont donc tronçonnées avec une masse égale à la masse de la pièce qui doit être fabriquée. Ce tronçonnage est schématisé par la figure 1G.Plots, produced by continuous casting, are generally much larger than that of the parts produced. Indeed, one of these pieces can commonly exceed 100 kg and have a length of the order of 500 mm. It is then necessary to cut this piece at the end of the last mixing phase, this piece having been stretched sufficiently for this purpose. Blanks 8 are therefore cut off with a mass equal to the mass of the part which is to be manufactured. This sectioning is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1G.

La deuxième partie principale du procédé selon l'invention consiste en un forgeage en matrice à partir de la pièce obtenue après la dernière opération de corroyage. Le préparation du lopin peut également être complétée d'un écroûtage au diamètre de 95 mm. Il s'ensuit une phase de préforgeage à température ambiante durant laquelle le diamètre de la pièce augmente pour prendre par exemple la valeur de 145 mm.The second main part of the process according to the invention consists of matrix forging from the part obtained after the last wrought operation. The preparation of the plot can also be completed by peeling with a diameter of 95 mm. There follows a pre-forging phase at room temperature during which the diameter of the part increases to take for example the value of 145 mm.

En référence à la figure 1H, lors de ce préforgeage, la pièce 10 subit le forgeage d'une portée conique 9. La base tronconique obtenue 11 est destinée à lui assurer la mise en place de la pièce dans l'outillage de forgeage définitif. La baisse de température provoque la réduction des grains de la structure cristalline du lopin.With reference to FIG. 1H, during this preforging, the part 10 undergoes the forging of a conical bearing 9. The frustoconical base obtained 11 is intended to ensure the positioning of the part in the final forging tool. The drop in temperature causes the grains in the crystal structure of the plot to be reduced.

En effet, comme le montre la figure 1I, le forgeage proprement dit comporte au moins une phase de forgeage à température ambiante dans une matrice 12 dont la forme correspond à la forme finale à obtenir. Le nombre de phases de forgeage dépend des dimensions finales à obtenir. Dans le cadre de la fabrication de pièces coniques, la dernière phase de forgeage comprend la formation du sommet 14 du cone de la pièce à forger 12.In fact, as shown in FIG. 1I, the forging proper comprises at least one phase of forging at ambient temperature in a matrix 12 whose shape corresponds to the final shape to be obtained. The number of forging phases depends on the final dimensions to be obtained. In the context of the manufacture of conical parts, the last forging phase includes the formation of the top 14 of the cone of the part to be forged 12.

La troisième partie principale du procédé selon l'invention consiste en un traitement thermique de recristallisation. En effet, en fin de forgeage, après les différents malaxages, durant lesquels le taux cumulé de malaxage peut atteindre 500, les grains sont déformés par écrouissage dans toute la pièce et dans le sens de l'écoulement de métal.The third main part of the process according to the invention consists of a heat treatment for recrystallization. Indeed, at the end of forging, after the various kneading, during which the cumulative kneading rate can reach 500, the grains are deformed by work hardening throughout the part and in the direction of the flow of metal.

La figure 2B représente un détail d'une coupe effectuée dans le lopin à la fin du forgeage, une fois la mise en forme de la pièce terminée. Compte tenu de l'échelle, qui est symbolisée par la représentation de 100 µm/1 cm, on constate que la taille des grains a considérablement diminuée, ceux-ci ayant une taille de l'ordre de 50 µm.FIG. 2B represents a detail of a cut made in the piece at the end of the forging, once the shaping of the part is finished. Given the scale, which is symbolized by the representation of 100 μm / 1 cm, it can be seen that the size of the grains has considerably decreased, these having a size of the order of 50 μm.

Pour le cas présent, le traitement thermique consiste, de préférence, en un traitement thermique sous vide, à la température T₃ de 440°C. De manière générale, cette troisième température T₃ est comprise entre 300°C et 440°C. Cette opération s'effectue pendant une durée comprise entre 30 et 60 minutes. Suite à ce traitement thermique, la taille de grain finale du cuivre est inférieure à 40 micromètres. Pour l'application qui vient d'être décrite, cette taille est comprise entre 10 et 30 micromètres.For the present case, the heat treatment preferably consists of a heat treatment under vacuum, at the temperature T₃ of 440 ° C. In general, this third temperature T₃ is understood between 300 ° C and 440 ° C. This operation is carried out for a period of between 30 and 60 minutes. Following this heat treatment, the final grain size of the copper is less than 40 micrometers. For the application which has just been described, this size is between 10 and 30 micrometers.

La figure 2C représente, à l'échelle 100, la structure cristalline de la pièce terminée. La taille des grains a encore diminué et est de l'ordre de la dizaine de micromètres.FIG. 2C represents, on a 100 scale, the crystal structure of the finished part. The size of the grains has further decreased and is around ten micrometers.

Dans le cadre de l'application du procédé à la fabrication des revêtements coniques internes des charges creuses, le procédé peut être complété d'une phase de finition. Cette dernière peut être effectuée par fluotournage, une fois que la structure métallurgique obtenue après le traitement thermique par recristallisation est stabilisée. Cette disposition permet de profiter des avantages, d'une part de la structure métallique finale obtenue par le malaxage, suivi d'un forgeage, puis de la recristallisation, et d'autre part de la finition obtenue par une phase finale de fluotournage.In the context of the application of the process to the manufacture of internal conical coatings for shaped charges, the process can be completed with a finishing phase. The latter can be carried out by flow spinning, once the metallurgical structure obtained after the heat treatment by recrystallization is stabilized. This arrangement makes it possible to take advantage of the advantages, on the one hand of the final metallic structure obtained by kneading, followed by forging, then recrystallization, and on the other hand by the finish obtained by a final flow spinning phase.

Claims (8)

1. Procédé de fabrication de pièces en cuivre, notamment pour constituer des revêtements de charges creuses, dont la taille des grains est inférieure à 40 micromètres, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à partir d'un lopin (1) issu de coulée continue et en ce qu'il comprend successivement :
- un cycle de malaxage comprenant les étapes suivantes :
. un premier refoulement du lopin (1) à un taux de refoulement R₁ compris entre 4, 8 et 5, sous une première température T₁ comprise entre 480°C et 420°C ;
. un premier étirage du lopin (2) à un taux E₁ compris entre 2,1 et 2,5 et sous une deuxième température T₂ comprise entre 400° et 420°C ;
. un deuxième refoulement du lopin (3) à un taux R₂ compris entre 2,1 et 2,5, sous la deuxième température T₂ ; et
. un deuxième étirage du lopin (4) à un taux E₂ compris entre 19,8 et 20,2, sous la deuxième température T₂ ;
- un forgeage en matrice comprenant les deux étapes suivantes :
. un préforgeage en matrice (9), à température ambiante, pour obtenir une ébauche (10) avec formation d'une base tronconique (11) ; et
. au moins un forgeage à température ambiante avec une matrice (12) correspondant à la forme à obtenir ;
- un traitement thermique de recristallisation.1. Method for manufacturing copper parts, in particular for forming coatings of hollow charges, the grain size of which is less than 40 micrometers, characterized in that it consists of a piece (1) from continuous casting and in that it successively comprises:
- a mixing cycle comprising the following stages:
. a first delivery of the piece (1) at a delivery rate R₁ of between 4, 8 and 5, under a first temperature T₁ of between 480 ° C and 420 ° C;
. a first drawing of the piece (2) at a rate E₁ of between 2.1 and 2.5 and under a second temperature T₂ of between 400 ° and 420 ° C;
. a second delivery of the piece (3) at a rate R₂ of between 2.1 and 2.5, under the second temperature T₂; and
. a second drawing of the piece (4) at a rate E₂ of between 19.8 and 20.2, under the second temperature T₂;
- matrix forging comprising the following two stages:
. pre-forging in matrix (9), at room temperature, to obtain a blank (10) with formation of a frustoconical base (11); and
. at least one forging at room temperature with a matrix (12) corresponding to the shape to be obtained;
- a recrystallization heat treatment. 2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend, après le cycle de malaxage, une étape de tronçonnage du lopin (7) pour fournir des ébauches (8), dont la masse correspond à la masse des pièces à obtenir (13).2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises, after the kneading cycle, a step of cutting the piece (7) to provide blanks (8), the mass of which corresponds to the mass of the parts to be obtained (13). 3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le deuxième étirage s'effectue en plusieurs sous-phases pour obtenir successivement un lopin (5) de section carrée (6), puis de section octogonale, puis (7) de section ronde.3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the second stretching is carried out in several sub-phases to successively obtain a piece (5) of square section (6), then of octagonal section, then (7) of round section . 4. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que le malaxage est précédé d'une phase d'écroûtage du lopin (1) issu de fonderie en coulée continue.4. Method according to claim 2, characterized in that the kneading is preceded by a peeling phase of the piece (1) from foundry in continuous casting. 5. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le forgeage est précédé d'un écroûtage.5. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the forging is preceded by peeling. 6. Procédé selon la revendication 3, dans lequel les pièces à obtenir (13) doivent être coniques, caractérisé en ce que le sommet (14) du cône à obtenir est formé au cours de la dernière phase de forgeage.6. Method according to claim 3, wherein the parts to be obtained (13) must be conical, characterized in that the top (14) of the cone to be obtained is formed during the last forging phase. 7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le traitement thermique de recristallisation se fait sous vide, à une température T₃ comprise entre 300°C et 440°C et pendant une durée comprise entre 30 et 60 minutes.7. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the recrystallization heat treatment is carried out under vacuum, at a temperature T₃ between 300 ° C and 440 ° C and for a period between 30 and 60 minutes. 8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il se termine par une phase de finition par fluotournage.8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it ends in a finishing phase by flow turning.
EP90400775A 1989-03-22 1990-03-21 Method of making very fine-grained copper pieces from continuously cast blanks Expired - Lifetime EP0389367B1 (en)

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FR8903751 1989-03-22
FR8903751A FR2644714A1 (en) 1989-03-22 1989-03-22 PROCESS FOR OBTAINING COPPER LARGE SIZE PARTS AND VERY FINE STRUCTURE FROM A CONTINUOUSLY CONTINUOUS LOPIN

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EP0637369A1 (en) * 1992-04-23 1995-02-08 Defense Technology International, Inc. Shaped charge perforator
FR2729596A1 (en) * 1992-05-07 1996-07-26 Commissariat Energie Atomique PROCESS FOR PRODUCING METALLIC PARTS BY FREE FORGING AND PRESSING MATRIX
EP0694754A3 (en) * 1994-07-29 1996-08-14 Alliant Techsystems Inc Method for producing high density refractory metal warhead liners from single phase materials

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EP0694754A3 (en) * 1994-07-29 1996-08-14 Alliant Techsystems Inc Method for producing high density refractory metal warhead liners from single phase materials

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EP0389367B1 (en) 1994-06-22
DE69010043T2 (en) 1995-01-05
FR2644714A1 (en) 1990-09-28
US5039355A (en) 1991-08-13

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