EP0327706B1 - Projectile fuze - Google Patents

Projectile fuze Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0327706B1
EP0327706B1 EP88120682A EP88120682A EP0327706B1 EP 0327706 B1 EP0327706 B1 EP 0327706B1 EP 88120682 A EP88120682 A EP 88120682A EP 88120682 A EP88120682 A EP 88120682A EP 0327706 B1 EP0327706 B1 EP 0327706B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
spring
rotor
leg
recoil
detonator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88120682A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0327706A2 (en
EP0327706A3 (en
Inventor
Wolfgang Schillinger
Andreas Hälssig
Wolfgang Zehnder
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Gebrueder Junghans GmbH
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Gebrueder Junghans GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Gebrueder Junghans GmbH filed Critical Gebrueder Junghans GmbH
Publication of EP0327706A2 publication Critical patent/EP0327706A2/en
Publication of EP0327706A3 publication Critical patent/EP0327706A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0327706B1 publication Critical patent/EP0327706B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C15/00—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges
    • F42C15/24—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges wherein the safety or arming action is effected by inertia means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a detonator for low-swirl and for swirl projectiles with a recoil pin system consisting of two axially movable recoil pins coupled to one another via a ball, with a rotor or slide for receiving a detonator and with an inhibiting mechanism controlling the focusing of the rotor or slide in a housing of the detonator.
  • a detonator of the type mentioned is known from DE-C-31 07 110.
  • This is a safety device for a detonator of swirl projectiles with a recoil pin system, which is arranged within the rotor. Due to the launch acceleration of a projectile, a recoil bolt is moved backwards against the pressure of a spring. The ball mounted on a cone of the second recoil bolt is pushed against an opposing cone of the first recoil bolt due to the translational acceleration. The spring on the first recoil pin, via its cone and the ball used, locks the recoil pin system in the unlocked position, as a result of which the rotor is finally unlocked by the second recoil pin.
  • a bomblet detonator in which a leg spring which is not tensioned in the securing is used to move the detonator into the arming position.
  • a number of gear elements are provided which are in engagement with one another and move one leg of the leg spring out of the rest position due to the coupled motion sequences.
  • the coupling of a piston to another spring, which in turn is connected to one leg of the leg spring and at the same time also to a link guide in a closure plate, plus the precondition for the movement of the closure plate after overcoming the force of the further spring means the construction of a mechanism to focus a detonator with many functionally dependent parts and the risk of jamming of functional parts and thus an impairment of functional safety.
  • this object is achieved in that a spring is provided, the first leg of which rests securely on the lower end of a cone of the one rear-firing bolt and the second leg of which engages untensioned with its end on a pin or in a recess in the lateral surface of the slide or rotor .
  • the spring is a leg spring bent around the bolt in a U-shape.
  • the second leg of this spring lies against a shorter wall of the recess lying on the radius of the rotor in the rotational drive direction.
  • a spring tensioning system is provided for the rotor arming on a detonator when the projectile is fired, which prestresses a spring which turns the rotor into the arming position after its release.
  • the spring is in the fully secured position when the system is secured and only receives its operating energy when the first spring arm is tensioned by the axial movement of the second recoil bolt.
  • the rear-firing pin system 1 is mounted between two plates 14 and 15 arranged at a fixed distance from one another.
  • This recoil pin system consists of a first recoil pin 5, which is inserted with its upper shaft 16 in the upper plate 14 and axially against a spring 17 supported on the lower plate 15.
  • This recoil bolt 5 also has a cone 4, which is located between an upper collar 18 and a lower collar 19.
  • Parallel to this recoil bolt 5, a further recoil bolt 20 is inserted in the housing, which in turn is axially supported against a spring 21 supported on the lower plate 15.
  • the two recoil bolts 5 and 20 are coupled to one another by a ball 11.
  • a U-shaped leg spring 2 is inserted, the first spring leg 3 of which rests with its end on the lower part of the cone 4 of the recoil pin 5 in the securing of the igniter.
  • the second spring leg 6 of the leg spring lies in a recess 7 on the outer surface of the rotor 8. This spring leg 6 is supported in particular on the shorter wall 13 lying on the radius of the rotor 8.
  • the rotor 8 also has a focus lock 9 and is in drive connection with an inhibitor 10 formed from a plurality of wheels.
  • a slide can also be used.
  • a correspondingly arranged pin can be provided, against which the spring leg 6 of the leg spring 2 rests.
  • the leg spring 2 In securing the detonator, the leg spring 2 is not under tension and is protected against unintentional tension by securing the recoil pin system 1. There is therefore no spring force at the rotor 8. This meets STANAG 3525's requirement that no potential energy be used to remove the spark plug lock device.
  • the recoil pin system 1 In the event of an axial acceleration when the detonator is fired with one projectile, the recoil pin system 1 is triggered and the recoil pin 5 biases the spring leg 3 of the U-shaped leg spring 2 as it moves downward through the cone 4. After the release of the rotor 8 by the remaining securing elements, the spring leg 6 of the U-shaped leg spring 2 moves against the wall 13 in the recess 7 of the rotor 8. The rotor 8 is thus turned into the arming position, where it is fixed via the arming lock 9 becomes.
  • the escapement 10 connected to the rotor controls the rotary movement of the rotor in the arming position.
  • the inhibitor 10 itself consists of the armature 22, which is rotatably arranged on the shaft 23 and is in engagement with the star wheel 24.
  • the pinion 25, which is rotationally fixed on the same shaft with the star wheel 24, meshes with the intermediate wheel 26, which in turn is arranged on the same shaft with the second pinion 27 in a rotationally fixed manner.
  • the pinion 27 is operatively connected to the toothed segment 29, as a result of which the disk 29, which is non-rotatable on the same shaft as the toothed segment, performs a limited rotational movement.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Zünder für drallarme und für Drallgeschosse mit einem Rückschießbolzensystem aus zwei über eine Kugel miteinander gekoppelte axial bewegbare Rückschießbolzen, mit einem Rotor oder Schieber zur Aufnahme eines Detonators und mit einem die Scharfstellung des Rotors oder Schiebers steuernden Hemmwerk in einem Gehäuse des Zünders.The invention relates to a detonator for low-swirl and for swirl projectiles with a recoil pin system consisting of two axially movable recoil pins coupled to one another via a ball, with a rotor or slide for receiving a detonator and with an inhibiting mechanism controlling the focusing of the rotor or slide in a housing of the detonator.

Ein Zünder der eingangs genannten Art ist durch die DE-C-31 07 110 bekannt. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine Sicherheitsvorrichtung für einen Zünder von Drallgeschossen mit einem Rückschießbolzensystem, welches innerhalb des Rotors angeordnet ist. Durch die Abschußbeschleunigung eines Geschosses wird ein Rückschießbolzen gegen den Druck einer Feder nach hinten bewegt. Die an einem Konus des zweiten Rückschießbolzens gelagerte Kugel wird aufgrund der Translationsbeschleunigung an einen gegenläufigen Konus des ersten Rückschießbolzens geschoben. Die Feder am ersten Rückschießbolzen bewirkt über dessen Konus und die eingesetzte Kugel eine Arretierung des Rückschießbolzensystems in entsicherter Position, wodurch der Rotor durch den zweiten Rückschießbolzen schließlich entriegelt ist.A detonator of the type mentioned is known from DE-C-31 07 110. This is a safety device for a detonator of swirl projectiles with a recoil pin system, which is arranged within the rotor. Due to the launch acceleration of a projectile, a recoil bolt is moved backwards against the pressure of a spring. The ball mounted on a cone of the second recoil bolt is pushed against an opposing cone of the first recoil bolt due to the translational acceleration. The spring on the first recoil pin, via its cone and the ball used, locks the recoil pin system in the unlocked position, as a result of which the rotor is finally unlocked by the second recoil pin.

Durch die US-A-4 216 723 ist ein Bomblett-Zünder bekannt, bei dem eine in der Sicherstellung ungespannte Schenkelfeder zur Bewegung des Detonators in die Scharfstellung eingesetzt ist. Um diese Schenkelfeder vorzuspannen, sind eine Reihe von Getriebeelementen vorgesehen, die miteinander in Eingriff stehen und durch die miteinander gekoppelten Bewegungsabläufe den einen Schenkel der Schenkelfeder aus der Ruhelage herausbewegen.From US-A-4 216 723 a bomblet detonator is known, in which a leg spring which is not tensioned in the securing is used to move the detonator into the arming position. In order to pretension this leg spring, a number of gear elements are provided which are in engagement with one another and move one leg of the leg spring out of the rest position due to the coupled motion sequences.

Die vorgenommene Koppelung eines Kolbens mit einer weiteren Feder, die ihrerseits mit dem einen Schenkel der Schenkelfeder und gleichzeitig auch mit einer Kulissenführung in einer Verschlußplatte verbunden ist, dazu die Vorbedingung der Bewegung der Verschlußplatte nach Überwindung der Kraft der weiteren Feder, bedeuten den Aufbau eines Mechanismus zur Scharfstellung eines Zünders mit vielen funktionell voneinander abhängigen Einzelteilen und die Gefahr der Klemmung von Funktionsteilen und damit eine Beeinträchtigung der Funktionssicherheit.The coupling of a piston to another spring, which in turn is connected to one leg of the leg spring and at the same time also to a link guide in a closure plate, plus the precondition for the movement of the closure plate after overcoming the force of the further spring means the construction of a mechanism to focus a detonator with many functionally dependent parts and the risk of jamming of functional parts and thus an impairment of functional safety.

Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik ist es Aufgabe der Erfindung, die grundsätzliche Forderung eines solchen Zünders zu erfüllen, keine potentielle Energie für die Beseitigung von Zündkettensperreinrichtungen zu verwenden.Starting from this prior art, it is an object of the invention to meet the basic requirement of such a detonator not to use any potential energy for the removal of spark plug lock devices.

Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß eine Feder vorgesehen ist, deren erster Schenkel in Sicherstellung am unteren Ende eines Konus des einen Rückschießbolzens anliegt und deren zweiter Schenkel mit seinem Ende an einem Stift oder in einer Ausnehmung in der Mantelfläche des Schiebers oder Rotors ungespannt eingreift.According to the invention, this object is achieved in that a spring is provided, the first leg of which rests securely on the lower end of a cone of the one rear-firing bolt and the second leg of which engages untensioned with its end on a pin or in a recess in the lateral surface of the slide or rotor .

Dabei ist in vorteilhafter Ausführung der Erfindung die Feder eine um den Bolzen U-förmig gebogene Schenkelfeder. Der zweite Schenkel dieser Feder liegt gegen eine auf dem Radius des Rotors liegende, kürzere Wand der Ausnehmung in Drehantriebsrichtung an.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the spring is a leg spring bent around the bolt in a U-shape. The second leg of this spring lies against a shorter wall of the recess lying on the radius of the rotor in the rotational drive direction.

Durch diese Erfindung wird für die Rotorscharfstellung an einem Zünder beim Abschuß des Geschosses ein Federspannsystem zur Verfügung gestellt, welches eine Feder vorspannt, die den Rotor nach seiner Freigabe in die Scharfstellung dreht. Damit wird in vorteilhaft einfacher Weise die grundsätzliche Forderung an einem solchen Zünder erfüllt, keine potentielle Energie für die Beseitigung der Zündkettensperreinrichtung zu verwenden.By means of this invention, a spring tensioning system is provided for the rotor arming on a detonator when the projectile is fired, which prestresses a spring which turns the rotor into the arming position after its release. The basic requirement of such a detonator is thus advantageously met in a simple manner, that no potential energy is used for the removal of the spark plug lock device.

Die Feder befindet sich in der Sicherstellung des Systems in vollkommen entspannter Lage und erhält erst dann ihre Betriebsenergie, wenn durch die axiale Bewegung des zweiten Rückschießbolzens der erste Federarm gespannt wird.The spring is in the fully secured position when the system is secured and only receives its operating energy when the first spring arm is tensioned by the axial movement of the second recoil bolt.

Von wesentlichem Vorteil ist es bei dieser Lösung ferner, daß die Feder direkt mit dem Spannglied, nämlich dem einen Rückschießbolzen in Eingriff steht und dadurch den Einbau einer Getriebekette aus vielen einzelnen, ineinandergreifenden Bauelementen vermeidet. Dies stellt eine erhöhte Sicherheit für den Funktionsablauf des Zünders dar.It is also a major advantage in this solution that the spring is in direct engagement with the tendon, namely the one recoil bolt, and thereby avoids the installation of a transmission chain made up of many individual, interlocking components. This represents an increased security for the functional sequence of the igniter.

In der Zeichnung ist ein Beispiel der Erfindung dargestellt. Es zeigen:

Figur 1
das Rückschießbolzensystem innerhalb des Zündergehäuses in Ansicht und
Figur 2
den Zünder in der Ansicht nach der Schnittlinie II-II in Figur 1.
An example of the invention is shown in the drawing. Show it:
Figure 1
the rear-firing pin system within the fuse housing in view and
Figure 2
the detonator in the view along the section line II-II in Figure 1.

Ziwschen zwei im festen Abstand zueinander angeordneten Platten 14 und 15 ist das Rückschießbolzensystem 1 gelagert. Dieses Rückschießbolzensystem besteht aus einem ersten Rückschießbolzen 5, der mit seinem oberen Schaft 16 in der oberen Platine 14 eingesetzt ist und axial gegen eine sich an der unteren Platine 15 abstützende Feder 17 ansteht. Dieser Rückschießbolzen 5 weist ferner einen Konus 4 auf, der sich zwischen einem oberen Bund 18 und einem unteren Bund 19 befindet. Parallel zu diesem Rückschießbolzen 5 ist im Gehäuse ein weiterer Rückschießbolzen 20 eingesetzt, welcher wiederum axial gegen eine sich an der unteren Platine 15 abstützende Feder 21 abstützt.The rear-firing pin system 1 is mounted between two plates 14 and 15 arranged at a fixed distance from one another. This recoil pin system consists of a first recoil pin 5, which is inserted with its upper shaft 16 in the upper plate 14 and axially against a spring 17 supported on the lower plate 15. This recoil bolt 5 also has a cone 4, which is located between an upper collar 18 and a lower collar 19. Parallel to this recoil bolt 5, a further recoil bolt 20 is inserted in the housing, which in turn is axially supported against a spring 21 supported on the lower plate 15.

Die beiden Rückschießbolzen 5 und 20 sind durch eine Kugel 11 miteinander gekoppelt. Um einen im Gehäuse angeordneten Bolzen 12, ist eine U-förmig gebogene Schenkelfeder 2 eingesetzt, deren erster Federschenkel 3 in der Sicherstellung des Zünders mit seinem Ende am unteren Teil des Konus 4 des Rückschießbolzens 5 anliegt. Der zweite Federschenkel 6 der Schenkelfeder liegt in einer Ausnehmung 7 an der Mantelfläche des Rotors 8 an. Dieser Federschenkel 6 stützt sich dabei insbesondere an der kürzeren, auf dem Radius des Rotors 8 liegenden Wand 13 ab. Der Rotor 8 besitzt ferner eine Scharfstellarretierung 9 und steht mit einem aus mehreren Rädern gebildeten Hemmwerk 10 in Antriebsverbindung.The two recoil bolts 5 and 20 are coupled to one another by a ball 11. Around a bolt 12 arranged in the housing, a U-shaped leg spring 2 is inserted, the first spring leg 3 of which rests with its end on the lower part of the cone 4 of the recoil pin 5 in the securing of the igniter. The second spring leg 6 of the leg spring lies in a recess 7 on the outer surface of the rotor 8. This spring leg 6 is supported in particular on the shorter wall 13 lying on the radius of the rotor 8. The rotor 8 also has a focus lock 9 and is in drive connection with an inhibitor 10 formed from a plurality of wheels.

Anstelle des Rotors 8 kann ebenso auch ein Schieber eingesetzt sein. Außerdem kann auch anstelle der Ausnehmung 7 am Rotor bzw. an einem Schieber 8 ein entsprechend angeordneter Stift vorgesehen sein, gegen den der Federschenkel 6 der Schenkelfeder 2 anliegt.Instead of the rotor 8, a slide can also be used. In addition, instead of the recess 7 on the rotor or on a slide 8, a correspondingly arranged pin can be provided, against which the spring leg 6 of the leg spring 2 rests.

In der Sicherstellung des Zünders ist die Schenkelfeder 2 ungespannt und wird durch die Absicherung des Rückschießbolzensystems 1 gegen eine unbeabsichtigte Spannung geschützt. Es liegt demzufolge keinerlei Federkraft am Rotor 8 an. Damit wird die Forderung der STANAG 3525 erfüllt, keine potentielle Energie für die Beseitigung der Zündkettensperreinrichtung zu verwenden.In securing the detonator, the leg spring 2 is not under tension and is protected against unintentional tension by securing the recoil pin system 1. There is therefore no spring force at the rotor 8. This meets STANAG 3525's requirement that no potential energy be used to remove the spark plug lock device.

Bei einer axialen Beschleunigung bei Abschuß des Zünders mit einen Geschoß löst das Rückschießbolzensystem 1 aus und der Rückschießbolzen 5 spannt bei seiner Abwärtsbewegung durch den Konus 4 den Federschenkel 3 der U-förmigen Schenkelfeder 2 vor. Nach der Freigabe des Rotors 8 durch die übrigen Sicherungselemente bewegt sich der Federschenkel 6 der U-förmigen Schenkelfeder 2 gegen die Wand 13 in der Ausnehmung 7 des Rotors 8. Damit wird der Rotor 8 in die Scharfstellung gedreht, wo er über die Scharfstellarretierung 9 fixiert wird.In the event of an axial acceleration when the detonator is fired with one projectile, the recoil pin system 1 is triggered and the recoil pin 5 biases the spring leg 3 of the U-shaped leg spring 2 as it moves downward through the cone 4. After the release of the rotor 8 by the remaining securing elements, the spring leg 6 of the U-shaped leg spring 2 moves against the wall 13 in the recess 7 of the rotor 8. The rotor 8 is thus turned into the arming position, where it is fixed via the arming lock 9 becomes.

Das mit dem Rotor verbundene Hemmwerk 10 steuert die Drehbewegung des Rotors in Scharfstellung.The escapement 10 connected to the rotor controls the rotary movement of the rotor in the arming position.

Das Hemmwerk 10 selbst besteht aus dem Anker 22, der auf der Welle 23 drehbar angeordnet ist und mit dem Sternrad 24 in Eingriff steht. Das mit dem Sternrad 24, auf gleicher Welle drehfeste Ritzel 25 kämmt mit dem Zwischenrad 26, welches wiederum auf einer gleichen Welle mit dem zweiten Ritzel 27 drehfest angeordnet ist. Das Ritzel 27 ist mit dem Zahnsegment 29 wirkverbunden, wodurch die auf gleicher Welle mit dem Zahnsegment drehfeste Scheibe 29 eine begrenzte Drehbewegung durchführt. Bei Drehung der Scheibe 29 wird der Rotor 8 von dem Hemmwerk 10 entkuppelt, wenn der abgeflachte Bereich der Scheibe 25 über der Ausnehmung 30 des Rotors steht. Danach schwenkt der Rotor in seine Scharfstellung; wobei der Federschenkel 6 als Antrieb dient.The inhibitor 10 itself consists of the armature 22, which is rotatably arranged on the shaft 23 and is in engagement with the star wheel 24. The pinion 25, which is rotationally fixed on the same shaft with the star wheel 24, meshes with the intermediate wheel 26, which in turn is arranged on the same shaft with the second pinion 27 in a rotationally fixed manner. The pinion 27 is operatively connected to the toothed segment 29, as a result of which the disk 29, which is non-rotatable on the same shaft as the toothed segment, performs a limited rotational movement. When the disk 29 rotates, the rotor 8 is uncoupled from the inhibitor mechanism 10 when the flattened area of the disk 25 is above the recess 30 of the rotor. The rotor then swings into its focus position; the spring leg 6 serves as a drive.

Mit diesem Zünder wird insgesamt mehr Sicherheit erzielt, da im Sicherheitszustand keine vorgespannte Rotordrehfeder vorhanden ist.Overall, more safety is achieved with this igniter, since there is no preloaded rotor torsion spring in the safety state.

Claims (3)

  1. A fuze for low-spin projectiles and for spin projectiles, with a shoot-back bolt system (1) consisting of two axially movable shoot-back bolts (5, 20) which are coupled together by way of a ball (11), with a rotor (8) or slider for the reception of a detonator and with a retard mechanism (10), controlling the arming, of the rotor (8) or slider, in a housing of the fuze, characterised in that a spring (2) is provided, the first leg (3) of which in the safe position butts against the lower end of a cone (4) of the one shoot-back bolt (5) and the second leg (6) of which engages unstressed with its end one pin or in a recess (7) in the jacket surface of the slider or rotor (8).
  2. A fuze according to claim 1, characterised in that the spring (2) is a leg spring which is bent in a U-shaped manner about a pin (12).
  3. A fuze according to claim 1, characterised in that the second leg (6) of the spring (2) butts against a shorter wall (13), lying on the radius of the rotor (8), of the recess (7) in the rotary drive direction.
EP88120682A 1987-12-16 1988-12-10 Projectile fuze Expired - Lifetime EP0327706B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19873742575 DE3742575A1 (en) 1987-12-16 1987-12-16 ZENDER
DE3742575 1987-12-16

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0327706A2 EP0327706A2 (en) 1989-08-16
EP0327706A3 EP0327706A3 (en) 1989-11-08
EP0327706B1 true EP0327706B1 (en) 1992-11-04

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88120682A Expired - Lifetime EP0327706B1 (en) 1987-12-16 1988-12-10 Projectile fuze

Country Status (3)

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US (1) US4876960A (en)
EP (1) EP0327706B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3742575A1 (en)

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US5693906A (en) * 1995-09-28 1997-12-02 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Electro-mechanical safety and arming device
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DE10000177A1 (en) * 2000-01-05 2001-07-12 Junghans Feinwerktechnik Gmbh Ignition device, in particular for a mortar grenade
US6920826B2 (en) * 2000-09-15 2005-07-26 Junghans Feinwerktechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Energy supply device having a shaft rotatably supported on a polytetrafluroethylene bearing surface
DE102006008809B4 (en) 2006-02-25 2008-04-24 Junghans Microtec Gmbh Mechanical rocket detonator
US7398734B1 (en) * 2006-03-09 2008-07-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy MEMS resettable timer
DE102007054777B3 (en) * 2007-11-16 2009-08-13 Junghans Microtec Gmbh Safety device for an igniter
DE102008053990B4 (en) * 2008-10-30 2010-07-22 Junghans Microtec Gmbh Igniter for a projectile
DE202009008861U1 (en) * 2009-06-27 2010-11-11 Junghans Microtec Gmbh Safety device for a projectile
US8869700B2 (en) * 2009-09-01 2014-10-28 Omnitek Partners Llc Impulse-based compact mechanical G-switch with modular design
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KR101666217B1 (en) 2016-01-27 2016-10-24 주식회사 풍산에프앤에스 Safety charging mechanism for Shell fuse which is operated by the time variable change of setback force

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4876960A (en) 1989-10-31
EP0327706A2 (en) 1989-08-16
DE3742575A1 (en) 1989-07-06
DE3875718D1 (en) 1992-12-10
EP0327706A3 (en) 1989-11-08

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